Transcript of Gustavo Henrique Goldman, Ph.D. Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Bloco Q, FCFRP-USP Telefones:...
- Slide 1
- Gustavo Henrique Goldman, Ph.D. Laboratrio de Biologia
Molecular Bloco Q, FCFRP-USP Telefones: 6024280, -4281 e -4311
e-mail: ggoldman@usp.brggoldman@usp.br goldman.fcfrp.usp.br
- Slide 2
- CURSO DE BIOLOGIA MOLECULAR Programa Aulas Tericas: 1) Introduo
2) As clulas e os genomas 3) A qumica da clula 4) As protenas 5) O
DNA e os cromossomas 6) A replicao, o reparo e a recombinao do DNA
7) Do DNA para a protena: como as clulas lem o genoma 8) O controle
da expresso gnica 9) A manipulao do DNA, RNA e protenas 10) O ciclo
celular e a morte celular programada 11) O cncer
- Slide 3
- Programa Aulas Prticas de Bioinformtica: 1) A anlise e a
aquisio de seqncias genmicas 2) As seqncias genmicas respondem a
questes interessantes 3) As variaes genmicas 4) A pesquisa bsica
com microarrays de DNA 5) A pesquisa aplicada com microarrays de
DNA 6) A protemica 7) Os circuitos genmicos em genes isolados 8) Os
circuitos genmicos integrados 9) A modelagem de circuitos genmicos
10) A transio da gentica para a genmica: o estudo de casos
mdicos
- Slide 4
- Referncias: 1) Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M.,
Roberts, K., Walter, P., 2002. Molecular Biology of the Cell,
fourth edition, Garland Science. 2) Campbell, A.M., Heyer, L.J.,
2003. Genomics, Proteomics, & Bioinformatics, CSHL Press,
Benjamin Cummings. 3) Koonin, E.V., Galperin, M.Y., 2003. Sequence
Evolution-function Computational Approaches in Comparative
Genomics. Norwell (MA): Kluwer Academic Publishers
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Critrios de Avaliao: Provas, seminrios, listas
de exerccios Datas das provas: Primeira Prova: 28/09 e 29/09/2004
Segunda Prova: 07/12 e 08/12/2004
- Slide 5
- Horrios: Curso Integral Teras-feiras:Curso Terico 14:00 s 16:00
hs Curso Prtico 8:00 s 10:00 hs (Turma A) Curso Prtico 16:00 s
18:00 hs (Turma B) Laboratrio de Fsica e Fsico-Qumica Curso Noturno
Quartas-feiras:Curso Terico 19:00 s 21:00 hs Curso Prtico 21:00 s
23:00 hs
- Slide 6
- The whole of biology is a counterpart between the two themes:
astonishing variety in individual particulars; astonishing
constancy in fundamental mechanisms
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- The three major divisions (domains) of the living world
- Slide 15
- Genetic information conserved since the beginnings of life. A
part of the gene for the smaller of the two main RNA components (16
S, 1550 nucleotides long) of the ribosome is shown
- Slide 16
- Mycoplasma genitalium (580,070 nucleotide pairs): 477 genes:
(i) 37 code for transfer, ribosomal, and other nonmessenger RNAs;
(ii) 297 of the genes coding for proteins: -153 are involved in DNA
replication, transcription, and translation and related processes;
- 29 in the membrane and surface structures of the cell; - 33 in
the transport of nutrients; -71 in energy conversion and the
synthesis and degradation of small molecules; - and 11 in the
regulation of cell division and other processes
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Four modes of genetic innovation and their effects on the DNA
sequence of an organism
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- (...) it has been estimated that at least 18 % of all the genes
in the present-day genome of E. coli have been acquired by
horizontal transfer from another species within the past 100
million years
- Slide 21
- Families of evolutionarily related genes in the genome of
Bacillus subtilis. The biggest family consists of 77 genes coding
for varieties of ABC transporters
- Slide 22
- Paralogous genes and orthologous genes: two types of gene
homology based on different evolutionary pathways. (A) and (B) The
most basic possibilities. (C) A more complex pattern of events that
can occur
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- At a molecular level, archae seem to resemble eukaryotes more
closely in their machinery for handling genetic information
(replication, transcription, and translation), but eubacteria more
closely in their apparatus for metabolism and energy
conversion
- Slide 26
- Horizontal gene transfers in early evolution
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- A mutant phenotype reflecting the function of a gene
- Slide 29
- The genome of E. coli
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Eukaryotes not only have more genes than prokaryotes, they also
have vastly more DNA that does not code for protein or for any
other functional product molecule. The human genome contains a 1000
times as many nucleotide pairs as the genome of a typical
bacterium, 20 times as many genes, and about 10,000 times as much
noncoding DNA (~ 98.5 % of the genome for a human is noncoding, as
opposed to 11 % of the genome for the bacterium E. coli
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- The origin of mitochondria
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- The origin of chroroplasts
- Slide 36
- Genome sizes compared. Genome size is measured in nucleotide
pairs of DNA per haploid genome, that is, per single copy of the
genome
- Slide 37
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae = 13,117,000 nucleotide pairs (about
6,300 genes) Neurospora crassa = 40 Mb (about 10,500 genes)
Drosophila melanogaster = 170 Mb (about 14,000 genes)
Caenorhabditis elegans = 97 Mb (about 19,000 genes) Arabidopsis
thaliana = 140 Mb (about 25,500 genes)
- Slide 38
- The puffer fish (Fugu rubripes). This organism has a genome
size of 400 million nucleotide pairs about one-quarter as much as a
zebrafish, for example, even though the two species of fish have
similar numbers of genes
- Slide 39
- Genetic control of the program of multicellular development.
Antirrhinum sp.
- Slide 40
- Slide 41
- Arabidopsis thaliana
- Slide 42
- Caenorhabditis elegans
- Slide 43
- Drosophila melanogaster
- Slide 44
- Giant chromosomes from salivary gland cells of Drosophila.
Because many rounds of DNA replication have occurred without an
intervening cell division, each of the chromosomes in these unusual
cells contains over a 1000 identical DNA molecules, all aligned in
register
- Slide 45
- Two species of the frog genus Xenopus. X. tropicalis, above,
has an ordinary diploid Genome; X. laevis, below, has twice as much
DNA per cell
- Slide 46
- The consequences of gene duplication for mutational analysis of
gene function
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Times of divergence of different Vertebrates. On average within
any particular evolutionary lineage, hemoglobins accumulate changes
at a rate of about 6 altered amino acids per 100 amino acids every
100 million years. Some proteins subject to stricter functional
constraints, evolve much more slowly than this, other as much as 5
times faster.
- Slide 49
- Human and mouse: similar genes and similar development. The
human baby and the mouse shown here have similar white patches on
their foreheads because both have mutations in the same gene
(called kit), required for the development and maintenance of
pigment cells