Post on 05-Oct-2020
Photographing microscopic preparations in the 19th century: techniques and
instrumentation
Maria Estela Jardima , Isabel Marília Peresb
a CFCUL, CCMM, FCUL ; b CCMM, DQB, FCUL
mejardim@fc.ul.pt
PTDC/HIS-HCT/102497/2008SIC, Brasil 2012
XXXI SIC Symposium, Rio de Janeiro8-14 October 2012
PTDC/HIS-HCT/102497/2008XXXI Symposium SIC, Brasil 8-14 october 2012
Maria Estela Jardim
SCIENTIFIC PHOTOGRAPHY:STUDY OF INSTRUMENTATION AND CHEMICAL-
PHYSICAL PROCESSES DURING THE PERIOD19TH- EARLY 20TH CENTURIES
RESEARCH PROJECT: PTDC/HIS-HCT/102497/2008
financed by
PTDC/HIS-HCT/102497/2008XXXI Symposium SIC, Brasil 8-14 october 2012
Maria Estela Jardim
Topics• The Pioneers
(1839- 1860)• 1860-1870• 1870-1890• 1890-early 20th
century
Sources• Books on
photomicrography• Instrument catalogs• Medical Atlas• Photographic journals• Microscopic journals
PTDC/HIS-HCT/102497/2008XXXI Symposium SIC, Brasil 8-14 october 2012
Maria Estela Jardim
Scientific Photomicrography
Microscopic Techniques
Artificial Illumination
systems:
LimelightMagnesium lightElectric lightKohler illumination
Achromaticcondenser, AbbeObjective Immersion lenses, ZeissEosin-collodionfiltersApochromaticobjectives
Photographic Techniques
CalotypeDaguerreotype
Wet/Dry CollodionAlbumen
Gelatin silver bromide
OrthochromatismPanchromatism
PTDC/HIS-HCT/102497/2008XXXI Symposium SIC, Brasil 8-14 october 2012
Maria Estela Jardim
Paper negative of a photomicrograph (calotype), insect wings, as seen in a solar microscope (FOX TALBOT, ca. 1840)
(Science & Society Picture library)
Solar Microscope(Ganot, Physics ,1883)
Fox Talbot ( 1800-1877)
In a letter ( 10th May 1853), to Samuel Highley, editor of QJMS ,Talbot writes:“ I succeeded in my attempts [ microscopic photographs ], chiefly in consequence of a careful arrangement of the solar microscope, by which I was enabled to obtain a very luminous image and to maintain it steadily on the paper during five or ten minutes “
( the process was photogenic drawing)
PTDC/HIS-HCT/102497/2008XXXI Symposium SIC, Brasil 8-14 october 2012Maria Estela Jardim
Alfred Donné (1801-1878)
• Teaches a course on microscopy at the Hopital de la Charitéand obtains in 1839 microdaguerreotypes of human fluids
• 1844 – Publishes the first medical book with micrographies“Cours de microscopie complémentaire des études médicales;anatomie microscopique et physiologie des fluides de l’ économie ”
• 1845 – With Léon Foucault (1819-1868) publishes an Atlas withengravings by Oudet of his photomicrographies “ Atlas du Coursde microscopie exécutée d’après nature, au microscope-daguerréotype”
Maria Estela Jardim
Photomicrographs:
1. Ammonia magnesium phosphate
2. Other forms of Ammonia magnesium phosphate
3. White filaments of urine 4. Blood cells in urine
ALFRED DONNÉ & LÉON FOUCAULT, 1845(Cours de microscopie, Atlas, 1845)
3 4
1 2
Daguerreotype: «Cristaux de la salive» Léon Foucault, 1844
Source: gallica.bnf.fr / Bibliotèque Nationale de France.
PTDC/HIS-HCT/102497/2008XXXI Symposium SIC, Brasil 8-14 october 2012
Maria Estela Jardim
Société d’Encouragement pour l’industrie nationale,1845, n.9Built by Chevalier
Beaker with acidWith Pt blades to control the current
MicroscopeAchromatic lenses
Microsc. preparation
Solution of alum
Carbon rods
Parabolic mirror
PTDC/HIS-HCT/102497/2008XXXI Symposium SIC, Brasil 8-14 october 2012
Maria Estela Jardim
Positives from collodion negatives
JOSEPH DELVES, 1852(Quaterly J. M.S, Plate VII)
1. Spiracle and Trachea of the Silkworm, magnified 60 diameters, exhibiting the elastic spiral fiber between the layers of the air vessels.
2. Proboscis of the Fly, magnified180 diameters, showing thedivided absorbent tubes.
1
2
1-Discovery of wet collodion by ScottArcher and Gustave Le Gray in 1851.
2-Improvement on the sensitivity of wetcollodion by Auguste Bertsch,1852-1862
PTDC/HIS-HCT/102497/2008XXXI Symposium SIC, Brasil 8-14 october 2012
Maria Estela Jardim
Albert Moitessier (1833-1889)
• Designs for the first time an optical bench
• Publishes “La Photographie appliquée aux recherchesmicrographiques” (1866)
• Photographic Process: dry-collodion and albumen
• Devises two Types of instruments:
• Small-format enlargement
• Direct amplification (vertical and horizontal)
PTDC/HIS-HCT/102497/2008XXXI Symposium SIC, Brasil 8-14 october 2012
Maria Estela Jardim
Moitessier’s instrument for small-photomicrographs,1866
Moitessier’s vertical instrument
Moitessier’sbig
horizontal instrument
IEDH
MF
B
PTDC/HIS-HCT/102497/2008XXXI Symposium SIC, Brasil 8-14 october 2012
Maria Estela Jardim
Plate by Moitessier, photomicrograh(with Nachet objectives,“La Photographie appliquée
aux recherches micrographiques”,1866)
PTDC/HIS-HCT/102497/2008Maria Estela Jardim
Carlos May Figueira (1829-1913)
Studied with Charles Robin in Paris (1856)
Professor at the Medical School , Lisbon
First photomicrographies in 1857, made with a Lerebours
microscope
During 1862-1863 taught a microscopic course in 12 lectures
to medical students. The final lesson was dedicated to
photomicrographyA-Drawing with camera Lucida
B-Photomicrography of a cross-section ofa liver from a patient with yellow fever
1857 ( from Cortez Pimentel,1996)
PTDC/HIS-HCT/102497/2008XXXI Symposium SIC, Brasil 8-14 october 2012
Maria Estela Jardim
Period 1870s-1890s
• Immersion objectives; apochromatic lenses
• Theory of Ernst Abbe and the condenser or light concentrator
• Invention of the gelatin silver bromide by Maddox
ABBE
ZEISS Photomicrograph instruments
PTDC/HIS-HCT/102497/2008XXXI Symposium SIC, Brasil 8-14 october 2012
Maria Estela Jardim
Innovations in photographic emulsionslate 19th century - early 20th century:
• In 1884, J.-M. Eder perfects the Orthochromatic gelatinemulsion plates invented by H. W. Vogel (1873): sensitive to the yellow-green region of the spectrum
• First Panchromatic plates invented in the early 20thcentury: sensitive to red light
PTDC/HIS-HCT/102497/2008XXXI Symposium SIC, Brasil 8-14 october 2012
Maria Estela Jardim
Edgar Crookshank (1858-1928)
• Crookshank studied with Robert Koch
• Publishes the first book devoted only tophotography of bacteria, “Photography ofbacteria” containing 86 images reproduced inautotype, 1887
• For Crookshank photography was speciallyvaluable as a pedagogical tool
PTDC/HIS-HCT/102497/2008XXXI Symposium SIC, Brasil 8-14 october 2012
Maria Estela Jardim
Photomicrograph instrument with limelight (CROOKSHANCK, 1887 ) Swift & Son
Rev
ersi
ble
phot
omic
rogr
aph
appa
ratu
sar
rang
edin
the
vert
ical
pos
ition
PTDC/HIS-HCT/102497/2008XXXI Symposium SIC, Brasil 8-14 october 2012
Maria Estela Jardim
Spirillum volutans, stained with bacteria in urine, stained withgentian violet gold chloride
Enlargement from negatives, obtained with a hom. imm. Powell and Leland, ×3000
(CROOKSHANK, 1887)
PTDC/HIS-HCT/102497/2008XXXI Symposium SIC, Brasil 8-14 october 2012
Maria Estela Jardim
Photomicrograph Carl Zeiss (DUCHESNE, 1893)
Aníbal Bettencourt(1868-1930)
Bacteriologist- Director of the Camara PestanaBacteriological Institute founded in 1902, Lisbon
Organizes the scientific mission to Angola to study thesleeping-sickness disease (1902)-report containing 30photomicrographies (use of orthochromatic plates)
“A Doença do Somno”, collotypeBETTENCOURT,1902
J.Guimarães, ”Monographia das Orobanchaceas portuguesas”, collotype
BETTENCOURT,1904
PTDC/HIS-HCT/102497/2008XXXI Symposium SIC, Brasil 8-14 october 2012
Maria Estela Jardim
Fernand Monpillard (1865-1937)• At the end of the 19th century, Monpillard established a Photomicrograph
Laboratory in Paris near the Museum of Natural History . He
collaborated with several naturalists, biologists, and mineralogists
• Monpillard published his first treatise of photomicrography in 1899
(Microphotography, Paris, Gauthier-Villars) according to his technical
courses given to the Société Française de Photographie. In that book he
recommends the use of coloured screens, apochromatic objectives and
magnesium light provided by a special instrument devised in 1888 by the
bacteriologist Émile Roux, director of the Pasteur Institute in Paris .
• Monpillard did extensive research on emulsion techniques, including
orthochromatism and on colour photography.
Société d’Encouragement ,oct.1888
Built by Pellin
PTDC/HIS-HCT/102497/2008XXXI Symposium SIC, Brasil 8-14 october 2012
Maria Estela Jardim
Crystallization of Asparagine. Trichromaticphotomechanic proof, polarised light on dry-
plate;collotype;Nachet objectives(MONPILLARD,1892)
Erythrobacillus Pyosepticus,from Fortineau,“Erythrobacillus Pyosepticus et les
bacteries rouges”(MONPILLARD,1904)
PTDC/HIS-HCT/102497/2008XXXI Symposium SIC, Brasil 8-14 october 2012
Maria Estela Jardim
Final Notes Before 1880s the market for photomicrographic instruments was
limited, so there are few instruments of that period. The instruments
were expensive and the technique was imperfect
At the end of the 19th century , improvement on photographic
techniques ( orthochromatic, panchromatic emulsions) was more relevant
than other technical developments. This fact was crucial for histological
preparations.
Development of photomechanical processes ( invention of
the half-tone and other techniques like autotype) made it
easier to include photomicrographs, as illustrations, in publications.
Photomicrography was also used as a vehicle of popular scientific
images through public projections and international exhibitions.
PTDC/HIS-HCT/102497/2008XXXI Symposium SIC, Brasil 8-14 october 2012Maria Estela Jardim
Bibliography-Beale, I. S. (1865). How to work with the microscope. London:Harrison, 4th edition
- Belin, M.B.M. (1893). L’evolution de la technique photomicrographique . Paris: Hermann & Co.
-Bracegirdle,B. (2010). A history of photography with the light microscope. Grimsby: QMC
-Crookshank,E. M. (1887). Photography of bacteria. London:H.K.L
-Donné, A. (1844). Cours de microscopie complémentaire des études médicales; anatomiemicroscopique et physiologie des fluides de l'économie.Paris: J.-B. Baillière et Fils
-Donné, A. (1845). Cours de microscopie complémentaire des études médicales; anatomiemicroscopique et physiologie des fluides de l'économie. Atlas du Cors de microscopie exécutéed’après nature, au microscope-daguerréotype . Paris: J.-B. Baillière et Fils
-Moitessier,A. (1866). La Photographie appliquée aux recherches micrographiques . Paris: J.-B.Baillière et Fils
-Monpillard,F. and Rabaud,E. (1900). Atlas d’histologie normale. Paris:Carré & Naud
-Pimentel, C. (1996). A documentação pela imagem em Medicina, Historia da sua utilização emLisboa. Lisboa: Universitária Editora.
PTDC/HIS-HCT/102497/2008XXXI Symposium SIC, Brasil 8-14 october 2012
Maria Estela Jardim
Acknowledgments
Carole Troufleau-Sandrin, SFP
Bibliothèque Nationale de France
Museum of Science, University of Lisbon
Société Française de Photographie
PTDC/HIS-HCT/102497/2008XXXI Symposium SIC, Brasil 8-14 october 2012
Maria Estela Jardim