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UtilizandoFerramentas Java

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PROGRAMA

OBJETOCOMPILADOR

PROGRAMA

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Fonte 2

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Obj. n

Compilador Linkeditor Executável

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Capítulo 2A Linguagem X

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2.1 Alfabetos, palavras e linguagensl eKKM'W<+e%:GV@;$ Ç e.W 5%E MH¦§L+: 5 5 W 5 RW 5 ev*Re%: 5&Ç eH: 5 eT 5 1_> 5 ;$ Eâ W3 5 M 5E C· E8E .WV 5 7`+g>W<M 5 V 5E`E +R.e%:8 E 5 ev*Re%: 5%E`E T 5 MH¦§L+: 5%E

• ´ V'"µ=m• ´ V'"Vª$V /V Vªo$V V¼qV V V 7µ=m• ´ V BV V'C.C'C.V _µ=m• ´ V$BVLBVtµC4 ;^+M'+W<+e%: 5 ;$@RW\MH¦§L+: 5 ]FU9Wi; 5 ;$@RWi`M':878CØ= 5 :G+p E @Y%Rde E :G6 5 e%:G+g: 5

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• |010110| = 6m

• |2108| = 4m

• |compiler| = 8m

• |a ab b abc| = 4C

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Σ∗CÌök*vW 5EØ5E g$+W<M 5E E +R.7NC

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ÎZÜ»ÚOu+Ô(ÖØÛFÏ£½"x)Ü\ÛB×*Ò¾<ÖØÜy¾V¿@ÐX++

• ´ Vy"V V "Vy"N Vy""µ(]JRWi<M'.eR+W EG5 7G ´ V."µ(Y%Rb 5 e%:G]>W E > E LMKI1%7U E m• ´ x ∈ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9∗ | x

78+7G E >e:U3RWîeXHW<+7 5 ;$>+.WiM â W<7'µ]RWiM''eR>W E5 78 ´ V'"Vª$V /V Vªo$V V¼qV V 7µ» 5 WRW¨e=HW)>7 5 'e Ç e.: 5 ;$LMKI1%7U E m

•5 5 ev*Re%: 5 ;$(: 5 ; 5EF5E 7 5 78W< E °%I1b1M''; 5E ù E .e%:U:GK+W<+e%:GJ 5 7G78: 5E úk]JRWiM''eR>W E5 78 RW«M.¦§t: 5

Σ 5 W< 5%E : 5 ;

ìM'I17U E 7G E >7G1; E 5 W 5#À VÁ#Â[µ Á LVµ À :UCì EGâ W0 5 M 5%E E LNK E 5 W 5 ÄÃ V:ÅtV5Æ +:8Cìe 5 W) E ;$178'I1+ E V%W<]: 5 ; 5E VMK E8E E :8C

f 7U; Ç e'78W 5%E ¦ 5 78W<M.W<>e:8RWi-M''eR>W ;$7 5 78W<S+T 5 Vk;$+1+W 5E V@>e%:8T 5 V;$ Ç e'7JY%RM 5 MH¦§L+: 5E5 78 5 Y%RMZ E8E #M'.eR+Wæ])¦ 5 78Wi;Íi;$ Ç e.7Y%R EJE T 5 EM'I17U E 1M.K; E 78» E8E M'.eR+WCØ= E 78¯Ig$.Wi E[E >S È E 1+78+W 5E M'RW< E Wie+'78 E;$J¦§_++7a EGEG5 C

2.2 Gramática livre de contexto?dW\>78MVNRWi^M''eR>Wê;$67 5 7UWiS+T 5 t+7G:G+eL6^RWi»MK E8E @;$@M''eR>e E U9W<p; E ;$dM''eR>e E M'.178 E ;@ 5 e:8g: 5 CÌ½^Wi ; E Wie+'78 E ;$ E @; Ç e'78+W :8 E M''eR>e E]F 5 7kW)> 5 ; E 78Wi:GK+ E M'.178 E ;$` 5 e%:Gg: 5 CØ½»Wi»78W<:GK+»M.'17Ga;$` 5 e:8g: 5 ù¹JA 4 ú]JRWiiY%R;$78RMK

〈Ω, Σ, S, P 〉V 5 e;$

ΣuÍ] 5 M.¦§t: 5<EG5 7G 5 Y%RMB)M'.eR+W];$ Ç eK;m

ΩuÍ]JRW« 5 ev*Re%: 5 eT 5 1_> 5 ;$ EGâ W3 5 M 5E eT 5 :8+78W)'e E m

Pu#]RW« 5 ev*Re%: 5 ;$7 5 ;$RS È E ;)¦ 5 78W<

A → αV 5 eL;$

A ∈ Ω

α ∈ (Σ ∪ Ω)∗m

Su#] 5iEGâ W0 5 M 5 'e'+'MB;)7UWi:8'>V

S ∈ ΩC

¤Q 5 ev*Re%: 5Σ;FRW< 7UWi:GK+`] 5 M.¦§t: 5JEG5 78 5 Y%RM$ E M'I17U E ;»M''eR>W

;$ E v; E T 5 ¦ 5 78Wi; E Cz= 5 5 e%:G+g%: 5 ;$z¹JA 4FE VZ 5E :GRWM.>W)>e%: 5E ;$Σ;$ EGâ W0 5 M 5%E :G>7GW<'e E C^¤ 5 ev*Re%: 5

Ω]b;$ E v*Re%: 5 ;$

ΣC m +R E +M'+W<+e%: 5E eT 5 +e%:G7UW

e0¦ 5 78WiS>T 5 ; E >;$>' E ;<M.'eRL>WC m T 5 R$:G'M'._N; 5%E 5 W 5iEGâ W0 5 M 5%E R$g$.M'K78 E 7U;$ Ç e'7G>W0p E J E 7 5 ;RS È E ;<78Wi:GK+C· E 7 5 ;$RLS È E

PE T 5 78+78 E ;$ E R E :8H:8RKS+T 5 Y%R<:I+Wÿ; 5 M'; 5 E Y%R+7U; 5 ; 5

EGâ W0 5 M 5 eT 5 :G+78W<.eLMP ; 5 MK; 5 ;$.78+.: 5 VRWi0>;$>'b¦ 5 78W<; 5 7 EGâ W0 5 M 5%E :8+78W)'e E EGâ W0 5 M 5%E eT 5 :G>7GW<'e Ed5 R

λCd·Ê7G:G'76; 50EGâ W0 5 M 5 'eKKM

SV% E8E E 78+7U EkE T 5 M''>; E

E R E :G.:GR'e; 5 p E 5 eT 5 p:8+78W<.eM[Y%R<L78>0; 5 MK; 5 E Y%R+7U; 5 ;$0RW<z7 5 ;$RS+T 5 t+MKM'I17U)Y%R3 E :8#; 5 M'; 5 ;$'7G>H: 5 ;$ E :8C m 3iLMKI1%7U 5 $:8';i 5%EGE R E5 W)>e%:G EGâ W0 5 M 5%E:G>7GW<'e E V@+e%:UT 5 E8E M'I17Ut+7G:G+eL J M.'eRL>W ;$ Ç e';L>M'7UWi:GK+C m +;$+K 5 $:GK;ä 5 e:8]+W .e; EGâ W0 5 M 5%E eT 5 :G+78W<.eL E Vy>e:UT 5 e 5 1ù E ú E R E :8H:8R'S>T 5 ù È E ú;$>1ù§W#ú E +7»¦ +.:8ù E ú :8]0Y%R E )U9+R0ÍRWiÍ>;$>'#Y%R0:G>e9zt+e E EGâ W0 5 M 5%E :8+7GpW<.eL E CödW 5E : 5 Wi7^ 5 W 5 +g>W<M 5 <78W<:GK+

G1 = 〈S, A, B, a, b, c, S, P 〉V 5 e;$

$& 2"N !)i

"N Î`ÏaÐ¬ÏÎ`ÏaÒ(ÓBÔZÕ)ÖÌ×*Õ«ÖØÐÙÎ`ÏaÐÚd×*ÛØÜ»Ý<ÏaÕ

(1) S → AB(2) A → aAb(3) A → λ(4) B → cB(5) B → λ

· E8E 'WV$b7:8.7F; 50EGâ W0 5 M 5 .e'+'MS 5 ;$+W 5%E M.K+7@RWi E NY&kI+e+'b; 7 5 ;$RS È E

;$P:8]äY%RäRWi&>;$>'¹\Y%Rä 5E8E R&t+e E0EGâ W0 5 M 5%E :8+78W<.e E)E *vMK+eLS+;C

?de%:8T 5 ¹ñL>7:8+e+ J M'.eR+W ;$ Ç e';ä 5 7G1

V 5 Y%R< 5 ;$>W 5%E ;$+e 5 :87b 5 W 5 x ∈

L(G1)C f[5 7`g$+W<M 5 l eKKW 5E 5 W

SM.K+W 5E ù*"Iú 5 :G+W 5%E

AB:G>W 5%EAB

M.K+W 5%E ù§/%ú 5 $:8+W 5EB:G>W 5%E

BM.K+W 5E ùoú 5 :G+W 5%E

λ ∈ L(G1)

l eKKW 5E 5 WS

M.K+W 5E ù*"Iú 5 :G+W 5%EAB:G>W 5%E

ABM.K+W 5%E ùú 5 $:8+W 5E

aAbB:G>W 5%EaAbB

M'K+W 5%E ùú 5 $:8+W 5EaaAbbB:G>W 5%E

aaAbbBM'K+W 5%E ù§/ú 5 $:8+W 5E

aabbB:G>W 5%EaabbB

M'K+W 5%E ù %ú 5 $:8+W 5EaabbcB:G>W 5%E

aabbcBM'K+W 5%E ù %ú 5 $:8+W 5E

aabbccB:G>W 5%EaabbccB

M''>W 5E ùXoú 5 $:G>W 5Eaabbcc ∈ L(G1)

fZ5 ;p E J¦§'M.W<+e%:8be 5 :U7^Y%R|L(G1)| = ∞

VL 5 E ;$+t+eL;$+e; 5 ; 5 eXHW<+7 5 ;$b1>_+ EY%R E T 5 M.K+; E E 7 5 ;RS È E ùúd<ù ú V$ 5 ;$+W E +7a78K; E M'I17U E ;»:UWie9 5 :8T 57UeL;$(Y%Re%: 5iE ;$ E v*C

4 ;RW<¬; E MKI178 E 'e%:G>7GW<>;'7GK E +7U; E :G] E U9>7 J MKI178Y%R E ¯ 5 e%:G]+Wÿ:8+78W)'e E ]U9Wi;;$RWi¦ 5 7GWi E +e%:8+e+'MC m äRWi+;+K

β 5 ;$ E >7

5 :GK;ÍiL7G:G'7 ;#¦ 5 78W< E >e:8+e+'MαW<>;$Ke%:80ÍM''>S+T 5 ;$3RW<,HeK+Í7 5 ;$RLS+T 5 V

;$'_+>W 5%E Y%Rα;$+78.1;$'78:8W<+e%:G

βV 5 RY%R

β]Í;$+78'1I;;$'7G+:8W)>e%:G#;$

αV 5 YR

;$>e 5 :UW 5E 5 7α ⇒ β

C m β 5 ;$ E +7 5 $:GK;W<N;$'e%:GÍM''>S+T 5 ;$#RW´eXHW<+7 5

Ç e.: 5 ;(7 5 ;$RS È E V;$._>+W 5E Y%Rα;$+78.1

βb;$+e 5 :8W 5%E

⇒ βC

465 W 5 iM'.eR+WL(G)

Vt;$ Ç eK;<t+MKi7UWi:8'>)M.'17Gb;$b 5 e%:G+g: 5G = 〈Ω, Σ, S,

P 〉V(] 5 5 ev*Re%: 5 ;$-: 5 ; E E MKI178 E ¦ 5 78Wi; E L>e E 5 7+M'+W<+e%: 5E ;$

5 ;+W E +7<;$+78.1; E 7:8.7<; 5-EGâ W3 5 M 5 'e'+'MSVk E8E5 >Y%R'1M'z;$'_+>7)Y%R

L(G) =

x ∈ Σ∗ | S∗

⇒ xC

2.3 Forma de Backus-Naur·¬j 5 78W<»;$ n UºR E pr= R7dù n =»jkúy]dRW< 5 R$:878aWie+'78`; E 6;$ Ç e.7ØM.'eRL>e E M'.178 E ;$ 5 e%:Gg: 5 CB?dMK ] E +W<+M'9e:86»RWi»78W<:GK+`M''1%786;6 5 e%:Gg: 5 VWi E L>7GW<.:GaY%R 5 M'; 5;$'7G>H: 5 ; E 7 5 ;RS È E 5%EGE RM.Re Ek5 L>78; 5 78 E CÌ? E8E Ed5 L>78; 5 78 EkE +7UT 5 7G E >e%:8; 5E E >R'7NC

ÞÌ Á ¢£(α | β)

u½^W ; 5E >M.>W<+e%: 5%E +e%:87Gz7I+e%:G E E ùα5 R

βú 5 ;$ E +70R$:G'M'._N; 5 eL

M''>S+T 5 ;07 5 ;$RS>T 5 C

$& 2">/ !)oi

fZ5 7`g$>W)M 5 V E J:8.1] E8E >W 5%E 07 5 ;$RS>T 5

S → a(b | c | d)e

5 ;+7 â W 5%E :G+7 E ;$>7G'1S È E

S ⇒ abeS ⇒ aceS ⇒ ade

5 Y%R E 'e Ç >0Y%Rb)M'.eR+W +7U;0]abe, ace, ade

C½^Wi#¹JA 4 >Y%R'1M'+e%:G) E8E n =»j E >7GK

S → abeS → aceS → ade

ök*vW 5%E`5 R:G7 5 +g>W<M 5

S → (c(aSa | bSb)c | λ)

>78)+;$+K E ; 5 :8. 5 S ⇒ caSac ⇒ cacaSacac ⇒ cacacbSbcacac ⇒ cacacbbcacac

=^ EGE b+ E5 Vi¹JA 4 NYR.1M'+e%:8 E +78K

S → λS → caSacS → cbSbc

Ç<6µ t Á[α]

uÍ¤Y%R E :8.1+7a+e%:87G 5E 5 M'U9:G E 5 ;$ E +7aR$:G'M'._N; 5)5 RäeT 5 e)M'K+S>T 5 ;7 5 ;$RS>T 5 C

S → a[bcd]e

5 ;+7 â W 5%E :G+7 E ;$>7G'1S È E

S ⇒ aeS ⇒ abcde

5 Y%R E 'e Ç >0Y%Rb)M'.eR+W +7U;0]ae, abcde

Cök*vW 5%E`5 R:G7 5 +g>W<M 5

$& 2"+, !)i

"+ Î`ÏaÐ¬ÏÎ`ÏaÒ(ÓBÔZÕ)ÖÌ×*Õ«ÖØÐÙÎ`ÏaÐÚd×*ÛØÜ»Ý<ÏaÕ

S → a[(A | B)c]dA → a[a]B → [b]

>78) E >;$>' E

S ⇒ adS ⇒ aAcd ⇒ aacdS ⇒ aAcd ⇒ aaacdS ⇒ aBcd ⇒ abcdS ⇒ aBcd ⇒ acd

5 R E vVP>78#ÍM.'eR+Wad, aacd, aaacd, abcd, acd

C ½»W<ä¹JA 4 NY%R.1M.>e:80Í E8E n =»j E >7GK

S → adS → aAcdS → aBcdA → aaA → aB → bB → λ

= 5 :G».e;YR^RWiJ7 5 ;RS+T 5 ; 5 :G' 5α → β[γ]δ

] E >W<7G»>Y%R'1IM.>e%:G J 7 5 ;$RS+T 5α → β(γ | λ)δ

È %@ µ ¢£ t¡ ¶àµÂ3t=ÉÂ(α)∗

u,¤ŸRÍ E :G'1>7b+e%:87G#L7I+e%:G E i 5 ;$ E +70R E ; 5 RWéXHW<+7 5 Y%RMKY%R+7);$1+_> E eL`M''>S>T 5 ;a7 5 ;$RS>T 5 d 5 ;$d:UW3t]+WêeT 5Ê >7ÌR E ; 5 ù§7G>L+:GK; 5 e>e9RWi1+_Iú C

S → a(b)∗c

:G>7 â W 5%E 5 W 5 7G E RMH:U; 5 )M.'eRL>W ´ VtVPVPVBC'C'C4µ%C465 W 5 Y%RMKY%R+7 5 R$:G7U n = jFV 5 ;$>W 5E >e 5 e:8787aRWi#¹JA 4 5 7878 E 5 e;$+e%:8V$ 5 W 5 V

5 7`g$>W)M 5

S → aZcZ → bZZ → λ

465 W 5<5 R$:87 5 +g>W<M 5 V$ 5 ;$>W 5E :G>7» n =»jF

S → a(b | c)∗d

$& 2"No !)%qi

Y%Rb+7U): 5 ; E E >;$>' E Y%Rb'eKKW 5 WaV:G>7GW<'eW 5 W

db:I+W«+e%:G78b E :G E^5

λ5 RY%RMKY%R+7^>;$>'3¦ 5 78Wi;) 5 7b

È %@ µ ¢£Ñt¡ ¶àµÂ3t=ÉÂ(α)+

uQ¤æY%R E :G'1>7i+e%:G787I+e%:8 E ä 5 ;$ E +7iR E ; 5 RWi 5 RQWi E 1>_+ E eM''>S+T 5 ;07 5 ;$RS>T 5 CZ· 7 5 ;$RS>T 5

α → β(γ)+δ](NY%R.1M.>e:8b

α → βγ(γ)∗δC

· E >R'7>VR$:8.M''_>78+W 5%E n =»j780;$ Ç e.7^3e 5E8E 3M.'eR+WX++

C m >783¦ +:GR;RWi;$ E 78KS+T 5 ;$iYRL E(E T 5 E E :87GR$:8R7U E ;zM.'eRL>Wæ7G>78 E +e%:8; E +W >;zRWi; E 7 5 ;$RLS È E C

2.4 BNF para a linguagem X++

= 5%EGE -M.'eRL>W´] 5 e E :G78R â ; E5 7GäRWiM.¦§t: 5 Y%Rä 5%EGE R EGâ W0 5 M 5%E YRz 5 ;$+WE +7 5 e$¦ Re;$K; 5E 5 W 5%E W<:U E8Eâ W3 5 M 5E R$:G'M.'_>; 5E 5 W 5Í5 t+7U; 5 7G E eie 5 :8S+T 5 n = j6V 5 W 5 V$ 5 7`g$>W)M 5 V

]C fZ5 7` E8E5 V$1IW 5E ; 5 :87` E +R'e:8 5 e1+eS>T 5

• 〈symbol〉78+7G E >e:U 5 eT 5 pX:G>7GW<'eM

symbolm

•EGâ W3 5 M 5E :G>7GW<'e E`E T 5 7G>7G E >e%:8; 5E 5 WË E W3 5 MHm

•W<+:8 E8EGâ W0 5 M 5%E ;)e 5 :US+T 5 n = j E T 5 7G>7G E >e%:8; 5E 7U¦§; 5E 5 W

l eKK78+W 5E ; Ç eKS+T 5 L>M 50Eâ W3 5 M 5 .e'+'ML; n =»jFVY%R`7G>78 E +e%:8J E :87GR$:8R7U;$RW¨7 5 7UWib E +7G.: 5 +W

〈program〉 → [ 〈classlist〉 ]

? E8E <eT 5 pX:G+78W<.eLM[.e;'>zY%R)RW 7 5 78Wi<+WX++

]i 5 W< 5%E : 5 ;$)RWiäM. E :8ä;$MK E8E E^5 R E b:G7U:UÍ;$)RWiÍ>;$>'Í1_+KCJ· E8E .WV 5 e 5%EGEG5 5 W<'M'; 5 7NVt 5 :8+e%:87( 5 W)p'M'7`RW7 5 78Wi378Wi_>+e; 5 eRW«7UYR.1 5 Y%RJ E :Gv)1I_+ 5 V$1B>H:UprM 5 5 W 5 RW7 5 78W<31M''; 5 V 5 W 5<5 5 7G78 5 W«0Wi 5 7GK0; 5E 5 W<.MK; 5 78 E C

〈classlist〉 → ( 〈classdecl〉 )+

〈classlist〉 → 〈classdecl〉 [ 〈classlist〉 ]

¤òeLT 5 pX:G>7GW<'eMclasslist

78+78 E +e%:8 RWiJ78+t:GKS+T 5 ;$^;$>+M'78S È E ;$^+M' EGE E V 5 W 5eRW\7 5 78W<a>W\°I1VY%RF E K+W<>e:8d]a 5 W< 5E : 5 ;6RWi E NY=kI+e+'»;$F;>MK7US È E;$b+M' EGE E 5 W 5

`&h=îXiÊ^¡ËZXZXZXZÌ`&h=îXig¼ËZXZXZXZÌZXZXZ=Z`&h=îXi¤`ËZXZXZXZÌ

$& 2"> !)i

j 5 78WR$:8.M'._N; 5%E ; 5 E E :G'M 5%E ;$.¦ +78+e%:G E 7U;$ Ç e'7p E classlist

VWi E W3 5E +7UW E W< E Wi E +;+K E CZ¤ñ7G'W<+'7 5 E :8.M 5 R$:G'M.'_> 5(5 L>78; 5 7k;$»7G>L+:GKS+T 5

( )+ 5bE +Re; 5 V

5 78¯7G 5 eT 5 p:8+78W)'eMclasslist

7GNR7 E .1W<>e:8`7U 5 :G+7Gp E ` EGE J7G>L+:GKS+T 5 CZ·òe 5E8E n =»j,'7U3R$:8.M''_>7 5 780RW E :8.M 5 V 5 78 5 R$:87 5 V%L7U0Y%R 5 M.>H: 5 7a 5%EGE )I1IM.K7aY%R EaE T 5 E'W)M.K+S È E VY%ReL; 5 ¦ 5 78W 5E 'W<M.>W<+e%:87 5 eM. E ; 5 7 E 'e:U:8' 5 VL; E bR:G'M.'_>7^RW 5 R5 R:G7 5 E :8.M 5 C

465 e%:G'eReL; 5 5 W¨07G¯Ig$'W<07 5 ;$RS+T 5 V

〈classdecl〉 → “class′′ “ident′′ [ “extends′′ “ident′′ ] 〈classbody〉

? E8E eT 5 pX:G>7GW<'eMclassdecl

7G>7G E >e%:8;>MK7US>T 5 ;$RWiMK E8E C2?@M.'e;$K+Y%R):8Mk E :G78R$:GR7U E <'eKKä 5 W zM'I17U#78 E +781I;=Í

classY%R<1+W E >RK;ä 5 7JRW

K;$+e%:G Ç >; 5 73ù 5 R$:G7 5 :G>7GW<'eM ú^Y%R3.7U#;7»e 5 W) J MK E8E E >e; 5 ;$NMK7U;CFû + 5 E ; 5e 5 W)b;)+M' EGE V 5 ;$ 5 RäeLT 5 7GN>7a<LMKI1%7U

extends 5 e 5 W)b; E Rt+7UMK E8E (;

Y%RMB<+M' EGE E >e; 5 ;$>+M'78;3; E +eL;$C m >7GKW¨+;+K E ; 5 :G' 5

`&h=^iXiÊ^ÎZ=ZXZ5 R

`&h=^iXiÊ^£_ S_[aigÏZXZ=Z¤\eLT 5 pX:G>7GW<'eM

classbody78+7G E >e:U 5 5 78 5 ;<;$NMK7US+T 5 ;<+M' EGE

〈classbody〉 → “′′ [ 〈classlist〉 ] ( 〈vardecl〉 “;′′ )∗

( 〈constructdecl〉 )∗ ( 〈methoddecl〉 )∗ “′′

?dM' E k.eKK` 5 WÊRW ´ Y%R^ù 5 t+ 5 eM'W<+e%:GIút1>W E +R'; 5 5 7BRW eT 5 pX:G>7GW<'eM classlistV

;$NMK7U; 5 e%:8+78 5 7GW<+e%:8C l E8E5àE 'e Ç +,Y%R&e 5E8E M'.eR+WþL>7GW<.:G&,;>MK7US>T 5;$äMK E8E E e'e9; E Vk 5 W 5 5 e%:G>+ieM''eR>Wÿ°%I1Cû + 5 E V E +R+W)p E Í E ;$+pMK7US È E ;$<1I7GKI1> E Vy 5 e E :87GR: 5 78 E <W<]: 5 ; 5%E VyW<N;$'e%:Giä7G>L+:GKS+T 5 ù 5E8E .1+M'W)>e%:Ge>e9RWi-1+_Iú3; 5%E eT 5 p:8+78W)'e E

vardeclVconstructdecl

methoddecl

Vd:8+78W<.ee; 5 5 W RWÐµ%C= 5 :8ÍY%R#e 5%EGE M.'eR+W +g$.ÍY%RÍ E ;$>+M'78S È EE *vW ¦ >H:U E +g:8pW<+e%:G3e E8E 5 78;+WC`¤ R E *vVL+M' EGE E e'e9; E V;$+ 5 E 17GKI1> E ;i+M' EGE Vt;$+ 5 E^5%E 5 e E :G78R$: 5 7G E V Ç eM.W<+e%:8V 5%E W)]+: 5 ; 5%E C½^Wi»;>MK7US>T 5 ;$d17GKI1> E V+78+78 E +e%:U;Ft+M 5 eT 5 p:8+78W<.eM

vardeclVI] E >W<+M'9e%:G

J ;$>+M'78S+T 5 ;$178KI1+ E +W¨°%I1C fZ5 7`g$>W)M 5 b[7S£^ 5 RiSXdb[7^ËÑ3g 5 Rf S T_¤^ªÒ ÓËÑgVÒ Ó«Ò Ó D >W 5E +e%:UT 5

〈vardecl〉 → ( “int′′ | “string′′ | “ident′′ ) “ident′′ ( “[′′ “]′′ )∗

( “,′′ “ident′′ ( “[′′ “]′′ )∗ )∗

ÔÕÖ ×GØÙÚ r ÚVÛ±×ÜMÝ)Þ r Ú rß Ü6×*×Ü3××àáÚ t Ö âáÖ ×Ý3Ö ÚKÖclass ã for ã while ä Ü|å r â r3æß*rªß Ü3×Ü ß%æ r ä r ä r âáçáèé Ù r é Ü3Ú¥êë Ö ß*ì Ú ã Ö/âáÜ3ç ØÖ ß ä Ü æ ÜíâáÜ3Ú tßrßeî ÙÜíÝ r ä r ÙÚ ä Ü3×*×Ü3×«×*àáÚ t Ö âáÖ × ì ãï Ö ß Ú r âáÚKÜ3èØÜ ï r â r è ä Ö ã ÙÚ r âáÜ Ø ß*r ä Ör â ï rt Ü Ø*Ö ä ÜËÜ3èØ ß*r ä r ê

$& 2"Iq- !)i

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intVstring

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classbodyV$L¯ E +;)78KS+T 5 ;$RW

vardeclC

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〈constructdecl〉 → “constructor′′ 〈methodbody〉〈methoddecl〉 → ( “int′′ | “string′′ | “ident′′ ) ( “[′′ “]′′ )∗

“ident′′ 〈methodbody〉

· ;$NMK7US+T 5 ;$iRW 5 e E :G78R$: 5 7J 5 W<>S> 5 WÿäMKI178constructor

Cä½^Wÿ 5 e E :87GR$: 5 7eT 5 :G>Wþ:8. 5 ;$-7G+: 5 7Ge 5,5 RòRW e 5 W<C· E8E 'WV»;$+ 5 E ;

constructorV»'eKKp E 5

5 7G 5 ; 5 5 e E :G78R$: 5 7>V7G>7G E >e%:8; 5 L>M 5 eT 5 pX:G+78W<.eLMmethodbody

Ck°30;$NMK7US>T 5 ;$RWÿW<]: 5 ; 5 'eKKp E i 5 W 5 :8. 5 ;$i78: 5 78e 5 ; 5 W<]: 5 ; 5 VZYRi 5 ;$ 5 ReT 5 :G>7b178' E;$'W<+e EGÈ E V E >RK; 5 L>M 5 e 5 W<b; 5 W)]+: 5 ; 5 t+M 5<E +R 5 78 5 C

¤« 5 7G 5 ;$ÍRW W<]: 5 ; 5 ]Í;.1K;$'; 5 +W´;$R E 7:8 E Vk 5 e¦ 5 78W)iW 5%E :878 E +R'e:87 5 ;$RS+T 5

〈methodbody〉 → “(′′ 〈paramlist〉 “)′′ 〈statement〉

·78'W)>.7U7:8#]ÍM' E :8&;$#78®W)+:G7 5E ¦ 5 7GWi E ; 5 W)]+: 5 ; 5 V[78+7G E >e:U;ät+M 5eT 5 pX:G+78W<.eLM

paramlistCZ· E +Re;)7:8 E T 5<5%E 5 Wie; 5E Y%R 5 W< È +W 5 W)]+: 5 ; 5 C

〈paramlist〉 → [ ( “int′′ | “string′′ | “ident′′ ) “ident′′ ( “[′′ “]′′ )∗

( “,′′ ( “int′′ | “string′′ | “ident′′ ) “ident′′

( “[′′ “]′′ )∗ ]

? E8E `M' E :U^;$d78®W<:G7 5E V+Y%Rd] 5 P 5 eMVIY%Re; 5 7G E >e%:Gk]k¦ 5 7GWi;a 5 7 E NY=kI+e+' E;$ä;$>+M'78S È E Y%RÍ:I>W 5 :G' 5 ; 5 L7U®W<:87 5 5 e 5 W)ä;17GKI1>M@ E8E5 +';>M.VE +78; E 5 7<1 â 78RMK E C fZ5 7i+g$+W<M 5 V6 E<E >R'e%:G E >;$>' E 5 ;$+W E >7<+7U; E 5 7paramlist

b[7S£^ 5 Rb[7S£^ËÑiSXdb[7g 5 RiSXdb[7gKÒ ÓªÒ ÓOÑðb[7S£^ËÑpñ Xò= T_£`· E >ReL;»L7G:Ga; 5 5 78 5 ; 5 W<]: 5 ; 5 ]aRW

statementC l EGEG5(E 'e Ç +(Y%Ra E8E »7G:G

]0 5 W< 5E :8Í;0RWÎHe' 5 5 Wie; 5 V 5 Y%R) 5 ;$)78>++7 E :G7Ue9 5 C = Í1+7U;;$Vt 5 W 51>7G>W 5E e<;$ Ç e'S>T 5 ; 5 eT 5 pX:G+78W<.eLM

statement E +R'7>VRWii 5 e E :G78RS+T 5 ; 5 :8. 5

`\f:^[a7\ = `\f:^[a7\ ~Z=ZXZ `\f:^[a7\Ê[ Ì

$& 2"> !0/ i

]JRW¨ 5 WieL; 5 5 W< 5E : 5 J 5 ;$ E +7`+7U; 5 <7G:G'7`; 5 eT 5 pX:G+78W<.eLMstatement

? E8E deLT 5 pX:G>7GW<'eM+7U 5EyE +R.e%:G E :G' 5E ;$6+;+K E V>Y%Rd 5 7G78 E 5 e;$>WÊ` 5 Wie; 5%E;)e 5%EGE 3M''eR>WbY%R E >78T 5 ;$ Ç eK; 5E E +R.7N

•;>MK7US>T 5 ;$178'I1+ E M 5 + E m

• 5 WieL; 5 ;$b:87G'RKS+T 5 m

• 5 WieL; 5 ;$.W<78 E8E T 5 m

• 5 WieL; 5 ;$M.>H:8R7Um

• 5 WieL; 5 ;$J:G]>7GW<'e 5 ; 5 W)]+: 5 ; 5 78: 5 7Ge 5 ;$1M 5 7'm

• 5 WieL; 5 ;$ E >M.NS+T 5 m

• 5 WieL; 5 ;$7G>L+:GKS+T 5 m

• 5 WieL; 5 ;$.e%:8+787GRPS+T 5 ;(MKS 5 m

• 5 WieL; 5 1I_+ 5 C

¤ eLT 5 pX:G>7GW<'eMvardecl

¦ 5 »; Ç eK; 5 e%:8+78 5 7GW<+e%:8z78;$NMK7US>T 5 ;1I7GKI1> E ;$MK E8E CÊ½ E 7G>W 5%E E8E W< E W 5 :G>7GW<'eM»7U,;$>+M'78S+T 5 ;$17GKI1> E M 5 > E VF 5 EE .e%:8:GK+W)>e%:Gk E8E E ;$RL E 5 e E :G78RS È EBE T 5 'R E CBök*vW 5Ey5%EB5 R:G7 5E 5 Wie; 5E 1M'K; 5E

〈atribstat〉 → 〈lvalue〉 “ =′′ ( 〈expression〉 | 〈alocexpression〉 )

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lvalueú V E +R'; 5 7)RW

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C fZ5 7`g$>W)M 5 ^ ¢ 5 R^ªÒ Ó¤¢gó¼`@Z3a^ªÒ ÓªZ)g¢[_Yñ Xò= T_ '

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〈printstat〉 → “print′′ 〈expression〉

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printV E >RK;<;$JRWi)g$78 E8E T 5 Y%RMKY%R+7NC fZ5 7ag$+W<M 5

T7d:b'[7S ~XT7d:b'[7S^T7d:b'[7S^ªÒ ÓªZ)g `|Z3a«Ò3_&Ó

〈readstat〉 → “read′′ 〈lvalue〉

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C[?dM'@] E >W)>M.9Le%:GF 5print

VWi E E >Re;i7G:Gb;i7 5 ;RS+T 5 ù

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expressionV 5 E Y%R>7G>W 5%E YRJ EaE >R'e%:G E >;$>' E 5E8E W E +7a>78; E

5 7` E8E 07 5 ;$RS>T 5

d_X^&a£^d_X^g^OZ)gd_X^&a£^OZ)gKÒ`ó ~ ÓWi E eT 5 YR+78+W 5E >787

d_X^&a£^ó¤gd_X^&a ~X

〈returnstat〉 → “return′′ [ 〈expression〉 ]

f 7 5 ;R_&+;$+K E 5 787G E 5 eL;$+e%:G E 5%E 5 Wie; 5E ;$7G+: 5 7Ge 5 ;$&RWiàU9Wi;;$W<]: 5 ; 5 C3·Ëg$78 E8E T 5 Y%R E >R)ÍLMKI1%7U

return] 5 P 5 eLMXVy 5 E Vy+W0 5 78#: 5 ; 5E(5%E

W<]: 5 ; 5E :G+e9W Y%R E >7(;$NMK7U; 5%E 5 W 5 78: 5 7GeLe; 5 M'RW 1M 5 7 5 R 5 $v*: 5 ù§1*v 5eT 5 pX:G+78W<.eLM

methoddeclú V@ E8E5 eT 5E äM.K+ 5%E 5 e E :87GR$: 5 78 E ù 1*v

constructdeclú

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d_&S&7d=[ d_&S&7d=[£^ógVZ`E T 5 R E ; 5E ;$+e%:G7 5 ; 5E W)]+: 5 ; 5%E 5 5 Wie; 5 d_S=7d=[ E +WÙ+g7G EGE T 5 ;$78: 5 7Ge 5 ]R$:8.M'._N; 5 e 5%E 5 e E :87GR: 5 78 E C

= 5%E 5 e E :G78R$: 5 78 E 5 ;$ E >7 R$:8.M''_>; 5 :8W3t]+W 5 5 Wie; 5super

L7UÍU9W<;#; 5 5 e E :G78R$: 5 7a; E Rt+7UMK E8E C m R E 'e%:8gJ]

〈superstat〉 → “super′′ “(′′ 〈arglist〉 “)′′

¤ifstat

] 5 eLT 5 pX:G>7GW<'eMyY%R+7U 5%E 5 Wie; 5 ;$ E >M.NS+T 5 C 465 W 5 e)W< 5 7GK); EM'.eR+e E V 5 ;$>W 5E :G>7 5 RäeT 5 )7:8

else; 5 5 Wie; 5 C

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〈ifstat〉 → “if ′′ “(′′ 〈expression〉 “)′′ 〈statement〉[ “else′′ 〈statement〉 ]

465 W 5 5 W<>e:UW 5E e%:G>7G 5 78W<+e%:GV 5 eT 5 pX:G>7GW<'eMstatement

5 ;$6+7U7[ 5 Wie; 5E 5 W< 5%E : 5E ù 5 RäM 5 5%E ;$ 5 W<e; 5%E úC fZ5 7` E8E5 V E T 5 1M.K; 5E W3 5Ea5%E 5 WieL; 5E

b ^ d_X^&a¤g

b ^¤óg¢X¢`

d_X^&aa T7d:b'[7Sa d_&S&7d=[ ËÌ_7hi_

d_&S&7d=[ ¤ôHeK 5 5 Wie; 5 78+t:8H:8.1 5 eiM'.eR+W

X++] 5

forV E +W<+M'9e:8b 5 +g E :G+e%:8

e)M'.eR+Wî°%I1C m Ri;$ E +7GKS+T 5 ]

〈forstat〉 → “for′′ “(′′ [ 〈atribstat〉 ] “;′′ [ 〈expression〉 ] “;′′

[ 〈atribstat〉 ] “)′′ 〈statement〉

?dM'@'e'+'» 5 W `M'I17Ufor

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atribstatsV^>eY%Re%: 5

5E >Re; 5 ]RWiexpression

CQ¤ 5 WieL; 5 :8+78W<.e 5 W RW 8úXä 5 W 5 5 Wie; 5ùstatement

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7\&d = 5 R

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$& ,$" !0//i

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5 ;$ E >7R E ; 5 e 5 5 7G 5 ; 5for

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statementCaAØ):8W3t]+W«¦ 5

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b ^ g _7hi_d_X^&a¤g j[.eM.W<>e:8V 5 5 Wie; 5 5 W< 5%E : 5 V`;$ Ç e'; 5 ;$>e:87 5 ; 5 eT 5 p:8+78W<.eM

statementV

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statlistVJ:G>7GW<'e< 5 WîRW &µ+UC@¤

statlist]

〈statlist〉 → 〈statement〉 [ 〈statlist〉 ]

= 5 :G^Y%RλeT 5 ]a>78; 5 5 7Z:8M$7 5 ;$RS>T 5 C l EGEG5E 'e Ç > Y%RaRWËM 5 5 ;$` 5 Wie; 5

1_> 5 5 W 5

b[7SÊf f:_&S=Q\&a b[7S^ ÌeT 5 ]J1M'K; 5 C fZ5 78]+W 5 7 5 7UWi; 5 7@ 5 ;$R$:G'M'._N7

b[7SÊf f:_&S=Q\&a b[7S^

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〈lvalue〉 → “ident′′ ( “[′′ 〈expression〉 “]′′ |“.′′ “ident′′ [ “(′′ 〈arglist〉 “)′′ ] )∗

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atribstat

readstatC D M6>;$>''eKKp E E +W<78Í 5 W RWÿK;$>e:8 Ç +; 5 73Y%R#] 5

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$& , !0/i

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•d_X^=a^eZ)gÍ]JRWi<7G+¦ +7I+e+') 5 +W< 5

b;017GKI1>M

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a]`RWiJ1I7GKI1>M

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= 5 :G»Y%R^R:G'M.'_>e; 5 E :8^eT 5 p:8+78W<.eM$eRW 5 WieL; 5 ;$»:G78.R'S>T 5 5 ;$>7 â W 5%E :G>7^eZ)g ~ ¢ V 5 Y%R»](.M'+%ML 5 E E :87 â W 5E :G>e:Ue; 5 :87G'R'7F1IM 5 763RWi3U9W<;;$JW<]: 5 ; 5 C m 'e%:8:8'>W<+e%:8( E8E5 V% 5 78]+WV E +7U3t+78W<H:8'; 5 eL0e 5E8E 0M.'eR+WC D My>7G7 5E +7U0 5 e:U; 5 +Wî¦§ E E 5E :G>7G 5 78 E ;<eLM' E C=^RW 5 Wie; 5 ;d:G78'RKS+T 5 5 ;$+W 5E :G+7ÌRWi

alocexpressionY%R@]kRWia7G+¦ +7I+e+'

)RWîe 5 1 5)5 $v*+: 5<5 R7878IC m R<;$ Ç e'S>T 5 ]

〈alocexpression〉 → “new′′ ( “ident′′ “(′′ 〈arglist〉 “)′′ |( “int′′ | “string′′ | “ident′′ )( “[′′ 〈expression〉 “]′′ )+ )

? E8E eT 5 pX:G>7GW<'eMP7 5 ;$R_Jg$78 E8EÈ E ; 5 :8. 5

[_Yñ =òX T_ Ñ^ g [_Y¼iS=d:b[7VÒ Ó«ÒbÓ«Ò)ö7Ó[_Yñ =òX T_ Ñ¯bÊö

¤ÊeT 5 p:8+78W)'eMexpression

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X++CZödW 5%E 1+7F 5 W 5)E T 5 E8E E

g$78 E8EGÈ E C

〈expression〉 → 〈numexpr〉[ ( “ <′′ | “ >′′ | “ <=′′ | “ >=′′ | “ ==′′ | “! =′′ )〈numexpr〉 ]

· E +g7G EGEGÈ E e0e 5E8E 07UWi:GK+ E T 5 ;$ Ç eK; E +W¨;$.1+7 E5%E e â 1> E (;$.¦ +78+e%:G E C@¤e â 1>MØWi E M.: 5 ]0 E :GVPY%R);$ Ç e) 5 W 5 ])RWi#+g7G EGE T 5 Y%R0 5%EGE R 5 t+7U; 5 7G E 7G>M'p 5 eL E C[?dMK0] 5 W< 5%E :U0;(RW< E RL+g$7G EGE T 5 Y%R 5 7878 E 5 e;$» 5 78'W)>.7 5

numexprE +R';0 5 7`RW 5 L>78; 5 7F78+MK 5 eLMPJRWi E +Re; E RL+g$7G EGE T 5 Y%R 5 7878 E 5 e;$J 5E +Re; 5

numexprC 4 ; E Rtg$78 E8E T 5 V 5 W 5 1>7G>W 5%E ;$Ke%:8V 5 ;$3 5 e%:G>7`:8W3t]+W

5 R:G7U EaE RL+g7G EGEGÈ E 5 R$:87 5%EF5 t+7U; 5 7G E V% 5 7^g$>W)M 5+5 R

· E8E 'WV78)i+;$+Kl^ó¤gôõ¡` atV:G>7 â W 5E E +R.e%:8J;+78.1S>T 5

expression ⇒ numexpr < numexpr∗

⇒ a + b < numexpr∗

⇒ a + b < c ∗ d

$& ,/ !0/%oi

= 5 :GV[ 5 78]+WVØY%R# E +Re;ä7G:G#;z7 5 ;$RS>T 5 ] 5 P 5 eLMXC#½^Wi 5 R$:878ä 5E8Eâ 1>M;$>7G'1S+T 5 )7:8.7^; E :GJeT 5 p:8+78W<.eM E >7GK

expression ⇒ numexpr∗

⇒ a + b

5 Y%R E .e Ç +aY%Rª^óg»:UW3t]+Wê]kRWiag$78 E8E T 5 1IM.K;V>+7U;aF7G:G'7Ì;$expression

V+W0 5 78aeLT 5 R$:8.M''_+ 5 L>78; 5 78 E 78+MK+ 5 e E CØ¤Ñe â 1+M E >R'e%:Gd] 5 eT 5 p:8+78W<.eM

numexprC

〈numexpr〉 → 〈term〉 ( ( “ +′′ | “ −′′ ) 〈term〉 )∗

? E8E i7 5 ;$RS>T 5 ] E >W)>M.9Le%:G J e%:G+78 5 7NCF·Ë;$H¦ >7G>eS+#]3Y%R3 E +Re;iL7G:GeT 5 ]t+eL E5 t+ 5 eMXVÌWi E 5 ;$ E +737G>L+:GK;RWÿe=HW)>7 5äÇ eH: 5 ;$#1+_+ E CÍ? EGE ;$.¦ +78+eS> E >'p E »e 5 ¦§: 5 ;JY%RJY%R+78+W 5%E +7U7Fg$78 E8EÈ E ; 5 :G' 5 ^óg¡ó¼` aLV$Wi E eLT 5+;$+K E ; 5 :G' 5 ^£õg¼õ¡`$V[ 5 E VØ>W +7UMXVB:UMd+g7G EGE T 5 eT 5 ¦§_iW3RH: 5&E >e%:GK; 5 Cä·;$>7G'1S+T 5 L7Ul^ó¤g¡óô` a E +78'

expression ⇒ numexpr ⇒ term + term + term∗

⇒ a + term + term∗

⇒ a + b +term

⇒ a + b + c ∗ d¤òeLT 5 pX:G>7GW<'eM

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〈term〉 → 〈unaryexpr〉 ( ( “ ∗′′ | “/′′ | “%′′ ) 〈unaryexpr〉 )∗

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〈unaryexpr〉 → [ ( “ +′′ | “ −′′ ) ] 〈factor〉

·`Y%RVe 5 1W)>e%:GV%1>W 5E Y%Runaryexpr

5 ;$(>787@+;$+K E Y%R E »'eK'+W 5 W 5E5 t+7U; 5 78 E

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factorV( 5 ;$

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expression ⇒ numexpr ⇒ term + term∗

⇒ a + term ⇒ a + unaryexpr ⇒a + −factor

⇒ a + −1

¤òeLT 5 pX:G>7GW<'eMfactor

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〈factor〉 → ( “intpconstant′′ | “string

pconstant′′ | “null′′ | 〈lvalue〉 |

“(′′ 〈expression〉 “)′′ )

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expression ⇒ numexpr ⇒ term + term∗

⇒ a + term ⇒ a + unaryexpr ⇒ a +factor

⇒ a+(expression) ⇒ a+(numexpr) ⇒ a+(term+term)∗

⇒ a+(b+term)∗

⇒a + (b + c)

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〈arglist〉 → [ 〈expression〉 ( “,′′ 〈expression〉 )∗ ]

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A → abc

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A → aBcB → de

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A → B(a | b | c)BB → (de | λ)

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A → B[abc]BB → (de | λ)

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A → B(a | b | c)∗BB → (de)+

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2.6 Semântica da linguagem X++

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2.7 Um programa em X++

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·\MK E8E bintree

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dataC fZ5E8E Ra'e;:G7I E

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dataY%R E T 5

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Capítulo 3Análise Léxica=^ E :8+ â :8RM 5 1+78+W 5E 5 W 5 5 e E :G78R.7 5 eLM' E ; 5 73M']g$K 5 ù§· AØú07U-M''eR>WX++

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] 5 E :U; 5 'e'+'MVs0 ∈ S

mδ]b0¦ ReS>T 5 ;$J:878e E KS+T 5 ;( E :U; 5%E V

δ : S × Σ → Sm

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a b a c d

Estados

Finito deControle

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δ(s0, 0) = s0

δ(s0, 1) = s1

δ(s0, 2) = s2

δ(s0, 3) = s0

δ(s0, 4) = s1

δ(s0, 5) = s2

δ(s0, 6) = s0

δ(s0, 7) = s1

δ(s0, 8) = s2

δ(s0, 9) = s0

δ(s1, 0) = s1

δ(s1, 1) = s2

δ(s1, 2) = s0

δ(s1, 3) = s1

δ(s1, 4) = s2

δ(s1, 5) = s0

δ(s1, 6) = s1

δ(s1, 7) = s2

δ(s1, 8) = s0

δ(s1, 9) = s1

δ(s2, 0) = s2

δ(s2, 1) = s0

δ(s2, 2) = s1

δ(s2, 3) = s2

δ(s2, 4) = s0

δ(s2, 5) = s1

δ(s2, 6) = s2

δ(s2, 7) = s0

δ(s2, 8) = s1

δ(s2, 9) = s2

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~X b ~X'7G>W 5%E^5 $:G>7 eÍ78.W<+'7Uig$>+RS+T 5 ; 5 ·»A 5 .e%:8+'7 5 "N/iVPeRWi E +Re;i+g$>RLS+T 5 V5 ';+e%:G Ç +; 5 7yb ~X6 Cf 7Uä 5 W<M':U78W 5%E»5 e 5%EGEG5 ·»AQ E N; 5 eRW ·»jZû0VÌ78>+ E W 5%E .e;ä EGEG5 K7J

+;e¯-YRLM 5 :G' 5 ;$i: 5 º+e¬ EGEG5 K; 5 >M.C fZ5 70g$+W<M 5 VZe 5 ·»jZûA3

V E L>W 5%EY%R E E Rg$>+RS+T 5 :8+78W<.ee 5 E :U; 5 $V6RW eXHW<>7 5 ¦ 5 `78> 5 e9>K; 5 m E ä:G>7GW<'ee 5%E E :8; 5E / 5 RàoVÌRWÿ';+e%:G Ç +; 5 7J¦ 5 d78> 5 e9NK; 5 mØ E ):8+78W)'ee 5 E :U; 5 LVÌRWü ý¦ 5 k78> 5 e9>K; 5 Cb·^M']+W ;$ E8E5 Vy7GN E W 5E(E L>7 Wi E M'RWi E 'e$¦ 5 7GWiS È E(E5 7G)M'I17UYR^¦ +_J 5 W YR»:UML: 5 º+ei¦ 5%EGE ^78> 5 e9NK; 5 C f 78.eL'M'W<+e%:G(+W : 5 º>e E 5 W 5K;$+e%:G Ç >; 5 7G E <eXHW<+7 5E Vy78>+ E W 5E(E t+7bY%RM[¦ 5 dzLMKI1%7UÍY%R 5 7G''e 5 R 5 : 5 º+eù 5 7J+g>W<M 5 V E )ä+;$+KÍ]ä"> 5 RÑ"> ú CJ?ê78> E W 5E(E L>7(:8W0L]>W Y%RMk]<M 5 >M'._NS>T 5 ; 5 : 5 º+eBV 5 7kg$+W<M 5 V+W YRL E M.'e9J^ 5 M'ReJ; 5 7UY%R'1 5 ;$`+e%:G7U; EGE M'I17U E )+eL 5 e%:878C? EGE z.e$¦ 5 7GWiS+T 5 ]"H$:G'Mk7UÍY%R 5 · m 5%EGE Í'e;$K+7^u+W + EG5;$>7G7 5 V 5 7`g$>W)M 5 u 5 5 e: 5<5 e;$ E :U<0LMKI1%7UC

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? 5 7 5 7UWibL7U3+gNR$:UprM 5<E +78')7GNK; 5 5 W 5 W 5E :G7U; 5 e 5 7 5 7UWib/C'"C

9:;%<:=?>=A@CBEDF G&HI%J = HK ;ML G&NPO := H LQ;ARRSLT=Q:U>=QV G&H =A=XW6Y K6Z >=MY GQK :=AY Z&[ =\ ] Y GZ =ML RR Z < H ;%:= O := H L%;^_ ] ^ G LT``Pa Z > [G Y ZbHN =SRRALQ; HK :;YQ=SY ZbHN = G LQ;Y JQH =cLQ;%:: G&HKG ^d ] ] LQ;QY JH =A`cDe ] ] Y Z?HN =A`SY ZbHN =SfDg ] ^ G&H =;h ] ] LQ;QY JH =A`SLQ;Y JH =AfDi j `D RR G ^ K = [ ; ZbHZ L Z =Yk ^P`mll RRon=YQ=Qp:=MY Z&[ =Frq Y ZbHN =QsA`SY ZbHQN = RRtY ZbHN =M; H[G ^ GSZbHZ L Z =M; K ; jG&HFuF LQ;Y JH =sAÀLQ;QY JH = RRSL%;Y JH =M; H[G ^ GAZbHZ L Z =A; K ; jG&HFr\ J ` j RR Z?HZ L Z =Y Z V=tWY KZ >; G ^ K = [ ;tp Z ^ Z&K = [ ;Fr_ j `Xn:;%v Z >; G ^ K = [ ;wRRUn:x&v Z >; G ^ K = [ ; H = K = O6G YQ=y [G =LQ;%: [ ;MLQ;?>zLF|d G&HI%J = HK ; j sFre ] ^TfÀL RRSL%; H L%= KG&H =LT~on6=YQ=QpQ:=Frg ] Y GZ =ML RRSYQon:x%v Z >=MY GQK := [ = G&HK := [ =Fh ] ^ G LT``Pa Z > [G Y ZbHN =Fri ] ] LQ;QY JH =A`cDFrk ] ] Y Z?HN =A`SY ZbHN =SfD\uq ] ^ G&H =;\F ] ] LQ;QY JH =A`SLQ;Y JH =AfD\u\ ] J ` j RRoW6Y K6Z >; G ^ K = [ ;Tp Z ^ Z&K = [ ;\u_ ] j `Xn:;&v Z >; G ^ K = [ ;RQRon:x&v Z >; G ^ K = [ ;y [G =LQ;&: [ ;MLQ;?>L\d ^ GtK = OG YQ=/ J B; jG&H ````PQ6 RQR JtH6 ;t G ^ K = [ ;ta Z?H =Y\ue ] :Q:;T G v Z LQ; RR K := K =b> G&HK ; [GtG ::;SY%Qv Z LQ;\ug ^ G&H =;\h ] K B K6Z n;S` K = O6G Y%=/ j Br; j6G&H\ui ] K Bn6=YQ=QpQ:=A`M^\uk ] K BuY ZbHN =A`tY ZbHN =s_uq ] K BLQ;Y JH =AÀLQ;Y JH =s_F : GQK ;%: H6GSK RRT: GQK ;%: H =M; K ; j6GUH ; OK6ZU[ ;=» E M'.e9 E "» V%b:G7Ue E 'S>T 5 Y%R» 5 e EG5 W< 5%E 7UeL 5E .eKK E ]^:G7U:U;;»Wie>.7U

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· E 178KI1+ ECA Vªo CcA ¯o¬;$>1>W E >7 'eKKM'._N; E e%:G E ;$ E 0R$:8.M''_>7Jt+MK78.W<>.7U31+_ 5 ·»AdC?dM' E 7G+:I>W E >R E 1M 5 78 E +e%:87GJ;$R E g$>+RS È E ; 5 · AdC= 5 'e â 5 ;$+;)g$>+RS+T 5 V E +R E 1M 5 78 E 5 787G E 5 e;+W J 78¯Ig'Wi3M':878< E +7`R$:8.M'._N;C=»zM.'eR+W

X++VBY%R<]) E :8e:8 E .W<M' E VP:G>W 5E e;ÍW<+e 5E YR</ EGâ W0 5 M 5%E

:G>7GW<'e E YR@:8+78'WYR E +7Z7GN 5 e9>+'; 5E t+M 5 ·»AdC¤ R$:878 E M''eR>e E Wi E 5 W)M.+g$ E 5 ;+W:8+7`RW¨eXHW<+7 5 .e; E Rt+78 5 7>V 5 Y%R;$ Ç RM.:8<L E :8e%:8(< 5 e E :G78RS+T 5 ; 5 · j[û 5 7G78 E 5 e;$>e%:GC ½»W<2; E Wie+'78 E ;$;$'W<.eR'7 E8E Ñ;$ Ç RMK;;-]R$:8.M'._Ne; 5 RWR:GÆWi: 5<Ç e.: 5 eT 5 ;:G>7GW<'e âKE :8' 5 ù§· j[= û(ú Y%Rb]bRW«W 5 ;$>M 5 M''+'7UW<+e%:Gb;H¦ >7G>e:87807G>78 E +e%:87F<M'.eR+W; 5 · AdC½^Wî· jZ=»û\;$.¦ +78 ;$(RWî· jZû >W 7G>M'S+T 5 5 ¦§: 5 ;$ :G+7`;$'1>7 EG5E E :8; 5E .eKK E

Y%R»J¦ ReS+T 5 ;$^:878e E 'S>T 5 ;$» E :U; 5%E ] ; Ç eK;δ : S×Σ →

5 ev*Re%: 5 ;$ E Rt 5 ev*Re: 5EÇ e.: 5%E ;

ρ(S)V 5 R E vV% 5 ;$(g$ E :8.76W< E ;$ RWiJ:G7Ue E KS+T 50E .e; 5 ;$»RW E :U; 5 7U

W< E WiM':878-; 5 M.¦§t: 5 C fZ5 70+g>W<M 5 V 5 · jZ=»ûA4

W 5E :G7U; 5 e Ç R7U&/Cªo 5·»jZ= û

; Ç R780/C 378> 5 e9>>W3W< E Wi0M.'eRL>WY%R 5 · j[ûA3

W 5E :G7U; 5 eÇ R78)/C C

branco

letra, dígito

dígito

j['R7U0/C obuÍû '7UWi0;J:G7Ue E 'S>T 5 ;$J E :8; 5 7UA4

2 ReL; 5 g$NR$:U; 5 V[RW´· jZ=»û« 5 ;$Í:G>73Wi E ;#RW E :8; 5 5 7G78+e%:8# 5 W< E W 5:G>W< 5 C fZ5 7 +g>W<M 5 Vy 5 7 5 EGE 7( E +;$+Kü ý0 · zü ýe 5 ·»jZ=»û

VB E NY&kI+e+'z;$ E :8; 5E :G'1 5E L7U0>;)RW E +78K

i→ 3, 5

f→ 4, 5

1→ 5

2→ 5

i→ 3, 5

f→ 4, 5

?òe 5 ·»jZ=»ûA5

V E >7GK

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branco

j['R7U0/C 3uÍû '7UWi0;J:G7Ue E 'S>T 5 ;$J E :8; 5 7UA5

1, 3, 6

i→ 4, 7

f→ 5, 7

1→ 7

2→ 7

1, 3, 6

i→ 4, 7

f→ 5, 7

½^W«·»jZ=»û\78> 5 e9> RWi<+;+K E V 5bÇ eMB; E RL3+gNRS>T 5 V%M.RWî; 5%E E :U; 5%E 5 7G78+e%:8 E L>7:8+e+F 5 5 ev*Re%: 5 ;$F E :8; 5EØÇ eL E

FC[?kg$>+R$:8e; 5

5 W ü ý0 · V:8+7 â W 5%E5 E :8; 5 o:G'1 5 e 5Ç eMF;g$NRS>T 5 ; 5 · j[= ûîVZ 5 7:Ue%: 5 V@ü ý0 · ;$>1>7GK E >7b78> 5 pe9NK; 5 5 W 5 K;$>e:8 Ç +; 5 7NC °%#e 5äE >Re; 5 + E5 Vt 5#Ç eM[;Í+;$+Kü ýUVP:8+7 â W 5E ; 5 E E :8; 5E 5 7G78+e%:8 E VW3 5E t+7G:G+eL+e%:8 E 5 5 ev*Re%: 5

FC m F¦ Æ E8E >W 5%E R:G'M.'_>7k E8E a·»jZ=»û

78Í.W<M'+W<+e%:U7(e 5 · AdVP:8+7 â W 5%E RWæ7 5 M'+WiVP 5 E eLT 5E L>7 â W 5E Y%RM 5 : 5 º+e 5 7G78 E 5 e;$>e%:G J M'I17U#M'';V E E >7GKÍRW K;$+e%:G Ç >; 5 7 5 R-RW ü ýUC D +7 â W 5%E Vy>e%:8T 5 VY%RJ E :8L>M.N+7`7G 5 78';;$ E L7U0;$NK;$'7`+e%:G78; 5 E E :8; 5E Y%R(:G>7GW<'e7UW¨:G'1 5%E C·^t E 7»;J¦§'M'H:U7»<;$ Ç eKS+T 5 ;<M.'eRL>Wî;$ E v;V$RW«· jZ=»ûeLT 5 ]J:8T 5 ¦§'M.p

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X++e E >S>T 5 /C /C

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•½»eKT 5 ù

∪ú ^;; E E M''eR>e E

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L1 ∪ L2 5 W 5x ∈ Σ∗ | x ∈ L1 ∨ x ∈ L2

m•465 e+:G>eS>T 5 ù

·ú <;; E E M'.eR+e E

V E5 78 5 M.¦§t: 5ΣV[;$ Ç e+p E

L1 · L2

5 W 5x.y ∈ Σ∗ | x ∈ L1 ∧ y ∈ L2

m•j>U9 5 ;$JM'+>e0ù

∗úk;;0M'.eR+W

LEG5 78 5 M.¦§t: 5

ΣV$;$ Ç e+p E

L∗ 5 W 5

E +eL; 5λ ∪ L ∪ (L · L) ∪ (L · L · L) ∪ (L · L · L · L) ∪ ...

·^M'Re E g$+W<M 5E ;)M''>S+T 5 ; E8E E65 L>78; 5 78 EaE T 5

a, b ∪ c, d = a, b, c, d

100, 010, 110∪ 00, 01, 11 = 100, 010, 110, 00, 01, 11

101, 110 · 00, 11 = 10100, 10111, 11000, 11011

abc∗ = λ, abc, abcabc, abcabcabc, abcabcabcabc, ...

a, b∗ = λ, a, b, aa, ab, ba, bb, aaa, aab, aba, abb, baa, bab, bba, bbb, ...

?ËL7U&;$ Ç e'7GW 5E)5 Y%Rz]äRWig$78 E8E T 5 78+RM'7>VZ1W 5E 7:8.7<; E M''eR>e EWi E»E .W<M' E Y%R3+g$ E :G>W«0R$:G'M'._N7» EGE E»5 t+7U; 5 7G E C D +W 5%E Vt+e%:8T 5 Vt;; 5z5 M.¦§t: 5Σ = a1, a2, ...an

• a1

V0C.C'Can

E T 5 ?@c E Y%R- 5 787G E 5 eL;$+W JE M.'eRL>e Ea1, a2, ..., an

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• ∅]JRWi<?@c Y%R 5 7G78 E 5 e;$ J M.'eRL>W ´ µ=m

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V>e%:8T 5e1∪ e2

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L1 ∪ L2

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V+e%:8T 5e1 · e2

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L1 · L2

e]RWi)?@c\Y%R 5 7G78 E 5 e;$ J M.'eRL>W

LV$>e%:8T 5

e∗]RWi)?@c\Y%R 5 7G78 E p

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fZ5 7^+g>W<M 5 V(a ∪ b ∪ c ∪ d)

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V 5 RE *vV

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W< E Wig$78 E8E T 5 78+RM'7>VØ;$+1+W 5E E :Ut+M'>++7RWi78 5 7GK;;$<+e%:G78 5E5 L>78; 5 78 E CD +W 5E V>e%:8T 5 V

∗ 5 W Wi E M.:878 5 78';;$V%;$+ 5 E

·V Ç eM.W<>e:8V

∪C f[5 ;$>W 5E .eL;

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EG5 7Ga, b, c

YR E 'e'+'Wî 5 Wî E M':878 Ea5 R

bJ:G+78W<.eLWî 5 W

• (a∪b) ·((a∪b) ·(a∪b) ·(a∪b))∗;$ Ç e^JM.'eRL>W

x ∈ a, b∗ | |x| mod 3 = 1C

· E8E 'W 5 W 5ä5E ·»jZ=»û E V[ E ?6c E 5 ;+W E +7W0RH: 5 W< EJE .W<M' E L7UÍ78+78 E +e%:U7-M.'eRL>W E >7)78> 5 e9>K;& 5 7)RWþ·»A ; 5 Y%RRW · j[û0C fZ5 7<+g>W<M 5 V@78-M'.eR+W;$ Ç eK;<t+M 5 ·»jZû

V$ 5 ;+7 â W 5%E R$:G'M'._N7^ E >R'e%:GJ?@c

(digito · digito∗) ∪ (i · f) ∪ (letra · (letra ∪ digito)∗)

¤ RzW<>M.9 5 7`YR EGEG5 V 5 ;$+7 â W 5E ;$ Ç e.7`>;0RWî; 5%E : 5 º+e E E >7G>W 7GN 5 e9>+'; 5E 5 7`W<+ 5 ;$RWi)?@cC fZ5 7`g$+W<M 5

o á È Çdigito · digito∗

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½^Wii>e:878;iY%R3> E b 5 W« E8E <7 5 ;$RLS+T 5 ;$>1b'eKK7Gp E 5 W«#>;$>'ÄL VPY%R1>W E >RK;Í;3RWæK;$+e%:8 Ç >; 5 7>VP 5 ;$b:8+7JRWÐ8 03RWæK;$+e%:8 Ç >; 5 7 3:G>7GW<'e 5 W 5 5 78 5 ;-+M' EGE Vk78+78 E +e%:U; 5 e-7 5 ;$RS+T 5 t+M 5 eT 5 pX:G>7GW<'eM¥LC¬= 5eLM' E ; 5 7 ;$ E ++e;+e%:G<78>R7 E .1 5 V 5 W)]+: 5 ; 5 5 7G78 E 5 e;$>e%:G0z E8E Í7 5 ;$RS>T 5 ;+1>7GK+e%:UT 5

•1+78 Ç +7 E 5 7G¯Ig$'W 5 : 5 º>e;z>e%:G7U;z]¯ C m )¦ 5 7NVØ;$>1i 5 e%:G'e%RL7 5 W eM' E C m 0eT 5 ¦ 5 7NVLRWæ>7G7 5#E .e%:8:GK 5z5 5 787G>RBV 5 E i+e%:G7U;ieT 5 5 7G78 E 5 e;$J 7 5 ;$RS>T 5 E L>78;m

•1+78 Ç +7 E 5 78¯Ig$.W 5 : 5 º+e&]äüGXC m 0¦ 5 7>VB;+1< 5 e%:G'e%RL7J 5 W zeM' E C m eLT 5 ¦ 5 7>VLRW +787 5#E .e%:U:GK 5i5 5 787G>RBV 5 E i>e:878;<eT 5 5 7G78 E 5 e;$ J 7 5 ;$RS>T 5 E t+7U;m

•1+78 Ç +7 E 5 7G¯Ig$'W 5 : 5 º>e<]8& : C m »eT 5 ¦ 5 7NV;$>1^ 5 e%:G'eR7@eM' E V 5 E EGE #L7G:G0;Í7 5 ;$RS>T 5 ] 5 P 5 eMC m 3¦ 5 7NVB;$+131+78 Ç >7 E 5 : 5 º>e E +R.e%:G0]RW üGXC m )¦ 5 7>VB;$>1< 5 e:8.eR7( 5 W eLM' E C m <eT 5 ¦ 5 7>VyRW +787 5äE 'e%:8:GK 55 5 787G>RBV 5 E )>e:878;0eT 5 5 7G78 E 5 e;$ J 7 5 ;RS+T 5 E t+7U;m

•1+78 Ç +7 E 5 78 E : 5 ;i+e%:G7U;i 5 7878 E 5 e;$ 5 eT 5 pX:G>7GW<'eMªLC l E8E5 eLT 5] ¦ +.: 5 ;$'7G+:8W)>e%:G»t+M 5 W<]+: 5 ; 5 VWi E V E 'WV.e1 5 >e; 535 W<]: 5 ; 5 5 787G E 5 e;+e%:GJ Y%R+M'JeT 5 p:8+78W)'eMC

·\+;31+_JY%R 5 W<]: 5 ; 5 e>+ E8E .:8);$(RW: 5 º>ez;0+e%:878;V+M'J.e1 5 > 5 ·»A@VY%RM'9J¦ 5 78e>+ 5 : 5 º+eBC D +7 â W 5%E M' 5<E >W)>M.9Le%:G 5 7 5 78WibC'"C

9:;%<:=?>=Sª/BEDF p; Z&[ LQYQ=^^ [G LQYåyé\ ×_ Z a-y3L J :Q; j6G&H B K ¥%n G ``tÙ%ÍÎÎTRR K ; j6G&H LQ;&:: G&HKG mlULQY%=^^ld = H =Y G vCyEÕ RRAL N =?>=tÍQÌB L J :; j6G&H : G L G&O6GPH ;%p; K ; j6GUHe G Y^ Gg Î ZbHK = K6Z Lb::;%:yEÕ RRt;LQ;%:: G&JG ::;S^ ZbHKà%K6Z LQ;h Z a-y3L J :Q; j6G&H B K ¥%n G ``AÒUÞÓTRR K ; j6G&H LQ;&:: G&HKG Z&[GUHK6Z a Z L%= [ ;%:i = H =Y G vCyEÕk G Y^ GFrq Î ZbHK = K6Z Lb::;%:yEÕFuF Z a-y3L J :Q; j6G&H B K ¥%n G ``TÔQÓQÞ6Î6PRR K ; j6G&H LQ;%:: GUHKG l G v KG&H[ ^lFr\ ×Fr_ = H =Y G vCyEÕF|d Z aãy L J :; j6G&H B K ¥%n G ``MÒbÞÓXRR K ; jG&H Z&[G&HK6Z a Z L%= [ ;&:Fre = H =Y G vCyEÕFrg G Y^ GFh Î ZbHK = K6Z LU:Q:;%:CyEÕFri ëFrk L%YQ=^^ O ; [ ¥CyEÕ\uq ë

$& / !<qoi

ÎZÜ»ÚOu+Ô(ÖØÛFÏ#x)Ü»Ò ð»ÛÌ×ÓX¿ÊÓ×*Ò0ÔLð^Ô[×+ÎZÜ /

·Ê17GKI1>MOo ËåÇ É D 5 e:8]+W E +W<78 5 HMH:8.W 5 : 5 º+eÍ;+1 5 M.1K; 5 t+M 5 · AÑù AAMCD ¹[ú C· 5E )'e%1 5 +7 5 W<]: 5 ; 5 o C'A³³EHD o C Vªo ËåÇ É D vä 5%EGE R 5 : 5 º>e- 5 7G78 E 5 e;$>e%:G< 578.W<>.7 5»EGâ W0 5 M 5 5 787G E 5 eL;$+e%:G6^ E8E deT 5 p:8+78W<.eMVNe 5 + EG5 V 5 : 5 º+ebY%RF;$+16 5 7G78 E p 5 e;$>7 J MKI178`7L CZ? EGE 5 M â :8'>b]^Wie:8';b 5 U9LWi7Gp E 5 W<]: 5 ; 5 o C'A³³cB H< V 5 E o ËåÇ É D v 5%EGE R 5 : 5 º+eàY%RÍ;$>1#> E 73 5 W 5 .e â 5 ;7 5 ;$RLS+T 5 ;Y%R+M'eT 5 :8+78W<.eMCOà'W) 5 7G:8e%:G^e 5 :87@Y%R 5 : 5 º>eiM.K; 5 eL+e%:G7U; E >7G1FL7UJ.e;'>76Y%RM 5 >W<.e9 5

E +7 E >RK; 5 e 5 7GN 5 e9>+.W<+e%: 5 ; 5E 7G¯Ig$'W 5E : 5 º>e E C[½»W<b1+_ YR»RW : 5 º>e0¦ 5 LM'K; 5;Í+e%:G7U;<)+ E ; 5 5 W«M.RW Eâ W3 5 M 5 ;$0RWi#7 5 ;$RS>T 5 VLeT 5 9# 5 W 5 78:G7 5 N;$+7NV+ E5 M'RW : 5 º+eä 5E :G+78 5 7aeT 5 5 W3'e 5 Wî)7 5 ;RS+T 5 E 5 M'9K;C fZ5 7`g$>W)M 5 V$e7 5 ;$RS+T 5

〈classdecl〉 → “class′′ “ident′′ 〈classbody〉 |“class′′ “ident′′ “extends′′ “ident′′ 〈classbody〉

E 3R$:8.M'._N78W 5E 5 : 5 º>e&;$)+e%:G7U;078i¦§_+>7 5 + E W<+e%: 5 5 Wæ#7G'W<+'78Í7 5 p;$RS>T 5 V+e%:UT 5 :G>7G>W 5E E 5 M'9'; 5bE >R'7d E8E J7 5 ;$RLS+T 5 V^>e%:G7U; E YR^ 5%EGE RW 8 üG`eLT 5 5 ;$>78T 5#E >7`7GN 5 e9>+'; E Cd?ñeM 5 W)>e%:GV E E 5 M.9+78W 5%E E >Re;<7 5 p;$RS>T 5 VeT 53E +7UT 5 ++.:8 E >;$>' E@E +W 8& :^üG&cC fZ5 7G:8e%: 5 V78> E W 5E :G+7FRK;; 5 5 Wî E 7 5 ;$RS È E Y%RJR$:G'M.'_>W 5E e< 5 e E :87GRLS+T 5 ;$JRWîeM' E ; 5 7a;$ E >e;$>e:8J7GNR7GpE .1 5 C· E 7UWi:GK+ E Y%R0 5 ;$>W E >7»R$:8.M''_>; E eÍ 5 e E :G78RS+T 5 ;$3RW eM. E ; 5 7^; E +ep

;$>e:8378>+R7 E '1 5#E T 5 U9Wi; E ;$0AØA@ù"Nú C¤Ë78.W<+'7 5 A E .e Ç +iM'¦ :(: 5 7G'9%:»0.eL;$'>Y%RJbM'+.:GR7U0;b+e%:878;b] ¦ +.:8);0 E YR+7U;7800;$'78+.:8C@¤ E +Re; 5 A E .e Ç +3M.+¦ :M'.eN7J<.eL;$'>YR E +W<78 5EGâ W3 5 M 5 eT 5 :G+78W<.eLMkY%R< E :G'1+7JWi EyJ E YR+7U; E +7U78> 5 e9NK; 5 78.W<>.7 5 CJ? 5 eXHW<+7 5 "0.e;'>zY%R 5 eXHW<+7 5 ; EGâ W0 5 M 5%E ;0M 55 º9N;eN E8E 78 5%E ]i"V 5 R E *vVLY%R E b 5 e9>++e; 5 L>e E RW EGâ W0 5 M 5 ;<>e%:G7U;<] 5E8Eâ 1>M;$NK;$.70YR)7 5 ;$RS>T 5 R$:8.M'._N7NC#=»7 5 ;$RS>T 5 .:8; E >7GKW e> EGE 78 5E :G7I EbEGâ W0 5 M 5%E78 E ;$NK;$'7»Y%RMy7 5 ;$RS>T 5 R$:G'M.'_>7>Cf 7UÍRg'M''7 eä 5 e E :G78RS+T 5 ;$)RW eLM' E ; 5 7 ;$ E ++e;+e%:G)7GNR7 E .1 5 VP 5E :GRW<p E

5 e E :G78R.76RWiJ:8L>M'378>;$.:G'1CZ? E8E J:Ut+MKb 5E8E RRWibM''e9bL7U+;eT 5 p:8+78W<.eM;3¹JA 4 »RWib 5 M'ReL7U+;J:G>7GW<'eMXC m `:G'1>7GW 5%Ed5 eT 5 pX:G>7GW<'eM ú 5 :8+78W)'eMV»e, 5E 'S>T 5

A × a;+1>W 5E 5 M 5 +7zYRLM»]-,7 5 ;RS+T 5 YR-;$>1+W 5%E R$:G'M'._N7 E V

5 :G>e%:878W 5E 78> 5 e9N+7 ú Vy>e 5 e%:G7U78W 5%E eLÍ>e:878; 5EGâ W3 5 M 5 C fZ5 7(+g$+W<M 5 V E :G'1>7GW 5%E

S → aSAb | bAaA → bAb | c

:G>7G>W 5E E >R'e%:G(:8L>M')78>;H:8.1

D +78W<.eL E= T 5 p:8+78W)'eM

a b cS S → aSAb S → bAaA A → S → bAb S → c

$& , !<qi

· E 5%E KS È E 1_>' E e,:Ut+MK,'e;$K+W Y%R& EGE :8+78W)'eM»eT 5 5 ;$7GN>7ie 5'e â + 5 ; 5 eT 5 p:8+78W)'eMC m `:G'1>7GW 5%E W< E ; 5 Y%R^RWiJ7 5 ;$RS+T 5 +WM'RWi( 5%E KS+T 5 ;:8L>M'V>e%:8T 5 0¹JA 4 eT 5 5 ;$ E >7@R E ;beb 5 e E :G78RS+T 5 ;$^RW eLM' E ; 5 7d;$ E >e;$>e:878>R7 E .1 5 5 WËRW HeK 5bEGâ W0 5 M 5 ;»M 5%5 º9N;yC[sR.:8 E 1>_+ E V 5 78]+WV 5 ;$>W 5%E MH:8+7U7i¹JA 4 ;$(¦ 5 78Wi))>M.'W<.e7` E8E E 7 5 M'+Wi E V E >W¨MH:8+7U7`)M.'eRL>W >78;C½^W\+ E5 : â ' 5 ;$d7 5 M.>W< E 5 5 e E :G78R'7Ìa:Ut+MK`78>;$.:G'1`]d78+MK:G'1 5KJ ^g$ E :I>eK

;$78>R7 E T 5¯J E Y%R>78;C l E8E5 5 e%:GNzY%Re; 5 V@78-M'RW eLT 5 pX:G>7GW<'eM û VZ:G+W 5%Eû ∗

⇒ BαV»W<N;$'e%:G-ÑM'K+S>T 5 ;$-RWi 5 RñWi E 7 5 ;$RS È E C l EGEG5¬E .e Ç +àY%R

7:8.7(;$ û 5 ;$>W 5E +7U7 RWii¦ 5 78Wi E +e%:G>eKMØ+W Y%R 5 7G¯78 5 û 7GN3 5 W 578.W<>.7 5bEâ W3 5 M 5 C l e%:GR.:G'1W<+e%:8^]`¦§+.ML1>7G Ç +7dY%R^ EGEG5 +R E J7 5 M'+Wi E CØ· 5 :8+e%:8778> 5 e9N+7 û V 5 · m ;$ E ++e;+e%:Gi78>+R7 E '1 5 .e1 5 > 5 W<]: 5 ; 5 5 7878 E 5 e;$+e%:8< 5 eT 5 p:G>7GW<'eMXC^¤ M.9e; 5 78 5 : 5 º>e;i+e%:878;V$ EGE W<]: 5 ; 5 5 ;$b E 5 M'9+7`RW«>W<.e9 5Y%R)M.>10 5 L78>'W<+e%: 5 ;$ 5 R$:G7 5 û V E >W Y%R3e>e9RWæ: 5 º>e:G>e9 E K; 5 5 e E RW<K; 5u 5 Y%Ri>7U :8+78._N#ä7GNR7 E T 5,J E Y%R+7U;C l E8E5 ¦§_< 5 W Y%R 5 W< E W 5 +W<'e9 5E vE +R'; 5 V 5 Y%RJ1yM'+17Fe 5 1IW<+e%:GJ 5 R$:87 5 û V$ EGE .Wî 5 7a;'e:8C l E8E5 ¦§_ 5 WY%R 5· m t+78WieNS+0e%RW<<78>+R7 E T 5 'e Ç e.:8V E >Wî 5 e E RW<.7`e>e9RW: 5 º+eBC·Q7GNR7 E T 5¥J E Y%R>78; 5 ;$^L78>>7[;.78:U 5 R).e;.78:UW<+e%:GCØ?@M'J]`;$'7G+:8Y%Re; 5

:G>W 5EB ⇒ Bα

VI.eL;$.78:UVY%ReL; 5B ⇒ Aα

⇒ BβCØ·¬+M'.W<'eS>T 5 ;^7GNR7 E T 5 .e;.78:U

5 ; E >7y E :8e%:Gd 5 W<M.K+;akeT 5^E >786:G7U:U;aYRC[·,+M'.W<'eS>T 5 ;a78>+R7 E T 5 ;$'7G+:8V 5 7 5 R:G7 5 MK; 5 V] E 'W<M' E 5 ; E >7`7G E5 M.1K;0; E +R'e:8JW<e+'7U

•;.1K;$+W)p E d E 7 5 ;RS È E ; 5 eT 5 p:8+78W<.eM û +Wê; 5 EBE Rt 5 ev*Re: 5EB º α1, ..., αn

V; E 7 5 ;$RS È E Y%R`eT 5 5%EGE R+WË7GNR7 E T 5¥J E YR+7U;( º Bβ1, ..., Bβm

V; E7 5 ;$RS È E 5 W78>R7 E T 5"J E YR+7U;m

•>M.'W<.eLW)p E E 7 5 ;$RS È E ;$m

•;$K 5 eW0p E b E 7 5 ;$RS È E

B → α1B′ | ... | αnB′

V 5 eL;$ û* ]3RW e 5 1 5#Eâ W3 5 M 5eLT 5 :G>7GW<'eMXVY%RJeT 5 t+7G:G>eK J 78Wi:GK+m

•;$K 5 eW0p E Z EBE +R.e%:G E 7 5 ;RS È E 7U ûC

B′ → β1 | ... | βm | β1B′ | ... | βmB′

465 WË E8E a7 5 >;.W<+e%: 5 V:87 5 +W)p E ` E 78>R7 EGÈ E|J E Y%R+7U; 5 7d7GNR7 EGÈ E|J ;.78+.:8VY%R^eT 5bE T 5 7 5 M'+Wi:8'> E 78eM' E ^;$ E ++e;$>e%:G^78>+R7 E '1ICØ½»WË+g>W<M 5 +M' EGE K 5;$>M.'W<.eS+T 5 ;$78>+R7 E T 5J E Y%R+7U;0]7U0)78W<:GK+

expression → expression + term |expression − term |term

term → term ∗ factor |term/factor |

factor → ident | constant | (expression)

·^M'K+eL; 5 )+M'.W<'eS>T 5 ;$ E 78H:UV:8+7 â W 5%E

expression → term | term expression′

expression′ → −term | + term | − term expression′ | + term expression′

term → factor | factor term′

term′ → ∗fator | /factor | ∗ factor term′ | /factor term′

factor → ident | constant | (expression)

$& o !<qqi

ÎZÜ»ÚOu+Ô(ÖØÛFÏ#x)Ü»Ò ð»ÛÌ×ÓX¿ÊÓ×*Ò0ÔLð^Ô[×+ÎZÜ o

¤ R$:G7 5 W 5 ; 5 ;äW 5 ;$ Ç +7iRWi,¹JA 4 L7U-Y%R 5E8E E +7<R E ;eRW eM' E ; 5 7;$ E ++e;$>e%:GÍ78>+R7 E '1 5 ]z¦§_>+e; 5 &¦§: 5 78S+T 5ÄJ E Y%R+7U;-;Y%R>M' E 7 5 ;$RS È E ;ÍRWW< E W 5 eT 5 p:8+78W)'eM^YR:I>WþRW 78 Ç g 5 +W 5 W3RWC O 5 + E5 ; 5 +g>W<M 5 1 E : 5e%:8+78 5 7GW<+e%:8

〈classdecl〉 → “class′′ “ident′′ 〈classbody〉 |“class′′ “ident′′ “extends′′ “ident′′ 〈classbody〉

m (¦§: 5 7U78W 5%EªJ E Y%R+7U;V:8+78+W 5E )7 5 ;RS+T 5 Y%RJR E W 5E ei¹JA 4 ;0M''eR>WX++

¤ Rei¹JA 4 ; E +g7G EGEGÈ E V:8+7 â W 5E

expression → term expression′

expression′ → −term [expression′] | + term [expression′] | λterm → factor term′

term′ → ∗factor [term′] | /factor [term′] | λfactor → ident | constant | (expression)

7G'W<+'78»1 E :8V 5 ;$F7GN+7Ø¦§+.M$>MKRMK7Z^:Ut+MK(7GN;$.:G'1I(;$FRWi(¹JA 4 C n E :85 M'97JY%R EJE T 5ä5E : 5 º>e E Y%Ri.e'+'W E 7 5 ;$RS È E ; 5 eT 5 p:8+78W)'eM û # 5 M 5 >7(eM'.e9Lz;$ û VyeLÍ 5 M.ReÍ;$ EGE E : 5 º>e E Vy E 7 5 ;$RS È E Y%R0+M' E 'e'+'WC fZ5 7G]>WäVP+g E :G+W;$'1>7 E EaE H:8RS È E YR 5 ;$>W¨ 5 W<M.K+7a E8E 0:87G+¦§CZök*vW 5E M'Re E ;$ E8E E + E5%E

•E `:8+W 5E

B → Aα | CβV+e%:8T 5 ]`7GN E5bE t+76YRL EdE T 55E : 5 º+e E Y%R».eKKW E

7 5 ;$RS È E ; ú 7Ui;$>+';.7JY%RMØ7 5 ;$RLS+T 5 R:G'M.'_>7>C`?ñ EGE E H:8RS>T 5 5 ;$E 7 5 7>V%RWi)1+_Y%R ú \ 5 ;$>W:UW3t]+W E 'eKK7^ 5 WeT 5 pX:G+78W<.eL E m

•E d:8+W 5E

B → A1A2...AnaαV7GN E W 5EBE t+7 E

V.C'C'CAn

5 ;$>W\+7U7Ø»+;$+K1_+KC m ^ EGEG5 5 e%:G>++7NV+e%:UT 55 : 5 º>e:8W3t]+W;$+1 E >7dR$:G'M'._N; 5 78J;$NK;$'7Y%RMB7 5 ;$RS+T 5 ; û R:G'M.'_>7'm

•E k:8+W 5E

A → aBb; B → αα

⇒ λVI+e%:8T 5 3;$+1 E >7Ø 5 e E ';+7U; 5 5 W 5 RWÊ: 5 º+e

Y%R);$+1 E +7»R:G'M.'_>; 5 78#;>K;$'7»t+MKi7 5 ;$RS+T 5B → α

5 :G+e%:U7»78> 5 e9>>7û C

ödW 5E V@>e%:8T 5 V6;$ Ç e'7ig:UW<+e%:8 5 W 5 &:Ut+MK7GN;$.:G'1I;$>1 E >7# 5 e E :87GR â ;Cf 78.W<>.7 5 V%;$K 5 eW 5E RW e 5 1 5bEGâ W3 5 M 5 :G+78W<.eLM J ¹JA 4 C? E8E `:G>7GW<'eM;+e 5 :8; 5 5 7 L78> E +W<78`e 5Ç eM;b+;$+K;$^>e:878;C[· E +R.7NV1W 5%E E8E5 +'7 J ¹JA 4 ;$R E¦ ReS È E V Jç¼·;Ç J »X»@EeIC

m *vαRWiÍ¦ 5 7GWi E +e%:G>eKMd;ä78W<:GK+C0?de%:UT 5Jç¼·;Ç/¿

αÃ ]i;$ Ç e'; 5 5 W 5ä5

5 ev*Re%: 5 ;i: 5 ; 5%E5E0Eâ W3 5 M 5E :8+78W)'e E :8M6Y%Rα

⇒ aβV 5 R E vV 5 5 ev*Re%: 5 ;

:G>7GW<'e E Y%RJ.e'+'W¨M'RW<)+;$+K<;$+78'1I;<)7G:G'7`;$αC

f 7U)>MKRMK7 5*Jç¼·;Ç ;$RW E :87G'eLV;$+1+W 5EaE +R.7^ EFE +R'e:8 E 78+78 E

$& !<qi

•L7U 5 :8+78W)'eMeV Jç¼·;åÇ

(a) = am

•L7U 5 eT 5 pX:G>7GW<'eM û V:8MPY%R

B → A1A2...An

V 5 e;$Ai

E T 53Eâ W3 5 M 5E :G+78W<.eL E5 ReT 5 :G>7GW<'e E V¦§_+>W 5E

ì'e'+'M.W<>e:8 Jç¼·;Ç(B) =

ì78+t:G'W 5E*Jç¼·;åÇ(B) =

Jç¼·;Ç(B) ∪

Jç¼·;åÇ(Ai)

VF7Ui = 1, 2, ...

:8]Y%R+eL 5 e%:87G>W 5%E M'RW

i:8MØYR

eT 5 ;+78.1λm

•L7UaRW E :87G'e

α = A1A2...An

V 5 eL;$Ai

E T 5^Eâ W3 5 M 5E :G+78W<.eL EB5 ReLT 5 :G>7GW<'e E V¦§_+>W 5%E

ì78+t:G'W 5EJ¼·;Ç(α) =

Jç¼·;Ç(α) ∪

Jç¼·;Ç(Ai)

V^78i = 1, 2, ...

:G]&Y%R+eL 5 e%:87G>W 5%E M'RW

i:8MØYR

eT 5 ;+78.1λC

=»i¹JA 4 ¦§: 5 78;3Y%R(W 5E :G7UW 5E e%:G>7G 5 78W<+e%:GV:8+7 â W 5E65EaE >R'e%:G E 5 ev*Re%: 5E V78 5E :8+78W)'e E eT 5 pX:G>7GW<'e E

Jç¼·;ÇE! º ´b µJç¼·;ÇE º ´ z1µJç¼·;ÇE&¡ º ´ .)µJç¼·;ÇE¢£ º ´ TXµJç¼·;ÇE(¤@ º ´ QKµJç¼·;ÇEE¦¥@6"§sD/ º ´ üG µJç¼·;ÇE%¨4K§B©!D&1K§sD/ º ´ c µJç¼·;ÇE º ´ p µJç¼·;ÇE 1@¨D42ª º ´ üGXV cV p µJç¼·;ÇE&D6ª"«¬ º ´ TGVEQKµJç¼·;Ç

(term) º ´ üGXV³ cV p µJç¼·;Ç

(expression′) º ´ z`V.)µJç¼·;Ç

(expression) º ´ üGXV XV p µm *v û RWÙeT 5 p:8+78W)'eM»;à78Wi:GK+à® 52E >R EGâ W0 5 M 5 'eKKMXC ¤ÿ 5 ev*Re: 5

J »=»@Ee(B)

]a¦ 5 7GWi; 5 t+M 5E :G+78W<.eL E J:UMLY%RS

⇒ αBaβV 5 R E *vVg$ E :8`RWiJ¦ 5 78Wi

E +e%:G>eKM`;$>7G'1I1+Ma-7G:G'7i; 5EGâ W3 5 M 5 'eKKMa+W Y%R78>+Í'W)N;$K:8W<+e%:G J;$'7G>H:U<;$ û C·'W< 5 7:U®e+'; 5nJ »X»@Ee¬ 5 ;ÍeT 5&E >7b:UT 5 'e%:GR.:G'1& 5 W 5 ; 5nJç¼·;Ç VÌW< E3E

:G'1>7GW 5%E RW EGâ W0 5 M 5 eLT 5 :8+78W)'eM û Y%R- 5%EGE R RWià7 5 ;$RS+T 5 ; 5 :8. 5B → α

⇒ λV`+e%:8T 5 ].W< 5 7G:8e%:8YR E .LW 5E Y%R E#E T 55%E#Eâ W3 5 M 5E ;$ J »=»@Ee

ödW 5%E : 5 Wi7NVP 5 7 +g>W<M 5 V 5 :8+78W)'eMVä E R 5 7Y%Ra ∈

J »X»@Ee(B)

C l E8E5äE 'e Ç >

$& %q- !<qi

ÎZÜ»ÚOu+Ô(ÖØÛFÏ#x)Ü»Ò ð»ÛÌ×ÓX¿ÊÓ×*Ò0ÔLð^Ô[×+ÎZÜ %q

Y%RÍe 5 eLM' E ; 5 73;$ E ++e;$>e%:G#78>+R7 E '1 5 VZ 5 g$>+R$:87GW 5E35 W<]: 5 ; 5 5 787G E 5 e;+e%:G û V6.78+W 5%E 5 e E RW<'7iRW ++7G: 5 eXHW<+7 5 ;: 5 º+e E V E E8E E : 5 º>e E + E 7G>W 5 W;$ Ç e'S>T 5 ;$ û V@ 5 ;$>W 5%E :G>7iRW e>e:878;C fZ5 78]+W E

⇒ λV6 E8E5,E .e Ç +

Y%R#eT 5 5 e E RW)'e; 5 e+e9RW : 5 º+e,;+e%:G7U;V« 5 ;$ä7GN+7Je+e%:G7U;ä E +7U+ E ; 5 +W M.RW 5 e%: 5 VØL¯ EJ5 78> 5 e9>'W<+e%: 5 ù eRM 5 úJ; û C fZ5 7:Ue%: 5 V E ie 5 'e â 5; 5 7GN 5 e9>+.W<+e%: 5 ;$ û :G'1>7GW 5E RW ze#>e:878;Vt;$+1+W 5E E >R'7 Í7 5 ;RS+T 5 Y%R¦§_ä 5 W´Y%R û ;+78.1z&>;$>'1I_+KC m z:G'1+78W 5E35 R$:878&7 5 ;$RLS+T 5 5 W 5

B → Aαa ∈

Jç¼·;Ç(A)

VÌ>e%:8T 5ä5 5 7G78+7UiRW 7 5 M.>WiÍe¹JA 4 Vy 5 E 5 W 5 W) E W 5 :G>7GW<'eM:G>W 5E ;$R E 7 5 ;RS È E <M.K+7>Cf 7U)>MKRMK7 5%E 5 ev*Re%: 5EGJ »X»@be78 5E eLT 5 pX:G>7GW<'e E ;#¹JA 4 V;$>1>W 5%E

•;$K 5 e7 5 'e;$K+; 5 7);$ Ç W ;$ä>;$>' 5 5 ev*Re%: 5J »X»@be

(S)V 5 e;$ ] 5

EGâ W3 5 M 5 'eKKMÌ;<¹JA 4 m•;;<)7 5 ;RS+T 5

B → αAβV¦§_>+W 5E

J »X»@Ee(A) =

J »X»¯Ee(A) ∪

Jç¼·;åÇ(β)

⇒ λV+e%:UT 5 ¦§_>+W 5EGJ »X»¯Ee

(A) =J »X»@Ee

(A) ∪J »X»@be

4 MKRMKeL; 5<5CJ »X»@be78 5 e 5E8EG5 +g>W<M 5 V:G>7 â W 5E J »=»@Ee

(expression) º ´ VúµJ »=»@Ee

(expression′) º ´ VúµJ »=»@Ee

(term) º ´ x0VpUV Vú µJ »=»@Ee

(term′) º ´ x0VpUV VLú µJ »=»@Ee

(factor) º ´ ÷ VLVLx0VpUV Vúµ½^Wi1+_ä+MKRM'; 5E5%E 5 ev*Re%: 5EmJç¼·;Ç J »X»@beVy 5 ;$+W 5E Vk+e%:UT 5 Vk 5 e E :G78R'73

:8L>M'&78>;$.:G'1&;¹JA 4 C f 78 E8E5 VZ1IW 5E +gW<.eL70 E 7 5 ;$RS È E ;M'.eR+Wÿ:G>e%:87^; E 5 7G'7a+W¨Y%RJ 5E 'S È E 5 M 5 >prM' E e0:Ut+MKCdû +1>W 5E ¦§_>+7N

•;;7 5 ;$RS>T 5

B → αVØ78ä: 5 ; 5 :G>7GW<'eMí

∈Jç¼·;Ç

(α)Vk;$+1+W 5E 5 M 5 +7

EGE )7 5 ;RS+T 5 e) 5E 'S>T 5(B, a)

;0:8L>M'm•;;7 5 ;$RLS+T 5

B → αV 5 e;

⇒ λV678: 5 ; 5 :G>7GW<'eMn

∈J »X»@Ee

;+1>W 5E 5 M 5 >7a E8E 07 5 ;$RS+T 5 eL< 5%E KS+T 5(B, a)

;0:8L>M'C

m +R'e; 5 EGE E 7G>7U E VL 5 e E :G78R â W 5%E Vt+e%:UT 5 VPi:Ut+MK#78>;H:8.1#L7UÍz¹JA 4 ;$3+gp78 E8EÈ E V;;<e<:Ut+MK<C'"Ca· :8L>M'<7GN;$H:8.1i 5 ;$ E +7^R E ;VM.]>W¨;<1+78 Ç +S>T 5;07UWi:8'>V780 5 e E :87GR'7 5 · m C f 7Ub'W<M'+W<+e%:87 5 W<]+: 5 ; 5 ;$JRWeT 5 pX:G>7GW<'eMXV 5 ;+W 5EØ5 M'97[^:Ut+MK^F;$:8+78W)'e7Ø78»+;`:G>7GW<'eM%1M''; 5 Y%R E[E T 5 E[E NY=kI+e+' E;$3S È E <: 5 Wi7NV 5 W 5 V 5 7 g$+W<M 5 VP 5 e E RW)'7^RW«:8+78W)'eM 5 R'e1 5 +7 5E W)]+: 5 ; 5%E;$ 5 R$:G7 5E eT 5 pX:G+78W<.eL E CfZ5 78]+WV E <äM'.eR+Wæ]i 5 W<M'gV 5 +M'+RM 5 ;z:Ut+MKz7GN;$H:8.1äi 5 e E :87GRS>T 5

; 5 · m ;$<¦ 5 78WiW<eRM E T 5 :87G+¦§ E 78;R E C#·^'e;Wi EbE i E :G'1>7GW 5%E :878M'9e; 5

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D t+MK)C'"^u D t+MK)78>;$.:G'10L7U0#¹JA 4 ;$+g7G EGEGÈ E C

D +78W<.e E= T 5 :G>7GW<'e E K;$+e%: 5 e E :Ue%: x0Vp ÷ VL ù ú g$78 E8E 5 e " " "g$78 E8E 5 e / /:8+78W :G>7GWp o ¦§ : 5 7 q

(1)expression → term expression′

(2)expression′ → +term expression′

(3)expression′ → λ(4)term → factor term′

(5)term′ → ∗factor term′

(6)term′ → λ(7)factor → ident(8)factor → constant(9)factor → (expression)

5 W RWi78W<:GK+-e n =»jFV@ 5 E VF 5 W 5 1.W 5E V 5 +MKRM 5 ; 5%E 5 ev*Re%: 5%E*J¼·;Ç J »=»@Eeò 5 e E K;$+7UW L>e E 7 5 ;$RS È E e 5 78Wi E V E >W 5E<5 L>78; 5 78 E ; n =»jFCd=^ EGE 5 e%: 5 +e%:G7UW 5%E 7 5 7UWi E 5 W 5)5 °%I1 4`4 VY%RV$ E N; 5 e);$ Ç e'S>T 5 ;3M''eR>W+W n = jFV>78»: 5 ; 5%EØ5%E W<]: 5 ; 5%E 5 7G78 E 5 e;$>e:8 E 5%E eLT 5 pX:G>7GW<'e E F1+78 Ç + 5%EGEGâ 1+ E7 5 M'+Wi E V$I1 E eL; 5 5 .W<M'+W<+e%:U; 5 7 5%E 5 e%: 5E ;078Wi:GK+)Y%R 5Ea5 7G''e7UWC=» E >S>T 5`E +R.e%:Gk 5 78;7G>W 5E a.W<M'+W<>e:US>T 5 ; 5 · m L7UFaM''eR>W

X++R$:8.M'.p

_>e; 5<5 °I1 4`4 C

4.2 O analisador sintático da linguagem X++

ök+78+W 5%E VI E +R.7NVI 5 W 5 'W<M'+W<+e%:87 5 · m V 5 W E @e^78W<:GK+F1 E :8^e 5 > â :GRM 5 VR$:8.M'._Ne; 5)5 °%I1I 4`4 C l e'+'M.W<>e:8V;$'+ 5 e78+W 5%E RWi)e 5 1 5 PS+T 5 e)78.W<>.7Ub7:8; 5 7UY%R'1 5 C v vC

9:;%<:=?>=Sª/B ©F ;Un K6Z ; H ^S×\ Î%ÍQ6Ò%ÙS`ta=Y^ G Õ_ ÞÐ%è6ÑÏ&6QÍ#ÍQÞ` K : JG Õd ë · 5 PS+T 5 $ °± b aE\M\"]= ` $ ¢SXd=_(9'M'H:U 5 W<>>e E W 5 ;$`;$>R7US>T 5 ; 5 · m Y%R

E +7Ub>78; 5 t+M 5 °%I1 4`4 C l EGEG5 ¦§_J 5 WY%R 5 · m W 5%E :87G(e E â ;pXL;$7UT 5 Y%R EFE T 505%EeT 5 pX:G+78W<.eL E Y%R» E :UT 53E +e; 5 *+g$>R:8; 5E a(YRL E6E T 5b5%E : 5 º>e E Y%R E T 5 5 e E RW<'; 5%E+W>;0RW;$>M. E Ck·»M.]>Wî;$ EGEG5 VW 5E :G7U:UW3t]+W E :G+e%:U:G'1 E ;$J+ E W)>e%: 5E ¦ +.:8 E 5eLM' E 7"L&'$& C= 5äÇ eM@;$ E :G#> â :GRM 5 VBW 5E :G7U78+W 5E RW g$+W<M 5 +W Y%R< EGE :G' 5 ;$ E â ;) E :U09L'M..:8;C

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ÎZÜ»ÚOu+Ô(ÖØÛFÏ#x)Ü»Ò ð»ÛÌ×ÓX¿ÊÓ×*Ò0ÔLð^Ô[×+ÎZÜ

=^>W E +W<78^Y%R+78+W 5E 1+7@Y%R E@E T 5 E S È E : 5 Wi; E L>M 5 · m C?@WË+7UMXV E :8W 5%EWi E 'e%:G+78 E8E ; 5%E +W E L>7 E 3g$ E :G3RW +787 5iE .e%:8:GK 5 0YRLMÌ]3 E8E >7G7 5 C^¤Ë°I1 4`4t+78W).:G6YR 5 W<>+e E W 5 ;$@;+R7US>T 5 ; 5 · m E *v`;$ E .M'.:8; 5 +W :G+W< 5 ;$d+g$>RLS+T 5 C· E8E .WVPe 5E8EG5 5 W<.MK; 5 7 >H:UÍ 5 W 5 7U®W<+:G7 5 ;$)+e%:G7U;Í 5 PS+T 5 .6&'ü%þ ú LC m E8E 5 tS>T 5 ¦ 5 7Z¦ 5 78e>+';»Y%ReL; 5 5 e 5%EGEG5 5 W<'M'; 5 7[]ag$>+R$:8; 5 V>e%:8T 5 E 'e$¦ 5 78WiS È E;$;$>R7US+T 5&E +7UT 5 W 5%E :878; E C m E8E 5 PS+T 5 eT 5 ]R$:8.M'._N;Vd+e%:UT 55 · m W 5E :G7Ut+eL EZE `+g$ E :Ga`Y%RM$] 5 +787 5JE .e%:8:GK 5 C f 7U( E8E5 VM.:G>78W 5%E :8W0L]>W 5 W<]: 5 ; 5y>MA; 5 e 5%EGEG5 · m CB?@M.i1+78 Ç > E i 5 PS+T 5 ¦ 5 @;; 5 ReT 5 VÌ+Wÿ+ E5 e+%:8.1 5 VB'e1 5 + 5W<]: 5 ; 5ÄC'A6ÁÂ1ÄH³AB:CDQ¹?ËA o QÁ1¿Ã ; 5 · m 78K; 5 ù§178'I1+M N@A6Ë³cDË ; 5 7 5 7UWiaC /úC

9:;%<:=?>=Sª/Bu@F 9ÍQ6ÎU6Ï&ÐÑÒUÓ/yY%= H <Ô\ n6=L j =Q< G n6=Q:^ G :CÕ_ Z >n;&: KcÖ =Qp=B Z ;B Õdeg n JO Y Z LALQYQ=^Q^tYQ= H <QÔM×h a ZbH =YA^ K = KZ LSÎ K : Z?H <tØ G :^ Z ; H `lEÔffSÙ;>n Z Y G : ¨ Ø G :^ Z ; H DBs ¨X© sQsQªlÕi ZbHK L%; HK 9=%:6^ G :Q:;%:c`SsÕ RRtLQ; HK = [ ;%: [GSG ::;^S^ ZbHKàQKZ LQ;^kFrqFuF RRTÞ G a ZbH6G ; > K ; [ ;ml>= Z?H l [ =AL%YQ=^^ G Y%= H <Ô/BFr\ n JO Y Z Lw^ K = K6Z LPp; Z&[ >= ZbH yÎ K : ZbH <c=Q:<^ K&N :;&ß^T9=Q:6^ G v6L G n KZ ; HFr_ ×F|d O ;;QY G = HM[G&OJ <M`Ta=Y^ G ÕFreFrg Î K : ZbH <Aa Z Y G&H =?> G `llÕÜRR H ;?> GS[ ;T=Q: I%JZ p;S=A^ G :A= H =Y Z ^%= [ ;Fh Y%= H <ÔPn=Q:6^ G :Õ RRP= H =Y Z ^%= [ ;%:cY%Qv Z LQ;QR^ ZbHKàQK6Z LQ;Fri Z?HKcZ ÕFrk O ;;Y G = H >^T`ta=Y^ G Õ\uq\F Î&¥6^ KG >áB; JK Bn: ZbHK Y H yØ G :6^ Z ; H Õ\u\ RQRSYQS;^on6=Q:â?> GQK :;^Xn6=^^%= [ ;^Xn6=Q:=A;ALQ;?>n Z YQ= [ ;%:\u_ a;%:ãy Z `PsÕ ZTä =Q:<^åBY G&H < K%N!¨ DÕ Z ff\d ×\ue Z aãy=Q:<^ Z& B GQI%J =Y^çy?l ¨b[G&OJ <Ï&ÍÎl%\ug [G&OJ <S` K : JG Õ\h G Y^ G\ui ×\uk Î%¥6^ KG >ìB; JK B|n: ZbHK Y H y?lîè^%=Q< GZ ^å l f_uq l Ö =Qp=AY%= H <Ôê ¨b[G&OJ <Ï%ÍÎ mZbH n JK a Z Y G l%Õ_F Î%¥6^ KG >ìB G v ZUK ysÕ_u\ ë_u_ ë_d_ue Z aãy=Q:<^ Z& B GQI%J =Y^çy?l ¨ l&_ug × RRtYQ [ = G&HK := [ = ¨ n6= [ : ;_h Î%¥6^ KG >ìB; JK B|n: ZbHK Y H y?lE G = [6ZbH <aQ:;?>z^ K = H[ =Q: [ZbH n JK BSBtBl&Õ_ui n6=Q:^ G :A` HG ßcYQ= H <ÔCyÎ%¥^ KG >ìB ZbH ÕÈRRSLU: Z =tÍÎ_uk ëdq G Y^ GdîF × RRtYQ [ ;t=Q: I&JZ p;

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d\ a Z Y G&H =b> G `P=Q:<6^å=Q:<6^çBY G&H < K%N¨ D Õd_ Î%¥6^ KG >ìB; JK B|n: ZbHK Y H y?lE G = [6ZbH <aQ:;?>a Z Y G lífTa Z Y G&H =b> G fmlBtBSBl&Õdud K :¥A× RRSL&: Z =tÍÎde n6=Q:6^ G :A` H6G ßMYQ= H <Ôy H6G ß Ö =%p=CB Z ;åBï Z Y G Ò H n JK Î K : G =?>áyua Z Y G&H =b> G QÕdg ëdh L&= K L N y Ö =Qp=CB Z ;Bï Z Y G Ó6; K ï; JH[ v6L G n K6Z ; H!G X×di Î%¥^ KG >ìBu; JK B|n: ZbHK Y H y?lï Z Y G l fPa Z Y G&H =b> G fml H ; K a; JH[ BEl%Õdk : GQK&J : H Õeuq ëeF ëeu\eu_ Z aãyñ [G&OJ <ín=Q:6^ G :CB [6Z ^%= O Y G Ï K :=L ZbH <CyEÕ RR [G ^&= OZ Y ZUK =Ap G : O ;^ Gt[ ;PÍÎedeue K :¥M×eug n6=Q:^ G :/B|n:;%<:=?>áyEÕ RRSL N =b>=S;í> K ; [ ; I%J6G a=QVA=P= H6à Y Z ^ Geh ëeui L&= K L N yr9=Q:6^ G v6L G n K6Z ; HG euk ×guq Î&¥6^ KG >áB G ::/Bn: ZbHK Y H y G Br< GQKQÛG ^^%=Q< G yéÕgF n=Q:6^ G :CBLQ; HK 9=Q:6^ G ::;%:m`DÕ RR H ; G v Z ^ KG : G L J n G :=!² ; [GSG ::;^gu\ ëgu_ a ZbH =YY&¥c×gd Î%¥6^ KG >ìB; JK B|n: ZbHK Y H yrn6=Q:6^ G :/B K ; j6G&H Ï^Q; J :L G Ba6; JH[ G v%::;%:Cyécfgue lÈ G v Z L%=YT::;%:6^Pa; JH[ l&Õgug Î%¥6^ KG >ìB; JK B|n: ZbHK Y H yrn6=Q:6^ G :/BLQ; HK 96=Q:6^ G ::;%:fgh loÎ%¥ HK =L K6Z LT::;%:^Ta; JH[ l%Õgui ëgukhq ë RRÈ>= ZbHhFh\ ^ K = KZ LXn JO Y Z LtÎ K : ZbH < Z >áy ZbHK vh_ ×hrd ZbHKPj Õhe Î K : Z?H <^çÕhg ^X` K ; j6GUH Ò>=Q< G rv Õhuh j `M^åBYQ=^ K Ò H[G v%aCylbõll%Õhi K :Q¥M×^T`A^åB^ JO ^ K : ZbH <CyDö j Õ ëhk L%= K L N yÎ K : ZbH <Ò H[G v JK %a%Ð6; JH[ ^Uv6L G n K6Z ; H!G iuq × ëiF : G%K%J : H ^Õiu\ ëiu_id ë RRPYQ= H <QÔiueiug 9ÍQ6ÎU6Ï&ÓQÞ/yYQ= H <Ô

= 5 W)]+: 5 ; 5,>MA V$:G>W 5%E :UW3t]+Wæ#U9LWi;i 5 W<]: 5 ; 5N³A6Ë³cDËáÄ/N/Ë ÁËA'> C 465 W 51>7G>W 5E E >R'7>V 5 °%I1 4`4 '7Uä; Ç e'7bRW W<]: 5 ; 5 78>; Eâ W3 5 M 5 eT 5 :8+78W)'eM;78Wi:GK+CØ·òL7G:G'76; E 7 5 ;RS È E ;$ E 78.:8 E e 5 7UY%R'1 5 C v vV E T 5 +7GK; 5%Ek5E W)]+: 5 ; 5%EY%R0:G+e%:UW ¦§_>+7 5 > E W<+e%: 5 ;#>e%:G7U;z 5 W 5%E 78 E t> :8.1 5E eT 5 p:8+78W<.e E CJ· E8E 'WV3U9LWi;3; 5 W<]+: 5 ; 5N@A6Ë³cDËìÄ/N/Ë ÁËA'> '7U:G>e%:87F78> 5 e9N+76eb>e%:G7U;RW<)+;$+K

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Y%R<+ E < 5 W z;$ E 78KS+T 5 ;;z E >R'7(e 5 78Y%R'1 5 C v v(7U 5 eT 5 p:8+78W<.eMM9:ü!0C? E8E i] 5EGâ W0 5 M 5 'eKKMd;78W<:GK+C)·>e:878;äR$:G'M'._N;ä]#Y%Ri E :8äe 5 78Y%R'1 5 EGE ; 5 5 W 5 7U®W<+:G7 5 eLà78'S+T 5 ; 5,5 $v*+: 5nN@A6Ë³cDË V6e 5 .e â 5 ; 5 W)]+: 5 ; 5>MAù M''e9 E /)%oúC½^WiÍ; E 1Ie%:8+e E ; 5 · m >78; 5 t+M 5 °%I1I 4`4 ])Y%R 5 7GN 5 e9>+.W<+e%: 5 eT 5 7G+p

E E >7¦ +.: 5 e> EGE 78KW<+e%:Gi7:8.70;$ÍM'RW eT 5 pX:G>7GW<'eMk E t> âHÇ 5 C½^WiU9pWi;Ñ¬Y%RM'Y%R>7ÍW<]: 5 ; 5 Y%R- 5 787G E 5 eL;,àRWÙeLT 5 pX:G>7GW<'eM .7U:8+e%:87z78> 5 e9+p>7Í EGE &eT 5 pX:G>7GW<'eM^eLà+e%:878;C fZ5 7Íg$>W)M 5 V E :G'1] E8E +W 5E ¦ +.: 5 ÑU9Wi;,N@A6Ë³cDËìÄD ¹ N/ËD³³ç V 5 e 5%EGEG5 5 W<'M'; 5 7('7GKz 5 e E RW<'7 5%E : 5 º+e E ;Í>e:878;z7 5 +R$p7Ue; 5 78> 5 e9N+7aRWi<+g7G EGE T 5 t+e E V$JeT 5 RWî7 5 78W<C

· U9W<; N³A6Ë³cDËáÄ/N/Ë ÁËA'> E :U;+e%:G7 5 ;$RW 5 Wie; 5 SXd 5 78Y%R E Rg$NRS>T 5,5 Rñ¬;$-M.RW 5 R$:G7 5 W<]: 5 ; 5 5 7G78 E 5 e;$>e%:G 5 R$:G7 5 eT 5 pX:G+78W<.eLM^ 5 ;$MKeS>7)RWi-+g>S>T 5 ; 5 :8. 5c´:AË³cD%¸ ¹o D&NO? C l E8E5 5 e%:GNäYRLe; 55 · m ;$:8> :Ue,>e%:G7U;,M.RWþ>7G7 5,E 'e%:8:GK 5 C fZ5 7#g$+W<M 5 V 5 W)]+: 5 ; 5 5 787G E 5 eL;$+e%:G 5 eT 5 p:G>7GW<'eMVk E t+7U<+eL 5 e%:8787`ei+e%:878; 5 : 5 º>eL C 4 E5 EGE W<]: 5 ; 5ÍE v'e%1 5 +; 5 ieT 5 +e 5 e%:G78):8Md: 5 º+ee+e%:878;VB>e%:8T 5 >M.iMKeS>äRWigNS+T 5 C 465 W 5e>e9RWîW<]: 5 ; 5 5 7878 E 5 e;$+e%:8 5%E eT 5 p:8+78W<.e E :G7U:U) E8E 0gNS+T 5 V+MK E J7 5 :8] 5 W<]: 5 ; 5 Y%R37G'W<+'7 5 U9W 5 RRW ;$ E8E E W<]+: 5 ; 5E Vte 5 + E5i5 W)]+: 5 ; 5,>MA Ca= 5W<]: 5 ; 5ð>MAQ VZRWi-W)>e E >W´7G+¦ +78+e%:GÍ 5 >7G7 5 ]ä+W<H:8';&ä-eM' E Í; 5 7 5 7UWi;$>1^:8+78W<.e7>CZ=»T 5 90 5 W 5 5 e:8.eR760eM. E V 5 E ] 'W< 5%EGEGâ 1+ML7G E :UR7U7 5 E :8; 5; 5 · m e 5 W 5 W<>e: 5 Y%R 5 +787 5 ¦ 5 Ø;:GN :U; 5 CF· EGE .WVP 5 >e 5 e:8787`RW«+787 5#E .e%:U:GK 5 V<g$NRS>T 5 ; 5 e 5E8EG5 5 W<'M'; 5 7 E 'W)M. E W<+e%:8J:G+78W<.eLC@= 5 + â :8RM 5 o)1+78+W 5E 5 W 5 5 ;+W 5E .W<M'+W<+e%:U7 5 Y%R E U9W<;»78>RL>78S+T 5 ;^+787 5%E V%Y%R»t+78W<H:8 Y%R 5 · m 5 e%:G'e%R E R)g$NRS>T 5 W) E W 5 Y%RRW¨+787 5<E 'e%:8:GK 5<E v<+e 5 e%:G7U; 5 Cök*vW 5%E Vy>e%:8T 5 VB 5 W 5 ;$ Ç e'7 5%E W)]+: 5 ; 5%E Y%R)'78T 5 5 W< 5 7 5 e 5%EGEG5 · m CBû»>1>W 5%E

;$ Ç e'7)>;eLT 5 pX:G>7GW<'eM6;e 5%EGE 7UWi:GK+W<>;$Ke%:8ÍRWi&;>MK7US>T 5 Y%RÍ]zRWiW< E :GR78<;$b+¯;. 5 °%I13b;$J7 5 ;$RS È E e n =»jFC 4 ;0RW<<;$ EGE E ;>MK7US È E :G+W«E +R.e%:G(¦ 5 7GWi

〈nao terminal〉 → 〈tipo〉 “nome′′ “(′′ 〈argumentos〉 “)′′ “ :′′

“′′ 〈decl. locais〉 “′′

“′′ 〈BNF 〉 “′′

? E8E 0;$>+M'78S+T 5 'e'+'p E » 5 W RW :G' 5 VY%R»] 5 :8. 5 78: 5 78e; 5 t+M 5 W<]: 5 ; 5 5 7G78 E p 5 e;$>e%:Ga^ E8E @eT 5 pX:G+78W<.eLMXC fZ5 ; E +7ZYRLMKYR+7Ø:G' 5 + E8Eâ 1>M;$+e%:87 5 ; +M' EGE @; 5 · m Ve 5 e 5E8EG5 + E5 V%)MK E8E C'A6ÁÂ Cû + 5 E 1>W 5 e 5 W<(; 5 eT 5 pX:G>7GW<'eM[ù ; 5 W)]+: 5 ; 5 Y%RE +7U#78'; 5 ú` 5E 78®W)+:G7 5E ¦ 5 7GWi E ;$ E8E 0W<]: 5 ; 5 C ?@W E >RK;Vt1I>W RWî 0RWiE E8E T 5 ;$Í¯$;$' 5 °I1 5 M 5 >;>e:87GzU9I1 E VZY%RÍ 5 7G78 E 5 e;$ JE ;$NMK7US È E M 5 > E;$ EGE iW<]: 5 ; 5 Cä· E 178'I1+ E â ;>MK7U; E 5 ;+7UT 5E >7bR$:8.M'._N; E ;$>e:87 5 ; 5 W)]+: 5 ; 5 C?ñ;$> 5 E 1I+W« E 7 5 ;$RS È E ;$ EGE eT 5 pX:G+78W<.eLMye n = j6Ct·\78.eL'MB'e+RW3I+e+'Í; 5°%I1I 4`4 ]J:878e E ¦ 5 7GWi7` E8E E 7 5 ;$RLS È E >W¨+¯;. 5 °I1VY%R3.7U0:G+e%:U7^78> 5 e9N>7`e+e%:878;ÍRW< E >Y=kI>eKz;<: 5 º+e E Y%Ri+ E >W 5 Wæ E8E ;$ E +7GKS+T 5 C0ök*vW 5%E VB>e%:8T 5 V 5EGâ W0 5 M 5 'e'+'MB;)e 5E8E 0M''eR>WäV$Y%R] 5 eT 5 p:8+78W<.eMc9ü!

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=»;$ E +7GKS+T 5 ; E 7 5 ;$RS È E 5 ;$+W 7GN+7 5E : 5 º>e E ;$ Ç e'; 5%E e E >S>T 5 ; 5 · A; 5 7UY%R.1 5 C v väù 5 û ø. ]äRW<-g+>S+T 5 ú3<GU9W<; E Í 5 R$:87 5%E eT 5 pX:G>7GW<'e E 5 W 5L ¼ü C? E8E JeT 5 pX:G+78W<.eLM79:ü!î](R$:G'M'._N; 5 Y%RP783.e;'>7`Y%Re; 5 RW û ø.ù Ç W¨;$

7UY%R'1 5 ú]z1M'K; 5 eLe 5%EGE >e:878;C¬¤î: 5 º>eû øU.«eLT 5 ¦ 5 `;$ Ç e'; 5 g$M'K.:8W<>e:8e E ;$NMK7US È E ;$Í: 5 º+e E ; 5 ·»AdC D 78:8p E #;$äRWÿ: 5 º+eà7GN;$ Ç e'; 5 Y%RÍ]ä E8E ; 578 5 · m YRLe; 5-5 78Y%R'1 5 ;$ä+e%:878;¦ 5 ` 5 W<M':8W<+e%:GzM.K; 5 zeT 5 5%EGE RFWi Ee>e9RW: 5 º+e#;$ E 5 e â 1+MXC[?@e:UT 5 V E8E ^eT 5 p:8+78W<.eMX9ü! ;$'_»Y%R RWË7 5 7UWi(ee 5%EGE iM'.eR+W ]0¦ 5 78W<; 5 5 7(RWizM. E :UÍ;$<MK E8E E V E +RK;it+M 5 û øU.@Cy·;$ Ç e'S>T 5;$# ¼ü @](W 5%E :878;e 5 7 5 7UWiJLC oCØ?dMK E 'W<M. E W<>e:8 E +R 0;$ Ç e'S>T 5 ; n =»j1 E :8ze 5 + â :8RM 5 $C l E : 5 1M'0L7UðL¼C m RLÍ7 5 ;$RS>T 5 'eKKp E ) 5 WÐLUVÌ1+WE +R';0 5 7^RW¨';+e%:G Ç +; 5 7NVb E8E 'W 5 7»;$Ke%:8C

9:;%<:=?>=Sª/BF p; Z&[ LQYQ=^^%Y Z ^ K yé\ ×_ ëd ×e LQY%=^^ [G LQYåyE- L%YQ=^^QY Z ^ K yE g ëhik p; Z&[ LQYQ=^^ [G LQYåyéFrq ×FuF ëFr\ ×Fr_ ä Ù&ÍÎÎ wä ÒUÞÓ ä ÔQÓÞÎ Aä ÒUÞQÓ t L%YQ=^^ O ; [ ¥CyEF|d ë

O, 5 W 5 E >7G17ZY%RV>W>78MV 5 ¯$;$' 5 °I1 >78; 5 L>M 5 °%I1 4`4 78 5%E W)]+: 5 ; 5%EY%R`'W)M.>W)>e%:8W 5E eLT 5 pX:G>7GW<'e E eT 5 :8+W W3R.:8 E +W<>M.9eS+J 5 WË EkE RL E 7 5 ;$RS È E@ 5 ;$ E >7Ø;$.¦ â +.M$;$ E >7[ 5 W<78+>e;$K; 5 C fZ5 7Ì EGEG5 VIeT 5 ]@RW<» 5 M â :GK+»7GN 5 W)>e;I1+M+7U75 · m 5 7(W)> 5 ; 5 °%I1 4`4 Vy;$> 5 E Vt¦§_>+7 MH:8+7US È E e 5 ¯$;$' 5 +7U; 5 C»·^M']+W ; E8E5 VE »¦ 5 7Fe> EGE 78Kb0MH:8+7US>T 5 ; 5 7UY%R'1 5 C v vV$RWe 5 1 5 +¯$;$. 5 °%I13;$>1 E >7F+7U; 5 J EM.:G>78S È E ¦ >H:U E e:8+78 5 7GW<>e:8;$.78:UW<+e%:8(e E8E b+¯;. 5<E T 5 t+7U;$K; E C@·^t+eL E 5 W 5g$>W)M 5 Vd78 E +e%:8W 5E e 5 7 5 78W<LC &RW´:G78>U9 5 ;$ä¯$;$' 5 +7U; 5 L>M 5 °I1 4`478 5 W)]+: 5 ; 5 5 787G E 5 e;+e%:G( 5 eT 5 p:8+78W<.eMOL&¼C

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465 e%:G'eReL; 5 5 Wþ-e 5E8E -.W<M'+W<>e:US>T 5 V@:G>W 5%E<5 eT 5 p:8+78W)'eM¥L'CÊû 5 7U; 5 5 W¨0e 5E8E n =»jFV E8E (eLT 5 pX:G>7GW<'eMy;$>1>7GK E +7^; Ç eK; 5 5 W 5

9:;%<:=?>=Sª/B('F p; Z&[ LQYQ=^^ O ; [ ¥Cyé\ ×_ ëd ×e ä QÐÍÙ% g LQYQ=^^QY Z ^ K yE h yup=Q: [G LQYåyé ä Î& Û Ò%Ù&6&Ó i yîLQ; H ^ K : J L K[G LQYçyE k y> GQK&N ; [[G LQYåyE Frq ä QÐÍÙ% FuF ë

fZ5 78]+WV E :G>e%:878W 5E 7 5 E8E 7 5 e 5%EGEG5 78Y%R'1 5 C v va 5 e:8+e; 5 EGE 0;>MK7US>T 5 V1>7G+pW 5E Y%R 5 °%I1I 4`4 7 5 ;$R_ E >R'e%:G;$1+7G:I>eK=Q: HZbH </ Ù N ; Z L G LQ; H aY Z L KZbH yBBBé L%; H ^ K : J L K = K Y ZbH6G @QsQªCöóLQ;Y J > H 'CBv%n6= H ^ Z ; HAH6G ^ KGQ[ ß Z&K&NZbH LQ; H ^ K : J L K = H[AG v%n6= H ^ Z ; H a;YQY;&ß ZbH <L%; H ^ K : J L K

N =Qp G LQ;>>; H n: G a Z v G ^çöó; H6G ;&aPß NZ L NmZ ^åÈl ZbHK lÙ; H ^ Z&[G : J ^ ZbH <A=AY;; j = N6G = [ ;%a © ;&:o>;%: G a;%: HG ^ KGQ[MG v%n6= H ^ Z ; H B? E8E (W<+e E +W'e;$K+JY%Rag$ E :8aRW 5 e7P.: 5 eJ 5 e E :G78RS+T 5*p p´t

<ûª²* 7 øV.

ø ý>t T»;»e 5%EGE 7 5 ;$RLS+T 5 CÌû ._V'e;VY%RF;+e%:G7 5 ; 5 e E :G78RS+T 5 6¦ 5 7U ;+MK»g$ E :8+W

78 Ç g 5%E 5 W0Re E Vy+e%:G78<+M' E(5 :G+78W<.eLM`ü±XC l EGEG5 5 e:8>+0 5 7UY%R 5Jç¼·;åÇ/¿éÆcA6ËEHD o CUÃ'eM'R 5 :G>7GW<'eMFü±XVtY%Rb:8W0L]>W E :8#e 5µJç¼·;Ç/¿>D7? HHD o C?Ã V% 5 W 5 W 5%E :878 5 7 5 p7UWi0C C

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7 5E8E >R'7i78> 5 e9N+eL; 5 RW 5 RòRW !# ¼CO 5 W e 5 :87ÍY%R&¼V )&F!"±$'&` 5 ;$>W 5 R,eLT 5 7GN>7e%RW<L&¼V 5 Y%R#+7UÍ EGE 5 e7P.: 5 C<c^ E RW<.e; 5 VB EGE z;$1>7:I+e+'ä; 5 °%I1I 4`4 e 5%E .e$¦ 5 7GWiY%R<e 5E8E Í78W<:GK+eT 5 ]AØA@ù*"IúFV$ 5 7G:8e: 5 V$eT 5 ]J;$>Y%R;07U) E8E (:G' 5 ;$· m CfZ5 78]+WVL#HMH:8.Wi#M''e9#;<W<>e E >W¨e 5%E ;iRW<#.e;'>S+T 5 ;$3 5 W 5 78 EG5 M'1+7a EGE

7 5 M'+WiV E +W:8+7^Y%RM.:G>7876e 5E8E 37UWi:8'>Cd¤ °I1 4`4 eT 5 5 e E >RJ;$NK;$.7`Y%RM+W<.e9 5E +R'7 5 M'9e; 5 L>e E RW EGâ W0 5 M 5 ;>e%:G7U;VB 5 E +M'i 5 ;$ E +7 5 W< E W 578( 5 R !"±$'&¼C@s E :8M'1>_V$R$:8.M''_>eL; 5 W< E M.Re EaEGâ W0 5 M 5%E ;)+e%:G7U;VE *v<+_;$(: 5 Wi7^<;$>+ E T 5 CZödW 5E 1+78 Ç >7a E 5 e E :G78RS È E Y%R E :UT 5 +W« 5 ePH: 5

• ¶ 12ª¥¯6¨· 'eKKp E # 5 W 5 :G' 5 ;17GKI1>MdYRi 5 ;$ E +7bRWþü±cVØRWÐ ü±=ü 5 RRWK;$>e:8 Ç +; 5 7NC#û»> 5 E :8+WÿRW K;$>e:8 Ç +; 5 7NVÌY%Ri] 5 e 5 W<#;$iRW<ä178KI1+MXVBV;+ 5 E V6 5 ;$z:G>7)RW 78ä 5 MKU9:8 5 R¬RWi-1 â 78RMKV 5 R¬RW 5 e%: 5 pX+pX1 â 7GRMKVZ;+t+e;$>e; 5 ;$ EGE (:G>78++'7 5<Eâ W3 5 M 5 V$ 5 ;$J:G>7^RWî¦ >U9< 5 M'U9:GV 5 RäRWîK;$>e:8 Ç p>; 5 7>V 5 R 5)Ç W«;)7 5 ;RS+T 5 V$78 E LN :G'1W<+e%:8m

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Capítulo 6

Geração da ÁrvoreSintática

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+ %& ¬"I, !Í"N/i

〈program〉 ⇒〈classlist〉 EOF ⇒〈classdecl〉〈classlist〉 EOF ⇒class test 〈classbody〉〈classlist〉 EOF ⇒class test 〈classlist〉 EOF ⇒class test 〈classdecl〉 EOF ⇒class test class test2 〈classbody〉 EOF ⇒class test class test2 EOF

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〈program〉

〈classlist〉 ÎÏÑÐ

〈classdecl〉〈classlist〉

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〈classlist〉

〈classdecl〉〈classlist〉

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λ×yØ%Ö×Û 〈classbody〉

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k n JO Y Z LALQYQ=^Q^tYQ= H <QÔM×Frq a ZbH =YA^ K = KZ LSÎ K : Z?H <tØ G :^ Z ; H `lEÔffSÙ;>n Z Y G : ¨ Ø G :^ Z ; H DBs ¨X© sQsQªlÕFuF ZbHK L%; HK 9=%:6^ G :Q:;%:c`SsÕ RRtLQ; HK = [ ;%: [GSG ::;^S^ ZbHKàQKZ LQ;^Fr\ÚO ;;Y G = Hc[G&OQJ <Ï%: G LQ;%p G :Q¥CÕ RRSL%; HK :;QYQ=Sp G : O ;^ GS[G : G L J n G :=!² ; [GSG ::;^Fr_ ; j6GUH YQ=^ K ::;%:c` HJ YYåÕF|dFreFrg RRTÞ G a ZbH6G ; > K ; [ ;ml>= Z?H l [ =AL%YQ=^^ G Y%= H <Ô/BFh n JO Y Z Lw^ K = K6Z LPp; Z&[ >= ZbH yÎ K : ZbH <c=Q:<^ K&N :;&ß^T9=Q:6^ G v6L G n KZ ; HFri ×Frk O ;;QY G = HM[G&OJ <Ï%=^t`ta=Y^ G Õ\uq O ;;QY G = HM[G&OJ <Ï&: G LQ;%p G :¥`Pa=Y^ G Õ\F\u\ Î K : ZbH <Aa Z Y G&H =?> G `llÕÜRR H ;?> GS[ ;T=Q: I%JZ p;S=A^ G :A= H =Y Z ^%= [ ;\u_ Y%= H <ÔPn=Q:6^ G :Õ RRP= H =Y Z ^%= [ ;%:cY%Qv Z LQ;QR^ ZbHKàQK6Z LQ;\d Z?HKcZ Õ\ue O ;;Y G = H >^T`ta=Y^ G Õ\ug\h Î&¥6^ KG >áB; JK Bn: ZbHK Y H yØ G :6^ Z ; H Õ\ui RQRSYQS;^on6=Q:â?> GQK :;^Xn6=^^%= [ ;^Xn6=Q:=A;ALQ;?>n Z YQ= [ ;%:\uk a;%:ãy Z `PsÕ ZTä =Q:<^åBY G&H < K%N!¨ DÕ Z ff_uq ×_F Z aãyu=Q:<6^ Z& B GQI&J =Y^çyl ¨b[G&OQJ <Ï%ÍÎl%_u\ [G&OJ <ÏQ=^t` K : J6G Õ_u_ G Y^ G_d Z aãyu=Q:<6^ Z& B GQI&J =Y^çyl ¨b[G&OQJ <Ï%: G LQ;%p G :Q¥lQ_ue [G&OJ <Ï%: G LQ;&p G :¥c` K : J6G Õ_ug G Y^ G_h ×_ui Î%¥6^ KG >ìB; JK B|n: ZbHK Y H y?lîè^%=Q< GZ ^å Ö =Qp=AYQ= H <Ôò ¨b[G&OJ <Ï&ÍÎ líf_uk l ¨b[G&OJ <Ï&: G LQ;%p G :¥ ZbH n JK a Z Y G l%Õdq Î%¥6^ KG >ìB G v ZUK ysÕdîF ëd\ ëd_dud Z aãy=Q:<^ Z& B GQI%J =Y^çy?l ¨ l&de × RRtYQ [ = G&HK := [ = ¨ n6= [ : ;dg Î%¥6^ KG >ìB; JK B|n: ZbHK Y H y?lE G = [6ZbH <aQ:;?>z^ K = H[ =Q: [ZbH n JK BSBtBl&Õdh n6=Q:^ G :A` HG ßcYQ= H <ÔCyÎ%¥^ KG >ìB ZbH ÕÈRRSLU: Z =tÍÎdi ëdk G Y^ Geuq × RRtYQ [ ;t=Q: I&JZ p;eF a Z Y G&H =b> G `P=Q:<6^å=Q:<6^çBY G&H < K%N¨ D Õeu\ Î%¥6^ KG >ìB; JK B|n: ZbHK Y H y?lE G = [6ZbH <aQ:;?>a Z Y G lífTa Z Y G&H =b> G fmlBtBSBl&Õeu_ K :¥A× RRSL&: Z =tÍÎed n6=Q:6^ G :A` H6G ßMYQ= H <Ôy H6G ß Ö =%p=CB Z ;åBï Z Y G Ò H n JK Î K : G =?>áyua Z Y G&H =b> G QÕeue ëeug L&= K L N y Ö =Qp=CB Z ;Bï Z Y G Ó6; K ï; JH[ v6L G n K6Z ; H!G X×eh Î%¥^ KG >ìBu; JK B|n: ZbHK Y H y?lï Z Y G l fPa Z Y G&H =b> G fml H ; K a; JH[ BEl%Õeui : GQK&J : H Õeuk ëguq ëgF

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6.3 Arquivos-fonte do compiladorf 7Ui78'7 5 e 5E8EG5 5 W<'MK; 5 7>V 5 7 5 N;$'W)>e%: 5 t+78W<e>+.eLM.:G+7U; 5 C6û +1+W 5E 7 5 p EGE 7 5 7UYR.1 5ÄC'A6ÁÂ-.-Ä?ÅÅ V;$+ 5 E V 5 W).MK7 5 7UYR.1 5C'AÁÂ1ÄbÅ7AÆcA Cy·2;H¦ >7G>eS+ ]Y%R^ 5 7U(g$ E :G 50E RP;$'7G+:G¯7G 5Ü³<?A o ? o ÇËcDXD V>Y%R 5 7878 E 5 e;$` 5 5 :8^;$^W< E W 5e 5 W)zz 5 e%:G]>Wÿ E MK E8E E 78¦ >7G>e%:G E 5%E e¯ E ;-781 5 78 E 'e%:8:GK+C-=»T 5 9e>e9RWiWie>.7Ui;$ E t+78W 5E V 5 7»>eY%Re%: 5 V E 3i7G1 5 78 E 'e:U:8'>i 5 e E :87GR â ;i 5 787G E 5 e;b 5Y%R`;$ E *vW 5EZ5 R<eT 5 C l EGEG5E >78( 5 7U;; 5 e 5 > â :GRM 5 qV 5 e;$a1+78+W 5E 5 W 5 'W<78.W<'7<781 5 7G E 'e%:8:8'>C

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Capítulo 7

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Capítulo 8Tabela de Símbolos=^ E :86> â :GRM 5 :878:878+W 5%E ;$@RWi^; E Wi E .W< 5 7G:8e:8 E E :87GR:GR7U E 7U`Y%R E @ 5E8E W78>M''_>7 E 7G¯Ig$'Wi E :U E ; 5 W<'MKS+T 5 C<? E8E ä E :87GR$:8R7Uz]#U9LWi;ä;$<:Ut+MK;$EGâ W0 5 M 5%E VØ1% E : 5 Y%Ri78He 5%E e 5 W) E ; 5%E ;$'1+7 EG5E +M'+W<+e%: 5E R$:8.M''_>; 5E e 5 7 5 7UWip¦ 5 e%:8V 5 W 5 +M' EGE E V178'I1+ E JW<]: 5 ; 5E Cl eKKM'W)>e%:GV[W 5E :G7U78+W 5E M'Re E g$+W<M 5E ;$# 5 W 5 z:8L>M'; Eâ W3 5 M 5E ]#H$:8.M

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8.1 Para que serve·ê:8L>M'<;$ EGâ W3 5 M 5E`E +781(7U07GWi_++eL7a.e¦ 5 78W<S+T 5)EG5 78J+;0e 5 W<V 5 RäK;$>e:8 Ç p+; 5 7NVR$:G'M'._N; 5 e 5 7 5 78WipX¦ 5 e%:GCÌ· E8E 'WV 5 eM' E 7FRWii;$NMK7US+T 5 ; 5 :8. 5

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• 5 ;$>+M'787a<+M' EGE `&h=îXiÊbdiS`&h&îXi_ S_[ai¤i_`\[7ac`&h=î=i-ZXZXZ]FeN E8E 78 5Ê t+7 E «bdiS`&h&îXi@'e;»eT 5 ¦ 5 ;$>+M'78;V E Ni_`\[ac`&h&îXidg$ E :8 E J 5 ;$ 5 RzeLT 5iE >7^;$>+M'78;) 5 W 5iE RL>78+M' EGE m

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8.2 A tabela de símbolos para X++

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5 W<>S+e; 5 t+MK ;=<>@?A7B:CD Cy? E 5 M'9>W 5%E 78^+MK^RWi E :G78R$:GR7U` E :Ue%:G E 'W<M' E BRWiM' E :8M'.%;Y%R<¦ Re 5 eeL¦ 5 78Wiä;#RWi'M.9V 5 R E vV[+t>S>;M' E :8 5 e%:878 5¬EGâ W3 5 M 5 YR¦ 5 W< E 7GN>e:8+W<+e%:8.e E +78K; 5 C f 7U E8EG5 V`78'W 5E ;$>e%:G7 5 ; 5 5 W<.MK; 5 7ÌRW\ 5 :GFU9Wi; 5(³&<>³?AB:CD V;$>e%:G7 5 ;$>M.V»MK E8E ;=<>³?AB:CD W 5%E :878;e 5 7 5 78W<0C'"C

9:;%<:=?>=A®CBEDF n6=L j =Q< G ^&¥U> K = O Y G Õ\_ n JO Y Z LALQYQ=^Q^tÎ%¥U> K = O Y G ×d RRt=&n6; HK = [ ;%:tn6=Q:=S; K ;Un6; [ = K = O6G YQ=ãy>= Z ^T: G L G&HKG e n JO Y Z LT HK :Q¥= O Y GSK ;UnÌÕgh RR H W&> G :; I&J6G LQ; HK :;YQ=M; G ^LQ;Un6;-y= HZ?HN =b> GUHK ;6SLQ;%:Q: G&HKGi n JO Y Z L ZbHK ^QLbn K :CÕkFrq RRt=&n6; HK = [ ;%:tn6=Q:=t= G&HK := [ =t HK :¥ÙY%=^^ [GXH Ý&p G YM^ J n BFuF n JO Y Z LT HK :Q¥ÙYQ=^Q^SY G p G Y J nÌÕFr\Fr_ n JO Y Z LSÎ%¥U> K = O Y G yéPRRAL&: Z = J >= K = O6G YQ=Pp=QV Z =F|d ×Fre K ;bnc` HJ YYåÕFrg ^L?n K :A`SsåÕFh Y G p G Y J n` HJ YYçÕ

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Fri ëFrk\uq RRAL&: Z = K = OG YQ=tp=%V Z =A=&n; HK = H[ ;Tn6=Q:= H Ý&p G YA^ J n B\F n JO Y Z LSÎ%¥U> K = O Y G yr HK :¥ÙYQ=^^ J n\u\ ×\u_ K ;bnc` HJ YYåÕ\d ^L?n K :A`SsåÕ\ue Y G p G Y J n` J nÌÕ\ug ë\h\ui\uk n JO Y Z LPp; Z&[ = [[ y HK :¥= O Y G vTRQRP= [6Z L Z ; H = J >= G&HK := [ =A~ K = O6G Y%=_uq ×_F v/B H6G v K ` K ;UnÌÕ RR ZbH LQY JZoH ;%p= G&HK := [ = H ; K ;bn;_u\ K ;bnc`PvCÕ_u_ v/B^LQ;Un G `S^Lbn K :CÕ RRP= K : ZbOQJZ n6=Q:=S= G&HK := [ =M; H W%> G :; [ ; G ^QLQ;Un;_d v/B >¥ K = O Y G ` K%NZ ^çÕ RRTa=QVS= G&HK := [ =A=&n; HK =Q:Pn6=%:=S=Tn:xUn: Z = K = O6G YQ=_ue ë_ug_h_ui n JO Y Z LPp; Z&[TO6G < ZbH ÎLQ;Un G yE_uk ×dq ^QLbn K :fQfÕ RR ZbHZ L Z = H ;%p;S= HZ?HN =b> GUHK ; [G p=Q: Z%à p GZ ^dîF ëd\d_dud n JO Y Z LPp; Z&[SG&H[ ÎL%;Un G yEde ×dg ß NZ Y G y K ;Unòñu` HQJ YYqÃÃ K ;Un B^QLQ;Un G ``S^Lbn K :dh K ;Unc` K ;Un B HG v K Õ RRP: GQKZ := K ; [ =^P=^op=Q:6^ [ ;T= HZbHQN =b> G&HK ;cLQ;%:: GUHKGdi ^L?n K : ¨¨ Õ RRPa ZbH =Y Z V=A= HZbHN =?> G&HK ;cLQ;&:: G&HKGdk ëeuqeF ë

? E8E #+M' EGE 5E8E RÌ:G7I E 17GKI1> E C6·7G'W<+'78<] ? N VY%R3 5 e%:8<78i#>t>S>i;M' E :8CZ· E +Re;V ³ o NO?Ë V]JRWë=HW)>7 5 'e:8+'7 5 Y%R 5 e:87 5 M' 5 e'e9W)>e%: 5 ;$M 5 5E Cl eKKM'W<+e%:G E >Rb1M 5 7[]6 â»>;ê 5 1 5 M 5 5 E8E 61M 5 7Ì]F'e78+W<+e%:U; 5 C 4 ;»178'I1+MRL7U; 5 1M 5 7Ø;$ ³ o NO?Ë Y%Re; 5 'e E +78';ê^:8t+MKV EGE 'Wê]6 5%EGEGâ 1+M E t+7Ø Y%RM%M 5 5+MKit+7G:G>eCa·:G>78++'78<178KI1+My] CDÆ:D:C?N VY%R3 5 e%:8i78)RWiÍ+e%:G7U;)>W 5 R$:G7U;=<>³?AB:CD C@?dM'# 5%EGE ..M'H:UiK;$+e%:G Ç >7»#Y%RMØ+M' EGE E8E ):Ut+MKit+7G:G+eLC`· Ç R7UiC W 5E :G7U3 E Y%R>Wi:GK+W<+e%:GJRWi) E :G78R$:GR78 ;=<>³?AB:CD C[· E +:8<eRW<+7U;äù*"IúF7G>78 E +e%:8)178'I1+M ? N b)eXHW<+7 5 ùúV)178'I1+M CDÆ:D:C?N C

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¤ÑW<]: 5 ; 5¶AMHMH ;'+ 5 e`RWi e 5 1`+e%:G7U;`e`:Ut+MKV 5 M 5 >e; 5 pwae 5 : 5 5 ;».M'9CD 5 ;3>e:878;e3:8L>M'0]J; 5 :8. 5 E :G7U: 5 ¸?QË=<CÇABCD V+Rv0; Ç eKS+T 5 ]JW 5E :G7U;be 57 5 78W<0Cª$C

9:;%<:=?>=A®CB ©F n6=L j =Q< G ^&¥U> K = O Y G Õ\_ RRALQY%=^^ G < G :=YTn6=%:=S=^ n;^^ÝUp GZ ^ G&HK := [ =^ H = K = OG YQ= [G ^Ý> O ;QY;d = O ^ K :=L K n JQO Y Z LALQY%=^^X HK :¥= O Y G ×e n JO Y Z LSÎ K : Z?H < H =b> G Õ RR H ;?> Gt[ ;A^ÝE> O ;Y;yup=Q:/B%öð> K ; [ ;A; J LQY%=^^ G g n JO Y Z LT HK :Q¥= O Y GPH6G v K Õ RRt=&n; HK = [ ;&:tn6=Q:=Tn:x%v Z >; [G&HK :; [ = K = O6G YQ=h n JO Y Z L ZbHK ^QLQ;Un G Õ RR H W%> G :; [ ;t= HZ?HN =b> GUHK ;MLQ;%:Q: G&HKGi n JO Y Z LSÎ%¥U> K = O Y G >¥ K = O Y G Õ RRt=Un; HK =Xn6=Q:=S= K = O6G Y%= [ = I%J =Y G YQ=tXn6=Q: KGkFrq ë D 5 ; 5Í5 $v*+: 5 ;$ EGE :G' 5 5%EGE RØRW e 5 W<bY%R 5 K;$>e:8 Ç +Vt78Wi_+>e; 5 eLi178'I1+M

cA'>D 5 5 e%:8; 5 7^L7U 5 78¯Ig$.W 5 >M.>W)>e%: 5 eLi:8L>M'C fZ5E8E RVP'e;V ³ o NËD VLRWi178'I1+My'e%:G+'7U)Y%R3R78; 5 eXHW<+7 5 ; 5 E 5 5 5 Y%RMÌ+MK<L>7:8+e+C^¤W<]+: 5 ; 5ðAMHMH;-MK E8E ;=<>@?A7B:CD :8RM''_> 5 1M 5 70;$ EGE 178'I1+M@Y%Re; 5 +e%:G7U;]Í'e E +78';e:8L>M'C@¤ eXHW<+7 5 ; 5 E 5 5 5 787G>e%:G ;3:Ut+MK)]J:GRM.'_>; 5 <>;01>_(Y%RJRWe 5 1 5W<]: 5 ; 535 RiM 5 5 ]»K;$+e%:8 Ç >; 5 e37G1 5 78 E 'e:U:8'>C f 78b E8E5 V 5 7 5 7UWiJY%R eM' E )781 5 78»;$>1(U9Wi7 5E W<]: 5 ; 5EBXD%ÁC7; o NËD ùYRLe; 5 RWe 5 1 5 E 5 5 ](.e'+'; 5 ú@D2H; o NËD ùYRLe; 5 RW¨ E 5 5 :G>7GW<'eúC½^Wi(+e%:G7U;»e»:8L>M'( 5E8E R:UW0L]>W(1I7GKI1>M >c<?ABCD VIYR6'e;$K+J(YR6:Ut+MK

`>e:878;FL>7:8+e+CØ? EGE `'e$¦ 5 78WiS>T 5 ]d'W) 5 7G:8e%:Gd78 5%E W<]: 5 ; 5E ;$6R E +VN 5 e$¦ 5 7GW<1>7G>W 5E 5%E :8+78 5 7GW<>e:8C

· MK E8E ¸:?Ë=<CÇA7B:CD ]J E :G7U:UC[?dMK0]( E :G>e;$K;) 5 7 5 R$:878 E +M' EGE E Y%R 78+7G E >e$p:8W 5E ;$.¦ +78+e%:8 E :G' 5%E ;$a';+e%:G Ç +; 5 78 E Y%Ra 5 ;+Wt+7G:G>e>7Z(RWi ;=<>@?AB:CD C f 7URW K;$+e%:G Ç >; 5 7ÌY%Rd78+78 E +e%:8aRW<»MK E8E @;>MK7U;6e 5 7 5 7UWip¦ 5 e:8V :8+78+W 5E RWi+e%:878;J; 5 :G' 5æ¸?Ë=< C'A³³ e :Ut+MK;$ EGâ W0 5 M 5%E CØ? EGE MK E8E F]^78 E +e%:8;»e 5 7 5 p7UWiC /C[·»M.]>W; E 17GKI1> E ;$ ¸:?Ë=<CÇA7B:CD VI+MKb 5E8E RXV.eL;V 5 5 e%:U; 5 7 :D³?=DH78i ;&<>@?ABCD VY%R37GWi_>+e 5%E K;$+e%:8 Ç >; 5 7G E ;$ Ç eK; 5E ;$+e%:87 5 ;#MK E8E 0YRb+MK78+78 E +e%:8V0RWæ 5 e%:8; 5 7^L7UiRWi 5 R$:G7U ¸?QË=< C'A6³³ V$Y%R3])#+e%:878;<ei:Ut+MK;$ EGâ W0 5 M 5%E ; E R E Rt+7UMK E8E V E J+MK) 5%EGE R'7`RWi E Rt+7UMK E8E C

9:;%<:=?>=A®CBu@F n6=L j =Q< G ^&¥U> K = O Y G Õ\_ RRALQY%=^^ G L%;%:: G ^?n; H[G = J >= [G LQYQ=Q:=L ; [G L%YQ=^^ GPH = K = O B [G ^ÝE> O ;Y;^d n JO Y Z LALQYQ=^Q^X HK :Q¥ÙYQ=^Q^ G v KG&H[ ^T HK :Q¥= O Y G ×e n JO Y Z LSÎ%¥U> K = O Y GPH6G ^ KGQ[ Õ RR K = O6G YQ=Pn6R [G LQY%=Q:=!² ; [GSG Y G > G&HK ;^t= HZbHN = [ ;^g n JO Y Z LT HK :Q¥ÙYQ=^Q^Xn6=Q: G&HK Õ3RR GUHK := [ =cLQ;%:: G ^bn; H[G&HKG ~M^ J n G :6LQY%=^^ Ghi n JO Y Z LT HK :Q¥ÙYQ=^Q^çyÎ K : ZbH < H ö Î%¥b> K = O Y GSK k ×Frq H =?> G ` H Õ RR H ;> Gt[ =ML%YQ=^^ GP[G LQYQ=%:= [ =FuF H6G ^ KGQ[ ` H6G ßcÎ%¥b> K = O Y G y K%NZ ^ÕóRR K = O6G YQ=A; H[GMZbH ^ G : Z :Ap=Q: Z%à p GZ ^çöFr\ RRí> K ; [ ;^P; J LQYQ=^^ G ^Fr_ n6=%: G&HK ` HJ YYåÕ RRA^ J =M^ J n G :6LQYQ=^Q^ GF|d ëFre ë

¤ E +Re; 5 :8. 5 ;$(+e%:G7U;0Y%R 5 ;$J7GN+76eRWi ;=<>@?AB:CD ]J0Y%R(7G>78 E +e%:8RWià17GKI1>MC ¸?Ë=<x'A6Ë 5E8E R(RW© 5 e:U; 5 7 ?<NËD 78,RW< 5 R$:878à+e%:G7U;¬;:8L>M'<Y%RJ'e;$K+)YRLM 5 :G' 5 ;)178KI1+MXC fZ5%EGE RyRWi)178'I1+Mt.e%:G>.7U H> Y%RJ.eL;$'>b;$'W<+e E T 5 5 WY%R»178KI1+M¦ 5 L;>MK7U;CØ½»W1: 5 7dRe';.W<+e E 5 eM:8+W ;$'W)>e E T 5"VRWi0Wi:G78._K;$'W<+e E 5 eMy 5E8E RB1M 5 7»VRWi)1I7GKI1>M E >W¨;$'W<+e E T 5 5E8E RÌ1IM 5 7 Va E8E .W 5 7k;$Ke%:GCØ½^Wi ¸:?Ë=<Bx'AË 5%EGE RXV'e;VRW< 178'I1+M.e%:G>.7U C o AMC o ? VY%Rb;$'_bY%RM 5 eXHW<+7 5iE NY=k+e+'MB;$ E8E 017GKI1>MV$+ E5iE (:G7U:Gb;1I7GKI1>MPM 5 +MCk? EGE 'e$¦ 5 78WiS+T 5 ]#R$:G'M'._N;e+7US>T 5 ;$#¯$;$' 5 E >78;$ E +R$:GK; 5 W W< E ;$:UM'9 E e 5+ â :GRM 5 "NCØ? EGE bMK E8E ^]»7G E >e:U;Je 5 7 5 7UWiJC C[?dMKb 5E8E RL; 5 E 5 e E :87GR: 5 78 E VRW R$:8.M'._N; 5 YRLe; 5zE :878:8i;$0RWi#;$NMK7US+T 5 ;$3178KI1+ E ;$3+M' EGE b 5 R$:G7 5 VL7U<;$>+M'78S+T 5 ;$178KI1+ E M 5 + E C

9:;%<:=?>=A®CBªF n6=L j =Q< G ^&¥U> K = O Y G Õ\_ RRALQY%=^^ GtI&J6G = O : Z <= J >= [G LQYQ=%:=L ; [G p=Q: Z&à p G Y H = K = O6G YQ= [G ^QÝ> O ;YQ;^d n JO Y Z LALQYQ=^Q^X HK :Q¥QØ=Q: G v KG&H[ ^T HK :¥= O Y G ×e n JO Y Z LT HK :Q¥= O Y GSK ¥%n G Õ RRt=Un; HK = [ ;%:tn6=Q:=A; K6Z n; [ =tp=Q: Z%à p G Yg n JO Y Z L ZbHKS[Z >áÕ RR H W%> G :; [Gt[6Z > G&H ^±° G ^ [ =tp=Q: Z%à p G Yh n JO Y Z L ZbHK YQ;L%=YL%; JHK Õ RR HQJ > G :=7² ;M^ GQI³²6G&H L Z =YTn6=Q:=t=^Tp=Q:^åB Y;L&= Z ^ik RRAL&: Z = J >= G&HK := [ =Tn6=Q:=Sp=Q:/B [G LQYQ=^^ GFrq n JO Y Z LT HK :Q¥QØ=Q:CyÎ K : ZbH < H öæ HK :Q¥= O Y G nÌö ZbHKt[ FuF ×

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Capítulo 9Análise Semântica –Primeira Parte

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Capítulo 10Análise Semântica –Segunda Parte

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Capítulo 11Análise Semântica –Parte Final

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; 5%E e¯ E ;#7G1 5 78 E 'e:U:8'>V'W<M'+W<+e%:8; 5E e#+M' EGE Ç<NËD D oÉ%Cd? E :8 E»E +7UT 5#E >S È EM 5 e% E VL 5 E ;H¦ >7G>e:8+W<+e%:8); E ¦§ E E e%:G+78 5 78 E V: 5 ;äÍ7G1 5 78 E 'e%:8:GK+i:8+W Y%R E >71 E .:8;V0eT 5 L>e E»5E e â 1+ E Wi E MH: 5E C 465 W 5 5 e E >Y=kI+eLKV78:GK+W<>e:8J: 5 ; 5%E5E :G' 5%E ;$0e¯ E :I+W«:878:8W<>e: 5E L7G:GKRMK78 E E >7G>W¦ +.: 5%E 5 7 W<]: 5 ; 5%E E t> âHÇ 5E V;$ Ç eK; 5E e E :U<MK E8E C

11.2 Análise das declaraçõesl eKKW 5E V^;$ E :81+_Va 5 W 5 7 5 7UWi78.eL'MXV`YR&;$+1 E >7ÍM.:G>78; 5 ;W< E Wi¦ 5 78WiY%R^e 5 > â :GRM 5 "N CZ·òW3R;eS>(¦ +.:8e 5 7 5 7UWi0""C /VM.'e9i"I$V]» 5 e>7Ge>e%:GJ R$:G'M'._NS+T 5 ;$JRW 5 $v*: 5 ; 5 :8. 5AÇ<N|D D oÉ-78);$ E 787`)eM' E E >Wi®e%:GK+C

9:;%<:=?>=DDBu@F RQRPp G : Z a Z L%=c^ G n; [G ;Un G :=%:^Q; O : G = à :p;&: G ^ ZbHKàQK6Z L&=\ Z aãyðn6=%:6^ G :/B K ; j6G&H Ï^Q; J :L G Ba; JH[ G vQ::;%:yE_ fXn6=Q:6^ G :/BLQ; HK 9=Q:6^ G ::;&:``Psd ×e Z aãy|n: ZbHK Ï K : GG PRR G v Z?OZ :M= à :p;%: Gg ×h 9: ZbHK : GG n: K ` H6G ßS9: ZbHK : GG yEÕi n: K B|n: ZbHK ;; K yu:;; K ÕÈRRAL N =b>=o> K ; [ ;Tn=Q:= Z >n: Z > Z : à :p;%: Gk ë

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Frq ¥%n G Ù N6G L jcK LP` HG ßA¥%n G Ù N6G L j yEÕFuF K :¥A×Fr\ K LåBQ¥%n G Ù NG L j 6;Q; K yu:;Q; K ÕFr_ Î%¥6^ KG >ìB; JK B|n: Z?HK Y H yl?sÎ G >= HK6Z LT::;%:^Ta; JH[ l%ÕF|d ëFre L%= K L N yÎ G >= HK6Z LUv6L G n K6Z ; HG Frg ×Fh Î%¥6^ KG >ìB; JK B|n: ZbHK Y H y G B< GQKQÛG ^^%=Q< G yÕFri ë

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9:;%<:=b>=mDDBEDQDF n JO Y Z LPp; Z&[ ¥%n G Ù N6G L jÛGQK%N ; [ Ð6; [ ¥QÓ; [G y ÛGQK%N ; [ Ð6; [ ¥QÓ6; [G v\ ×_ Z a-yuvA`` HJ YY6í: GQK%J : H Õd RR K := K =Pn6=Q:âb> GQK :;MLQ;>;Pp=Q: Z%à p G YAYQ;L%=Ye ¥&n G Ù N6G L j 6;L&=Y&Ø=Q:%Þ G LQY& Z ^ K Ó6; [G yuvÌB|n=Q:=U>Õgh L%= H ^ J n G :M`Pa=Y^ G Õi Z a-yÙ J : K = O Y G BY G p G Y J n B|n=Q: G&HK ñu` HJ YQY6k × RR G v Z ^ KGPJ >=M^ J n G :6LQYQ=^^ G n6=Q:=S=MLQYQ=^^ G LQ;&:: G&HKG ³FrqFuF RRP=L N =Tn: Z > GZ :;MLQ;?>= H[ ; [ ;í> K ; [ ;Fr\ Î K = KG > G&HK Ó6; [G nM`Pv/B^ K = K ÕFr_ ß NZ Y G yðn Z?H ^ K = H L G ;%aSÐ6YQ;L j Ó6; [G F|d nA`-yÎ K = KG > G&HK Ó6; [G -yyÐ6Y;L j Ó6; [G onB^ K = K ^åB H ; [G ÕFreFrg RRTp G : Z a Z L%=c^ G SL N =b>= [ =c^ J n G :Fh L%= H ^ J n G :M`on ZbH ^ K = H L G ;%aÎ J n G :%Ó6; [G ÕFri ëFrk K :Q¥M×\uq ¥%n G Ù N6G L j Î K = KG > G&HK Ó; [G yuvCB^ K = K Õ\F ë\u\ L%= K L N yÎ G >= HKZ LUv6L G n K6Z ; HzG \u_ ×\d Î%¥6^ KG >ìB; JK B|n: Z?HK Y H y G B< GQK%ÛG ^^%=%< G yÕ\ue a; JH[ Î G >= HK6Z LU::;%:fQfÕ\ug ë\h ë\ui\uk n JO Y Z LPp; Z&[ ¥%n G Ù N6G L j ;L%=Y&Ø=Q:QÞ G L%Y& Z ^ K Ó6; [G yr Z ^ K Ó6; [G v_uq ×_F Z a-yuvA`` HJ YY6í: GQK%J : H Õ_u\ K :Q¥M×_u_ ¥%n G Ù N6G L j 6;L%=YUØ=Q:QÞ G LQY&Ó6; [G yyØ=%:QÞ G LQYUÓ6; [G Tv/B H ; [G Õ_d ë

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9:;%<:=b>=mD © B © DF n JO Y Z LALQYQ=^Q^X JHKZ > G ×\ ^ K = KZ LTÐ J aa G : GQ[ G = [G : ZbH Õ_d ^ K = KZ LXn JO Y Z L ZbHKMZbHZ&K6Z =Y Z V G yEe ×g Î%¥^ KG >ìBu; JK B|n: ZbHK Y H y?lE= H < J =Q< G ÔS: JHK6Z > G ^U¥6^ KG >áBæØ G :6^ Z ; H sCBEDl&Õh ZbH ` H6G ßtÐ J aa G : GQ[ G = [G :Cy H6G ßzÒ H n JK Î K : G =?>6 G = [G :CyÎ%¥^ KG >ìB ZbH Õi Z a-y ZbH `Q` HJ YYk ×Frq Î%¥6^ KG >ìB G :Q:/B|n: Z?HK Y H ylE::;&: ZbHZUK6Z =Y Z V ZbH <MÔMYQ= H < J =Q< G : JHK6Z > G ^&¥6^ KG >ål%ÕFuF : GQK%J : H¨ DÕFr\ ëFr_ : G%K%J : H såÕF|d ëFreFrgFh ^ K = KZ LXn JO Y Z LTp; ZU[ a ZbHZ Y Z V¥CyéFri ×Frk K :Q¥\uq ×\F ZbH BL%Y;^ G yéÕ\u\ ë\u_ L%= K L N yîÒ%&v6L G n K6Z ; HmG X× ë\d ë

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