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1055 24 $ *ö ¤#Õ@ ~57 !ï8ô V $×0 · ~ ö Z ö I Î 4 pH >ó>ô>Ì *L$× ö I$× ]5 >Ô4 (>Õ...
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1 Akio TAKENAKA Ph. D ⒗⫶ᚤ⏕≀ᅾ∵㞘⇯㣴ᢃ₇ⓗゅⰍ ௵ வኴ⣊㣗⫧ᩱᢏ⾡୰ᚰ (FFTC) Ẹᅧ105ᖺ5᭶24᪥ ⒗⫶ᚤ⏕≀ᅾ∵㞘⇯㣴ᢃ₇ⓗゅⰍ y ⊋兹↓䄧㱆⇔弑⊈‴䏝䄧 y 䏝䄧䛒䤴䔺⬓⊰ y 䓢侁䏝䄧䏝〉⊈‴⅝侻 y 䓢侁䏝䄧㙎㑷㮓 y 䓢侁䏝䄧朜 y 䍮❁ DNA 㙎㮓 y 䓢侁䏝䄧‧曃堿⅝侻 y 墡䵔䱫 y 䏠䏝䏰㾵 3 䏝䄧䛒䤴䔺⬓⊰ 1860 Pasteur ᥎⩻ᚤ⏕≀⮬↛ⓐ⏕ⓗ媑ἲ 1882 Koch ᘓ❧௨⭺ᇵ㣴ᇶᇵ㣴ฟ⳦ⴠⓗ᪉ἲ Hungate ᘓ❧མể᪕㎈⟶ᇵ㣴᪉ἲ Watson ཬ Crick ⓐ⌧ DNA ⓗ㞬⫤⼺᪕⤖ᵓ ᘓ❧௨⪏⇕ Taq ⪹慝 㐍⾜⪹慝㐃㙐᠕ (PCR) ⓗ᪉ἲ 1988 1684 ᚤ⏕≀㤳ḟ⏤ⲴேLeeuwenhoek 㢷ᚤ㙾ୗⓐ⌧ 1953 1977 Sanger ᘓ❧ศᯒ DNA ᗎⓗ᪉ἲ 1995 㤳ḟⓗ⣽⳦ (Haemophilus influenzae) ᇶᅉᗎሗ࿌ᥦฟ 2003 ே㢮ᇶᅉᗎⓐ⾲ 1950 ಶ᪂ⓗ௦ᕬ⮫ (ᚋᇶᅉ㧓௦) 1843 ⒗⫶⧺ẟཎ⽝㤳ḟ⿕ⓐ⌧ ɚ ɛ ɜ ɝ 傥慷㓅⍾慷冯㌺↢慷䘬ⶖ䔘䔁 ⬀⛐橼ℏἧ䓐 ~21~ 營養組 李春芳組長 翻譯
Transcript of 1055 24 $ *ö ¤#Õ@ ~57 !ï8ô V $×0 · ~ ö Z ö I Î 4 pH >ó>ô>Ì *L$× ö I$× ]5 >Ô4 (>Õ...
![Page 1: 1055 24 $ *ö ¤#Õ@ ~57 !ï8ô V $×0 · ~ ö Z ö I Î 4 pH >ó>ô>Ì *L$× ö I$× ]5 >Ô4 (>Õ GH *L) .p1 2 3 5 8 9 10 11 13 16 18 25 26 28 31 35 36 38 43 47 92 94 95 97 )» ]](https://reader036.fdocumentos.com/reader036/viewer/2022081402/6070abac5c78357ac471930b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
11
Akio TAKENAKA Ph. D
(FFTC)
105 5 24
DNA
3
1860 Pasteur1882 Koch
Hungate
Watson Crick DNA
Taq (PCR)1988
1684 Leeuwenhoek
1953
1977 Sanger DNA
1995 (Haemophilus influenzae)
2003
1950
( )
1843
~21~
營養組 李春芳組長 翻譯
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5
77 88
( )3
15
10,000
15 150
(((((((((((((((((((((((((((( )))))))))))))))3
15
10,000
~22~
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99
•• Fibrobacter succinogenes: ,• Ruminococcus albus: ,• Ruminococcus flavefaciens: ,
•• Prevotella ruminicola: ,• Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens: ,
•• Ruminobacter amylophilus: ,• Streptococcus bovis*: ,
••Megasphaera elsdenii: ,• Selenomonas ruminantium: ,
*: Streptococcus bovis10
1111
•
•
•
• * : P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01.
67.86 0.9866.02 0.9256.56 1.2457.26 1.2354.02 0.85
70.78 1.0968.63 1.2459.60 1.6858.90 1.7150.38 2.65
73.15 0.8171.40 1.0664.20 1.8463.28 1.2962.53 1.11
**
****
**
= 1 : 1
(n=5) (n=6) (n=6)
~23~
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13
!A, T, G, G,G C.
AAA TTT GG CCC
:
14
15
mGu:4-O-methylgluculonic acid
Xß1-4Xß1-4Xß1-4Xß1-4Xß1-4Xß1-4Xß1-4X3
Gß1-4Gß1-4Gß1-4Gß1-4Gß1-4Gß1-4Gß1-4GGß1-4Gß1-4Gß1-4Gß1-4Gß1-4Gß1-4G
1
Gß1-4G
Af
Fer-Fer-O-Fer
Xß1-4X2G5
2X
Xß1-4Xß1-4Xß1-4Xß1-4Xß1-4Xß1-4Xß1-4X
mGu
5
5Af
3Ac3
3
Af5Fer
Lignin
Lignin
6
21
mGu
FerLignin
1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9- -Ac :
Af :Fer :G :
X :
12
3Af
1
3
46
7
6
2
4
8 91
1
-- ((( --- )(((((((((((((((
1 9559 (1001) 109 8459 949 - 41 18(-) 5(5) -3 9732 (939) 89 8760 770 - 113 56(6) 3(1) -4 3903 (174) 34 3867 - - 2 3(-) - -5 6833 (910) 57 4860 1799 - 114 82(21) 20(11) 14(5)6 698 (123) - 519 175 - 4 - 42(22) -7 5078 (142) - 10 5064 - - 10(-) - -8 1727 (137) - 1702 4 - 21 36(12) - -9 1937 (307) 4 856 866 - 211 39(29) 4(2) -
10 2282 (309) 14 1566 351 - 351 22(12) 2(2) 7(2)11 1150 (256) 5 582 459 - 104 - 31(21) 4(2)12 551 (114) 66 354 130 - 1 22(4) - -16 4272 (649) 18 1920 2276 49 11 34(2) 8(1) -26 940 (105) 5 888 33 - 14 67(5) 5(5) -43 5139 (364) 17 4766 329 - 27 5(2) 1(-) -44 108 (19) - 104 3 - 1 4(-) - -45 350 (81) - 18 325 - 7 22(1) 1(1) -48 748 (28) - 723 22 1 2 15(1) 3(2) -51 1450 (137) 20 1256 134 20 20 - - -74 246 (27) - 222 21 - 3 5(-) - -
56703 (5887) 438 41432 13710 70 1047 440(95) 125(73) 25(9)EC number: 3.2.1.4 ( ), 3.2.1.6, 3.2.1.8, 3.2.1.21, 3.2.1.1
CAZy http://www.cazy.org/) 2016 2 22007 2 16
~24~
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GH 1 2 3 5 8 9 10 11 13 16 18 25 26 28 31 35 36 38 43 47 92 94 95 97Butyrivivrio fibrisolvens 16/4 3 3 6 4 1 2 2 9 2 1 5 2 1 2 15 3 75
Butyrivivrio proteoclasticus B316 1 9 10 4 1 3 6 14 2 1 5 2 5 2 3 1 11 2 1 111Clostridium thermocellum ATCC27405 2 1 2 10 1 16 5 1 2 2 4 3 6 3 74
Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 2 3 12 6 9 8 4 3 5 2 5 14 1 1 100Prevotella ruminicola 23 10 12 4 1 1 4 5 2 1 3 1 5 6 2 1 1 20 8 1 2 6 135
Ruminococcus albus 7 3 5 13 1 8 5 5 5 2 5 8 1 1 6 7 2 1 100Selenomonas ruminantium TAM6421 6 1 2 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 36
Homo sapiens 9 2 1 7 8 10 5 5 7 98
CAZy http://www.cazy.org/) 2016 2 2
2013
2014
20
(2014 WGI SPM )
CO2 72%
CH4 18%
N2O 9%
40%
30%
%From UNFCCC 1994
20%40%
202020
(2005)
** *
, 238.4 64.8 87.8 26.9 21.1 4.2 127.8 6449
( ), / 6.4 3.2 1.5 2.2 4.3 1.2 1.1 92
( )/ ( ) 23% 22% 27% 15% 87% 97% 46% 59%
( )/ ( ) 51% 91% 66% 15% 60% 91% 64% 51%
( )/( ) 15% 23% 31% 32% 20% 35% 1.9% 18%
( )/( ) 9.4% 8.0% 33% 4.8% 16% 48% 2.2%
* : 1994
~25~
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2121
Hexose
[2H]
Oxaloacetate
Malate
pyruvate
Formate
Acetyl CoA
Succinate
Fumarate
Lactate
Butyrate
( )
Acryl CoA
CH4
[2H]
[2H]
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
[2H]
[2H][2H]
[2H]
CO2
[2H]
•
• /
•
•
•
0102030405060
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35FCM (kg/day)
(lite
r/kg
FCM
)
Y2 = 8.19 + 300/FCMr = 0.82
(kg/
(litt
er/
0102030405060
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35(kg/ )
(L/k
g)
Y2 = 8.19 + 300/r = 0.82
•
12% 12%
ab
~26~
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11
Akio TAKENAKA Ph. D
Ruminant microbiology in cow nutrition
Deputy DirectorFood & Fertilizer Technology Center (FFTC)
24 May 2016
DNA eDNA
3
1860 Pasteur1882 Koch
Hungate Roll tubeWatson Crick DNA
DNA PCR1988
1674 Leeuwenhoek
1953
1977 Sanger DNA
1995 ( )
2003
1950
1843
A difference of energy intake and output is accumulated to a body.
~27~
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5 6
0.5 mm
7
•••••
8
~28~
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9 10
cilia with whole bodycilia present anterior part
Entodinium
Dasytricha
Isotricha
Epidinium Diplodinium Eudiplodinium Polyplastron
cilia only at adoral area
<100 >120
111111
Faunated•
Unfaunated•
Defaunated
Monofaunated•
NDFFF ADFFF
Unf Mono-fau Poly-fau
*:p<0.05, **:p<0.01
NDFADF
67.86 0.9866.02 0.9256.56 1.2457.26 1.2354.02 0.85
70.78 1.0968.63 1.2459.60 1.6858.90 1.7150.38 2.65
73.15 0.8171.40 1.0664.20 1.8463.28 1.2962.53 1.11
**
****
**
: =1:1
.
(n=5) (n=6) (n=6)
~29~
![Page 10: 1055 24 $ *ö ¤#Õ@ ~57 !ï8ô V $×0 · ~ ö Z ö I Î 4 pH >ó>ô>Ì *L$× ö I$× ]5 >Ô4 (>Õ GH *L) .p1 2 3 5 8 9 10 11 13 16 18 25 26 28 31 35 36 38 43 47 92 94 95 97 )» ]](https://reader036.fdocumentos.com/reader036/viewer/2022081402/6070abac5c78357ac471930b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
14
15
mGu:4-O-methylgluculonic acid
Xß1-4Xß1-4Xß1-4Xß1-4Xß1-4Xß1-4Xß1-4X3
Gß1-4Gß1-4Gß1-4Gß1-4Gß1-4Gß1-4Gß1-4GGß1-4Gß1-4Gß1-4Gß1-4Gß1-4Gß1-4G
1
Gß1-4G
Af
Fer-Fer-O-Fer
Xß1-4X2G5
2X
Xß1-4Xß1-4Xß1-4Xß1-4Xß1-4Xß1-4Xß1-4X
mGu
5
5Af
3Ac3
3
Af5Fer
Lignin
Lignin
6
21
mGu
FerLignin
1-Cellobiohydrolase2-Endoglucanase3-Cellobiase4-Endoxylanase5-Xylosidase6-Arabinofuranosidase7-Feruloyl esterase8-Acetylxylan esterase9- -GlucuronidaseAc:Acetic acid
Af:ArabinoseFer:Ferulic acidG:Glucose
X:Xylose
12
3Af
1
3
46
7
6
2
4
8 91
1
FamilyNumber Total Number From
ArchaeaFrom
BacteriaFrom
EukaryotaFromVirus
Unclassified
From RumenBacteria
From RumenFungi
From RumenProtozoa
~30~
![Page 11: 1055 24 $ *ö ¤#Õ@ ~57 !ï8ô V $×0 · ~ ö Z ö I Î 4 pH >ó>ô>Ì *L$× ö I$× ]5 >Ô4 (>Õ GH *L) .p1 2 3 5 8 9 10 11 13 16 18 25 26 28 31 35 36 38 43 47 92 94 95 97 )» ]](https://reader036.fdocumentos.com/reader036/viewer/2022081402/6070abac5c78357ac471930b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
GH family No.Butyrivivrio fibrisolvens 16/4
Butyrivivrio proteoclasticus B316Clostridium thermocellum ATCC27405
Fibrobacter succinogenes S85Prevotella ruminicola 23
Ruminococcus albus 7Selenomonas ruminantium TAM6421
Homo sapiens
2013
20
CO2 72%
CH4 18%
N2O 9%
40%
30%
%
1994 UNFCCC)
24
202020
(2005)
GHG UNFCCC
*
**
*
238.4 64.8 87.8 26.9 21.1 4.2 127.8 6449
( ), Tg/yr 6.4 3.2 1.5 2.2 4.3 1.2 1.1 92
/ 23% 22% 27% 15% 87% 97% 46% 59%
/ 51% 91% 66% 15% 60% 91% 64% 51%
/ 15% 23% 31% 32% 20% 35% 1.9% 18%
/ 9.4% 8.0% 33% 4.8% 16% 48% 2.2%
* : 1994
~31~
![Page 12: 1055 24 $ *ö ¤#Õ@ ~57 !ï8ô V $×0 · ~ ö Z ö I Î 4 pH >ó>ô>Ì *L$× ö I$× ]5 >Ô4 (>Õ GH *L) .p1 2 3 5 8 9 10 11 13 16 18 25 26 28 31 35 36 38 43 47 92 94 95 97 )» ]](https://reader036.fdocumentos.com/reader036/viewer/2022081402/6070abac5c78357ac471930b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
2121
Hexose
[2H]
Oxaloacetate
Malate
Pyruvate
Formate
Acetyl CoA
Propionate Succinate
Fumarate
Lactate
Butyrate
Acetate (oxidative acetogenesis)
Acryl CoA
CH4
[2H]
[2H]
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CelluloseHemicelluloseStarch
[2H]
[2H][2H]
[2H]
CO2
[2H]
hydrogen-producing reactions hydrogen-consuming reactions
•
• I••
~32~
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