15-relatividade-restrita-usp

8/4/2019 15-relatividade-restrita-usp

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2/52

PKCOXDYDHOHK PKUXPDXO~fp

Pf`kpxf@obdluad@oxduxoUolxfu

Ephdxfu ho ykpuf dm~pkuuo7

Khdxfpof Kckxpldeo# Idb{pou k Dc{uxpokuDykxk E, F~~kljkdm

Mopdo hk Cf{phku Mfpodu

Dm~pkuuf7Bpideo hf Dlux, hk Iudeo - [U^?o Dm~pkuuf - ?4440o Dm~pkuuf *efm xkzxf pkyduohf$ - 0>>>5o Dm~pkuuf *pkyduoho$ - 0>>?8o Dm~pkuuf - 0>>0

Ephdxfu ho ykpuf kckxpldeo7

Khdxfpof Kckxpldeo k Xpoxomklxf hk Dmobklu^o{cf Pkloxf Cfiipkhf

PkydufFcbo Pobo hf Eom~f


3/52


4/52

U{mpdfDlxpfh{f,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,??, PKCOXDYDHOHK HK BOCDCK[,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,00, O YDHO KM MKDF OF XKP,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,85,? F KZ^KPDMKLXF HK MDEJKCUFL - MFPCKT,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;5,0 O@KPPOF HO C[W KUXKCOP,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:5,5 EFLXPOF HK EFM^PDMKLXF HK CFPKLXW - IDXWBKPOCH,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,4

5,8 HDCOXOF HF XKM^F,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?>8,? ^FUX[COHFU HO PKCOXDYDHOHK HK KDLUXKDL,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?08,0 UDM[CXOLKDHOHK,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?58,5 EFMF EFLUXP[DP [M UDUXKMO HK PKIKPLEDO,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?88,8 XPOLUIFPMOKU HK CFPKLXW,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?98,; EFLXPOF HK EFM^PDMKLXF HK CFPKLXW-IDXWBKPOCH,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0?8,9 HDCOXOF HF XKM^F,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,058,2 O CFLBO YDHO HF MUFL ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,098,: O@KPPOF PKCOXDYUXDEO HO C[W KUXKCOP,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,028,4 KIKDXF HF^^CKP,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0:8,?> ÔPOHFZF HO EFLXPOF HF EFM^PDMKLXF6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,5>8,?? ÔPOHFZF HFU BMKFU6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,508,?0 EO[UOCDHOHK K DLYKPUF HO FPHKM XKM^FPOC HFU KYKLXFU,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,50

8,?5 OHDF HK YKCFEDHOHKU,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,58;,? MFMKLXF CDLKOP,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,59;,0 O 0 CKD HK LKRXFL,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,5:;,5 KLKPBDO,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,54;,8 EFCDUF DLKCUXDEO7 [M KZKM^CF HO EFLYKPUF HK KLKPBDO KM MOUUO,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,80;,; XPU DHKLXDHOHKU XKDU,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,80;,9 ÔPXE[COU HK MOUUO L[CO,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,85;,2 [LDHOHKU,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,88;,: UDUXKMOU CDBOHFU,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,8;9, CKDX[PO OHDEDFLOC,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,82Obpohkedmklxfu,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,8:


5/52

Dlxpfh{f

Lf idloc hf ue{cf ZDZ fu ~pf ckmou i{lhomklxodu ho iudeo ~opkedom

pkufcydhfu7 o mkeldeo k o bpoydxof hk Lkrxfl pkbdom f mfydmklxf hfu efp~fu

ekckuxku k xkppkuxpku# fu iklmklfu kcxpdefu# moblxdefu k ~xdefu kuxoyom

{ldideohfu uf` f kckxpfmoblkxdumf hk Mozrkcc# o xkpmfhdlmdeo kpo# km `fo ~opxk#

pku~fluykc ~kco kz~oluf dlh{uxpdoc ho ~feo, ôpkedo g{uxf ku~kpop q{k ou

~kq{klou l{yklu yduykdu lf jfpdwflxk kuxdykuukm cfbf hduud~ohou, Ikcdwmklxk# xoc

kz~kexoxdyo lf ifd uoxduikdxo,

Eoho ~kq{klo l{ykm hkuklyfcyk{-uk km ~fhkpfuo xfpmklxo k o~u {m q{opxf

hk ue{cf f ~olfpomo ho iudeo kuxoyo pohdeocmklxk ocxkpohf,

[mo lfyo eflek~f# o mkeldeo q{lxdeo# hkuyklhoyo fu

ukbpkhfu mdepfue~defu ho moxpdo k hou dlxkpoku k oxmkumf lfuuou lfku hk ku~of k hk xkm~f xdykpom hk ukp

~pfi{lhomklxk mfhdideohou# dldedocmklxk ~kco pkcoxdydhohk hk

Kdluxkdl k km ukb{dho ~fp u{o bpoydxof,

O pkcoxdydhohk hk Kdluxkdl ~pky ocb{lu iklmklfu

e{pdfufu7 {mo òppo hk efm~pdmklxf > xkp uk{

efm~pdmklxf pkh{wdhf ~opo =? y0 &e0 > q{olhf kuxdykp km mfydmklxf efm

ykcfedhohk y 3 e *e o ykcfedhohk hk ~pf~obof ho c{w lf ye{f$1 fu pkcbdfu pkh{wkm

uk{ ~ouuf k f dlxkpyocf hk xkm~f x> hkmfpo {m dlxkpyocf hk xkm~f

x=x> &?y0 & e0 uk f pkcbdf kuxdykp km mfydmklxf1 q{olhf {m f`gkxf hk mouuo m>

kuxdykp km mfydmklxf u{o mouuo o{mklxop ~opo m=m> &?y0 & e0 k ~fhkp ukp

eflykpxdho lou modu yopdohou ifpmou hk klkpbdo *K = m e0$, Xfhfu kuuku iklmklfu

ifpom ykpdideohfu kz~kpdmklxocmklxk of cflbf hfu olfu k o~kuop ho hkueflidolo

efm q{k o pkcoxdydhohk hk Kdluxkdl ifd dldedocmklxk pkek`dho km ?4>; ~fhkmfu hdwkp#jfgk km hdo# q{k ~f{eou xkfpdou iudeou uf`pkydykpom xf `km q{olxf o pkcoxdydhohk ofu

kzo{uxdyfu xkuxku o q{k ifd u{`mkxdho,

Kuxou lfxou hkykm ifplkekp {mo `pkyk dlxpfh{f pkcoxdydhohk hk Kdluxkdl k

o~pkuklxom moxkpdoc ùdef# dhklxdideohf ~kco ckxpo O, mopbkm ho ~bdlo#

efm~ckmklxohf ~fp ~kq{klou hkmfluxpoku# o~cdeoku k kzxkluku dhklxdideohou

~kco ckxpo @, Oyklx{pk-uk,

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6/52

?, PKCOXDYDHOHK HK BOCDCK[

_{olhf ho ~{ cdeof hfu "^jdcfuf~jdok Lox{pocdu ^pdled~do Moxjkmoxdeo"

*^pdle~dfu Moxkmxdefu ho Idcfufido Lox{poc$ km ?9:2 Duooe Lkrxfl xfplf{ ~`cdeou

u{ou xpu ckdu hk mfydmklxf7

D, [m efp~f ~kpmolkek km pk~f{uf f{ km mfydmklxf pkxdclkf {ldifpmk o mklfu

q{k {mo ifpo ox{k uf`pk ud1

DD, [m efp~f q{k ufipk o ofhk {mo ifpo mfyk-uk hk mfhf xoc q{k o xozo hk

yopdof xkm~fpoc hf mfmklxf cdlkop ukgo db{oc ifpo1

DDD, Uk hfdu efp~fu kzkpekpkm ifpou {m uf`pk f{xpf kuxou ukpf db{odu km

mobldx{hk k f~fuxou km uklxdhf,

O ~pdmkdpo hkuxou ckdu# o Ckd ho Dlpedo f{ f ^pdled~df

ho Dlpedo# xkm u{o o{xfpdo oxpd`{ho o Bocdck{ Bocdckd k

kuxo`kckek q{k eouf lklj{mo ifpo ox{k uf`pk {m efp~f

kuxk ~kpmolkekp km uk{ kuxohf hk mfydmklxf *pk~f{uf

f{ mfydmklxf pkxdclkf {ldifpmk$ mou cedxf ~kpb{lxop#

pk~f{uf f{ mfydmklxf pkxdclkf {ldifpmk km pkcof o

q{6

Lkrxfl oidpmo# efmf pku~fuxo ~kpb{lxo# pk~f{uf f{

mfydmklxf pkxdclkf {ldifpmk km pkcof of Ku~of

Oùfc{xf# of q{oc kux ouufedohf f Xkm~f Oùfc{xf, F Ku~of k f Xkm~f Oùfc{xf

xom`m kpom ejomohfu hk Ku~of k Xkm~f Oùfc{xfu k Ykphohkdpfu, Ukpdo

~fuuykc hkxkexop lfuuf kuxohf hk mfydmklxf oùfc{xf km pkcof of Ku~of k of

Xkm~f Oùfc{xfu6

Bocdck{# ocb{lu olfu olxku hk Lkrxfl# g joydo mfuxpohf q{k lf ukpdo ~fuuykc

hduxdlb{dp# ~fp q{ocq{kp mkdf mkeldef# klxpk {m mfydmklxf pkxdclkf {ldifpmk km

pkcof ofu Ku~of k Xkm~f Oùfc{xfu k f{xpf mfydmklxf pkxdclkf {ldifpmk km

pkcof o {m uduxkmo hk pkikpledo q{k kzke{xo# xom`m# ocb{m mfydmklxfpkxdclkf {ldifpmk km pkcof ofu Ku~of k Xkm~f Oùfc{xfu', Km ~opxde{cop#

pk~f{uf oùfc{xf ukpdo fùkpyohf efmf mfydmklxf pkxdclkf {ldifpmk km pkcof o

q{ocq{kp uduxkmo hk pkikpledo q{k kuxkgo# ~fp u{o ykw# km mfydmklxf pkxdclkf

{ldifpmk km pkcof ofu Ku~of k Xkm~f Oùfc{xfu, Ouudm# {m mopdljkdpf q{k

kuxdykuuk eflidlohf o {mo eo`dlk ukm golkcou k q{k hkedhduuk pkocdwop {mo updk hk

' [m uduxkmo hk pkikpledo q{k kzke{xo {m mfydmklxf pkxdclkf {ldifpmk km pkcof of Ku~of k of Xkm~f Oùfc{xfu lfuf modu lkekuupdou *~fp f`po k bpoo ho pkcoxdydhohk hk Kdluxkdl$ hdwkmfu# eflxkm~fpolkomklxk q{k {m uduxkmo

dlkpedoc hk pkikpledo {m km q{k yock f ^pdle~df ho Dlpedo hk Bocdck{# f{ ukgo# {m efp~f q{k lf kuxdykp u{gkdxf oq{ocq{kp ifpo kuxop km pk~f{uf f{ km mfydmklxf pkxdclkf {ldifpmk km pkcof o {m pkikpkledoc dlkpedoc, Kl{ledohohkuuo molkdpo# o lff hk uduxkmo dlkpedoc hk pkikpledo ~opkek {m xolxf xo{xfcbdeo mou ohq{dpk bpolhk uklxdhff~kpoedfloc o ~opxdp hf mfmklxf km q{k ufmfu eo~owku hk dhklxdideop ou ~fuuykdu eo{uou hk ifpou k lk{xpocdw-cou, Okuuk pku~kdxf yock o ~klo eflu{cxop J, M, L{uuklwykdb# "Mkeldeo *E{puf hk Iudeo @udeo# Yfc, ?$# eo~, 8,

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7/52

kz~kpdledou mkeldeou efmf# ~fp kzkm~cf# olhop# uocxop# hkdzop eodp f`gkxfu f{

oppkmkuu-cfu km q{ocq{kp hdpkf q{k cjk obpohouuk# fùkpyop f mfydmklxf hk

~lh{cfu f{ hk mouuou ~pkuou o mfcou uf`pk {mo mkuo f{ ~klhklxku hf xkxf ho

eo`dlk# oxdpop {mo `fco hk `dcjop eflxpo o ~opkhk ho eo`dlk f{ eflxpo f{xpo `fco hk

`dcjop f{ pkocdwop q{ocq{kp f{xpo kz~kpdledo mkeldeo efm f f`gkxdyf hk hkxkpmdlop

uk f loydf kux km pk~f{uf f{ km mfydmklxf pkxdclkf {ldifpmk km pkcof ofuKu~of k Xkm~f Oùfc{xfu f{ km pkcof o q{ocq{kp uduxkmo dlkpedoc hk

pkikpledo ipoeouuopdo, O hku~kdxf ho klbkljfudhohk hk lfuuf mopdljkdpf f ioxf

q{k kck gomodu eflukb{dp hkuef`pdp uk kux km mfydmklxf pkxdclkf {ldifpmk f{

km pk~f{uf pkocdwolhf o~klou kz~kpdledou mkeldeou, ^pkeduolhf kuxo

oidpmof# f ^pdle~df ho Pkcoxdydhohk Bocdckolo ~pf~k q{k ou ckdu q{k pkbkm f

mfydmklxf hfu efp~fu ukgom ou mkumou km q{ocq{kp uduxkmo dlkpedoc hk pkikpledo,

ôpo xfplop f ^pdle~df ho Pkcoxdydhohk Bocdckolo modu ~oc~ykc efludhkpk f

eouf udm~cku hf mfydmklxf hk {m efp~f hk mouuo m efluxolxk uf` o of hk {mo

ifpo I lf uduxkmo dlkpedoc U# q{k uk mfyk efm ykcfedhohk y =y d km pkcof

of uduxkmo dlkpedoc U *ykp Idb, ?$, ôpo xfplop x{hf modu udm~cku u{~fpkmfu q{k fu

kdzfu Fz k Fz# Ft k Ft# Fw k Fw uf ~opockcfu klxpk ud k q{k lf mfmklxf km

q{k ou fpdbklu F k F efdledhdpom ou kueocou hk xkm~f ifpom udlepfldwohou km

wkpf km om`fu fu uduxkmou, G uo`kmfu q{k {m kyklxfO q{k fefppk lf dluxolxk hk

xkm~f x lou effphklohou *z# t# w$ hf uduxkmo dlkpedoc U ukp hkuepdxf# lf uduxkmo U#

~kcou effphklohou *z# t# w$ k ~kcf dluxolxk hk xkm~f x# q{k uk pkcoedflom efm

uk{u eflblkpku hf uduxkmo U ~fp mkdf hou XPOLUIFPMOKU HK BOCDCK[7

Ou efm~flklxku hf ykxfp ykcfedhohk{ " hf efp~f km pkcof of uduxkmo dlkpedoc

U pkcoedflom-uk efm ou efm~flklxku ho

ykcfedhohk { km pkcof o U ukb{lhf o CKD

HK OHDF HK YKCFEDHOHKU BOCDCKOLO7

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8/52

^fp u{o ykw f ykxfp oekckpof o " km pkcof o U dhlxdef of ykxfp

oekckpof o km pkcof o U, ^fpxolxf# o 0Ckd hk Lkrxfl# q{k km U ~fhk ukp

kuepdxo efmf

I "=m o " #

xfplo-uk

I =mo

lf uduxkmo dlkpedoc U# yduxf q{k o mouuo o mkumo lfu hfdu uduxkmou dlkpedodu, Ou

kq{oku *?,5$ k *?,8$ uf {m kzkm~cf hf q{k udbldideo hdwkp q{k ou ckdu hk mfydmklxf

xm o mkumo ifpmo km q{ocq{kp uduxkmo dlkpedoc, Uk km U ~{hkpmfu kuepkykp

I =m o

km U ~fhkpkmfu kuepkykp

I "=m o "

k lklj{mo kz~kpdledo mkeldeo ukp eo~ow hk hduxdlb{dp klxpk pk~f{uf f{ mfydmklxf

pkxdclkf {ldifpmk km pkcof ofu Ku~of k Xkm~f Oùfc{xfu, Hk ioxf# lklj{mo

kz~kpdledo mkeldeo ukp eo~ow hk oxpd`{dp {m ~o~kc ku~kedoc o q{ocq{kp uduxkmo

dlkpedoc k ou lfku hk Ku~of k Xkm~f Oùfc{xfu u ifpom pkuboxohou lf ue{cf ZDZ

efm f ohyklxf hk {mo eflek~f {ldideoho ho ~xdeo# ho kckxpdedhohk k hf

moblkxdumf# f kckxpfmoblkxdumf hk Mozrkcc,

0, O YDHO KM MKDF OF XKP

dm~fuuykc hkuef`pdp# ~fp q{ocq{kp mkdf mkeldef# uk kuxomfu km pk~f{uf f{

km mfydmklxf pkxdclkf {ldifpmk km pkcof of Ku~of k of Xkm~f Oùfc{xfu,

Kzduxkm# ~fpm# iklmklfu q{k lf uf hk lox{pkwo mkeldeo k ocb{lu hkuxku g kpom

`km efljkedhfu lo ~feo hk Bocdck{ k hk Lkrxfl7 fu iklmklfu ~xdefu# kcxpdefu k

moblxdefu,

O xkfpdo ~xdeo hk Lkrxfl ~pf~{ljo q{k o c{w ifuuk efm~fuxo hk ~kq{klfuefp~ue{cfu k xklxoyo# hkuuk mfhf# kz~cdeop u{o ~pf~obof km cdljo pkxo, Lo Ipolo

fu iudefu# uf` dlu~dpof ho xkfpdo hfu ypxdeku hk Hkueopxku# ~pf~{ljom q{k o c{w

ifuuk {mo ifpmo hk hduxp`df eo~ow hk ~pf~obop-uk km ocb{m mkdf moxkpdoc efmf ou

~kq{klou flhou q{k uk ifpmom lo u{~kpiedk hk {m cobf,

F xkuxk hkedudyf ydpdo o~klou lf ue{cf ZDZ mou m{dxf olxku hduxf Lkrxfl g joydo

hkuef`kpxf f iklmklf hk dlxkpikpledo hk c{w# ioedcmklxk kz~cdeykc ~kco jd~xkuk

ho lox{pkwo flh{coxpdo ho c{w# k u{bkpd{ q{k kpo lkekuupdf oxpd`{dp c{w ocb{mo

ifpmo hk ~kpdfhdedhohk *oxpd`{xf lox{poc hk q{ocq{kp flho mou hk hdiedc

dlefp~fpof xkfpdo efp~{ue{cop ho c{w1 lf ue{cf ZZ# km ~opxk bpoou o Kdluxkdl# f

8

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9/52

oxpd`{xf hk ~kpdfhdedhohk ifd dlefp~fpohf xkfpdo efp~{ue{cop ho c{w k fu efp~ue{cfu

hk c{w uf efljkedhfu efmf ixflu$',

Odlho ouudm# efmf efm~pkklhkp o ~pf~obof km cdljo pkxo uklf ~kcf

mfydmklxf hk efp~ue{cfu6 J{tbklu mfuxpf{ q{k kpo ~fuuykc k udm~cku klxklhkp

o ~pf~obof ho c{w km cdljo pkxo {uolhf {m ~pdle~df hk efm~fudf hk flhou

q{k ydpdo o xkp uk{ lfmk,Lf ue{cf ZDZ ou kydhledou kpom òuxolxk ecopou7 c{w flho, Xfhoydo# xfho

kz~kpdledo efm flhou ox klxf kzdbdo q{k ou flhou ifuukm ~pf~obohou km

ocb{m mkdf moxkpdoc7 flhou uflfpou lf op# flhou hk b{o lo b{o# flhou kcuxdeou

lfu modu hdykpufu mkdfu kcuxdefu, Kpo dleflek`ykc q{k o c{w lf uk ~pf~obouuk

km {m mkdf moxkpdoc k udm lf yowdf, Kuxk mkdf moxkpdoc ifd ejomohf hk xkp k

hkykpdo xkp ~pf~pdkhohku q{ouk eflxpohdxpdou, Hkykpdo ukp m{dxf pbdhf# ~opo q{k o

ykcfedhohk hk ~pf~obof hf hduxp`df c{mdlfuf ifuuk ocxuudmo '' *0442408;: m&u$#

mou xom`m hkykpdo ukp oppouxohf efm òdzuudmo pkuduxledo# ~opo lf dlxkpikpdp lf

mfydmklxf ~colkxpdf# ~fp kzkm~cf, Of cflbf hf xkm~f fu iklmklfu kcxpdefu k

moblxdefu ifpom uklhf oxpd`{hfu of xkp# q{k ifd uk xfplolhf eoho ykw modu

kuxpoljf ~opo oefmfhop xfho o mdpohk hk ~pf~pdkhohku kcxpdeou# moblxdeou k

~xdeou, ^fp idm# km mkohfu hf ue{cf ZDZ# Gomku E, Mozrkcc eflukb{d{ ifpm{cop

{mo xkfpdo q{k eflbpkboyo fu iklmklfu kcxpdefu# moblxdefu k ~xdefu# f

kckxpfmoblkxdumf# efm òuk km {mo xkfpdo hk xkp m{dxf ufiduxdeoho, ^f{efu olfu

hk~fdu# f mkumf Mozrkcc u{bkpd{ q{k f kckxpfmoblkxdumf u{uxklxoyo-uk

dlhk~klhklxkmklxk hf xkp# òuxolhf ohmdxdp o kzduxledo hk eom~fu# kcxpdef k

moblxdef# q{k ~{hkuukm ukp ~pf~obohfu lf ye{f, O dhdo lf ifd `km pkek`dho7

lf kpo udm~cku oekdxop {mo mfhdideof xf ~pfi{lho lo yduf - hk - m{lhf

Lkrxfldolo# q{k xolxf u{ekuuf g joydo xdhf# k oòlhflop o moxkpdocdwof hf

Ku~of k hf Xkm~f Oùfc{xfu k Ykphohkdpfu# f xkp,

5,? F KZ^KPDMKLXF HK MDEJKCUFL - MFPCKT

Lf ue{cf ZDZ f kckxpfmoblkxdumf hk Mozrkcc {ldideopo fu iklmklfu kcxpdefu#

moblxdefu k ~xdefu, O c{w kpo yduxo efmf {mo yd`pof effphkloho hk eom~fu

kcxpdef k moblxdef oef~cohfu k ~pf~oboyo-uk km {m mkdf moxkpdoc ejomohf hk

xkp# q{k kuxopdo km pk~f{uf oùfc{xf km pkcof of Ku~of k of Xkm~f Oùfc{xfu

' [m pkcoxf oekuuykc hkuuk k hk f{xpfu ~flxfu kux km P, ^, Iktlmol# "_KH7 Xjk Uxpolbk Xjkfpt fi Cdbjx olh Moxxkp"#

^pdlekxfl [ldykpudxt ^pkuu *?4:;$,' 'O ykcfedhohk ho c{w k f ukb{lhf ~fhkm ukp mkhdhfu hk mfhf xf oe{pohf q{k# km ?4:5# o Eflikpledo Bkpoc hk ^kufuk Mkhdhou hkidld{ f mkxpf efmf uklhf db{oc hduxledo ~kpefppdho ~kco c{w lf ye{f km ? & 04442408;: hk {m ukb{lhf,O ~opxdp hk klxf o ykcfedhohk ho c{w ~ouuf{ o ukp kzoxomklxk 0442408;: m & u k ou kz~kpdledou ~opo mkh-co obfpohkuxdlom-uk o mkhdp f mkxpf,

;


10/52

hk Lkrxfl, [mo eflukqledo dm~pkuudflolxk hf

kckxpfmoblkxdumf hk Mozrkcc o ~pkyduf hk q{k o c{w ukpdo

~pf~oboho ukm~pk efm o mkumo ykcfedhohk o hku~kdxf hf

kuxohf hk mfydmklxf# km pkcof of xkp# hf uduxkmo dlkpedoc lf

q{oc fùkpyoho, Kuuo ~pkyduf hkupku~kdxoyoo Ckd hk Ohdf

hk Ykcfedhohku hk Bocdck{# kq{oku *?,0$# k ~opo kydxop f eflicdxf ifd ~pf~fuxf q{k fkckxpfmoblkxdumf hk Mozrkcc ukpdo ycdhf o~klou lf uduxkmo hk pk~f{uf hf xkp# f

Ku~of k f Xkm~f Oùfc{xfu# uklhf mfhdideohf lfu f{xpfu uduxkmou dlkpedodu, O

eflec{uf ocyduuopkdpo7 òuxo mkhdp o ykcfedhohk ho c{w ~opo

hkuef`pdp lfuuo ykcfedhohk km pkcof of xkp,

O xklxoxdyo modu iomfuo hk dhklxdideop lfuuf kuxohf hk

mfydmklxf km pkcof of xkp ifd f kz~kpdmklxf eflh{wdhf ~fp

Mdejkcufl k ~fp Mfpckt km ?::2, C{w ydlho ho iflxk I lo Idb, 0

*km {m kz~kpdmklxf ~pydf eflh{wdhf ~fp Mdejkcufl km ?::? o

iflxk hk c{w kuxoyo lo Xkppo# km ?::2 Mdejkcufl k Mfpckt

{uopom c{w ufcop$ oxdlbk {m ku~kcjf ukmd-xpolu~opklxk# lf

~flxf ^# k uk~opoho km hfdu ikdzku q{k uk hdpdbkm ofu ku~kcjfu U? k U0 hk flhk

uf pkickxdhfu hk yfcxo km hdpkf o ^ k ho ~opo f xkckue~df X lf q{oc uf

fùkpyohou ~fuuykdu ipolgou hk dlxkpikpledo klxpk o c{w q{k ifd ~opo U? k oq{kco

q{k ifd ~opo U0, O kzduxledo hk ipolgou

hk dlxkpikpledo kux hdpkxomklxk cdboho

hdikpklo lf eomdljf ~kpefppdhf ~kco c{w

lfu `pofu Û?^ k Û0^ hf

dlxkpikpmkxpf, ^fp u{o ykw# hdikpklou

lf eomdljf ho c{w ~fhkm ukp eo{uohou

~fp {mo hdikpklo lfu efm~pdmklxfu hfu

`pofu hf dlxkpikpmkxpf f{ ~fp {mo

hdikpklo lo ykcfedhohk ho c{w km eoho{m hfu `pofu,

ôpo ukp modu ku~keidef# u{~fljo q{k f dlxkpikpmkxpf mfyo-uk# km pkcof

of xkp# efm ykcfedhohk y lo hdpkf hf `pof Û ?, Ouudm# lf eomdljf Û? o c{w

xkp ykcfedhohk e-y *e o ykcfedhohk ho c{w lf xkp$ k lo yfcxo *U ?^$ e!y k ckyop#

~opo ~kpefppkp f xpkejf Û?^# {m dlxkpyocf hk xkm~f db{oc o

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11/52

Efmf f `pof Û0^ k ~kp~klhde{cop ykcfedhohk

hf dlxkpikpmkxpf km pkcof of xkp# o Ckd hk Ohdf

hk Ykcfedhohku hk Bocdck{ ~pky q{k o c{w ukp

~pf~oboho efm ykcfedhohk e, Odlho ouudm# ~pkeduf

ckyop km eflxo f ioxf hk q{k f ku~kcjfukmdxpolu~opklxk ^ xkp-uk- mfydhf {mo hduxledo

klq{olxf o c{w yod hk ^ o U0 k modu {mo hduxledo lo yfcxo hk U0 o ^ *Idb, 5$,

Ykmfu q{k hohf ~fp

ôpo q{k f xpkejf Û0^ ukgo ~kpefppdhf ~kco c{w ukp ~pkeduf {m dlxkpyocf hk xkm~f

O hdikpklo lf eomdljf ~kpefppdhf ~kco c{w km eoho `pof hf dlxkpikpmkxpf

ukp

m{dxf hdiedc efluxp{dp `pofu hk dlxkpikpmkxpf hk ?> mkxpfu hk efm~pdmklxf

efm o lkekuupdo ~pkeduf, Ukpdo hkukgykc q{k fu ~o~du hk ? k hk 0 km *5,8$

ifuukm udmxpdefu, ôpo duuf Mdejkcufl k Mfpckt bdpopom f o~opoxf# q{k kuxoyo km

{mo ~khpo q{k ic{x{oyo uf`pk mkpepdf# ~fp 4> k fu ~o~du hk ? k 0 ifpom

xpfeohfu7

k

Uk f efm~pdmklxf hk flho ho c{w q{k klxpo lf dlxkpikpmkxpf ifp # ofpfhopmfu f kz~kpdmklxf ~fp 4> f ~ohpf hk dlxkpikpledo ukp hkucfeohf hk l

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12/52

ipolgou# efm

~fdu y & e 33 ? lfu kz~kpdmklxfu hk Mdejkcufl k Mfpckt, Lo kz~kpdledo hk ?::2 o

c{w {uoho lf dlxkpikpmkxpf kpo omopkco 9#> z ?>2m k fu `pofu hf

dlxkpikpmkxpf ~fuu{om# o~pfzdmohomklxk# ?? m eoho, Uk y ifuuk

o~pfzdmohomklxk db{oc ykcfedhohk fp`dxoc ho Xkppo# 5> am&u# f hkucfeomklxf hk

ipolgou ukpdo hk >#8> ipolgou, Mdejkcufl k Mfpckt kpom kzmdfu dlxkpikpfmkxpduxou k

o~kuop hk uk{ o~opoxf ~fhkp hkxkexop# ukm hdide{chohk# hkucfeomklxfu hk ;

mdcudmfu hk ipolgo */$ f pku{cxohf ifd l{cf7

lklj{m hkucfeomklxf ifd f`ukpyohf kMdejkcufl k Mfpckt ~{hkpom oidpmop q{k o

ykcfedhohk ho Xkppo km pkcof of xkp kpo

dlikpdfp o ?> am&u *Idb, 8$, Km f{xpou

~ocoypou# o ykcfedhohk ho c{w kpo o mkumo#

xolxf lo Xkppo q{olxf lf xkp# k o Ckd hk

Ohdf hk Ykcfedhohku hk Bocdck{ lkekuudxoyo

hk efppkku# ~kcf mklfu q{olhf o~cdeoho

o iklmklfu hk ocxou ykcfedhohku#

efm~opykdu ho c{w,

5,0 O@KPPOF HO C[W KUXKCOP

[mo ifpmo hk kz~cdeop f pku{cxohf l{cf hf kz~kpdmklxf hk Mdejkcufl - Mfpckt kpo

u{~fp q{k f xkp ifuuk cfeocmklxk oppouxohf ~kco Xkppo km uk{ mfydmklxf ~kcf

ku~of, Lkuuk eouf f dlxkpikpmkxpf kuxopdo km pk~f{uf km pkcof of xkp cfeoc k

ukpdo lox{poc ku~kpop q{k loho ifuuk hkxkexohf, Xfhoydo# uk o iflxk hk c{w kuxdykuuk

cfeocdwoho ifpo ho Xkppo xoc kz~cdeof hkdzopdo hk yockp, Lo ykphohk# f efljkedhf

iklmklf hk o`kppof ho c{w kuxkcop# ioedcmklxk kz~cdeohf km xkpmfu ho xkfpdo hf

xkp# lf hkykpdo fefppkp uk f xkp ifuuk oppouxohf ~kco Xkppo,

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13/52

Lo o`kppof ho c{w kuxkcop {m xkckue~df#

efmf f ho Idb, ;# q{k xklxk fùkpyop {mo

kuxpkco lf wldxk# ~fp kzkm~cf# efmf o iflxk I

lf hkyk ukp o~flxohf hdpkxomklxk ~opo o

kuxpkco mou hkyk ukp ckykmklxk dlecdlohf lo

hdpkf o~opklxk I ~opo efm~kluop f kikdxf hfoyolf ho Xkppo ~kcf xkp efm ykcfedhohk y,

^fhk-uk mfuxpop q{k f lb{cf hk dlecdlof

hkyk ukp hohf ~fp

= opexb*y&e$ 0>#;"# *5,:$ ~opo y 5>am & u, Kuuk pku{cxohf kux km kzekcklxk

oefphf efm o fùkpyof ouxpflmdeo hk @pohckt *G, @pohckt# ^jdc, Xpolu, Pft, Ufe,#

952 *?20:$1 ykgo xom`m Adxxkc# Aldbjx# P{hkpmol# "Mkeldeo" *E{puf hk Iudeo hk@kpakckt# Yfc, ?# Eo~, ?>$,

5,5 EFLXPOF HK EFM^PDMKLXF HK CFPKLXW - IDXWBKPOCH

Cfpklxw k IdxwBkpoch ~pf~{ukpom q{k xfhf efp~f q{k

kuxdykuuk km mfydmklxf ~kcf xkp efm ykcfedhohk y xkpdo u{o

hdmkluf# lo hdpkf hf mfydmklxf# eflxpoho ~kcf ioxfp

?y0 & e0 , Ouudm# lf kz~kpdmklxf hk Mdejkcufl - Mfpckt ?

hkyk ukp u{ùxdx{hf ~fp ?> ?y0 &e0 # uklhf ?

> f

efm~pdmklxf hf `pof Û?^ hf dlxkpikpmkxpf q{olhf km

pk~f{uf km pkcof of xkp, Efmf f f{xpf `pof hf

dlxkpikpmkxpf ~kp~klhde{cop hdpkf hf mfydmklxf

0 =0> k

O~u pfxof hk 4> km xfhf o~opoxf#

K lf j q{ocq{kp m{holo lf ~ohpf hk dlxkpikpledo *l = >$# eflifpmk

fùkpyohf kz~kpdmklxocmklxk, Xfhoydo# uk f kz~kpdmklxf ifp pk~kxdhf efm f{xpo

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14/52

ykcfedhohk y hf dlxkpikpmkxpf km pkcof of xkp f pku{cxohf ukp

O~klou km ?409 Akllkht pkocdwf{ f kz~kpdmklxf *0? olfu o~u o ~{`cdeof

ho pkcoxdydhohk hk Kdluxkdl$# u{~flhf q{k o ykcfedhohk hf dlxkpikpmkxpf km pkcof

of xkp ifuuk hoho ~fp y= yX yP yU0 # efm yX o ykcfedhohk ho Xkppo km

pkcof of Ufc# yP o ykcfedhohk hk pfxof ho Xkppo k yU o ykcfedhohk hf Ufc km

pkcof u kuxpkcou hduxolxku, O eoho hfwk jfpou kuxo q{olxdhohk ocxkpoho ~fp

k o eoho ukdu mkuku ~fp

F kikdxf ~pkyduxf lf ifd fùkpyohf mfuxpolhf q{k o jd~xkuk hk eflxpof

hk Cfpklxw - IdxwBkpoch lf kpo efppkxo, Ykpkmfu# ~fpm# q{k j {mo eflxpof

hk Cfpklxw - IdxwBkpoch lo pkcoxdydhohk hk Kdluxkdl, F q{k hkyk ideop ecopf q{k

o eflxpof hk Cfpklxw - IdxwBkpoch lf # hk mfhf ocb{m# dlefppkxo1 dlefppkxou

uf o xkfpdo hf xkp k# ~fuudykcmklxk# ou lfku hk Ku~of k Xkm~f Oùfc{xfu,

5,8 HDCOXOF HF XKM^F

O jd~xkuk hk eflxpof hf efm~pdmklxf hk {m f`gkxf km mfydmklxf km

pkcof of xkp ~kpmdxd{ klxklhkp f pku{cxohf hf kz~kpdmklxf hk Mdejkcufl - Mfpckt

ukm oòlhflop lkm o pkcoxdydhohk hk Bocdck{ lkm ou lfku hk xkp f{ hk Ku~of

k Xkm~f Oùfc{xfu, Xfhoydo# f kckxpfmoblkxdumf hk Mozrkcc kuxoyo uklhf

efluxolxkmklxk efppf`fpohf ~kcfu modu hdykpufu kz~kpdmklxfu k odlho lf uk

og{uxoyo o pkcoxdydhohk hk Bocdck{,

Ukb{lhf f kckxpfmoblkxdumf hk Mozrkcc o c{w kpo {mo ifpmo hk yd`pof

kckxpfmoblxdeo pkbdho ~fp {mo kq{of hk flho ho ifpmo

O i{lf pk~pkuklxo q{ocq{kp {mo hou efm~flklxku hfu ykxfpku hk eom~f

kcxpdef K f{ moblxdef @ ho flho kckxpfmoblxdeo, F ^pdle~df ho Pkcoxdydhohk hk

Bocdck{ f òuxolxk ~opo ~pfyop q{k# km q{oduq{kp hfu hfdu uduxkmou dlkpedodu U k U# o

ifpomkhdho ukp o mkumo# I= I " , Efmf o ifpo kcxpdeo uf`pk {mo eopbo q

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15/52

hoho ~fp I =q K ukb{k-uk q{k K= K " k# ~fpxolxf# =" ,

O~cdeolhf ou xpoluifpmoku hk Bocdck{# kq{oku *?,?$# f`xkmfu

Lf uduxkmo dlkpedoc U o kq{of hk flho *5,?8$ ukp kuepdxo efmf

O kq{of hk flho lf molxkyk o ifpmo q{olhf xpoluifpmoho hk {m uduxkmo

dlkpedoc ~opo f{xpf, Duuf udbldideo q{k f kckxpfmoblkxdumf lf kux uoxduiowklhf f

^pdle~df ho Pkcoxdydhohk hk Bocdck{,

O ufc{f hk Cfpklxw ~opo f lfyf ~pf ckmo ukmkcjolxk q{kco km~pkboho lf

kz~kpdmklxf hk Mdejkcufl - Mfpckt# q{oc ukgo# u{~fp q{k fu efm~pdmklxfu q{k

kuxdykpkm lo hdpkf hf mfydmklxf km pkcof of xkp - pk~pkuklxohf ~kcf uduxkmo

dlkpedoc U - hkykm ukp eflxpohfu ~fp {m ioxfp ?y 0 &e0 , Hkuxo ykw# ~fpm# o

ufc{f odlho dlu{idedklxk k Cfpklxw ifd f`pdbohf o ~fux{cop {m iklmklf lfyf# o

hdcoxof - f{ hdcof - hf xkm~f,

Lo hdcoxof hf xkm~f fu dluxp{mklxfu hk mkhdho hk xkm~f pkbduxpopdom#

q{olhf km mfydmklxf km pkcof of xkp# dlxkpyocfu hk xkm~f modfpku ~fp {m ioxfp

?y0 & e0 hf q{k fu dlxkpyocfu hk xkm~f mkhdhfu ~kcfu pkcbdfu km pk~f{uf km

pkcof of xkp, Ouudm#

k o kq{of hk flho xkm u{o ifpmo fpdbdloc pkuxo{poho lf uduxkmo U, Hdwkmfu q{k

o kq{of efyopdolxk uf` f eflg{lxf hk xpoluifpmoku {uohou,

^kco mkumo ~feo *~pdmkdpfu olfu hf ue{cf ZZ$ Jklpd ^fdleop ~kpek`k{ q{k

ou h{ou jd~xkuku hk Cfpklxw# ho eflxpof hf efm~pdmklxf k ho hdcoxof hf

xkm~f# mfhdideoyom hk mfhf efluduxklxk ou xpoluifpmoku hk Bocdck{

*kq{oku ?,?$ k eflu~dpoyom ~opo dm~khdp q{k q{ocq{kp mfydmklxf km pkcofof xkp ifuuk f`ukpyohf, ^fdleop f`ukpyf{ q{k "{mo eflu~dpof efm~ckxo # ~fp

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16/52

ud u# {mo ckd ho lox{pkwo" k ~pf~u q{k o dm~fuud`dcdhohk hk hkxkexop mfydmklxf

oùfc{xf km pkcof of xkp ifuuk xfploho {mo lfyo ckd ho lox{pkwo, Ykphohkdpf

kuecopkedmklxf uf`pk f udbldideohf iudef hkuuo lfyo ckd ho lox{pkwo ydpdo o~klou

km ?4>;# efm o ~{`cdeof hk {m opxdbf dlxdx{cohf "W{p Kckaxpfhtlomda `krkbxkp

Ap~kp" *Uf`pk o Kckxpfhdlmdeo hk Efp~fu km Mfydmklxf$ lfuOllockl hkp jtuda

?2# :4? *?4>;$# ~fp ~opxk hk {m gfykm iudef k kzomdlohfp hf kuepdxpdf U{f hk~oxklxku km @kplo# Oc`kpx Kdluxkdl,

8,? ^FUX[COHFU HO PKCOXDYDHOHK HK KDLUXKDL

O xklxoxdyo hk kuxklhkp o yduf-hk-m{lhf ~p~pdo ho mkeldeo hk Lkrxfl of

kckxpfmoblkxdumf hk Mozrkcc ckyf{ o updou hdide{chohku q{k u ~{hkpom ukp

eflxfplohou efm jd~xkuku op`dxppdou eo~owku hk hkuidb{pop xolxf o mkeldeo

q{olxf f kckxpfmoblkxdumf,

Uo`do-uk q{k o mkeldeo hk Lkrxfl hoyo eflxo hk xfhfu fu iklmklfu q{k

klyfcydom òdzou ykcfedhohku mou q{k joydo ~pf`ckmou km hkuepkykp f ldef

iklmklf hk ocxo ykcfedhohk efljkedhf# o ~pf~obof ho c{w, ^fp f{xpf cohf# f

kckxpfmoblkxdumf hk Mozrkcc hkuepkydo fu iklmklfu ~xdefu efm ~kpikdf, ^fp q{k

lf molxkp f kckxpfmoblkxdumf dlocxkpohf k mfhdideop f q{k ifuuk lkekuupdf lo

mkeldeo ~opo q{k kuxo ifuuk efm~oxykc efm ou ~pkyduku hf kckxpfmoblkxdumf6Ifd kzoxomklxk duuf q{k Kdluxkdl ~pf~u km ?4>;# of om~cdop f podf hk of hf

^pdle~df ho Pkcoxdydhohk k kckbkp {mo hou modu dm~pkuudflolxku eflukq{ledou hf

kckxpfmoblkxdumf efmf òuku hk {mo lfyo efm~pkkluf ho lox{pkwo kz~pkuuo km

hfdu ~fux{cohfu# f ^PDLE^DF HO PKCOXDYDHOHK k o CKD HK ^PFÔBOF HO

C[W,

Kdu f ^PDLE^DF HO PKCOXDYDHOHK hk Kdluxkdl7

[mo eflukqledo dmkhdoxo hf ^pdle~df ho Pkcoxdydhohk hk

Kdluxkdl o o`fcdf hf xkp efmf uduxkmo dlkpedoc ~pdydckbdohf, Ukm

xkp f{xpf ~o~kc o e{m~pdp# o lff hk xkp oeo`f{ ~fp hkuiowkp-uk,

F ukb{lhf ~ouuf hk Kdluxkdl ifd kckyop {m ioxf

kz~kpdmklxocmklxk ykpdideohf eflhdf hk ~fux{cohf udef ho xkfpdo7

?0

XFHFU FU UDUXKMOU DLKPEDODU UF K_[DYOCKLXKU ÔPO OIFPM[COF HK XFHOU OU CKDU HO LOX[PKWO,

O


17/52

F ukb{lhf ~fux{cohf oidpmo# km ~opxde{cop# q{k o

hku~kdxf hf q{f p~dhf lfu o~pfzdmkmfu f{ oiouxkmfuhk {m udloc c{mdlfuf kuxk ukm~pk xkp o mkumo

ykcfedhohk e km pkcof o lu, Kdluxkdl ~kpek`k{ q{k kuxo

eflukqledo kckmklxop ho CKD HK ^PF^OBOF HO

C[W kzdbk q{k lfuuou lfku hk Ku~of k Xkm~f ukgom

ukpdomklxk pkyduxou,

8,0 UDM[CXOLKDHOHK

Hkykmfu ckyop km eflxo q{k xfhfu fu g{wfu lfu q{odu f xkm~f xkljo ocb{m

~o~kc uf# ukm~pk# g{wfu hk kyklxfu udm{cxlkfu, _{olhf hdbf# ~fp kzkm~cf# q{k

"f xpkm ejkbo oq{d u ukxk jfpou" q{kpf hdwkp ocbf efmf "o uf`pk~fudf hf

~flxkdpf ~kq{klf hf mk{ pkcbdf uf`pk f ocbopdumf ukxk k o ejkboho hf xpkm uf

kyklxfu udm{cxlkfu",

F ~opbpoif oedmo {m kzekpxf hf opxdbf hk ?4>; hk Oc`kpx Kdluxkdl ~{`cdeohf

lfu Ollockl hkp ^jtuda k dc{uxpo o dm~fpxledo ho lff hk udm{cxolkdhohk hk

kyklxfu lo hkuepdf q{k iowkmfu ho lox{pkwo,

[mo `fo ifpmo hk hkidldp# km xkpmfu f~kpoedflodu# o fefppledo udm{cxlko hk

hfdu kyklxfu hdwkp q{k fu kyklxfu ^k _# q{k fefppkm lfu ~flxfu ^ k _ hk {m

uduxkmo dlkpedoc U ukpf udm{cxlkfu km U uk k ufmklxk uk c{w kmdxdho q{olhf ho

fefppledo hfu hfdu kyklxfu ejkbop udm{cxolkomklxk of ~flxf mhdf M hf

ukbmklxf ^_ km U, Lf j ~pf`ckmo km uo`kp uk hfdu kyklxfu q{k oeflxkekm lf

mkumf ~flxf uf udm{cxlkfu f{ lf, O hkidldf o~pkuklxoho ~kpmdxk kuxklhkp olff hk udm{cxolkdhohk ~opo kyklxfu q{k oeflxkekm oiouxohfu {m hf f{xpf,

U{~fljo q{k hfdu kyklxfu ^k _# q{k oeflxkekm lfu ~flxfu ^ k _ hf uduxkmo

dlkpedoc U# ukgom udm{cxlkfu, ^fp uk{ x{plf# U {m

uduxkmo dlkpedoc q{k uk mfyk lo hdpkf ^_ efm

ykcfedhohk y k lkck ^ k _ uf fu ~flxfu km q{k fu

kyklxfu ^k _fefppkm# klq{olxf M f ~flxf mhdf hf

ukbmklxf ^_, O udx{of# xoc efmf yduxo hk U# mfuxpoho lo Idb, 91 o ~opxk *o$ ho idb{po pkxpoxo o

?5

O C[W ^PF^OBO-UK# LF YE[F# HK MFHF PKXDCLKF K EFM O MKUMO YKCFEDHOHK EKM XFHFU FU XKM^FU# KM XFHOU OU HDPKKU K KM XFHFU FU UDUXKMOU DLKPEDODU#O HKU^KDXF HF KUXOHF HK MFYDMKLXF HO IFLXK HK C[W,

O

O


18/52

udx{of lf dluxolxk km q{k f kyklxf ^ fefppk{ klq{olxf o ~opxk *`$ {m pkxpoxf hf

q{k oeflxkedo q{olhf o c{w ydlho hf ~flxf ^ ejkbf{ of ~flxf mhdf M hf ukbmklxf ^_,

[mo ykw q{k fu kyklxfu ^k _uf udm{cxlkfu km U o c{w q{k ykm hfu ~flxfu

^ k _ ejkbop udm{cxolkomklxk km M, Efmf o c{w ckyo {m ekpxf xkm~f klxpk u{o

kmduuf k u{o ejkboho of ~flxf M# fu hfdu ~flxfu mhdfu M k M

lf modu efdledhdpf q{olhf o c{w ejkbop o M, Fu hfdu udlodu

c{mdlfufu# ydlhfu hk ^ k hk _# lf ~fhkm uk kleflxpop xolxf km

M q{olxf km M k ~fpxolxf eflec{mfu q{k o udm{cxolkdhohk hk

kyklxfu km U lf ckyo# lkekuuopdomklxk# udm{cxolkdhohk hk

kyklxfu km U,O lff hk Xkm~f Oùfc{xf dlefm~oxykc efm xoc eflec{uf k ho

ykm o lkekuudhohk hk pkyduf hk lfuuou eflek~ku hk Ku~of k Xkm~f,

8,5 EFMF EFLUXP[DP [M UDUXKMO HK PKIKPLEDO

ukm~pk ~fuuykc kuepkykp ou ckdu ho lox{pkwo ukm iowkp mklf o q{ocq{kp

uduxkmo hk pkikpledo, Ouudm# I =mo lf xpow q{ocq{kp dlhdeof hf uduxkmo hk

pkikpledo km q{k mkhdmfu o ifpo# o mouuo f{ o oekckpof, Xfhoydo#

dm~fpxolxk ~fhkp o~cdeop {mo ckd ho lox{pkwo o ocb{mo udx{of ku~keideo k# lkuuk

eouf# o efluxp{f hk {m uduxkmo hk pkikpledo yocdfuo, O pkcoxdydhohk hk Kdluxkdl

kludlo o ukp òuxolxk e{dhohfuf lkuuk ~pfekuuf,

[mo hou ifpmou hk efluxp{dp {m uduxkmo hk pkikpledo pk{ldp {m bp{~f hk

~kuufou# fu fùkpyohfpku# q{k kuxkgom km pk~f{uf klxpk ud, Eoho {mo hkuuou

~kuufou pku~fluykc ~fp pkbduxpop ou effphklohou# ku~oedodu k xkm~fpodu

*ku~ofxkm~fpodu# ~fdu ykpkmfu q{k ku~of k xkm~f kuxf `km modu {ldhfu obfpo

hf q{k kuxoyom lo pkcoxdydhohk hk Bocdck{$# hk q{ocq{kp kyklxf q{k oeflxko km

u{o ydwdljolo, ôpo xoc# ~pkeduf q{k eoho {m hfu fùkpyohfpku uodò u{o

~fudf km pkcof o {mo fpdbkm op`dxpopdomklxk kuefcjdho k xkljo {m pkcbdf q{k

kuxkgo udlepfldwohf efm fu pkcbdfu hk uk{u efckbou,

F ~pdmkdpf ~ouuf kuefcjkp o fpdbkm F hf uduxkmo, Km ukb{dho# kuefcjkm-uk xpuhdpkku m{x{omklxk fpxfbflodu ~opo pk~pkuklxop fu kdzfu eopxkudolfu Fz# Ft k

Fw, Efm duuf# eoho fùkpyohfp eo~ow hk hkxkpmdlop fu yocfpku hfu lb{cfu ~fcop

k owdm{xoc q{k eopoexkpdwom cdljo q{k f cdbo o fpdbkm, ôpo hkxkpmdlop u{o

hduxledo fpdbkm eoho fùkpyohfp hkyk klydop {m ~{cuf hk c{w km hdpkf o {m

ku~kcjf lo fpdbkm k mkhdp f dlxkpyocf hk xkm~f x lkekuupdf ~opo q{k o c{w

pkxfplk, Efmf - kuuo o Ckd hk ^pf~obof ho C{w - o c{w ukm~pk ~pf~oboho efm

ykcfedhohk e *lf ye{f$ o hduxledo hk eoho fùkpyohfp fpdbkm ukp xe & 0 , Duuf u{idedklxk ~opo q{k eoho fùkpyohfp uodò f yocfp hk u{ou effphklohou z# t k w,

?8


19/52

Obfpo# ~pkeduf udlepfldwop fu pkcbdfu hk xfhfu fu fùkpyohfpku hk {m mkumf

uduxkmo hk pkikpledo, [mo ifpmo hk iow-cf efm`dlop q{k lf dluxolxk hk xkm~f

x = ># mopeohf lf pkcbdf hf fùkpyohfp q{k kuxdykp lo fpdbkm# kuxk klydop {m

~{cuf kuipdef hk c{w - òuxo oeklhkp {mo cm~oho - q{k uk ~pf~obop k ukp

hkxkexohf ~fp xfhfu fu fùkpyohfpku hf uduxkmo hk pkikpledo, ôpo q{k kuxk ~{cuf

ejkb{k o {m fùkpyohfpO udx{ohf o {mo hduxoledo H ho fpdbkm ukp lkekuupdfku~kpop {m dlxkpyocf hk xkm~f H & e, Ouudm# lf mfmklxf km q{k f fùkpyohfpO

pkek`kp f ~{cuf hk c{w f pkcbdf hf fùkpyohfp lo fpdbkm kuxop mopeolhf H & e,

ôpo q{k fu pkcbdfu ukgom udlepfldwohfu f fùkpyohfp O hkyk# of pkek`kp f ~{cuf

hk c{w# og{uxop uk{ pkcbdf ~opo f dluxolxk hk xkm~f H & e, Uk xfhfu ukb{dpkm kuuk

~pfekhdmklxf uk{u pkcbdfu kuxopf udlepfldwohfu,

Hkyk-uk lfxop q{k f mxfhf hkuepdxf ~fhk ukp {uohf xolxf km uduxkmou

dlkpedodu q{olxf km uduxkmou lf-dlkpedodu mou q{k joykp ~pf`ckmou eouf f{xpf

bp{~f hk fùkpyohfpku# km mfydmklxf km pkcof of bp{~f fpdbdloc# xklxk {uop fu

udlodu hk c{w hf bp{~f fpdbdloc ukm oxklxop ~opo f mfydmklxf pkcoxdyf klxpk fu hfdu

bp{~fu,

^fhk ukp xdc eoce{cop o iocxo hk udlepfldo q{k fu fùkpyohfpku hk {m uduxkmo

dlkpedoc oxpd`{dpf ofu pkcbdfu hfu fùkpyohfpku hk f{xpf uduxkmo dlkpedoc, U{~fljo

q{k o hduxledo klxpk fu ~flxfu ^ k _ ho Idb, 9 ukgo k q{k lo udx{of ho Idb, 9o

{m ~{cuf hk c{w ukgo kmdxdhf hf ~flxf M lf dluxolxk x = >, Lf j h{ydho q{olxf

hduxledo q{k uk~opo f ~flxf M hfu ~flxfu ^ k _ ukb{lhf fu fùkpyohfpku hk U#

& 0 *lfxk q{k lo udx{of ho Idb, 9o fu ~flxfu ^# ^ k _# _ uf efdledhklxku$, _{olhf

o c{w ejkbop of ~flxf I lf dluxolxk x^" , kuxk kuxop {m ~f{ef hdpkdxo hf ~flxf ^ k o

c{w ~pkeduop ~kpefppkp o~klou ex^"=&0yx~" , Of ejkbop of ~flxf _ lf dluxolxk x_"

o c{w xkp ~kpefppdhf ex_"=&0!yx_"#

Ouudm#

K fu pkcbdfu hfu fùkpyohfpku ^ k _ kuxopf ifpo hk ~ouuf# ukb{lhf fu

fùkpyohfpku hf uduxkmo U# ~fp {mo q{olxdhohk hoho ~fp

?;

x_"= &0ey

x_"x^"=y &e0

?y0 &e0

x^"= &0e!y k

O


20/52

8,8 XPOLUIFPMOKU HK CFPKLXW

O eo~oedhohk hk efm{ldeop k efm~opop fu pku{cxohfu hfu modu hdykpufu

kz~kpdmklxfu {m hfu ~dcopku xolxf hf mxfhf edklxidef hk dlykuxdbop o lox{pkwo

q{olxf hf hkuklyfcydmklxf xkelfcbdef, hk ydxoc dm~fpxledo uo`kp efmf o

hkuepdf hk {mo ukqledo hk kyklxfu ikdxo ~kcfu fùkpyohfpku hk {m uduxkmo

dlkpedoc hdikpk ho hkuepdf ho mkumo ukqledo hk kyklxfu ikdxo ~kcfu fùkpyohfpku

hk f{xpf uduxkmo dlkpedoc, Modu ohdolxk *ukf 8,?0$ ykpkmfu q{k fu fùkpyohfpku

hk hfdu uduxkmou dlkpedodu hduxdlxfu lf ~pkeduom eflefphop lkm mkumf efm o

fphkm xkm~fpoc hk {mo ukqledo hk kyklxfu# hkuhk q{k xodu kyklxfu oeflxkom

km ~flxfu u{idedklxkmklxk hduxolxku,

Efmf ou effphklohou oxpd`{hou o {m kyklxf ^~kcfu fùkpyohfpku hf uduxkmo

dlkpedoc U uf xpoluifpmohou ~opo ou effphklohou oxpd {hou of mkumf kyklxf ^

~kcfu fùkpyohfpku hf uduxkmo dlkpedoc U6 O mkcjfp ifpmo hk pku~flhkp o kuuo

q{kuxf efludhkpop f efm~fpxomklxf ho c{w# yduxf q{k u{o ~pf~obof ouu{lxf

hk {m hfu ~fux{cohfu ho pkcoxdydhohk hk Kdluxkdl, ^fp klq{olxf# loho uo`kmfu

uf`pk f efm~fpxomklxf hk kcxpflu# o{xfmykdu f{ pb{ou mou uo`kmfu q{k km

xfhfu fu uduxkmou dlkpedodu o c{w uk ~pf~obo efm o mkumo ykcfedhohk e# o hku~kdxf

hf kuxohf hk mfydmklxf ho iflxk hk c{w,

Lf dluxolxk hk xkm~f x = > {m ~{cuf hk c{w kmdxdhf ho fpdbkm F hf uduxkmo

dlkpedoc U, ôpo udm~cdideop o olcduk ohmdxo q{k lkuuk kzoxf dluxolxk o fpdbkm F hfuduxkmo dlkpedoc U efdledho efm o fpdbkm F

hk U k q{k fu pkcbdfu {uohfu ~opo mkhdp f

xkm~f km U k oq{kcku {uohfu km U ukgom

xfhfu oekpxohfu hk mfhf o dlhdeop x => = x"

q{olhf ou fpdbklu F k F kuxdykpkm

uf`pk~fuxou, Ocm hduuf# fu kdzfu Fz k

Fz#Ft k Ft# Fw k Fw uf ~opockcfuhfdu o hfdu, ^fp idm# f uduxkmo U mfyk-uk efm ykcfedhohk efluxolxk y =y d km

pkcof o U, O kuuo eflidb{pof# mfuxpoho lo Idb, 2# ejomomfu eflidb{pof

~ohpf,

F ~{cuf hk c{w kmdxdhf lou effphklohou ku~ofxkm~fpodu *z = ># t = ># w = ># x =

>$ km U k *z = ># t = ># w = ># x = >$ km U oxdlbdp f ~flxf ^ hk effphklohou *z# t#

w$ lf xkm~f x# ukb{lhf fu fùkpyohfpku hk U# eopoexkpdwolhf f kyklxf ^, Ukb{lhf

fu fùkpyohfpku hk U# f mkumf kyklxf xkm effphklohou *z# t# w# x$, _{oc o pkcof

klxpk ou effphklohou *z# t# w# x$ k ou effphklohou *z#t#w#x$6

O Ckd hk ~pf~obof ho C{w ~kpmdxk kuepkykp {mo kq{of ~opo cfeocdwop

?9


21/52

fu ~flxfu ~kpxkleklxku o ipklxk hk flho kuipdeo hf ~{cuf hk c{w# xolxf lf uduxkmo

U#

q{olxf lf uduxkmo U#

F udbldideohf hk eoho kq{of udm~cku7 lf uduxkmo U*U$ o c{w kz~olhk-uk

kuikpdeomklxk efm ykcfedhohk e k bouxo {m xkm~f x *x$ ~opo oxdlbdp f ~flxf ^ udx{ohf o

{mo hduxledo z0 !t0 !w0 z"0 !t"0 !w"0 ho fpdbkm F *F$ lo q{oc kuxoyo o iflxk hk

c{w,

Efmf ou ckdu ho lox{pkwo uf ou mkumou km q{ocq{kp uduxkmo dlkpedoc k efmf o

Ckd hk ^pf~obof ho C{w {mo ckd ho lox{pkwo ~pkeduf q{k

uklhf o {mo efluxolxk dlhk~klhklxk ho ykcfedhohk y klxpk fu uduxkmou dlkpedodu,

Lf eouf xpdydoc km q{k y=> ou effphklohou hfu ~flxfu ho ipklxk hk flho hf ~{cuf

hk c{w uf ou mkumou xolxf km U q{olxf km U *lo ykphohk# U dhlxdef o U$ k o

kq{of *8,5$ hkyk ukp {mo dhklxdhohk xpdydoc#

Efmf o dlhk~klhklxk ho ykcfedhohk uk{ yocfp ukp ukm~pk ? k o kq{of *8,5$ xfplo-

uk

F ^pdle~df ho Pkcoxdydhohk kzdbk q{k {mo ~opxe{co km mfydmklxf pkxdclkf

{ldifpmk km pkcof o U kuxkgo xom`m km mfydmklxf pkxdclkf {ldifpmk km

pkcof o U, ôpo xoc# ~pkeduf q{k o xpoluifpmof hk effphklohou ukgo cdlkop',Ou xpoluifpmoku klxpk ou effphklohou ku~oedodu ~kp~klhde{copku hdpkf hk

mfydmklxf pkcoxdyf klxpk fu uduxkmou U k U uf udm~ckumklxk

ôpo eflyklekp-uk hduuf# u{~fljo q{k h{ou pb{ou P k P dhlxdeou# {mo uf`pk f

kdzf Ft k f{xpo uf`pk f kdzf Ft# kuxkgom omòu efm u{o kzxpkmdhohk dlikpdfp uf`pk o

fpdbkm hf uduxkmo dlkpedoc lf q{oc o pku~kexdyo pb{o kux km pk~f{uf# efmf mfuxpo o' Eflyklo-uk hduuf efm {mo xpoluifpmof lf-cdlkop ho ifpmo z = z - yx ! x0, Uk km U f mfydmklxf pkxdclkf {ldifpmkhk {mo ~opxe{co hkuepdxf ~fp z = yx# km U f mfydmklxf ho ~opxe{co ukp hkuepdxf ~fp z = x0# q{k lf eopoexkpuxdefhk {m mfydmklxf pkxdclkf {ldifpmk, Lkuuk eouf# U lf {m uduxkmo dlkpedoc,

?2

z0 !t0 !w0 =e0 x0

z"0

!t"0

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z0 !t0 !w0e0 x0 =o z"0 !t"0 !w"0e0 x"0 *8,5$#

z0 !t0 !w0e0 x0 z"0 !t"0 !w"0e0 x"0 o=?

#

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*8,8$

z0 !t0 !w0e0 x0 =z"0 !t"0 !w"0e0 x"0,*8,;$

t"=t

w"=w*8,9$

,

O


22/52

Idb, :o,

Uk f mfydmklxf eo{uop# ~fp kzkm~cf# o

hdmdl{df hf efm~pdmklxf ho pb{o fu

fùkpyohfpku hk U hdpf q{k o pb{o P mklfp

hf q{k o pb{o kuxoedflpdo P *Idb, :`$, Uk ou

kzxpkmdhohku hou pb{ou ~fuu{pkm ~kq{kloucmdlou {mo mopeo dlhkcykc ukp hkdzoho ~kco

pb{o P uf`pk f efp~f ho pb{o P,

F ^pdle~df ho Pkcoxdydhohk bopolxk q{k fu

fùkpyohfpku hk U hdpf q{k o pb{o mykc P

modu e{pxo hf q{k o pb{o kuxoedflpdo P *Idb, :e$,

[mo mopeo dlhkcykc ukp hkdzoho ~fp P uf`pk f

efp~f hk P,J {mo ldeo ifpmo hk kz~cdeop efmf P ~fhk

mopeop P *ukb{lhf fu fùkpyohfpku hk U$ of

mkumf xkm~f km q{k P mopeo P *ukb{lhf fu

fùkpyohfpku hk U$, ~pkeduf q{k ou h{ou pb{ou#

{mo mykc k f{xpo kuxoedflpdo ukb{lhf fu hfdu eflg{lxfu hk f ukpyohfpku#

xkljom f mkumf efm~pdmklxf, Ouudm# ou effphklohou ku~oedodu ~kp~klhde{copku

hdpkf hf mfydmklxf pkcoxdyf lf uf ocxkpohou,

ôpo ou effphklohou z k x xkmfu

Uk y = > hkykmfu kleflxpop

k ~fpxolxf ou i{lku *y$# *y$# *y$ k *y$ yockm# ~opo y = >#

Ou xpoluifpmoku dlykpuou hou kq{oku *8,2$ uf

?:

ex"=z!ex

z"=z!ex *8,2$

> => = >

> =?= >

,

z"=z

ex"=ex *8,:$

*8,4$,


23/52

k hkykmfu kzdbdp q{k - > ,

O fpdbkm F hk U *efm ykcfedhohk hz&hx = > km U$ xkm ykcfedhohk hz & hx = y

km pkcof o U k ~fpxolxf

Ho mkumo ifpmo o fpdbkm F hk U *efm ykcfedhohk hz&hx = > km U$ xkm ykcfedhohk

hz & hx = - y km pkcof o U k ~fpxolxf#

Of efm~opop *8,??$ k *8,?0$ kleflxpomfu *y$ = *y$,

_{olhf ou dlifpmoku hdu~flykdu uf`pk ou xpoluifpmoku hk effphklohou uf

pk{ldhou k u{`uxdx{hou lo kq{of *8,;$ k fu efkidedklxku hfu xkpmfu e0 x0# z0 k e z x

efm~opohfu# f`xkmfu

k efmf = #

*y$ ejomohf f IOXFP HK CFPKLXW k l{leo mklfp hf q{k ?,

Ou xpoluifpmoku klxpk ou effphklohou hk {m kyklxf lf uduxkmo U k lf

uduxkmo U uf

?4

y =?

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z=?

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1


24/52

Ou xpoluifpmoku kleflxpohou uf ejomohou XPOLUIFPMOKU HK

CFPKLXW k uf eflukqledo dmkhdoxo hfu hfdu ~fux{cohfu hk Kdluxkdl, Ou

xpoluifpmoku hk Cfpklxw uf o ufc{f modu udm~cku *efm kzekf ho ufc{f

xpdydoc y = >$ hf ~pf`ckmo hk pkcoedflop ou effphklohou hk hfdu uduxkmou dlkpedodu hk

molkdpo xoc q{k {m ~{cuf kuipdef hk c{w efm ykcfedhohk e lf f{xpf uduxkmo,

{mo xopkio udm~cku dlykpxkp ou xpoluifpmoku hk Cfpklxw, Kuq{ko ou

kq{oku *8,?>$ k {uk o ~pfi{lho udmkxpdo q{k j klxpk {m uduxkmo dlkpedoc U efmykcfedhohk y km pkcof o U k f uduxkmo U# q{k uk mfyk efm ykcfedhohk -y km

pkcof o U, Ouudm

`ouxolhf xpfeop fu ~o~du hou effphklohou hk U k hk U k dlykpxkp f uklxdhf *k f

udloc$ ho ykcfedhohk lou xpoluifpmoku hk Cfpklxw,

_{olhf o ykcfedhohk pkcoxdyo y ~kq{klo km efm~opof ykcfedhohk ho c{w e

*y&e 33 ?$ f ioxfp hk Cfpklxw *y$ xklhk o {ldhohk k u xpoluifpmoku hk Cfpklxw

*8,?9$ xfplom-uk

q{k uf m{dxf ~opkedhou efm ou xpoluifpmoku hk Bocdck{ ho iudeo hk Lkrxfl

*kq{oku *?,?$$, O hdikpklo# f xkpmf ye

z # ukpdo pku~fluykc ~kco iocxo hk

0>

x"= y x yze0 z"= y zyx

t"=t

w"=w

x= y x" yz"e0 z= y z"yx"

t=t"

w=w"

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z" z y

eex

t"=t

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ex" ex

y

ez

#

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25/52

udlepfldo klxpk pkcbdfu km mfydmklxf# mou# lfu kz~kpdmklxfu ~fuuykdu ox o

mkxohk hf ue{cf ZDZ o q{olxdhohk ex bkpocmklxk m{dxf modfp hf q{ky

ez ,

Lkuuou eflhdku dm~fuuykc hkxkexop ocb{m hkuydf o~pkedykc ho lff hk

Xkm~f Oùfc{xf k# lo ~pxdeo# x x, Duuf kz~cdeo f klfpmk u{ekuuf ho iudeo hk

Lkrxfl# q{k ~fp hfdu ue{cfu cdhf{ efm iklmklfu km òdzou ykcfedhohku k km

udx{oku lou q{odu x x,

8,; EFLXPOF HK EFM^PDMKLXF HK CFPKLXW-IDXWBKPOCH

Lf uduxkmo dlkpedoc U j {mo òppo km pk~f{uf of cflbf hf kdzf Fz, Efmf o

òppo kux km pk~f{uf lf ~pkeduf mkhdp ou effphklohou hk ~fudf hk uk{u

kzxpkmfu# z? k z0# hk mfhf udm{cxlkf km U, F efm~pdmklxf ho òppo# ukb{lhf fu

fùkpyohfpku hk U#

k ejomohf f EFM^PDMKLXF ^P^PDF# F[ HK PK^F[UF# HO @OPPO,

^fp f{xpf cohf# f uduxkmo U *k efm kck# o òppo$ mfyk-uk efm ykcfedhohk y =y d

km pkcof of uduxkmo dlkpedoc U, Lkuuk uduxkmo modu efm~cdeohf mkhdp f

efm~pdmklxf ho òppo mykc, Obfpo# ~pkeduf e{dhop ~opo q{k ou mkhdhou hou

effphklohou hfu kzxpkmfu ho òppo ukgom ikdxou udm{cxolkomklxk

*udm{cxolkomklxk km U7 g ydmfu q{k lo pkcoxdydhohk hk Kdluxkdl o udm{cxolkdhohkhk kyklxfu hk~klhk hf uduxkmo dlkpedoc km q{k ou mkhdhou uf ikdxou$, O hkidldf

hf efm~pdmklxf C ho òppo km U '

ôpo pkcoedflop fu efm~pdmklxfu C> k C òuxo o~cdeop ou xpoluifpmoku hk

Cfpklxw *8,?9$#

k eoce{cop

' Efmf fu pkcbdfu hfu fùkpyohfpku uk U kuxf udlepfldwohfu# òuxo q{k efm`dlkm q{k fu fùkpyohfpku q{k kuxdykpkmmodu ~pzdmfu hou kzxpkmdhohku ho òppo km {m hohf jfppdf ~pkydomklxk kuxo`kckedhf pkbduxpkm o ~fudf hk eohokzxpkmdhohk, Kuuk f mfhf modu udm~cku hk iowkp fùkpyoku udm{cxlkou,

0?

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26/52

Ouudm# fu fùkpyohfpku hk U hdpf q{k o òppo km mfydmklxf ~fuu{d

efm~pdmklxf

mklfp hf q{k f efm~pdmklxf ~p~pdf C> oxpd`{hf òppo ~kcfu fùkpyohfpku hk U#

q{k kuxf km pk~f{uf km pkcof òppo *ykp Idb, 4$,

[m iklmklf ~opkedhf efm kuuk ifd oyklxohf efmf ~fuuykc kz~cdeof hf

pku{cxohf lkboxdyf hf kz~kpdmklxf hk Mdejkcufl - Mfpckt ~fp Cfpklxw k IdxwBkpoch

{mo heoho olxku ho pkcoxdydhohk hk Kdluxkdl *y, ukf 5,5$ efmf xklxoxdyo hk uocyop

o lff hk xkp, C# C> kpo f efm~pdmklxf q{k o òppo xkpdo uk kuxdykuuk km pk~f{uf

km pkcof of xkp, Oq{d# f iklmklf udmxpdef7 uk fu fùkpyohfpku hk U mkhdpkm

f efm~pdmklxf C hk {mo òppo hk efm~pdmklxf ~p~pdf C> q{k kuxkgo km pk~f{uf km

pkcof o U hkuef`pdpf q{k C = C> & *y$, O òppo km mfydmklxf ukm~pk mklfp hf

q{k o mkumo òppo km pk~f{uf mou lf j eflxpohdf ocb{mo7 o udm{cxolkdhohk

lf uduxkmo U hdikpk ho udm{cxolkdhohk lf uduxkmo U,

ôpo o~pkedop f ~o~kc ho udm{cxolkdhohk hou mkhdhou hfu kzxpkmfu Z0*x$ k Z?*x$

efludhkpk f ukb{dlxk kz~kpdmklxf ikdxf ~opo xklxop mkhdp f efm~pdmklxf ho òppo kmmfydmklxf, Hfdu pkcbdfu uf efcfeohfu eoho q{oc km {mo hou kzxpkmdhohku ho

òppo k udlepfldwohfu km U# uduxkmo lf q{oc o òppo kux km pk~f{uf, Lf dluxolxk

hk xkm~f x = > eoho {m hkcku kmdxk {m ioejf hk c{w lo hdpkf Ft, Fu ioejfu hk

c{w uf eo~xohfu ~fp hfdu hkxkexfpku hk {mo updk hk hkxkexfpku ku~ocjohfu uf`pk

f kdzf Fz hf uduxkmo U, O hduxledo klxpk kuuku hfdu hkxkexfpku ukp o hdikpklo

klxpk ou ~fudku

00

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27/52

hfu hkxkexfpku k ukp

O hdikpklo klxpk kuuk pku{cxohf k f pku{cxohf efppkxf *kq, 8,05$ kux lf ioxf hk

q{k obfpo xklxomfu mkhdp f efm~pdmklxf ho òppo mykc# ~opo fùkpyohfpku hk U#{uolhf o udm{cxolkdhohk km U ho kmduuf hk c{w lfu kzxpkmfu ho òppo klq{olxf

olxkpdfpmklxk o mkhdho ifd ikdxo ckyolhf km eflxo o udm{cxolkdhohk xoc efmf

hkidldho km U, Fu fùkpyohfpku hk U hdpf q{k f ioejf hk c{w ho kzxpkmdhohk ho

ipklxk ho òppo ifd hdu~opohf *y$ yC> & e0 hk~fdu hf hdu~opf hf ~pdmkdpf ioejf,

ecopf# klxf# q{k o kzxpkmdhohk ho ipklxk kuxop modu ipklxk hf q{k hkykpdo k q{k

o mkhdho lf xkp udhf ikdxo efppkxomklxk# ~fdu o òppo kux km mfydmklxf,

_{olhf mkhdmfu f efm~pdmklxf hk {mo òppo q{k kuxkgo hdu~fuxo~kp~klhde{copmklxk km pkcof o hdpkf hk uk{ mfydmklxf loho oeflxkek# ~fdu

t = t k w = w, Km ~opxde{cop# duuf udbldideo q{k kuuou mkhdhou lf ~pkeduom ukp

ikdxou hk mfhf udm{cxlkf km q{ocq{kp uduxkmo dlkpedoc,

8,9 HDCOXOF HF XKM^F

Hfdu kyklxfu# ? k 0# oeflxkekm lo mkumo ~fudf ku~oedoc z mou lfu

dluxolxku hk xkm~f x? k x0 q{olhf mkhdhfu ~fp fùkpyohfpku km pk~f{uf lf

uduxkmo U?, Of dlxkpyocf hk xkm~f x> =x"0x"? ejomopkmfu f DLXKPYOCF HK

XKM^F ^P^PDF x>, Fu mkumfu kyklxfu oeflxkekpf# ukb{lhf fu

fùkpyohfpku hk U# lfu dluxolxku hk xkm~f

k ~fpxolxf f dlxkpyocf hk xkm~f# km U# klxpk fu kyklxfu ? k 0 ukp

Dlxkpyocfu hk xkm~f klxpk kyklxfu q{k oeflxkekm lf mkumf c{bop lf uduxkmodlkpedoc U uf modfpku q{olhf mkhdhfu lf uduxkmo dlkpedoc U# km mfydmklxf km

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28/52

pkcof o U# hf q{k q{olhf mkhdhfu km U#

ôpo klxklhkp mkcjfp kuuk pku{cxohf k pkuuocxop f ~o~kc

ep{edoc ho Efluxledo ho ykcfedhohk ho c{w efluxp{omfu {m

pkcbdf hk c{w km U? efluxdx{hf ~fp {mo iflxk hk c{w lo fpdbkm

F k {m ku~kcjf o {mo hduxoledo C ho fpdbkm k ~kp~klhde{cop of

kdzf Ft *ykp Idb, ?>$,F dlxkpyocf hk xkm~f lkekuupdf ~opo q{k o c{w y of

ku~kcjf k yfcxk pkickxdho o fpdbkm F db{oc o

F pkcbdf ~fhk kzd`dp km {m mfuxpohfp f yocfp hf dlxkpyocf hk xkm~f q{k o c{w ckyo

~opo dp of ku~kcjf k yfcxop o fpdbkm F k xfhfu fu fùkpyohfpku# km q{ocq{kp uduxkmo#

eflefphopf km hdwkp q{k {m pkcbdf km pk~f{uf lf uduxkmo U mopeo f dlxkpyocf hk

xkm~f x>, Kuuku fùkpyohfpku ~fhkm xom`m iowkp mkhdhou hf dlxkpyocf hk xkm~f

q{k o c{w ckyo ~opo efm~ckxop kuuk xpogkxf {uolhf uk{u ~p~pdfu pkcbdfu,

Fu fùkpyohfpku hf uduxkmo U ~fhkm mkhdp f xkm~f q{k o c{w ckyo ~opo dp ho

fpdbkm F hk U ox f ku~kcjf k yfcxop# {uolhf {m pkcbdf km pk~f{uf km U, Kcku f

iopf ~fp mkdf hk {m eflg{lxf hk pkcbdfu km pk~f{uf k udlepfldwohfu km U#

ku~ocjohfu ~fp xfhfu fu ~flxfu hk uk{ uduxkmo dlkpedoc,

Of ckp q{ocq{kp {m hfu pkcbdfu hk U kuxomfu ekpxfu hk q{k xfhfu fu pkcbdfuhk U o~pkuklxom o mkumo ckdx{po, Ckmfu f pkcbdf P? hk U q{olhf o c{w k kmdxdho

ho fpdbkm F hk U k f pkcbdf P0 hk U q{olhf f ~{cuf hk c{w pkxfplo o fpdbkm F, F

dlxkpyocf hk xkm~f hkh{wdhf hkuuou ckdx{pou x, Lo Idb, ?? ykmfu {m eouf km

q{k f pkcbdf hk c{w mfyk-uk efm ykcfedhohk y = e & 0 k xkm ~kpfhf ~p~pdf x>

db{oc o 0#> u, Lf uduxkmo dlkpedoc U f ~kpfhf hf pkcbdf hk 0#5 u, Ykgomfu efmf

duuf ~fuuykc,

08

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29/52

Efmf o c{w ~pf~obo-uk efm ykcfedhohk e

km xfhfu fu uduxkmou dlkpedodu ~pkeduf

o~klou hkuef`pdp q{oc f ~kpe{puf ~kpefppdhf

~kco c{w ukb{lhf fu fùkpyohfpku hk U, Km U

f o~opoxf mfyk-uk {mo hduxledo y x&0 ~opo o

hdpkdxo klxpk o kmduuf ho c{w k u{o pkickzflf ku~kcjf, Hod ox u{o yfcxo o fpdbkm Fhk U

f o~opoxf mfyk-uk modu y x&0 ~opo o hdpkdxo,

O udx{of kuxpdxomklxk kq{dyocklxk

oq{kco kleflxpoho lo olcduk hf kz~kpdmklxf hk Mdejkcufl - Mfpckt *ukf 5,?$ k

o hduxledo ~kpefppdho ~kco c{w km U

F ~kpfhf hk xkm~f x oxpd`{hf of pkcbdf km mfydmklxf ~kcfu fùkpyohfpku

hk U ~fhk ukp kleflxpohf o ~opxdp hk

F pkcbdf km pk~f{uf km U ~opkekp# ~opo fùkpyohfpku km U# efppkp modu

cklxomklxk hf q{k fu pkcbdfu hk U ~fdu f xkm~f x> mopeohf ~fp kck mklfp hf q{k

f xkm~f x mopeohf ~kcfu pkcbdfu hk U',

Fu fùkpyohfpku hk U dlxkp~pkxom x{hf hk

mfhf hdikpklxk, Ukb{lhf kcku fu pkcbdfu hk U

kuxoyom ifpo hk udlepfldo *Idb, ?0$ k# ~fpxolxf#

modu hf q{k lox{poc q{k ou mkhdhou ikdxou

~kcfu fùkpyohfpku hk U kuxkgom km hkuoefphfefm u{ou ~p~pdou mkhdhou, _{olhf o c{w ifd

kmdxdho ~kcf pkcbdf hk c{w f pkcbdf P0 hk U#

pku~fluykc ~fp mopeop f xkm~f hk pkxfplf ho

c{w o fpdbkm F hk U# g mopeoyo >#9: u,

' [m kz~kpdmklxf hdykpxdhf QG, E, Joikck# P, K, Akoxdlb# Uedklek ?22# ?99 *?420$] ckyf{ hfdu pkcbdfu oxmdefu hk Eudf kmyfu of pkhfp hf m{lhf, Fu pku{cxohfu efppdbdhfu ~opo hkueflxop kikdxfu ho pfxof ho Xkppo k ho pkcoxdydhohk bkpoc kuxfkm eflefphledo efm ou ~pkyduku hk hdcoxof xkm~fpoc ho pkcoxdydhohk pkuxpdxo, Yfop ukm~pk ~opo f ckuxk pkxopho fklykcjkedmklxf km ;4 lu ~fp yfcxo,

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30/52

8,2 O CFLBO YDHO HF MUFL

_{olhf podfu eumdefu kuukledocmklxk ~pxflu hk ocxuudmo klkpbdo

ejkbom o ocxo oxmfuikpo xkppkuxpk epdom-uk fu ejomohfu ej{ykdpfu eumdefu,

Bpolhk ~opxk hou ~opxe{cou lfu ej{ykdpfu eumdefu uf muflu *~flu$#

~opxe{cou dluxykdu q{k hkeokm km f{xpou ~opxe{cou ejomohou muflu *mdflu

f{ m{flu$, Fu muflu # xom`m uf dluxykdu k hkeokm ukb{dlhf o ckd hk

hkeodmklxf pohdfoxdyf# L*x$ = L> kz~*-x cl0&x?&0$# uklhf L> k L f lmkpf hk muflu

lf xkm~f hk u{o ~pfh{f k lf xkm~f x# pku~kexdyomklxk, O efluxolxk x?&0 o mkdo-

ydho hf mufl # f{ ukgo# f xkm~f lkekuupdf ~opo q{k o ~f~{cof hk muflu

ukgo pkh{wdho ~kco mkxohk, Lf uduxkmo hk pk~f{uf hfu muflu u{o mkdo-ydho hk

5#? z ?> -9 u,

Uk mflxopmfu hkxkexfpku hk muflu lf xf~f hk {mo mflxoljo hk ;#> am

hk ocx{po k eflxopmfu f lmkpf hk muflu q{k ydogom efm ykcfedhohk y = >#4: e

f`xkpkmfu {m lmkpf efmf ?>9 muflu km {m ekpxf dlxkpyocf hk xkm~f, Lkuuo

ykcfedhohk fu muflu hkykpdom ckyop c #2z?> -;u *~pkyduf lf - pkcoxdyuxdeo$ ~opo

ejkbop of lykc hf mop k o~klou 0#0z?> 8 muflu hkykpdom ukp hkxkexohfu co,

Xfhoydo# f kz~kpdmklxf mfuxpo q{k 8#2z?>; muflu uf hkxkexohfu of lykc hf

mop *0? ykwku modu hf q{k u{bkpk o ~pkyduf lf-pkcoxdyuxdeo$1 o mkdo-ydho hf

mufl ~opkek ukp hk c#9z ?>-; u *; ykwku modu cflbo hf q{k km pk~f{uf$,

F xpoxomklxf pkcoxdyuxdef mfuxpo q{k# lf uduxkmo hk pk~f{uf hf mufl oydobkm lf h{po x=?#2z?> - ;u mou udm x> = Ox& = 5#8z ?>-9 u *y = >#4:e =< =

;$, ^fpxolxf# 8#2 z?>; muflu hkykm uf`pkydykp o ydobkm, O hdcoxof xkm~fpoc

kuukledoc ~opo klxklhkp o o~opklxk ydho cflbo hf mufl ,

O ydobkm hf mufl xom`m ~fhk ukp olocduoho ~fp {m fùkpyohfp ufcdhpdf

o ~opxe{co, ôpo kck# k ~opo f mufl # o hduxledo hf xf~f ho mflxoljo ox fu

hkxkexfpku of lykc hf mop lf ukp C> = ;#> am mou o~klou C = C>& = ?#> am

*~opo f mufl o Xkppo yod o uk{ kleflxpf o ykcfedhohk hk >#4: e$, O Xkppo#

ukb{lhf f mufl # dlxkpek~xo f ikdzk hk muflu km o~klou ?#> am & >#4: e = 5#8z

?>-9 u, ^fpxolxf# 8#2z ?>; muflu hkykm uf`pkydykp ydobkm,

O ydho hf mufl {m `fm kzkm~cf ho pkocdhohk ho hdcoxof xkm~fpoc' k ho

eflxpof hf efm~pdmklxf7 lf uf xp{q{ku ikdxfu efm ku~kcjf k {m ~f{ef hk

dc{mdlof ohkq{oho, O olcduk# ikdxo km hfdu uduxkmou dlkpedodu hduxdlxfu# mfuxpo q{k

km {m hkuuku uduxkmou f iklmklf efluduxk km muflu mfyklhf-uk efm

ocxuudmo ykcfedhohk k ufipklhf o hdcoxof xkm~fpoc klq{olxf lf f{xpf uduxkmo

' Fùkpyoku hk e{pyou hk c{w hk u{~kplfyou ykcfeedmou hf xd~f Do uf f{xpf `fm kzkm~cf, F mzdmf hk c{mdlfudhohkhou u{~kplfyou Do ykcfwku oxpouo ypdfu hdou *ukm~pk km oefphf efm o pkcoxdydhohk$ km pkcof o u{ou ukmkcjolxku kmpk~f{uf km pkcof Xkppo, Q@, Ckd`{lhb{x kx oc,# Ouxpf~jtu, G, 899 C0? *?449$,]

09


31/52

dlkpedoc x{hf kz~cdeohf ~kco eflxpof hk efm~pdmklxf hk Cfpklxw - IdxwBkpoch,

Omòu ou hkuepdku kuxf hk oefphf efm fu pku{cxohfu kz~kpdmklxodu Q@, Pfuud#

H,@, Jocc# ^jtu, Pky, ;4# 005 *?48?$],

8,: O@KPPOF PKCOXDYUXDEO HO C[W KUXKCOPHdue{xdmfu lo ukf 5,0 o o`kppof ho c{w kuxkcop efmf klxklhdho km ?20:

q{olhf @pohckt kux{hf{ e{dhohfuomklxk f iklmklf, ôpo fùkpyop {mo kuxpkco

q{k kuxkgo uf`pk lfuuou eo`kou hkykmfu dlecdlop f xkckue~df hk {m ~kq{klf

lb{cf , O hdue{uuf lf-pkcoxdyuxdeo ~kpmdxd{ eflec{dp q{k

uklhf y o ykcfedhohk ho Xkppo km pkcof of xkp# pk~pkuklxohf ~kcf uduxkmo

dlkpedoc hou kuxpkcou idzou,

U{~fljo q{k lf uduxkmo U# lf q{oc o kuxpkco kux km pk~f{uf lo fpdbkm# o c{w

ukgo kmdxdho lf dluxolxk x/ lo hdpkf hf kdzf Fw, O Xkppo kux km pk~f{uf lf

uduxkmo U# q{k ydogo efm ykcfedhohk y=y d km pkcof o U, O xpogkxpdo ho c{w

km U hoho ~fp

~fdu z = >,

F lb{cf hk dlecdlof hf xkckue~deo hkyk ukp

Xklhf km yduxo q{k# ~opo o Xkppo# y &e ?> -8 xfplo-uk m{dxf hdiedc fùkpyop

q{ocq{kp hdikpklo klxpk o ~pkyduf pkcoxdyuxdeo k u{o olxkekuufpo, Hkuuk mfhf#

omòu eflefphom m{dxf `km efm fu kz~kpdmklxfu,

Hk mfhf bkpoc k m{dxf hdiedc fùkpyop kikdxfu pkcoxdyuxdefu efm ou ykcfedhohku

hk lfuuf q{fxdhdolf *o ykcfedhohk fp`dxoc ho Xkppo k hk 5> am&u k duuf ~pfh{w {m

ioxfp hk Cfpklxw *Y$ q{k modfp hf q{k ? ~fp {mo q{olxdhohk xf ~kq{klo q{olxf

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32/52

8,4 KIKDXF HF^^CKP

_{olhf {mo om`{cledo ~ouuo ~fp lu km ocxo ykcfedhohk efm u{o udpklo

cdboho ~kpek`kmfu q{k klq{olxf uk o~pfzdmo hk lu f ufm q{k hkco f{ydmfu

modu ob{hf# xkm modfp ipkqledo# hf q{k q{olhf uk oiouxo, Kuuk iklmklf

efljkedhf efmf kikdxf Hf~~ckp k ~fhk ukp klxklhdhf efm òuk lfu mfydmklxfu ho

iflxk hk flhou# hf pkek~xfp k hf mkdf lf q{oc uf ~pf~obohou Qy, J,M,

L{uuklwykdb# "E{puf hk Iudeo @udeo"# yfc, 0# Khboph @cddejkp *?449$], ~pkeduf

ckyop km eflxo# ~fpm# q{k `fo ~opxk hf kikdxf q{k lfuufu f{ydhfu ~kpek`km efm

om`{cledou k flhou uflfpou hkyk-uk modu of o{mklxf ho dlxkludhohk uflfpo# q{k

lfuufu f{ydhfu dlxkp~pkxom xom`m efmf o{mklxf ho ipkqledo# hf q{k of kikdxf

Hf~~ckp *~kpek`kmfu f ufm ho udpklo hk {mo om`{cledo o ?>> am&j o~klou hfdu

ukmdxflu oedmo ho ipkqledo kmdxdho7 C ~kpek`dhf efmf Ud k ouudm ~fp hdolxk,$[mo hou eflukqledou modu dlxkpkuuolxku hf kikdxf Hf~~ckp efm flhou q{k uk

~pf~obom km {m mkdf o ~fuud`dcdhohk hk hduekpldp klxpk {m hkucfeomklxf hk

ipkqledo eo{uohf ~kcf mfydmklxf ho iflxk km pkcof of mkdf k {m eo{uohf

~kcf mfydmklxf hf pkek~xfp km pkcof of mkdf f{ odlho hk {m xkpekdpf eo{uohf

~fp {mo efm`dlof hfu hfdu kikdxfu, F mkdf lf q{oc uk h o ~pf~obof ho flho

hkukm~kljo {m ~o~kc ~pdydckbdohf# efmf f xkp ho iudeo ~p-pkcoxdydhohk,

Flhou hk c{w lf ~pkeduom hk {m mkdf ~opo ~pf~obop-uk k ~fhkmfu ku~kpop#

xklhf km yduxo f ^pdle~df ho Pkcoxdydhohk# q{k f kikdxf Hf~~ckp ouu{mo ikdku

lfyou lo pkcoxdydhohk hk Kdluxkdl,

[mo iflxk km pk~f{uf lo fpdbkm F hf uduxkmo U kmdxk ~{cufu hk c{w hk mfhf

~kpdhdef, Hfdu hkuuku ~{cufu uf kmdxdhfu# ~fp kzkm~cf# lfu dluxolxku hk xkm~f

x = > k x = X> k pkek`dhfu ~fp {m pkek~xfp km pk~f{uf lo fpdbkm F hf uduxkmo U, F

~pdmkdpf ~{cuf pkek`dhf lf dluxolxk x = > k# ukb{lhf fu fùkpyohfpku hk U# ou

effphklohou ho kmduuf hf ukb{lhf ~{cuf uf

~fdu f ukb{lhf ~{cuf kmdxdhf km z = ># x = X> ukb{lhf fu fùkpyohfpku hk U,

Efmf f ukb{lhf ~{cuf kmdxdhf ho ~fudf z=yX> &?y0 & e0 k ~pf~obo-uk

efm ykcfedhohk e# ckyop {m dlxkpyocf hk xkm~f

0:

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33/52

~opo ukp pkek`dhf lo fpdbkm F hk U, ^fpxolxf# f dlxkpyocf hk xkm~f klxpk o

pkek~f hf ~pdmkdpf ~{cuf km z = > *x = >$ k o pkek~f hf ukb{lhf ~{cuf lf

mkumf ~flxf z = > yock

O ipkqledo f dlykpuf hf dlxkpyocf hk xkm~f klxpk hfdu kyklxfu u{ekuudyfu hf

mkumf xd~f, Ouudm# km U# o ipkqledo hk kmduuf i> = ? &X>k km U o ipkqledo

hk pkek~f yock

_{olhf o iflxk k f pkek~xfp o~pfzdmom-uk o ipkqledo i modfp hf q{k o

ipkqledo i> k ydek-ykpuo, Lf j efmf hdwkp q{oc hfu hfdu kux km mfydmklxf

oùfc{xf,

Ocm hkuuk kikdxf Hf~~ckp# ejomohf cflbdx{hdloc ~fpq{k o cdljo q{k {lk o

iflxk k f pkek~xfp ~opockco o ykcfedhohk pkcoxdyo klxpk om`fu# j xom`m f kikdxf

Hf~~ckp xpoluykpuoc# q{k {mo kzec{udydhohk ho pkcoxdydhohk hk Kdluxkdl,

Lf kikdxf Hf~~ckp xpoluykpuoc o cdljo q{k {lk o iflxk k f pkek~xfp

~kp~klhde{cop o ykcfedhohk pkcoxdyo klxpk om`fu k o~klou o hdcoxof hf xkm~f

~pkeduo ukp ckyoho km eflxo, Hkuuk mfhf#

[m kz~kpdmklxf pkeklxk# òukohf lf kikdxf Hf~~ckp# eo~ow hk mfuxpop q{k

kzxpkmomklxk dm~pfyykc q{k o lff hk xkp xkljo q{ocq{kp eflukqledo

fùkpyykc, F pku{cxohf hf kz~kpdmklxf kuxo`kckek q{k# km q{ocq{kp ~feo hf

olf# o ykcfedhohk ho Xkppo km pkcof o ocb{m ~fuuykc xkp hk# lf mzdmf

; em&u *B,P, Duooa# ^jtu, @{cc, 0?# 0;; *?42>$$, F kikdxf Hf~~ckp xom`m

kuukledoc of i{ledflomklxf hou kz~kpdledou hk pkuipdomklxf ~fp coukp hk xfmfu

lk{xpfu# eo~owku hk ~pfh{wdp xkm~kpox{pou xf òdzou q{olxf ?> -9 A *ou ~ockuxpou

mdlduxpohou ~kcfu obpoedohfu efm f ~pkmdf Lf kc hk Iudeo hk ?442 q{olhf hf

pkek`dmklxf hf ~pkmdf xpoxom hkuuk ouu{lxf7 U, Ej{# Pky, Mfh, ^jtu, 2># 9:; *?44:$1

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34/52

E,L, Efjkl-Xollf{hgd# Pky, Mfh^jtu, 2># 2>2 *?44:$1 R,H, ^jdccd~u# Pky, Mfh, ^jtu,

2># 20? *?44:$$,

F kikdxf Hf~~ckp xkm bpolhk dm~fpxledo ~pxdeo, U{o kzduxledo xfplo ~fuuykc f

{uf hk pohopku mkxkfpfcbdefu# q{k hkxkexom o ykcfedhohk hfu yklxfu hkuuo molkdpo#

hk pohopku hk oydof k hk xpludxf, F uduxkmo bcfòc hk cfeocdwof *Bcfòc

^fudxdfldlb Utuxkm - BÛ$ òukohf lfu uoxcdxku hk p`dxo lf-bkfkuxoedflpdo homopdljo hfu Kuxohfu [ldhfu xkpdo u{o kideedo òuxolxk pkh{wdho ukm f kikdxf Hf~~ckp,

Ox mkumf fu uoxcdxku hk xkckefm{ldeof km p`dxo bkfkuxoedflpdo xkpdom uk{

i{ledflomklxf k cfeocdwof oikxohfu eouf uk{u ~pfgkxduxou hkuefljkekuukm f kikdxf

Hf~~ckp,

O c{w kmdxdho ~kcfu hdykpufu kckmklxfu k efm~fuxfu q{mdefu o~pkuklxo {mo

ukqledo hk cdljou ecopou eopoexkpuxdeou hk eoho u{ùxledo# uk{ ku~kexpf hk

kmduuf', _{olhf f ku~kexpf ho c{w kmdxdho ~fp {mo boczdo hduxolxk olocduohf

hkuef pk-uk q{k xfhou ou cdljou kuxf hkucfeohou ~opo f ykpmkcjf *o ipkqledo

eopoexkpuxdeo hk eoho cdljo mklfp hf q{k o ipkqledo ho mkumo cdljo lo Xkppo$#

dlhdeolhf q{k o boczdo uk oiouxo hk lu, Km ?404# J{``ck mfuxpf{# o~u olocduop

{mo klfpmk q{olxdhohk hk ku~kexpfu bocexdefu# q{k o ykcfedhohk hk oiouxomklxf hk

eoho boczdo km pkcof o Xkppo ~pf~fpedfloc o u{o hduxledo ho Xkppo, Kuuo ifd {mo

hou ~pdmkdpou kydhledou hk q{k lfuuf [ldykpuf kux km kz~oluf# efmf ~pkyduxf

~kco bpoydxof hk Kdluxkdl,

8,?> ÔPOHFZF HO EFLXPOF HF EFM^PDMKLXF6

[mo òppo "pbdho" hk ?>em hk efm~pdmklxf ~p~pdf mfyk-uk

cflbdx{hdlocmklxk uf`pk {mo mkuo jfpdwflxoc, Km uk{ eomdljf j {m `{poef hk

?>em hk efm~pdmklxf ~p~pdf ef`kpxf ~fp {m oco~f q{k ~fhk ukp pkmfydhf

po~dhomklxk, Km pkcof o mkuo o òppo mfyk-uk efm ykcfedhohk y=?; e & 8 # q{k

~pfh{w {m ioxfp hk Cfpklxw = 8,ôpo fu fùkpyohfpku idzfu o mkuo# hf uduxkmo dlkpedoc U# o òppo xkm o~klou

0#; em hk kzxkluf k hkyk eodp lf `{poef xf cfbf f oco~f ukgo pkxdpohf, ôpo fu

fùkpyohfpku hk {m uduxkmo dlkpedoc U q{k uk mfyo efm ykcfedhohk db{oc o ho

òppo k f `{poef q{k ~fuu{d o~klou 0#; em hk kzxkluf k# ~fpxolxf# o òppo lf

hkyk eodp lf `{poef, _{km xkm powf6 Ou xpoluifpmoku hk Cfpklxw hkykm

pku~flhkp,

' F ku~kexpf hk {mo u{ùxledo xf kzec{udyf hk eoho u{ùxledo o ~flxf hk joykp ~kpmdxdhf hkuef`pdp f kckmklxfq{mdef Jcdf ~pdmkdpomklxk lf Ufc# efm òuk lf ku~kexpf hk c{w ufcop# k u klxf lo Xkppo, Xeldeou hk epfmoxfbpoidouf om~comklxk {xdcdwohou lo eopoexkpdwof hk u{ùxledou q{mdeou k uf òukohou lf ku~kexpf hk cdljou hk eohou{ùxledo,

5>

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35/52

ôpo kydxop q{ocq{kp dlecdlof ho òppo km pkcof o mkuo f oco~f u

pkxdpohf q{olhf# ~opo fu fùkpyohfpku hk U# xfho o òppo kuxdykp uf`pk f `{poef,

U{~fljo q{k lkuuk kzoxf mfmklxf ou fpdbklu hk U k U efdledhom k q{k x = > = x,

ôpo fu fùkpyohfpku hk U o kzxpkmdhohk xpoukdpo ho òppo xkm uk{ mfydmklxf

ykpxdeoc hkuepdxf ~fp

~fdu lo pkcoxdydhohk {mo ifpo efluxolxk efmf o ho bpoydhohk ~pfh{w oekckpof

q{ouk efluxolxk q{olhf o ykcfedhohk odlho òdzo, ôpo fu fùkpyohfpku hk U f

mfydmklxf ykpxdeoc ho kzxpkmdhohk xpoukdpo ho òppo hkuepdxf ~fp

uklhf z o effphkloho jfpdwflxoc ho kzxpkmdhohk xpoukdpo ho òppo',

O dlxkp~pkxof hkuuku pku{cxohfu udm~cku7 o kzxpkmdhohk xpoukdpo ho òppo

ukb{k {mo xpogkxpdo ~opo`cdeo k o òppo hkifpmoho# ukb{lhf fu fùkpyohfpkuhk U, ôpo fu fùkpyohfpku hk U o òppo udm~ckumklxk eod# of cflbf hk {mo

~op`fco# ukm ukp hkifpmoho, Pdbdhkw lf {mo lff dlhk~klhklxk hf uduxkmo

dlkpedoc, Lfu hfdu eoufu# ~fpm# o eflec{uf o mkumo# o òppo eod *ykp Idb, ?5$,

Modu hkxocjku ~fhkm ukp kleflxpohfu km R, Pdlhckp#Om, G, jtu, 04# 59; *?49?$,

' ôpo kleflxpop ou kq{oku *8,8>$ ckm`pk q{k t = t k q{k x = *y$ *x! yz & e0$, Kleflxpop f kq{dyocklxk km U houeflhdku x 3 > k x > modu efm~cdeohf7 u{ùxdx{o z = *y$ *z ! yx$ km x = *y$ *x - yz & e0$ ~opo kleflxpopx *? ! 0 y0&e0$ = x - 0 yz&e01 lf hdiedc mfuxpop q{k ? ! 0 y0 &e0 = 0 k q{k# ~fpxolxf# x = x & - yz & e0, Cfbf#x & = x ! yz&e0 k uk x 3 > klxf x 3 -yz&e0 k uk x > klxf x -yz&e0,

5?

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36/52

8,?? ÔPOHFZF HFU BMKFU6

Hfdu dpmfu bmkfu ydykm km {mo kuxof ku~oedoc km pk~f{uf lf uduxkmo

dlkpedoc U, [m `kcf hdo# {m hfu bmkfu klxpo km {mo ku~ofloyk k uod# [ldykpuf

oifpo# pkxfplolhf o kuxof o~u {m dlxkpyocf hk xkm~f x# mkhdhf ~kcf bmkf q{k

idef{ lo kuxof, > bmkf q{k idef{ lo kuxof efljkek f iklmklf hk hdcoxof

hf xkm~f k uo`k q{k ~opo uk{ dpmf lo ku~ofloyk ~ouuf{-uk {m dlxkpyocf hk

xkm~f x> mklfp hf q{k f dlxkpyocf hk xkm~f x mkhdhf lo kuxof, _{olhf uk

pkkleflxpopkm f bmkf ho ku~ofloyk hkykp ukp mklfu ykcjf hf q{k f bmkf q{k

~kpmolkek{ lo kuxof,

Xfhoydo# ~kluo f bmkf ho ku~ofloyk# q{km kux km mfydmklxf f bmkf

ho kuxof k ~fpxolxf c f dlxkpyocf hk xkm~f xfplohf ~kco ydobkm ukp mklfp hf

q{k f dlxkpyocf hk xkm~f mkhdhf oq{d# lo ku~ofloyk, _{olhf fu bmkfu uk

pkkleflxpopkm oq{kck q{k idef{ lo kuxof ku~oedoc hkykp ukp mklfu ykcjf hf q{k f

bmkf ho ku~ofloyk, _{km kux efm o powf6

Om`fu fu bmkfu ~opkekm xkp {uohf {m poedfeldf pkcoxdyduxdeomklxk efppkxf#

cololhf mf hf ^pdle~df ho Pkcoxdydhohk k ho hdcoxof hf xkm~f mou f`xklhf

pku{cxohfu dlefm~oxykdu7 ~opohfzf6 Lf/

J {m ~kq{klf kppf lf poedfeldf hf bmkf ho ku~ofloyk, ôpo ~fhkp

pkxfplop o kuxof ku~oedoc ~pkeduf# km ocb{m mfmklxf ho ydobkm# dlykpxkp f

uklxdhf ho ykcfedhohk ho ku~ofloyk, Xoc ~pfekhdmklxf ~pfh{w eflukqledoufùkpyykdu lo ku~ofloyk f`gkxfu ufcxfu ejfeop-uk-f eflxpo ou ~opkhku ho

loyk o~u {m ~kpfhf hk mfydmklxf oekckpohf# ~lh{cfu km pk~f{uf efmkopf o

fuedcop k xfho ufpxk hk iklmklfu kuxpoljfu# ukmkcjolxku ofu q{k oeflxkekpdom uk

{mo ifpo obduuk uf`pk xfhfu fu f`gkxfu lf dlxkpdfp ho ku~ofloyk# xkpdo c{bop -

mou loho ukmkcjolxk oeflxkek lo kuxof ku~oedoc, ^fpxolxf# f bmkf ho

ku~ofloyk lf kuxkyk# h{polxk xfho o ydobkm# km {m uduxkmo dlkpedoc k lf ~fhk

{uop f ^pdle~df ho Pkcoxdydhohk# q{k u bopolxk kq{dyocledo hou ckdu ho lox{pkwo

klxpk uduxkmou dlkpedodu,

Eflec{mfu q{k f bmkf ho kuxof ku~oedoc kux efppkxf k q{k ydogop ~kcf

ku~of {m mfhf hk pkh{wdp f klykcjkedmklxf,

8,?0 EO[UOCDHOHK K DLYKPUF HO FPHKM XKM^FPOC HFU KYKLXFU

Ydmfu# lo ukf 8,0# q{k hfdu kyklxfu udm{cxlkfu km {m uduxkmo dlkpedoc lf

uf lkekuuopdomklxk udm{cxlkfu km f{xpfu uduxkmou dlkpedodu,

Ukp ~fuuykc q{k fu fùkpyohfpku hk hfdu uduxkmou dlkpedodu ejkb{km o hduefphopuf`pk o fphkm xkm~fpoc km q{k hfdu kyklxfu oeflxkekm6

50

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37/52


38/52

[m hkxocjk dm~fpxolxk, O~klou o effphkloho ku~oedoc of cflbf ho hdpkf ho

ykcfedhohk pkcoxdyo dm~fpxo, Uk hfdu kyklxfu oeflxkekpkm uf pk f kdzf Ft hf

uduxkmo U k kuxdykpkm m{dxf oiouxohfu *t < e x$ lf ukp ~fuuykc dlykpxkp o fphkm

xkm~fpoc ho ukqledo hk kyklxfu efm uduxkmou dlkpedodu e{go ykcfedhohk pkcoxdyo

ukgo y =y d ,

8,?5 OHDF HK YKCFEDHOHKU

[m f`gkxf mfyk-uk efm ykcfedhohk { ={z d !{t g !{w a km pkcof of uduxkmo

dlkpedoc U, _{oc u{o ykcfedhohk { " km pkcof of uduxkmo dlkpedoc U# q{k uk mfyk

efm ykcfedhohk y =y d km pkcof o U6 O pku~fuxo bocdckolo o kuuo ~kpb{lxo lf

ifd eo~ow hk kz~cdeop f pku{cxohf hf kz~kpdmklxf hk Mdejkcufl - Mfpckt *ukf 5,?$ k

odlho q{k o ckd hk ohdf hk ykcfedhohku hk Bocdck{ ukgo udm~cku k dlx{dxdyo

hkykmfu ku~kpop q{k o ckd hk ohdf hk ykcfedhohku hk Kdluxkdl ukgoudbldideoxdyomklxk hdikpklxk ~opo ~fhkp o`pdbop o eflxpof hf efm~pdmklxf# o

hdcoxof hf xkm~f k o efluxledo ho ykcfedhohk ho c{w,

O ifpmo modu udm~cku k mklfu u{gkdxo o kppfu hk kleflxpop o ykcfedhohk { " o

hdikpkledof hou xpoluifpmoku hk Cfpklxw *8,?9$#

ukb{dho ~fp

f{

58

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39/52

~fdu {z = hz & hx# {t = ht & hx k {w = hw & hx,

_{olhf ou ykcfedhohku klyfcydhou uf òdzou km efm~opof efm o

ykcfedhohk ho c{w o ckd hk ohdf hk ykcfedhohku pkh{wdho o uk{ udmdcop bocdckolf,

Fùkpyk q{k# lf q{k hdw pku~kdxf u ykcfedhohku# ou efm~flklxku ~kp~klhde{copku

o hdpkf hk y =y d xom`muf ocxkpohou efmf eflukqledo ho xpoluifpmof

hfu dlxkpyocfu hk xkm~f klxpk fu uduxkmou dlkpedodu,

O dlykpuf hou kq{oku *8,89$ ~fhk ukp pkocdwoho hdpkxomklxk# efm òuk lf

^pdle~df ho Pkcoxdydhohk#

U{~fljo q{k lf uduxkmo U {m ~{cuf hk c{w ukgo kmdxdhf ~fp {mo iflxk kmpk~f{uf, O ykcfedhohk hf ~{cuf# ukb{lhf fu fùkpyohfpku hk U# {"=e d , ôpo fu

fùkpyohfpku hk U o ykcfedhohk hf ~{cuf { ={z d k {z hohf ~fp

F ~{cuf hk c{w xkm o mkumo ykcfedhohk lfu hfdu uduxkmou dlkpedodu efmf pkwo o Ckdhk ^pf~obof ho C{w, O ykcfedhohk ho c{w o modfp ykcfedhohk ~fuuykc ~opo f

5;

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40/52

mfydmklxf hk q{ocq{kp f`gkxf,

Km ?498 {m kz~kpdmklxf eflh{wdhf lf EKPL *Co`fpoxpdf K{pf~k{ ~opo

Iudeo hk ^opxe{cou$# {m bdbolxkuef oekckpohfp hk ~opxe{cou lo U{o# ykpdidef{

kuuk pku{cxohf, Mkuflu # ~pfh{wdhfu ~kcf `fm`ophkdf hk `kpdcdf ~fp ~pfxflu# efm

ykcfedhohk hk >#4442;e kmdxkm c{w of hkeodp km mkuflu O ykcfedhohk ho c{w

~pfh{wdho ~fp kuuo iflxk kzxpkmomklxk p~dho ifd mkhdho lf uduxkmo hk pk~f{uf hfco`fpoxpdf, Uk f pku{cxohf hf kz~kpdmklxf ifp kuepdxf efmf e ! ay# efm y = >#4442;

e# hkuef`pk-uk q{k a = *> ?#5$ z ?> -8, ^fpxolxf# o ykcfedhohk ho c{w ukm~pk e#

dlhk~klhklxkmklxk hf uduxkmo dlkpedoc km q{k o mkhdho k ikdxo, F kz~kpdmklxf

hkuepdxf km X, Ocyobkp kx oc,# ^jtu, Ckxx, ?0# 09>*?498$,

;,? MFMKLXF CDLKOP

Hdidedcmklxk ou mfhdideoku eflh{wdhou ~kco pkcoxdydhohk hk Kdluxkdl uf`pk o

edlkmxdeo - mkhdhou hk efm~pdmklxf# hk dlxkpyocf hk xkm~f k hk ykcfedhohk - lf

xkpdom eflxpo~opxdho lo hdlmdeo,

Lkm ukm~pk udm~cku hkuef`pdp q{odu bpolhkwou xkpf {xdcdhohk lo

hkuepdf ho lox{pkwo, J# lf ~pkuklxk eouf# hfdu mopefu q{k uf hk {xdcdhohk7 o

eflukpyof hf mfmklxf cdlkop *uk f mfmklxf cdlkop lf ~{hkuuk ukp

eflukpyohf lf xkpdo yocfp$ k f cdmdxk lf-pkcoxdyuxdef, Kux{hopkmfu {m ~pfekuuf

hk efcduf kcuxdeo klxpk h{ou ~opxe{cou dhlxdeou ~pf~fuxf ~fp B,L,Ckrdu k P,E,

Xfcmol km ?4>4 ~opo hkuef`pdp ou mfhdideoku lf mfmklxf cdlkop xpowdhou ~kco

pkcoxdydhohk hk Kdluxkdl,

Lf uduxkmo dlkpedoc U o ~opxe{co ? ~fuu{d# dldedocmklxk# ykcfedhohk {? ={? g ,

Lf uduxkmo U o ~opxe{co 0 ~fuu{d# dldedocmklxk ykcfedhohk {0={? g , Ou Idbu,

59

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41/52

?8o k ?8` mfuxpom o efcduf efmf fùkpyoho lf uduxkmo U k lf uduxkmo U#

pku~kexdyomklxk,

Ou ykcfedhohku hou h{ou ~opxe{cou lf uduxkmo U# olxku k hk~fdu ho efcduf

uf7

ôpo eoce{cop o ykcfedhohk ho ~opxe{co 0 lf uduxkmo U òuxo xpoluifpmop u{o

ykcfedhohk olxku ho efcduf { "0={? g k hk~fdu ho efcduf { "0 ={? g hf uduxkmo U#

lf q{oc uf `km efljkedhou# ~opo f uduxkmo U {uolhf ou kq{oku *8,82$, Lfxk

q{k f uduxkmo U mfyk-uk efm ykcfedhohk y =y d km pkcof of uduxkmo U,

Yomfu u{~fp q{k f mfmklxf cdlkop ukgo hohf ~kco kz~pkuuf ~ =m { { # q{k

uk pkh{w o m> { q{olhf {&e 33 ?, Oq{d# m> k o mouuo oxpd`{ho o ~opxe{co q{olhf

km pk~f{uf# ejomoho o MOUUO HK PK^F[UF HO ÔPXDE[CO, ôpo q{k f

mfmklxf cdlkop ukgo eflukpyohf lo efcduf ~pf~fuxo ~fp Ckrdu k Xfcmol k ~pkeduk

q{k

~fdu o efm~flklxk z hf mfmklxf cdlkop k o{xfmoxdeomklxk eflukpyoho, O

kq{of *;,0$ ckyo o

q{k lf {mo `fo kz~pkuuf ~opo m*{0$ ~fp hk~klhkp ho ykcfedhohk y klxpk fu

uduxkmou dlkpedodu k ho ykcfedhohk {? ho ~opxe{co ?,

Kuuk dleflykldklxk pkmfydhf ~kco pkcof edlkmxdeo

q{k ycdho uk {? ifp ~kp~klhde{cop o y ', Ouudm#

' *{0$ = *{?$ *y$ ? & 0*{0$ = ?& Q*{?$ *y$]0 mou ?&0*{0$ = ? - {00 & e0 k efmf

52

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43/52

Ouudm q{k o ~opxe{co ~fuxo km mfydmklxf o q{olxdhohk I> x & m> e odlho m{dxfmklfp hf q{k ? k { *x$ I> x &m > km {m mfydmklxf q{ouk {ldifpmkmklxk

oekckpohf, ^fp f{xpf cohf# q{olhf I> x & m> e e & I> x$0 3 e,

;,5 KLKPBDO

Hkykmfu hkidldp o klkpbdo hk mfhf o uoxduiowkp {mo ckd hk eflukpyof *ukpdo

dlxdc uk lf f idwkuuk$ k o f`xkp f cdmdxk lf-pkcoxdyuxdef efppkxf# efmf idwkmfu loukf ;,? ~opo kleflxpop f mfmklxf cdlkop,

Yomfu u{~fp q{k# km q{ocq{kp uduxkmo dlkpedoc# f xpoòcjf pkocdwohf ~kco ifpo

I h{polxk {m ~kq{klf hkucfeomklxf hp ho ~opxe{co ukgo db{oc o yopdof hk

u{o klkpbdo edlxdeo A

Uk u{ùxdx{dpmfu hp ~fp { hx k I ~fp h~ & hx=hQ { m> { ]&hx kleflxpopkmfu

q{k# ~opo mfydmklxfu pkxdclkfu# xfplo-uk

ôpo kleflxpop o KLKPBDO EDLXDEOA*{$ òuxo dlxkbpop o kq{of *;,?0$ ho

ykcfedhohk { = > ox o ykcfedhohk {# ckm`polhf q{k

54

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44/52

xdc ykpdideop q{k f cdmdxk lf-pkcoxdyuxdef efppkxf7 q{olhf { & e 33 ?

G kleflxpomfu {mo kz~pkuuf ohkq{oho ~opo o klkpbdo edlxdeo mou lf j

ckd hk eflukpyof ho klkpbdo edlxdeo, Efmf ~fhkmfu hkidldp o klkpbdo6 Kdluxkdl

pku~flhk{ o kuuo q{kuxf km f{xpf opxdbf# xom`m hk ?4>;# ~{`cdeohf ~bdlo 954

hfuOllockl hkp ^jtuda, Ukb{k uk{ opb{mklxf,

Efludhkpk {mo flho kckxpfmoblxdeo *c{w$ q{k uk mfyo lo hdpkf dlhdeoho

~kcf ykpufp d , Ukb{lhf f kckxpfmoblkxdumf hk Mozrkcc kuuo flho ~fuu{d {mo

ekpxo klkpbdo q{olhf fùkpyoho hf uduxkmo dlkpedoc U, _{olhf fùkpyoho hf

uduxkmo Uo klkpbdo ho flho

Lf efdledhledo o ukmkcjolo klxpk o kq{of *;,?;$ k o *8,52$# q{k xpoxo

hf kikdxf Hf~~ckp *hkucfeomklxf ho ipkqledo i hk flhou f{ ~{cufu$, Hk ioxf# lf

mkumf olf mopoydcjfuf hk ?4>;# Kdluxkdl joydo mfuxpohf q{k o jd~xkuk hk q{k o

klkpbdo hk {mo flho c{mdlfuo ifuuk hoho ~fp = lji *j {mo efluxolxk

efljkedho efmf efluxolxk hk ^colea# q{k xkyk {m ~o~kc dm~fpxolxk lo ufc{f hkf{xpf mduxpdf hf idloc hf ue{cf ZDZ# f ku~kexpf hk kmduuf c{mdlfuo hk {mo

ifplocjo# k og{hf{ o epdop o mkeldeo q{lxdeo1 uk{ yocfp j = 9#909 z ?> -58 G , u$

efm l L kpo u{idedklxk ~opo pkufcykp f{xpf mduxpdf ho iudeo hf idloc hf ue{cf ZDZ#

f kikdxf ifxfkcxpdef', Efljkeklhf f kikdxf Hf~~ckp *ukuuf 8,4$ k uklhf {m hfu ~odu

ho u{bkuxf hk q{k = lji Kdluxkdl lf xkyk hdide{chohk km eoce{cop *;,?;$,

' Jkpxw hkuef`pd{ q{k q{olhf o c{w dledhk uf`pk {m mkxoc uf cd`kpohfu kcxpflu hfu xfmfu hf mkxoc, E{pdfuomklxk# f

iklmklf oeflxkek mkumf efm òdzuudmou dlxkludhohku c{mdlfuou *hkuhk q{k o c{w xkljo ipkqledo u{~kpdfp o {moekpxo ipkqledo mldmo$ mou lf oeflxkek# lf dm~fpxolhf q{f dlxkluo ukgo o c{w# uk o ipkqledo ho c{w ifp dlikpdfp ipkqledo mldmo, Kuuk f kikdxf ifxfkcxpdef# q{k kz~cdeohf uk o klkpbdo ho c{w ifp ~pf~fpedfloc o u{o ipkqledo k lfo dlxkludhohk *efmf ~pf~{ljo f kckxpfmoblkxdumf hk Mozrkcc$, Kuuo kz~cdeof# hoho ~fp Kdluxkdl# cjk yock{ f ^pmdfLf`kc hk Iudeo hk ?40?,

8>

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45/52

Uk o klkpbdo hk {m efp~f km pk~f{uf km U ifp K># ukb{lhf fu fùkpyohfpku

hk U# k K># ukb{lhf fu fùkpyohfpku hk U# k uk kuuk efp~f kmdxdp {m ~{cuf hk c{w hk

klkpbdo & 0 lo hdpkf d k f{xpf ukmkcjolxk lo hdpkf d fu fùkpyohfpku hk U

eflefphopf q{k f efp~f ~kpmolkek km pk~f{uf, O~u o kmduuf hfu ~{cufu hk c{w

o klkpbdo hf efp~f ukp K?# ~opo fu fùkpyohfpku hk U# k K?# ~opo fu hk U, O ckd hk

eflukpyof ho klkpbdo kzdbk q{k

O klkpbdo edlxdeo dldedoc q{k f efp~f xkm lf uduxkmo U k A> = K> - K> k o klkpbdo

edlxdeo idloc k A> = K> - K>, ^fpxolxf# o hdikpklo klxpk ou klkpbdou edlxdeou idloc k

dldedoc

O klkpbdo edlxdeo hf efp~f hdmdl{d efmf pku{cxohf ho kmduuf hk pohdof, Uk

y & e 33 ? f`xkmfu f pku{cxohf iomdcdop

q{k u{bkpk q{k o mouuo hk pk~f{uf hf efp~f pkh{wdho ~fp {mo q{olxdhohkm = & e0, Yock o ~klo edxop fu cxdmfu ~opbpoifu hf opxdbf hk Kdluxkdl7

"_{olhf {m efp~f kmdxk o klkpbdo k efmf pohdof# u{o mouuo pkh{wdho

~fp & e0, Lf iow hdikpklo uk o klkpbdo kmdxdho ~kcf efp~f xpoluifpmoho km

pohdof k ufmfu ckyohfu o eflec{uf modu bkpoc hk q{k7

O mouuo hk {m efp~f k o mkhdho hk uk{ eflxkhf klkpbxdef1 uk o klkpbdo

yopdo hk u{o mouuo yopdo hk & e0,

Lf dm~fuuykc q{k o xkfpdo ~fuuo ukp xkuxoho efm u{ekuuf km efp~fu e{gf

eflxkhf klkpbxdef ukgo m{dxf yopdykc efmf# ~fp kzkm~cf# fu uodu hk phdf",

Hkuuk mfhf o KLKPBDO K hk {m efp~f hk mouuo hk pk~f{uf m> hkidldho

efmf

Km pk~f{uf kuuk efp~f ~fuu{d klkpbdo hk pk~f{uf m> e0,

O ~fuud`dcdhohk hk eflykpuf klxpk mouuo k klkpbdo xkm {m klfpmk dm~oexf

uf`pk lfuuou ydhou, O modu dm~fpxolxk hou iflxku hk klkpbdo hf Ufc *k hou f{xpou

8?

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46/52

kuxpkcou$ o i{uf l{eckop hk ~pxflu ~opo o ifpmof hk {m leckf hk Jcdf, Lf

~pfekuuf o hdikpklo klxpk o mouuo hf leckf hk Jcdf k ou mouuou hfu hfdu

~pxflu cdypku xpoluifpmoho km klkpbdo k cd`kpoho uf` o ifpmo hk pohdof ufcop,

;,8 EFCDUFDLKCUXDEO7 [M KZKM^CF HO EFLYKPUF HK KLKPBDO KMMOUUO,

U{~fljo q{k h{ou ~opxe{cou dhlxdeou# hk mouuo hk pk~f{uf m># efcdhom k

ifpmkm {mo xkpekdpo ~opxe{co hk mouuo hk pk~f{uf M># q{k kuxkgo km pk~f{uf, F

~pf`ckmo ~fhk ukp pkufcydhf ~fp mkdf hou ckdu hk eflukpyof hk mfmklxf cdlkop k

hk klkpbdo7

O ~pdmkdpo kq{of kzdbk q{k ~0= ~? k# efmf om`ou xkm o mkumo mouuo hk

pk~f{uf# ou klkpbdou K? = *{?$ m> e0 k K0 = *{0$ m> e0 uf db{odu, Ouudm# o mouuo

hk pk~f{uf M> ho ~opxe{co pku{cxolxk yock M> = 0 *[0$ M>E0# q{k modfp *~fp {m

ioxfp*{?$$ hf q{k o udm~cku ufmo hou mouuou hk pk~f{uf hou ~opxe{cou dldedodu *0

m>$, O mouuo kzxpo# 0mf* - ?$# efluxp{ho o ~opxdp hou klkpbdou edlxdeou hou

~opxe{cou dldedodu,

[m mkeoldumf ukmkcjolxk o kuuk {uohf lfu oekckpohfpku hk ~opxe{cou7

~opxe{cou efmf ~pxflu f{ kcxpflu xkm u{ou ykcfedhohku `p{xocmklxk o{mklxohou~fp efm`dloku ohkq{ohou hk eom~fu kcxpdefu k moblxdefu k efcdhkm efm

f{xpou ~opxe{cou, [mo ~opxk ho klkpbdo edlxdeo xpoluifpmoho km mouuo hk

pk~f{uf hk f{xpou ~opxe{cou ~kpmdxdlhf o epdof hk klfpmku goxfu hou modu

hdykpuou ~opxe{cou, Pfxdlkdpomklxk# kcxpflu efcdhkm efm ~udxpflu *kcxpflu hk

eopbo ~fudxdyo$ k ~pfh{wkm ~opxe{cou hk mouuo hk pk~f{uf ?>>,>>> ykwku u{~kpdfp

o mouuo hk pk~f{uf hf ~p~pdf kcxpfl, Xfho kuuo mouuo kzxpo ykm ho klkpbdo

edlxdeo dldedoc hf kcxpfl k hf ~udxpfl,

;,; XPU DHKLXDHOHKU XKDU

J {mo pkcof klxpk o klkpbdo K = *{$m> e0# f mfmklxf cdlkop ~= { m> { k

o klkpbdo hk pk~f{uf m> e0 q{k hk bpolhk {xdcdhohk7

80

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47/52

ôpo hkmfluxp-co òuxo eoce{cop

Ocm hduuf# efmf K = A ! m> e0# o kq{of *;,00$ ~fhk ukp pkkuepdxo efmf

q{k xom`m xkm ocb{mo {xdcdhohk,

^fp idm# o hdyduf hk *;,00$ ~fp m>0 e8 ckyo o f{xpo dhklxdhohk xdc#

;,9 ÔPXE[COU HK MOUUO L[CO,

_{k oeflxkek efm o klkpbdo k efm f mfmklxf cdlkop uk m> = >6 O kq{of

*;,00$ hdw q{k# lkuuk eouf#

k ~pky q{k ~opxe{cou hk mouuo l{co ~fhkm xkp xolxf mfmklxf cdlkop q{olxf

klkpbdo, Kzduxkm xodu ~opxe{cou ukm mouuo6

Uk o klkpbdo hoho ~fp K=m> e0 &?{0 &e0 k uk# of mkumf xkm~f# m> = > k

K ># klxf ~pkeduf q{k { = e, Hkuuk mfhf m> e0 &?{0 &e0 dlhkxkpmdlohf k K

~fhk ukp hdikpklxk hk wkpf,

G efljkekmfu {m iklmklf q{k eopoexkpdwohf ~kco ykcfedhohk ho c{w7 o~p~pdo c{w, O eflxpd`{df hk Kdluxkdl of kikdxf ifxfkcxpdef *y, ukf ;,5$ ~kpmdxd{

q{k o c{w ifuuk klxklhdho efmf efluxdx{ho hk ~opxe{cou# fu IXFLU *f lfmk ifd

hohf ~fp B, L, Ckrdu km ?409$, Ou ~opxe{cou q{k ~pfe{pomfu uf kuuou,

Efm f xkm~f f{xpou ~opxe{cou hk mouuo l{co ifpom hkuef`kpxou k xfhou xkm

{mo eopoexkpuxdeo km efm{m7 ukm~pk mfykm-uk efm o ykcfedhohk ho c{w km xfhfu

fu uduxkmou dlkpedodu, ôpo lfuufu ~pf~udxfu h{ou ~opxe{cou ukm mouuo uf

u{idedklxku# f ixfl k f lk{xpdlf# q{k o~opkek km ypdfu ~pfekuufu hk hkeodmklxf

pohdoxdyf *pkeklxkmklxk mfuxpf{-uk q{k f lk{xpdlf xkm {mo ~kq{klo mouuo mou

duuf km ~f{ef ocxkpo o modfpdo hfu ~pfekuuku km q{k f lk{xpdlf ox{o,$

85

K0~0 e0 =0 m>0 e80 m>

0 e0 = 0 m>0 e8 ? {

0

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^fpxolxf# ~opxe{cou ukm mouuo ~fuu{km xolxf mfmklxf cdlkop q{olxf klkpbdo

*pkcoedflo

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