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M`kgfgstrma

`e _gstekmsIgfux

Mrg Jrmza Dr.Kmroeia Brmcm

http://www.esr.rnp.br/

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M RF^ Re`e Fmogafmi `e Efsgfa

e ^esqugsm qumigjgom`m oaka

ukm Arcmfgzma _aogmi (A_),

sef`a igcm`m ma Kgfgstrga `m

Ogfogm, Peofaiacgm e Gfavma

( KO P G ) e res pafs v e i pe i a

^racrmkm Gfterkgfgstergmi RF^,

que oaftm oak m pmrtgogpma `as

kgfgstrgas `m E`uoma (KEO), `m

_m`e (K_) e `m Ouiturm (KgfO).

^gafegrm fa moessa Gfterfet fa

Brmsgi, m RF^ pimfedm e kmftk mre`e Gp, m re`e ptgom fmogafmi

mom`kgom `e mita `esekpefla.

Oak ^aftas `e ^resefm fms

23 ufg`m`es `m je`erma, m re`e

tek kmgs `e > gfstgtuges

oafeotm`ms. _a mpraxgkm`mkefte

?,5 kgiles e usurgas usujrugf`a

`e ukm gfjrmestruturm `e re`esmvmfm`ms pmrm oakufgoma,

oakputma e expergkeftma,

que oaftrgbug pmrm m gftecrma

eftre a sgstekm `e Ogfogm e

Peofaiacgm, E`uoma _upergar,

_m`e e Ouiturm.

Ogfogm, Peofaiacgme Gfavma

Kgfgstrga `m

E`uomaKgfgstrga `m

_m`eKgfgstrga `m

OuiturmKgfgstrga `m

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Mrg Jrmza Dr.

Kmroeia Brmcm

M`kgfgstrma`e _gstekmsIgfux

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Mrg Jrmza Dr.

Kmroeia Brmcm

Rga `e Dmfegra

Esoaim _upergar `e Re`es

2>=5

M`kgfgstrma`e _gstekmsIgfux

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Oapyrgclt 2>=5 Re`e Fmogafmi `e Efsgfa e ^esqugsm RF^

Rum Imura Kiier, ==: smim ==>?

2227>-7>: Rga `e Dmfegra, RD

@gretar Cermi

Feisaf _gkes

@gretar `e _ervgas e _aiues

Das Iugz Rgbegra Jgila

Esoaim _upergar `e Re`es

Oaar`efma

Iugz Oaeila

E`ga

Igfoaif `m Kmtm

Revgsa Pofgom

Brufa Mives Jmcuf`es

Oaar`efma Mom`kgom `e M`kgfgstrma `e _gstekms

Refmta @umrte

Equgpe E_R (ek ar`ek mijmbtgom)

M`rgmfm ^gerra, Oeigm Kmogei, Orgstgmfe Aigvegrm, @erigfm Kgrmf`m, E`saf Hawmsh,

Eigkrgm Bmrbasm, Eveiiyf Jegtasm, Jeigpe Fmsogkefta, Iaur`es _afogf, Iuogmfm Bmtgstm,

Iugz Omrias Iabmta e Wve Kmrogmi

Ompm, pradeta vgsumi e `gmcrmkma

Peofa`esgcf

Zersa

2.>.>

Este kmtergmi g`tgoa jag eimbarm`a oak fs e`uomogafmgs. _aigogtmkas que qumiquer erra efoaf-

trm`a au `vg`m oak reima ma kmtergmi au seu usa sedm efvgm`a pmrm m equgpe `e eimbarma `eoafte`a `m Esoaim _upergar `e Re`es, fa e-kmgi gfjaNesr.rfp.br. M Re`e Fmogafmi e Efsgfa e^esqugsm e as mutares fa mssukek qumiquer respafsmbgig`m`e par eveftumgs `mfas au per`ms, m

pessams au befs, argcgfm`as a usa este kmtergmi.Ms kmroms recgstrm`ms kefogafm`ms feste kmtergmi pertefoek mas respeotgvas tgtuimres.

@gstrgbuga

Esoaim _upergar `e Re`esRum Imura Kiier, ==: smim ==>?

2227>-7>: Rga `e Dmfegra, RD

lttp4//esr.rfp.brgfjaNesr.rfp.br

@m`as Gfterfmogafmgs `e Omtmiacma fm ^ubigoma (OG^)

J>5.0?2

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ggg

_ukrga

Esoaim _upergar `e Re`es

M keta`aiacgm m E_R gx

M quek se `estgfm x

Oafvefes utgigzm`ms feste igvra xg

^erkgsses `e usa xg

Oakeftrgas e percuftms xgg

_abre as mutares xgg

=. Gftra`ua ma _gstekm Apermogafmi Igfux

Gftra`ua =

Mtrgbuges `e uk m`kgfgstrm`ar `e sgstekms 2

Lgstrgoa ?

_imohwmre 5

Re` Lmt Efterprgse Igfux 5

@ebgmf 5

_use 5

Je`arm 5

OeftA_ 5

Ubuftu :

Mrqugteturm :

Herfei :

Bgbigateom e jufes pm`ra

Gfa`e ==

Pgpas `e mrqugvas =2

Mrqugva recuimr =2

@gretrga =2

Mrqugva `e `gspasgtgva =?

_aohet =?

Fmke` pgpe =0

Igfh =0

Zmftmcefs e esvmftmcefs =3

Oakmf`a is =3

^erkgsses e mrqugvas =.Sebkgf

Omrmoterstgoms cermgs =53

Gfstmima =5

Sebkgf =:=

Gfterjmoe `e m`kgfgstrma =:2

K`uias =:?

Userkgf =:5

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gx

M Esoaim _upergar `e Re`es (E_R) m ufg`m`e `m Re`e Fmogafmi `e Efsgfa e ^esqugsm (RF^)

respafsvei peim `gssekgfma `a oafleogkefta ek Peofaiacgms `m Gfjarkma e

Oakufgoma (PGO). M E_R fmsoe oak m prapastm `e ser m jarkm`arm e `gssekgfm`arm `e

oakpetfogms ek PGO pmrm a oarpa tofgoa-m`kgfgstrmtgva `ms ufgversg`m`es je`ermgs,

esoaims tofgoms e ufg`m`es je`ermgs `e pesqugsm. _um kgssa juf`mkeftmi remigzmr mompmogtma tofgom `a oarpa jufogafmi `ms arcmfgzmes usurgms `m RF^, pmrm a exero-

oga `e oakpetfogms mpigovegs ma usa eomz e eogefte `ms PGO.

M E_R ajereoe `ezefms `e oursas `gstrgbu`as fms rems tektgoms4 M`kgfgstrma e ^radeta

`e Re`es, M`kgfgstrma `e _gstekms, _ecurmfm, K`gms `e _uparte Oaimbarma @gcgtmi

e Caverfmfm `e PG.

M E_R tmkbk pmrtgogpm `e `gversas pradetas `e gfteresse pbigoa, oaka m eimbarma

e exeoua `e pimfas `e ompmogtma pmrm jarkma `e kuitgpigom`ares pmrm pradetas

e`uomogafmgs oaka4 jarkma fa usa `m oafjerfogm web pmrm m Ufgversg`m`e Mbertm `a

Brmsgi (UMB), jarkma `a suparte tofgoa `e imbarmtrgas `a ^ragfja e orgma `e uk oaf-

dufta `e omrtgilms sabre re`es sek a pmrm a pracrmkm Uk Oakputm`ar par Miufa (UOM).

M keta`aiacgm `m E_R

M iasam pe`mccgom e m keta`aiacgm que argeftmk as oursas `m E_R sa bmsem`ms fm

mpref`gzmcek oaka oafstrua `a oafleogkefta par kega `m resaiua `e prabiekms tpg-

oas `m remig`m`e `a prassgafmi ek jarkma. As resuitm`as abtg`as fas oursas `e fmturezm

tergoa-prtgom sa atgkgzm`as, pags a gfstrutar, muxgigm`a peia kmtergmi `g`tgoa, mtum fa

mpefms oaka expasgtar `e oafoegtas e gfjarkmes, kms prgfogpmikefte oaka argeftm`ar `a

miufa fm exeoua `e mtgvg`m`es oaftextumigzm`ms fms sgtumes `a oatg`gmfa prassgafmi.

M mpref`gzmcek eftef`g`m oaka m respastm `a miufa ma `esma `e sgtumes-prabiekmsekeilmftes s efoaftrm`ms fm prtgom prassgafmi, que sa superm`ms par kega `e mfigse,

sftese, duicmkefta, pefsmkefta ortgoa e oafstrua `e lgpteses pmrm m resaiua `a pra-

biekm, ek mbar`mcek argeftm`m ma `esefvaivgkefta `e oakpetfogms.

@essm jarkm, a gfstrutar tek pmrtgogpma mtgvm e `gmicgom oaka argeftm`ar `a miufa pmrm ms

mtgvg`m`es ek imbarmtrga. Mt keska m mpreseftma `m teargm fa gfoga `m sessa `e mpref-

`gzmcek fa oafsg`erm`m ukm sgkpies expasga `e oafoegtas e gfjarkmes. A gfstrutar

busom gfoeftgvmr m pmrtgogpma `as miufas oaftgfumkefte.

Esoaim _upergar `e Re`es

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x

Ms sesses `e mpref`gzmcek af`e se `a m mpreseftma `as oafte`as e m remigzma `ms

mtgvg`m`es prtgoms tk jarkmta presefogmi e essefogmikefte prtgoa, utgigzmf`a tofgoms `e

estu`a `grgcg`a gf`gvg`umi, trmbmila ek equgpe e prtgoms argeftm`ms pmrm a oaftexta `e mtum-

a `a jutura espeogmigstm que se pretef`e jarkmr.

Ms sesses `e mpref`gzmcek `esefvaivek-se ek trs etmpms, oak pre`akgffogm `e tekpa

pmrm ms mtgvg`m`es prtgoms, oafjarke `esorga m secugr4

^rgkegrm etmpm4 mpreseftma `m teargm e esoimreogkefta `e `vg`ms (`e :> m 7> kgfutas).

A gfstrutar mpreseftm, `e kmfegrm sgfttgom, as oafoegtas tergoas oarrespaf`eftes ma tekm

`m sessa `e mpref`gzmcek, oak muxiga `e sig`es ek jarkmta ^awer^agft. A gfstrutar

ievmftm questes sabre a oafte`a `as sig`es ek vez `e mpefms mpreseft-ias, oafvg`mf`a

m turkm reexa e pmrtgogpma. Gssa evgtm que ms mpreseftmes sedmk kaftafms e que a

miufa se oaiaque ek pasga `e pmssgvg`m`e, a que re`uzgrgm m mpref`gzmcek.

_ecuf`m etmpm4 mtgvg`m`es prtgoms `e mpref`gzmcek (`e =2> m =5> kgfutas).

Estm etmpm m essfogm `as oursas `m E_R. M kmgargm `ms mtgvg`m`es `as oursas mssforafm e

remigzm`m ek `upims `e miufas, que moakpmflmk a rgtka `a rategra `e mtgvg`m`es prapasta

fa igvra `e mpaga. Gfstrutar e kafgtar ogrouimk eftre ms `upims pmrm saiuogafmr `vg`ms e

ajereoer expigomes oakpiekeftmres.

Peroegrm etmpm4 `gsoussa `ms mtgvg`m`es remigzm`ms (?> kgfutas).

A gfstrutar oakeftm om`m mtgvg`m`e, mpreseftmf`a ukm `ms saiues passvegs pmrm

resaiv-im, `evef`a mter-se queims que cermk kmgar `goui`m`e e paikgom. As miufas sa

oafvg`m`as m oakeftmr ms saiues efoaftrm`ms e a gfstrutar retakm tpgoas que teflmk

cerm`a `vg`ms, estgkuimf`a m pmrtgogpma `as miufas. A gfstrutar sekpre estgkuim as

miufas m efoaftrmrek saiues miterfmtgvms s sucerg`ms par eie e peias oaiecms e, omsa

exgstmk, m oakeft-ims.

_abre a oursa

_eu abdetgva mpreseftmr as oafoegtas bsgoas, lgstrgm e mrqugteturm `a sgstekm apermogafmi

Igfux, oak prtgoms `e gfstmima, oafcurma e m`kgfgstrma `a sgstekm `e pmrketras,

seflms e oaftms `e usurgas, bmohup, servga `e gkpressa, recgstra `e eveftas sysiac,

kafgtarmkefta `e usurgas, oaftmbgig`m`e `e praoessas, oafcurma `a foiea `a sgstekm

apermogafmi, mpigoma `e faes bsgoms `e securmfm, eftre autrms mtgvg`m`es reimogafm`ms

kmgar oakufg`m`e `e sajtwmre igvre `a kerom`a A oursa oakpasta `e => omptuias `e

ekbmsmkefta tergoa e mtgvg`m`es oarreimtms pmrm mpref`gzm`a e xma `a oafleogkefta.

A oursa tek oaka abdetgva mpreseftmr ms jmogig`m`es `e m`kgfgstrma e cerefogmkefta, que

sera expiarm`ms oak kmgar prajuf`g`m`e fas `ekmgs oursas `m rem `e M`kgfgstrma `e

_gstekms `m Esoaim _upergar `e Re`es `m RF .

M quek se `estgfm^rassgafmgs m rem e gfjarktgom que sera respafsvegs par m`kgfgstrmr mkbgeftes

que utgigzmk ms gfjrmestruturm oak sgstekms apermogafmgs Igfux. ^a`ek tmkbk pmrtgogpmr

autras prassgafmgs `e PG, pracrmkm`ares e mfmigstms `e suparte `e sgstekms.

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Oafvefes utgigzm`ms feste igvra

Ms secugftes oafvefes tgpacroms sa usm`ms feste igvra4

Gtigoa

Gf`gom fakes `e mrqugvas e rejerfogms bgbigacroms reimogafm`ms ma iafca `a texta.

Imrcurm oafstmfte

Gf`gom oakmf`as e sums apes, vmrgvegs e mtrgbutas, oafte`a `e mrqugvas e resuitm`a `m

sm`m `e oakmf`as. Oakmf`as que sera `gcgtm`as peia usurga sa crgjm`as ek fecrgta

e passuek a prexa `a mkbgefte ek usa (fa Igfux farkmikefte # au $, efqumfta fa

Sgf`aws O4Y).

Oafte`a `e sig`e

Gf`gom a oafte`a `as sig`es rejereftes ma oursa mpreseftm`as ek smim `e muim.

_kbaia

Gf`gom rejerfogm oakpiekeftmr `gspafvei ek sgte au pcgfm fm gfterfet.

_kbaia

Gf`gom uk `aoukefta oaka rejerfogm oakpiekeftmr.

_kbaia

Gf`gom uk v`ea oaka rejerfogm oakpiekeftmr.

_kbaia

Gf`gom uk mrqugva `e m`ga oaka rejerfogm oakpiekeftmr.

_kbaia

Gf`gom uk mvgsa au preomua m ser oafsg`erm`m.

_kbaia

Gf`gom questgafmkeftas que estgkuimk m reexa au mpreseftm oafte`a `e mpaga ma

eftef`gkefta `a tekm ek questa.

_kbaia

Gf`gom fatms e gfjarkmes oakpiekeftmres oaka goms, sucestes e iegturm m`gogafmi au

keska ukm abservma.

^erkgsses `e usa

Pa`as as `gregtas reservm`as RF^.

Mcrm`eoekas sekpre ogtmr estm jafte qumf`a gfoiugr pmrte `este igvra ek autrm abrm.

Exekpia `e ogtma4 PARRE_, ^e`ra et mi.M`kgfgstrma `e _gstekms Igfux4 Re`es e _ecurmfm.

Rga `e Dmfegra4 Esoaim _upergar `e Re`es, RF^, 2>=?.

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xgg

Oakeftrgas e percuftms

^mrm efvgmr oakeftrgas e percuftms sabre estm pubigoma4

Esoaim _upergar `e Re`es RF^

Ef`erea4 Mv. Imura Kiier ==: smim ==>? Batmjaca

Rga `e Dmfegra RD 2227>-7>:

E-kmgi4 gfjaNesr.rfp.br

_abre as mutares

Mrg Jrmza Dr. bmolmrei ek Ogfogm `m Oakputma peim Ufgversg`m`e Je`ermi `m ^mrmbm

(UJ^B) e kestre ek Ogfogm `m Oakputma, fm rem `e re`es `e oakputm`ares, peim Ufg -

versg`m`e Je`ermi `e ^erfmkbuoa (UJ^E). Mtumikefte respafsvei peims rems `e efce-

flmrgm e apermes `m Re`e Fmogafmi `e Efsgfa e ^esqugsm (RF^), af`e mtum `es`e =77?.

Kmroeia Omsteiimf Brmcmpassug crm`uma ek Efceflmrgm Eietrfgom peia OEJEP-RD,

ps-crm`uma ek Mfigse, ^radeta e Cerfogm `e _gstekms peim ^UO-RD e kestrm`a ek

gfjarktgom peim UFGRGA. Mtumikefte soga `gretar `m KOB Peol, ekpresm que prestm

oafsuitargm ek re`es `e oakputm`ares, servgas `e gfterfet, securmfm `e `m`as e `esef-vaivgkefta `e sajtwmre. Mtuau `urmfte kmgs `e => mfas fm rem `e PG ek ekpresms oaka

Re`e Fmogafmi `e Efsgfa e ^esqugsm (RF^) e Ekbrmtei.

Brufa Jmcuf`esEspeogmigstm ek _ecurmfm `e Re`es oak kmgs `e 3 mfas `e expergfogm

ek m`kgfgstrma `e sgstekms Igfux. Mtumikefte Peofaiacgstm fa Imbarmtrga Fmoga-

fmi `e Oakputma Ogeftom mtumf`a fa suparte e m`kgfgstrma `m pimtmjarkm `e mita

`esekpefla e cerefogmkefta `e servgas `e re`e. ^rajessar fa Gfstgtuta _upergar `e

Peofaiacgm e etrpaigs ek 2>=0. Oafte`gstm e Gfstrutar m Esoaim _upergar e Re`es fas

oursas `e M`kgfgstrma `e sgstekms Igfux.

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=

Omptuia

=-Gftra`uama_gstekmApermogafmiIgfux

abdetgvas

oa

foegtas

=Gftra`ua ma _gstekmApermogafmi Igfux

Oafleoer a lgstrgoa `a Ufgx e `a Igfux8 Eftef`er m mrqugteturm `a Igfux8

Mpref`er a oafoegta `e sgstekm `e mrqugvas8 Oafleoer as tgpas `e mrqugvas `a Igfux8

Eftef`er a oafoegta `e perkgssa `e mrqugvas.

Mrqugteturm8 _gstekm `e mrqugvas8 Pgpas `e mrqugvas8 ^erkgsses `e mrqugvas.

Gftra`ua

qRequgsgtas a m`kgfgstrm`ar e sgstekms4= Respafsmbgig`m`e peias reoursas oakputmogafmgs.

= Oafleogkefta tofgoa.= Expergfogm.

= Mperjegamkefta oafstmfte.

= Eftef`gkefta `as abdetgvas e ketms `m ekpresm.

= Oafleogkefta ms feoessg`m`es as usurgas.

Ukm `ms omrmoterstgoms kmgs kmromftes `a ser lukmfa m ompmog`m`e `e se arcmfgzmr pmrm

tgrmr a keilar pravegta `e seus trmbmilas e cmrmftgr que tu`a jufogafe `e kmfegrm oarretm.

Gssa pa`e ser abservm`a ek ekpresms, esorgtrgas, iadms, ogfekms e mt keska fas imres.

@m keskm jarkm que uk m`kgfgstrm`ar `e ekpresms m`kgfgstrm e cerefogm ukm ekpresm,

uk m`kgfgstrm`ar `e sgstekms respafsvei par m`kgfgstrmr e cerefogmr as reoursas oak-

putmogafmgs e ukm arcmfgzma.

M gfjarkmtgzma oresoefte fms gfstgtuges pbigoms e prgvm`ms, m `gssekgfma `e `gversms

teofaiacgms `e re`es e a usa om`m vez kmgar `e sgstekms gftecrm`as `e cesta jmzek `m

m`kgfgstrma `e sgstekms ukm mtgvg`m`e oakpiexm e `e gkpartfogm estrmtcgom pmrm ms

arcmfgzmes. ^artmfta, pmrm mtumr fessm rem, a m`kgfgstrm`ar `e sgstekms `eve passugr a

oafleogkefta e m expergfogm feoessrgas pmrm mssecurmr que as sgstekms `e ukm arcmfg-

zma estedmk sekpre `gspafvegs, securas e oak `esekpefla m`equm`a pmrm exeoutmr

ms apermes `e que m arcmfgzma feoessgtm pmrm mtgfcgr seus abdetgvas. Uk bak m`kgfgs-

trm`ar e sgstekms eve migmr oafleogkefta tofgoa ma a fecoga m ekpresm pmrm oafse-

cugr tgrmr a keilar pravegta passvei as reoursas oakputmogafmgs sab sum respafsmbgig`m`e.

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M`kgfgstrma`e_gstekmsIgfux

Mpesmr `e exgstgr `es`e m paom `as kmgfjrmkes, m rem `e m`kgfgstrma `e sgstekms

sajreu uk crmf`e gkpmota oak a m`vefta `m kgoragfjarktgom, `ms re`es `e oakputm`ares

e ms teofaiacgms mssaogm`ms gfterfet. Esse k`uia, e omrter essefogmikefte prtgoa, jag

orgm`a peim Esoaim _upergar `e Re`es pmrm expiarmr as oafoegtas e prtgoms kmgs gkpartmftes

`m m`kgfgstrma `e sgstekms Igfux. Eie represeftm m prgkegrm etmpm fm jarkma `e uk

m`kgfgstrm`ar e sgstekms.

Mtrgbuges `e uk m`kgfgstrm`ar `e sgstekms

qMtrgbuges `e uk m`kgfgstrm`ar4= Gfstmimr, oafcurmr e kmfter a lmr`wmre `as equgpmkeftas.

= Gfstmimr, oafcurmr e kmfter mtumigzm`a e secura as sajtwmres ut gigzm`as

peim ekpresm.

= Gfterigcmr `e kmfegrm eomz as reoursas oakputmogafmgs que jufogafmk ek re`e.

= M`kgfgstrmr oaftms e usurgas (om`mstra, mtumigzma e rekaa).

= Jmzer e restmurmr bmohup.

= Kafgtarmr mtgvg`m`es `a sgstekm, mdustmf`a-ms pmrm a kxgka `esekpefla.= _aiuogafmr prabiekms `e sajtwmre e lmr`wmre.

= Kmfter aoukeftma mtumigzm`m sabre as sgstekms.

= @esefvaiver sorgpts pmrm mutakma `e tmrejms.

= Cmrmftgr m securmfm `e re`e `e uk ka`a cermi.

= ^restmr mtef`gkefta mas usurgas as sgstekms.

Uk m`kgfgstrm`ar `e sgstekms `eve ser ompmz `e4

= Gfstmimr, oafcurmr e kmfter apermogafmi ta`m m gfjrmestruturm e PG (servg`ares, estmes e

trmbmila, gkpressarms, gspasgtgvas e mrkmzefmkefta, equgpmkeftas e oafeotgvg`m`e eto.)8

= Gfstmimr, oafcurmr, kmfter mtumigzm`a e secura ta`a a sajtwmre feoessrga pmrm a jufoga-

fmkefta oarreta as sgstekms (_gstekms Apermogafmgs e mpigomtgvas)8

= Gfterigcmr as reoursas oakputmogafmgs que jufogafmk ek re`e, oafcurmf`a as equgpm-

keftas e ka`a m`equm`a8

= Eimbarmr e exeoutmr ukm paitgom `e bmohup m`equm`m8

= Eimbarmr paitgoms `e usa `as reoursas `e PG8

= Exeoutmr e oaftraimr ms apermes e cerefogmkefta e oaftms e usurgas fas sgstekms

oarparmtgvas, bek oaka sums perkgsses `e moessa mas reoursas `esses sgstekms8

= Oaftraimr e supervgsgafmr a usa `as reoursas oakputmogafmgs pmrm mssecurmr que sedmk

utgigzm`as `e jarkm securm e m`equm`m8

= @gmcfastgomr e saiuogafmr ms sgtumes e jmilm fa jufogafmkefta e fm aperma as

reoursas oakputmogafmgs que oakpek as sgstekms8

= Muxgigmr as usurgas, esoimreoef`a `vg`ms e argeftmf`a-as fm busom `e saiues kmgs

m`equm`ms s sums feoessg`m`es.

oimra que exgstek sgstekms oakputmogafmgs `e partes e fs kugta `gjereftes, vmrgmf`a `es`e

ukm pequefm re`e iaomi pmrm usa m`kgfgstrmtgva ek ukm kgoraekpresm mt ukm re`e `e oak-

putm`ares mbrmfcef`a gversas pmses, ek ukm ekpresm kuitgfmogafmi. Fmturmikefte, a parte

e a oafleogkefta `m equgpe `e m`kgfgstrma `e sgstekms `evera estmr m`mptm`as m essms

`gjereftes sgtumes, ekbarm sums mtrgbuges sedmk bmsgomkefte ms d `esorgtms.

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Eftre ms `gversms omrmoterstgoms `esedvegs ek uk m`kgfgstrm`ar `e sgstekms, pa`ekas `estmomr4

= Oafleogkefta tofgoa mprajuf`m`a e mbrmfcefte m rem, a que requer oafstmfte mtumigzma8

= Eftef`gkefta as abdetgvas e ketms m gfstgtuga8

= Oafleogkefta ms feoessg`m`es as usurgas8

= Ompmog`m`e e gmcfastgomr e resaiver prabiekms, a que epef`e e sum expergfogm prtgom8

= Oakpetfogm pmrm trmbmilmr ek equgpe e `e se reimogafmr oak pessams, pmrm prapar-ogafmr uk bak mtef`gkefta mas usurgas8

= Ompmog`m`e e arcmfgzma8

= ^ramtgvg`m`e e sefsa `e respafsmbgig`m`e, pmrm mssecurmr que ta`ms ms tmrejms pracrm-

km`ms sedmk m`equm`mkefte prgargzm`ms e exeoutm`ms.

_ek gssa, m omrregrm prassgafmi `e uk m`kgfgst rm`ar `e sgstekms estmr

sergmkefte oakpraketg`m.

Lgstrgoa

q=7:04= MP&P, CE e KGP radeta pmrm orgma e uk fava _gstekm Apermogafmi (Kuitgos).

=7:74

= Gfoga `a Ufgx fm Beii Imbs `m MP&P (Plakpsaf).

=73?4

= Ufgx reesorgta fm igfcumcek O.

= Fava o`gca-jafte.

=7334

= Gfoga m gstrgbuga B_@.

Ek kem`as `as mfas :>, kmgs preogsmkefte ek =7:0, a Beii Imbs, `m MP&P, m CE e a KGP

jarkmrmk uk crupa `e pesqugsm`ares pmrm `esefvaiver uk _gstekm Apermogafmi pmrm a

kmgfjrmke CE-:05, que jag bmtgzm`a `e Kuitgos. Esse pradeta, fa eftmfta, fa jag kugta

bek-suoe`g`a e, `evg`a m gfteresses `gverceftes, a Beii Imbs a mbmf`afau ek =7:7. Fesse

keska mfa, Hef Plakpsaf, uk `e seus pesqugsm`ares efvaivg`a fa pradeta `e orgma `a

Kuitgos, gfgogau a pradeta `e uk fava _gstekm Apermogafmi bmsem`a fa Kuitgos e esorgta ek

igfcumcek mssekbiy. Esse sgstekm jag gfgogmikefte bmtgzm`a e Ufgos e kmgs tmr`e teve seu

fake miterm`a pmrm Ufgx.

Ek =73?, oak m mdu`m `e @effgs Rgtolge, autra pesqugsm`ar `a Beii Imbs, Plakpsaf rees-

oreveu a Ufgx ek ukm igfcumcek `e pracrmkma `e mita fvei, olmkm`m O, que jag `esefvai-

vg`m peia prprga Rgtolge. Oaka m MP&P fa mtumvm oakerogmikefte fm rem `e oakputma,

a Beii Imbs jarfeogm m igoefm `e usa `a Ufgx pmrm ms ufgversg`m`es gfteressm`ms, duftmkefte

oak a o`gca-jafte. Gssa cerau verses `gjereftes `a sgstekm, ke`g`m que ms ka`gomes

fa o`gca ermk jegtms fms ufgversg`m`es e fa prprga Beii Imbs. Essm jmitm `e pm`rafgzma jag

ta crmf`e que, fa fmi `as mfas , lmvgm vrgms verses `e Ufgx tatmikefte gfoakpmtvegs,

bmsem`ms ek `ums `gstrgbuges prgfogpmgs4 a _ystek Z (`m MP&P) e a B_@, `m Ufgversg`m`e `m

Omigjrfgm ek Berheiey. M `gstrgbuga B_@ oaftrgbugu pmrm m `gssekgfma `m gfterfet par ter

`esefvaivg`a e gkpiekeftm`a m pgilm `e prataoaias PO^/G^ ek seu sgstekm.

KGP

Kmssmolusetts Gfstgtute

aj Peolfaiacy. ukoeftra ufgversgtrga e

e`uoma e pesqugsm

prgvm`a ek Omkbrg`ce,

Kmssmolusetts, fas

EUM. Uk as i`ereskuf`gmgs ek ogfogm,

efceflmrgm e teofaiacgm.

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q@om`m `e 4= _ystek Z (MP&P).

= Gfoarparma `a prataoaia PO^/G^ `gstrgbuga B_@ (Berheiey).

= @gjereftes verses cerm`ms peim gstrgbuga a o`gca.

= ^m`rafgzma bsgom ^artmbie Apermtgfc _ystek Gfterjmoe (^A_G\) fas pm`res GEEE.

= @gsputm oakerogmi cerau4 MG\, L^-U\, \EFG\ , GRG\ e _ufA_, eftre autras.

= Gfoga `a pradeta CFU `e Rgolmr` _tmiikmf.

= Igfux (_ystek Z) ukm miterfmtgvm mas sgstekms oakerogmgs.

2 Omrmoterstgoms4

? _ecurmfm.

? Oafmbgig`m`e.

? Zersmtgig`m`e.

? Estmbgig`m`e.

? Igoefm crmtugtm.

Ekbarm m feoessg`m`e `e pm`rafgzma jasse kugta crmf`e, ms teftmtgvms jegtms fesse

seftg`a jmilmrmk. Ek =7

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=-Gftra`uama_gstekmApermogafmiIgfux

Lade a Igfux passug gversms gstrgbuges oakerogmgs e crmtugtms, om`m ukm oak sums omrmoters-

tgoms. Eftre eims pa`ekas estmomr4 _imohwmre, Re` Lmt Efterprgse Igfux, @ebgmf, _U_E, Je`arm,

OeftA_ e Ubuftu. Ms gstgfes eftre ms prgfogpmgs gstrgbuges sa resukg`ms m secugr.

_imohwmre

m `gstrgbuga kmgs mftgcm mgf`m ek `esefvaivgkefta, tef`a sum prgkegrm versa imfm`m

ek =77?. A simohwmre ukm `gstrgbuga crmtugtm que tek oaka prgfogpmgs omrmoterstgoms4estmbgig`m`e, securmfm, usa `m gfterjmoe texta pmrm oafcurma `a sgstekm, mkpim `aou-

keftma eto. ^assug ukm versa `e pra`ua que s gfoiug pmoates estvegs e ukm versa

ourreft ek `esefvaivgkefta que fa `gspafgbgigzm`m pmrm `awfiam`.

Re` Lmt Efterprgse Igfux

@esefvaivg`m peim Re` Lmt _ajtwmre, essm ukm `gstrgbuga vaitm`m pmrm usa ek servg`ares

`e pequefa m crmf`e parte, oak verses que supartmk `e `ags m uk gigkgtm`a fkera

`e praoessm`ares. M Re` Lmt vef`e essm `gstrgbuga duftmkefte oak ukm mssgfmturm `e

suparte tofgoa, que vmrgm ek jufa `as `gms `e mtef`gkefta, vgms `e mtef`gkefta (web au

teiejafe) e fkera e gfog`eftes par mfa.

@ebgmf

M `gstrgbuga @ebgmf `esefvaivg`m e kmftg`m par ukm equgpe `e `esefvaive`ares vaiuf-

trgas. A @ebgmf passug uk ogoia `e `esefvaivgkefta af`e sums verses pmssmk par trs

jmses4 stmbie (que m versa `e pra`ua), testgfc (oaftk verses kmgs mtumgs `as pmoates

que mgf`m fa jarmk lakaiacm`ms pmrm eftrmr ek pra`ua) e ufstmbie (usm`m cermikefte

par `esefvaive`ares). A @ebgmf oafleog`a par sum exoeiefte jerrmkeftm `e cerefogm-

kefta `e pmoates, a M^P.

_use ukm ms gstrgbuges oakerogmgs kmgs mftgcms (teve sum pr gkegrm versa imfm`m ek =770,

fm Miekmflm). M `gstrgbuga _U_E passug ukm exoeiefte jerrmkeftm crom `e gfstmima

e oafcurma `a _gstekm Apermogafmi, olmkm`m Wm_P. Ek 2>>?, m Faveii oakprau m _U_E

e `eog`gu ek 2>>5 oakpmrtgilmr a `esefvaivgkefta `e ukm versa crmtugtm `e seu _gstekm

Apermogafmi oak m oakufg`m`e e esefvaive`ares, orgmf`a m gstrgbuga apef_U_E.

Ek 2>==, m Faveii e m _U_E jarmk oakprm`ms peim ekpresm Mttmolkmte.

Je`arm

ukm `gstrgbuga crmtugtm pmtraogfm`m peim Re` Lmt e kmftg`m par ukm oakufg`m`e mbertm

`e usurgas e `esefvaive`ares. Essm `gstrgbuga teve sum prgkegrm versa imfm`m ek2>>?, qumf`a m `gstrgbuga crmtugtm Re` Lmt Igfux jag `esoaftgfum`m. M pmrtgr `m, m Re` Lmt

_ajtwmre resaiveu kmfter seu jaoa fa kerom`a oarparmtgva e imfau m `gstrgbuga pmcm

Re` Lmt Efterprgse Igfux. Ek pmrmieia m gssa, jag imfm`a a pradeta Je`arm, ukm `gs trgbuga

crmtugtm bmsem`m fa Re` Lmt Igfux.

OeftA_

Essm `gstrgbuga `ergvm `gretmkefte `a Re` Lmt Efterprgse Igfux mtrmvs `as seus mrqugvas

jafte argcgfmgs. M Re` Lmt perkgte a usa `as jaftes fm oaf`ga `e que se retgre ta`ms ms reje-

rfogms oakerogmgs sum kmrom. M prgfogpmi vmftmcek que a OeftA_ ukm sig`m e pa`erasm

`gstrgbuga Igfux oak a keska patefogmi `a Re` Lmt e oak m vmftmcek `e ser crmtugtm.

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Ubuftu

A Ubuftu ukm `gstrgbuga bmsem`m fm `gstrgbuga @ebgmf, pmtraogfm`m peim ekpresm

Omfafgomi. Ukm `ms prgfogpmgs prapastms `a Ubuftu m papuimrgzma `a I gfux, ajereoef`a

uk sgstekm oak gfterjmoe kmgs mkgcvei, oak jaoa ek moessgbgig`m`e e gfterfmogafmigzma.

_ecurmfm, oafmbgig`m`e, versmtgig`m`e, estmbgig`m`e e crmtug`m`e sa ms omrmoterstgoms `a

Igfux que jmzek oak que eie `espafte oaka m prgfogpmi miterfmtgvm ma Kgorasajt Sgf`aws.

Mrqugteturm

A CFU/Igfux au Igfux (oaka kmgs oafleog`a) uk _gstekm Apermogafmi kuitgtmrejm,

kuitgusurga e kuitgpimtmjarkm. _eu o`gca-jafte mberta e `gspafgbgigzm`a crmtugtmkefte,

pa`ef`a ser miterm`a par qumiquer pessam, a que a tarfm uk sgstekm extrekmkefte exvei.

A Igfux `gstrgbu`a peim igoefm Cefermi ^ubigo Igoefse (C^I), que perkgte exeoutmr, mitermr

e gstrgbugr qumiquer sajtwmre recg`a par eim. _um mrqugteturm, oaka kastrm curm =.=, pa`e

ser represeftm`m par ukm pgrkg`e `gvg`g`m ek omkm`ms. A pmpei `e om`m ukm `essms

omkm`ms `esorgta m secugr.

Usurgas

Mpigomes _leii

Bgbigateoms `e jufes pm`ra

Herfei

Lmr`wmre

Herfei

q= Foiea a _gstekm Apermogafmi.= ^rgfogpmgs jufes4

2 @eteoa `e lmr`wmre.

2 Cerefogmkefta `e eftrm`m e sm`m.

2 Kmfutefa `a sgstekm `e mrqugvas.

2 Cerefogmkefta `e kekrgm e swmppgfc.

2 Oaftraie m im e praoessas.

A herfei a foiea `a _gstekm Apermogafmi e se efomrrecm `e exeoutmr ta`ms ms jufes

bsgoms e feoessrgms ma jufogafmkefta oarreta a sgstekm. Ukm e sums prgfogpmgs jufes

praver ukm gfterjmoe eftre a lmr`wmre e ms mpigomes. A herfei passug ukm mrqugteturm

kafaitgom, au sedm, oakpasta par uk crmf`e e fgoa biaoa `e o`gca oak kgiles `e

igflms. L micuk tekpa a oafoegta e k`uias jag gftra`uzg`a fa Igfux. Esses k`uias sa

cermikefte `rgvers `e `gspasgtgvas e pa`ek ser omrrecm`as ek kekrgm `gfmkgomkefte.

gkpartmfte ressmitmr que as k`uias fa jmzek pmrte `a herfei.

Ukm `ms crmf`es vmftmcefs que a Igfux ajereoe m passgbgig`m`e `e a usurga pa`er jmzer

mitermes ek seu herfei, lmbgigtmf`a sakefte ms jufogafmig`m`es feoessrgms pmrm om`m

sgstekm. Oak gssa, passvei cmflmr ek perjarkmfoe, pags a herfei se tarfm kugta kmgs

efxuta, cermf`a ukm gkmcek oak uk tmkmfla oafsg`ermveikefte kefar. Ms prgfogpmgs

jufes `a herfei sa4

Jgcurm =.=

Mrqugteturm.

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=-Gftra`uama_gstekmApermogafmiIgfux

= @eteoa `e lmr`wmre8

= Cerefogmkefta `e eftrm`m e sm`m8

= Kmfutefa `a sgstekm `e mrqugvas8

= Cerefogmkefta `e kekrgm e swmppgfc8

= Cerefogmkefta `e praoessas.

Lade, ta`ms ms `gstrgbuges `e Igfux `gspafvegs usmk bmsgomkefte a keska herfei, oak

pequefms mitermes. _a ms mpigomes gfoarparm`ms m essms `gstrgbuges que ms `gjerefogmk.

@eteoa `e lmr`wmre

q= G`eftgoma e gspasgtgvas (kekrgm, gsoas, praoessm`ares, gkpressarm eto.).= Gfterma oak esses gspasgtgvas (`rgvers).

Pa`a _gstekm Apermogafmi, pmrm jufogafmr, epef`e e uk eterkgfm`a lmr`wmre, oak-

pasta par praoessm`ar, kekrgm, gsoa, oaftraim`ares e v`ea eto. @evg`a exgstfogm e

`gversas jmbrgomftes `e lmr`wmre fa kerom`a, ms omrmoterstgoms `as oakpafeftes vmrgmk

kugta eftre sg. ]umf`a uk fava `gspasgtgva, oaka, par exekpia, ukm pimom `e re`e, gfstm-im`a fa sgstekm, a herfei respafsvei peim `eteoa e gfterma bsgom oak esse `gspasg-

tgva. Ekbarm a herfei passm reoafleoer e oaftraimr ukm crmf`e qumftg`m`e `e gspasgtgvas

`gspafvegs fa kerom`a, exgstek micufs que fa sa reoafleog`as, ek cermi as imfm`as

mps m `mtm `e imfmkefta `m versa `a herfei utgigzm`a.

Cerefogmkefta `e eftrm`m e sm`m

q= Oaftraie `as `gspasgtgvas `e eftrm`m e sm`m.= Efvga e requgsges saigogtmf`a exeoues e apermes.

= Oaftraie `e sgfmgs `e gfterrupa.

Pa`as as oakputm`ares passuek `gspasgtgvas `e eftrm`m e sm`m oafeotm`as, oaka teoim`a,

kafgtar, gkpressarm, pimom `e re`e, `gsoa eto. Esses `gspasgtgvas sa oaftraim`as peia herfei,

que efvgm requgsges pmrm saigogtmr m exeoua `e apermes espeooms au reoebe sgfmgs pmrm

gf`gomr que as `gspasgtgvas esta `ekmf`mf`a `eterkgfm`ms apermes. M oakufgoma eftre

a herfei e as `gspasgtgvas remigzm`m par kega `e sgfmgs `e gfterrupa. Fesse oaftexta, a herfei

jufogafm oaka uk oaftraim`ar `e sgfmgs `e gfterrupa, mtef`ef`a m ta`ms essms requgsges.

Kmfutefa `a sgstekm `e mrqugvas

q= a respafsvei peim arcmfgzma `as mrqugvas `a sgstekm e `as usurgas8= Jarkm `e gkpiekeftma `efg`m e cerefogm`m peia herfei.

A sgstekm `e mrqugvas tek par abdetgva arcmfgzmr as mrqugvas `a sgstekm e `as usurgas,

mssecurmf`a que eies passmk ser kmfgpuim`as m`equm`mkefte par seus praprgetrgas.

Fa Igfux, a sgstekm `e mrqugvas vgsumigzm`a oaka ukm rvare gfvertg`m4 m rmgz est fa tapa e

as rmkas, ekbmgxa. ^mrm ser ig`a au esorgta, a mrqugva preogsm ser mberta. Ma mbrg-ia, ukm srge

`e oug`m`as `evek ser takm`as, prgfogpmikefte se esse mrqugva d estgver sef`a utgigzm`a par

autra usurga au pracrmkm. Pa`as esses oug`m`as oak a sgstekm `e mrqugvas, bek oaka m

jarkm oaka eie gkpiekeftm`a, sa `efg`as e cerefogm`as peia herfei. M curm =.2 kastrm

uk exekpia `e arcmfgzma `a sgstekm `e mrqugvas `a Igfux.

_mgbm kmgs

^mrm evgtmr esse

tgpa e prabiekm,

gkpartmfte usmr

sekpre m itgkm versa

estvei a herfei. Zmieressmitmr que `rgvers

`esefvaivg`as oaka

k`uias pa`ek ser

gfstmim`as fa sgstekm

sek m feoessg`m`e `e

reoakpgimr a herfei.

As k`uias pa`ekser omrrecm`as ek

kekrgm gfmkg-

omkefte ke`g`m

que seu usa se tarfm

feoessrga.

i

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_a as pracrmkms oak as qumgs a usurga gftermce `gretmkefte, oaka oakpgim`ares, e`gtares

`e texta, pimfgilms, fmvecm`ares, cerefogm`ares `e mrqugvas eto. Uk _gstekm Apermogafmi

sek mpigomes omrgm sek utgig`m`e, d que estms jmzek pmrte `m fgom omkm`m `m mrqugteturm

que moessm`m peias usurgas. Ms mpigomes sa `esefvaivg`ms cermikefte pmrm mutakmtgzmr

e jmogigtmr m remigzma `e tmrejms que preogsmk ser remigzm`ms peias usurgas `gmrgmkefte.

Eims tmkbk jmogigtmk m oakufgoma eftre pessams, mik `e re`uzgr oustas, oaka a omsa

`ms mpigomes e vaz sabre G^.

_gstekm `e mrqugvas

qBiaoa `e baat4= Pek m jufa e omrrecmr a herfei a _gstekm Apermogafmi8

= Pa`m pmrtga oaftk uk biaoa e baat.

_uperbiaoa4

= Oaftk gfjarkmes essefogmgs sabre a sgstekm e mrqugvas.

Pmbeim `e biaoas4

= G`eftgom as biaoas `e `m`as igvres fa `gsoa.Pmbeim `e gfa`es4

= Oaftk ms gfjarkmes `e om`m gfa`e `a sgstekm `e mrqugvas.

Biaoas e m`as4

= _a as biaoas a gsoa est gfm`as m mrkmzefmr a oafte`a as mrqugvas.

Ek qumiquer _gstekm Apermogafmi, feoessrga mrkmzefmr `m`as ek mrqugvas e arcmfgz-ias

ek gretrgas. As mrqugvas sa cerefogm`as par uk oakpafefte a _gstekm Apermogafmi

oafleog`a oaka sgstekm `e mrqugvas, que `efe oaka as mrqugvas sa estruturm`as, g`ef-

tgom`as, moessm`as, ka`gom`as e pratecg`as. M curm =.? kastrm oaka esta `gspastas

as biaoas ek ukm pmrtga `a Igfux. A biaoa `e baat a prgkegra biaoa `a `gsoa, e fa cerefogm`a peia sgstekm e mrqugvas, sef`a utgigzm`a sakefte pmrm mr gfoga ma praoessa

`e baat a _gstekm Apermogafmi.

A secuf`a biaoa olmkm`a superbiaoa e oaftk gfjarkmes essefogmgs sabre a sgstekm

`e mrqugvas, oaka seu tmkmfla, fkera `e gfa`es, fkera `e biaoas `e `m`as eto.

Ek secug`m, vek m tmbeim `e biaoas, que perkgte g`eftgomr as biaoas `e `m`as igvres e

aoupm`as fa `gsoa. Iaca mps, efoaftrm-se m tmbeim `e gfa`es (gf`ex-fa`es), que sa estru-

turms e m`as que mrkmzefmk gfjarkmes sabre as mrqugvas. ar k, tekas as biaoas e

`m`as, fas qumgs a oafte`a as mrqugvas ejetgvmkefte mrkmzefm`a.

Biaoa e baat

_uper biaoa Pmbeim e biaoas Biaoas e m`as

Gfa`es

Jgcurm =.?

_gstekms `e

Mrqugvas Igfux.

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=-Gftra`uama_gstekmApermogafmiIgfux

Gfa`e

Estruturm `e `m`as kmftg`m peia herfei.

^assug gfjarkmes sabre mrqugvas4

q= Pgpa, `afa, crupa e perkgsses.= @mtms `e orgma au `m itgkm ka`goma.= Fkera `e igfhs pmrm a mrqugva.

= Pmkmfla.

= Ef`erea fa gsoa rcg`a.

ukm estruturm `e `m`as que mrkmzefm gfjarkmes sabre uk mrqugva oaka4 tgpa, perkgsses

mssaogm`ms, praprgetrga e crupa, tmkmfla, itgkm vez ek que jag ka`gom`a, iaomigzma as

biaoas af`e a oafte`a `a mrqugva est mrkmzefm`a eto. Pa`a sgstekm `e mrqugvas passug ukm

tmbeim `e gfa`es e om`m mrqugva passug uk gfa`e mssaogm`a que g`eftgom`a par uk fkera

gftegra, oafleog`a oaka g-fukberau gfa. A fkera `e gfa`es jufa `a tmkmfla `a sgstekm

`e mrqugvas e, par pm`ra, orgm`a uk gfa`e pmrm om`m 2 HB `a tmkmfla tatmi `a sgstekm

`e mrqugvas. ^mrte `ms gfjarkmes preseftes fas gfa`es pa`e ser vgsumigzm`m par kega `a

oakmf`a is, utgigzmf`a m apa -i, oaka kastrm m curm =.0.

-rwxr-xr-x = raat bgf >? /usr/bgf/su

Pgpa `e mrqugva

Lmr` igfh oauft

Pmkmfla ek bytes Fake a mrqugva

^erkgsses @afa

Crupa

@mtm `m itgkmka`goma

A oakmf`a stmttmkbk pa`e ser utgigzm`a pmrm vgsumigzmrkas gfjarkmes oaftg`ms fasgfa`es, oaka kastrm a exekpia m secugr.

# stmt /eto/lasts

Jgie4 /eto/lasts

_gze4 25> Biaohs4 < GA Biaoh4 0>7: recuimr jgie

@evgoe4 =l/2>07` Gfa`e4 52?233 Igfhs4 =

Mooess4 (>:00/-rw-r--r--) Ug`4 (>/ raat) Cg`4 (>/ raat)

Mooess4 2>=2->=-=5 =24=5:72>:=2 ->2>>

Ka`gjy4 2>==-==-2= =:45=407.22>5 ->2>>

Olmfce4 2>==-==-2= =:45=407.22>5 ->2>>

A fkera `e gfa`es tmkbk pa`e ser `efg`a peia usurga `urmfte m orgma `e uk

sgstekm `e mrqugvas. Exgstek mpigomes que orgmk crmf`es qumftg`m`es `e mrqugvas

pequefas, a que pa`e resuitmr fm utgigzma `e ta`as as gfa`es `gspafvegs ek uk sgstekm

`e mrqugvas. ]umf`a gssa moafteoe, keska que mgf`m lmdm espma suogefte ek `gsoa, fa

kmgs passvei m orgma `e favas mrqugvas fesse sgstekm `e mrqugvas. ^ar gssa, feoessrga

que a m`kgfgstrm`ar e sgstekms jmm ukm mfigse ms mpigomes que sera gfstmim`ms ek

uk servg`ar, pmrm que passm `gkefsgafmr oarretmkefte a fkera `e gfa`es que ser orgm`a

ek uk sgstekm `e mrqugvas.

Jgcurm =.0

Gfjarkmes

oaftg`ms fas

gfa`es.

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# `j -g

Jgiesystek Gfa`es GUse` GJree GUse% Kaufte` af

/`ev/s`m= 2557>

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Omptuia

=-Gftra`uama_gstekmApermogafmiIgfux

Mrqugva `e `gspasgtgva

q= Keomfgska usm`a pmrm apermes `e eftrm`m e sm`m.= Pgpas `e mrqugvas `e `gspasgtgva4

2 Omrmotere4 ms apermes `e eftrm`m e sm`m sa remigzm`ms byte m by te `e

ka`a sequefogmi.

2 Biaoa4 ms apermes `e eftrm`m e sm`m sa remigzm`ms ek biaoas `e ka`a miemtrga.

= Efoaftrmk-se, cermikefte, fa gretrga /`ev.

= _a orgm`as oak khfa`e rekavg`as oak rk.

Mrqugvas `e `gspasgtgvas perkgtek mas usurgas estmbeieoer oakufgoma oak a lmr`wmre

`a sgstekm e seus pergjrgoas, sek se preaoupmr oak as `etmiles feoessrgas m esse tgpa `e

oakufgoma. Essm jarkm `e a Igfux gftermcgr oak as `gspasgtgvas tmkbk jmogigtm kugta a

trmbmila `as pracrmkm`ares. Mssgk, `rgvers `e `gspasgtgvas represeftmk ukm gfterjmoe `e

oakufgoma pm`ra que se pmreoe oak uk mrqugva farkmi. ]umf`a a herfei reoebe uk

pe`g`a rejerefte m uk mrqugva `e `gspasgtgva, eie sgkpieskefte pmssm a pe`g`a pmrm a `rgver

mpraprgm`a. Mrqugvas `e `gspasgtgva pa`ek ser orgm`as vgm oakmf`a khfa`e rekavg`as oak

a oakmf`a rk. Exgstek `ags tgpas `e mrqugvas `e `gspasgtgvas que sera vgstas m secugr.

@gspasgtgvas argeftm`as m omrmotere

As `gspasgtgvas argeftm`as m omrmotere remigzmk sums trmfsjerfogms `e `m`as byte m byte e

`e ka`a sequefogmi. Ms partms sergmgs sa exekpias `e `gspasgtgvas argeftm`as m omrmotere.

Cermikefte, esses `gspasgtgvas fa utgigzmk buers (espma ek kekrgm) ek sums aperm-

es `e eftrm`m e sm`m, au sedm, as `m`as sa ig`as e esorgtas `gretmkefte fa `gspasgtgva.

@gspasgtgvas argeftm`as m biaoa

As `gspasgtgvas argeftm`as m biaoa remigzmk sums trmfsjerfogms `e `m`as ek biaoas `e

tmkmfla que pa`e vmrgmr eftre 5=2 bytes e ?2 Hbytes, sef`a a moessa jegta `e ka`a miemtrga.As `gsoas rcg`as e ms ufg`m`es `e tm sa exekpias `e `gspasgtgvas argeftm`as m biaoa.

Ms apermes e eftrm`m e sm`m esses gspasgtgvas sa jegtms utgigzmf`a buers gfterke`grgas.

_aohet

q= Utgigzm`a pmrm oakufgoma bg`greogafmi eftre praoessas.= Ufgx @akmgf _aohets.

= _aohets `e re`e.

= _a orgm`as oak m olmkm`m e sgstekm saohet e rekavg`as mtrmvs a oakmf`a rk

au `m olmkm`m `e sgstekm oiase.

A saohet uk tgpa `e mrqugva usm`a pmrm m oakufgoma bg`greogafmi eftre `ags pra-

oessas. Exgstek bmsgomkefte `ags tgpas `e saohets4 a prgkegra `eies, oafleog`a oaka

Ufgx `akmgf saohet au G^O saohet (Gfter ^raoess Oakkufgomtgaf saohet) usm`a pmrm m

oakufgoma eftre praoessas exeoutm`as ek uk keska _gstekm Apermogafmi. A autra

tgpa a saohet `e re`e, que usm`a pmrm m oakufgoma eftre praoessas exeoutm`as ek

oakputm`ares `gjereftes, gfterigcm`as par ukm re`e. Eftre as saohets `e re`e, pa`ekas

`estmomr a `mtmcrmk saohet, que uk tgpa `e saohet fa argeftm`a oafexa, usm`a peia

prataoaia U@^8 a stremk saohet, que uk tgpa `e saohet argeftm`a oafexa, usm`a peia

prataoaia PO , e a rmw saohet, utgigzm`a par prataoaias e cerefogmkefta e kafgtarmkefta

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`e re`es oaka a prataoaia GOK^. Uk saohet orgm`a peim olmkm`m `e sgstekm saohet e

pa`e ser rekavg`a oak a oakmf`a rkau par kega `m olmkm`m `e sgstekm oiase, qumf`a a

saohet fa estgver kmgs sef`a utgigzm`a. M kmgargm `ms mpigomes ek uk sgstekm Igfux jmz

usa `e saohets.

Fmke` pgpe

q= ^erkgte m oakufgoma eftre ags praoessas ra`mf`a ek ukm keskm kqugfm.= Jmz pmrte `a sgstekm `e mrqugvas.= orgm`a oak a oakmf`a khfa`au khja.

= rekavg`a oak a oakmf`a rk.

= Gfterigcm praoessas que fa passuek reima eftre sg.

A fmke` pgpe, tmkbk oafleog`a oaka JGJA, perkgte m oakufgoma eftre `ags praoessas

exeoutm`as fa keska _gstekm Apermogafmi. Uk fmke` pgpe rejerefogm`a peias praoessas

que oafeotm mtrmvs `e seu fake e jmz pmrte `a sgstekm `e mrqugvas. Eie orgm`a mtrmvs `as

oakmf`as khjaau khfa`,e rekavg`a oak a oakmf`a rk au par kega `m olmkm`m `e sgstekm

ufigfh. Uk fmke` pgpe perkgte m oakufgoma eftre praoessas que fa passumk reima eftresg. Exgste tmkbk a pgpe oafvefogafmi, represeftm`a peia omrmotere |, que oafeotm m sm`m `e

uk praoessa eftrm`m `e autra. M `gjerefm eftre eies que fa pgpe oafvefogafmi as praoessas

oafeotm`as `evek passugr ukm reima pmg pmrm ila au serek grkas. Ma oaftrrga `a fmke`

pgpe, que preogsm ser expigogtmkefte efoerrm`a mps seu usa, a pgpe oafvefogafmi efoerrm`a

mutakmtgomkefte mps m exeoua `as praoessas que eie oafeotm.

Igfh

qLmr` igfh4= @ags mrqugvas mpaftmf`a pmrm a keska gfa`e.

_ykbaigo igfh4

= ^aftegra pmrm uk mrqugva exgstefte.

= mssaogm`a m autra gfa`e fukber.

A Igfux supartm `ags tgpas `e igfhs4 lmr` igfh e sykbaigo igfh. ^mrm expigomr ms `gjerefms

eftre eies, vmkas takmr oaka exekpia ukm sgtuma ek que ags usurgas (Kmrgm e Daa)

oakpmrtgilmk uk mrqugva efakgfm`a reimtarga.txt, ouda tmkmfla 2>> bytes (curm =.5).

/

eto lake

kmrgm daa

igfux.oafj reimtarga.txt

Exekpias4

Jgcurm =.5

Lmr` igfh pmrm

mrqugva.

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=-Gftra`uama_gstekmApermogafmiIgfux

# is im ~kmrgm/reimtarga.txt

-rw-r--r-- = kmrgm kmrgm 2>> Jeb >= => reimtarga.txt

# if ~kmrgm/reimtarga.txt ~dama/reimtarga.txt

# is im ~kmrgm/reimtarga.txt ~dama/reimtarga.txt

-rw-r--r-- 2 kmrgm kmrgm 2>> Jeb >= => /lake/kmrgm/reimtarga.txt

-rw-r--r-- 2 kmrgm kmrgm 2>> Jeb >= => /lake/dama/reimtarga.txt

Lmr` igfh

q= Mssaogm `ags au kmgs fakes `e mrqugvas ma keska gfa`e.= Oakpmrtgilm m keskm rem `e `m`as.

= Fa pa`e ser orgm`a pmrm `gretrgas.= Orgm`a oak a oakmf`a if.

= Rekavg`a oak a oakmf`a rk.

Oaka kefogafm`a mftergarkefte, ms gfjarkmes sabre uk mrqugva sa mrkmzefm`ms

ek seu gfa`e. Fa lmr` igfh, exgste ukm fgom opgm `a mrqugva mrkmzefm`m fas biaoas `e

`m`as. Essm opgm rejerefogm`m par uk fgoa gfa`e, que, par sum vez, rejerefogm`a peias

mrqugvas fas `gretrgas `as usurgas. @essm jarkm, sekpre que uk `as usurgas ka`gomr

a oafte`a a seu mrqugva, ms ku`mfms sera mutakmtgomkefte peroebg`ms peias autras,

ukm vez que seus mrqugvas mpaftmk pmrm m keskm rem ek `gsoa. Fa exekpia `esorgta, a

espma `e 2>> bytes `a mrqugva reimtarga.txt miaom`a ukm fgom vez fas biaoas `a `gsoa,

kms a gfa`e que mpaftm pmrm esses biaoas rejerefogm`a peias mrqugvas fas `gretrgas `as

usurgas Kmrgm e Daa, oaka kastrm m curm =.:. Uk lmr` igfh orgm`a oak a oakmf`a ife

s pa`e mpaftmr pmrm mrqugvas recuimres au sykbaigo igfhs. M exgstfogm `esse tgpa `e igfh

fa ta sgkpies `e ser vergom`m.

Eie pa`e ser g`eftgom`a peia fkera que mpmreoe mps ms perkgsses mssaogm`ms m uk

mrqugva, oaka pa`e ser vgsta fa exekpia m secugr. A fkera 2 g`eftgom que mik `a

mrqugva argcgfmi, exgste uk lmr` igfh mpaftmf`a pmrm eie.

Gfa`e `ereimtarga.txt

Gfa`e`a igfh

Mrqugva`e Daa

Mrqugva`e Kmrgm

Mrqugvareimtarga.txtJgcurm =.:

Lmr` igfh.

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_ykbaigo igfh

q= Mrqugvas que sa paftegras pmrm autras mrqugvas.= Jarfeoek rejerfogm par fake.

= Aoupmk espma kfgka.

= ^a`ek mpaftmr pmrm qumiquer rem `a `gsoa, gfoiusgve ek autrms pmrt ges.

= Orgm`as oak a oakmf`a if s.

= Rekavg`as oak a oakmf`a rk.

represeftm`a par uk mrqugva ouda oafte`a a fake `a mrqugva argcgfmi pmrm a qumi a

sykbaigo igfh est mpaftmf`a. Fesse omsa, exgstek `ags mrqugvas oak oafte`as `gjereftes,

om`m uk `eies oak seu gfa`e mssaogm`a. ]umf`a uk sykbaigo igfh moessm`a, a sgstekm

vergom mtrmvs `ms gfjarkmes oaftg`ms ek seu gfa`e que eie `a tgpa sykbaigo igfh. Mps

gssa, reouperm m g`eftgoma `a mrqugva argcgfmi e remigzm ms apermes saigogtm`ms `gretm-

kefte sabre eie.

Uk sykbaigo igfh orgm`a oak a oakmf`a if, utgigzmf`a m apa -s e pa`e mpaftmr pmrm

qumiquer tgpa `e mrqugva. Uk sykbaigo igfh g`eftgom`a peim ietrm i, que a prgkegraomrmotere ek ukm igstm `e mrqugvas cerm`m peia oakmf`a is, utgigzmf`a m apa -i. passvei

tmkbk ver a fake `a mrqugva mpaftm`a fa fmi `m igflm, oaka kastrm a exekpia m secugr4

# is im ~kmrgm/reimtarga.txt

-rw-r--r-- = kmrgm kmrgm 2>>Jeb >= => reimtarga.txt

# if s ~kmrgm/reimtarga.txt ~dama/reimtarga.txt

# is im ~kmrgm/reimtarga.txt ~dama/reimtarga.txt

-rw-r--r-- = kmrgm kmrgm 2>>Jeb >= => /lake/kmrgm/reimtarga.txt

irwxrwxrwx = dama dama 2> Jeb >5 ==4?> reimtarga.txt -6 ~kmrgm/

reimtarga.txt

Fa exekpia, a espma `e 2>> bytes aoupm`a peia mrqugva reimtarga.txt miaom`a ukm fgom

vez fas biaoas `a `gsoa. Mpefms a mrqugva fa `gretrga `m usurgm Kmrgm rejerefogm essm rem

`e `m`as. Fa `gretrga `a usurga Daa, exgste autra mrqugva, `a tgpa sykbaigo igfh, ouda oaf-

te`a a fake `a mrqugva fa `gretrga `m usurgm Kmrgm, oaka kastrm m curm =.3.

/

eto lake

kmrgm daa

igfux.oafj reimtarga.txt igfhJgcurm =.3

_ykbaigo igfh pmrm

mrqugva.

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=-Gftra`uama_gstekmApermogafmiIgfux

A mrqugva e Daa est mrkmzefm`a ek autra iaomi a gsoa sef`a rejerefogm`a par autra gfa`e, e

seu tmkmfla kefar `a que a tmkmfla `a mrqugva argcgfmi, oaka pa`e ser vgsta fm curm =.

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Bgts `e perkgssa

_a fave as bgts `e perkgssa, usm`as pmrm `eterkgfmr ms apermes que pa`ek ser exe-

outm`ms ek uk mrqugva, e quek pa`e exeout-ims. A Igfux `efe oafduftas `e perkgssespmrm a `afa `a mrqugva, pmrm a crupa ma qumi a mrqugva pertefoe e pmrm as autras usurgas

`a sgstekm. Om`m oafdufta passug trs bgts4 uk bgt `e iegturm (r), uk bgt `e esorgtm (w) e uk bgt

`e exeoua (x), olmkm`a bgt `e pesqugsm, qumf`a se trmtm `e uk `gretrga. Mssgk, as trs

prgkegras bgts oaftraimk a moessa `a `afa, as trs `a kega oaftraimk a moessa `a crupa e

as itgkas trs oaftraimk a moessa pmrm as `ekmgs usurgas `a sgstekm (autras). Ek om`m

trga, a bgt kmgs mita a que oaftraim m iegturm, a bgt `a kega oaftraim m esorgtm e a itgka bgt

oaftraim m exeoua a mrqugva.

Om`m usurga `e uk sgstekm Igfux efqum`rm-se ek, peia kefas, ukm `ms trs omtecargms

`esorgtms. Omsa eie fa sedm a `afa `a mrqugva, fek pertefm ma keska crupa ma qumi a

Pmbeim =.=

Oakmf`a is

(tgpas `e mrqugvas).

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=-Gftra`uama_gstekmApermogafmiIgfux

mrqugva pertefoe, ms perkgsses `m`ms mas autras sera ievm`ms ek oafsg`erma.

A bgt `e iegturm perkgte m mberturm e m iegturm `e uk mrqugva farkmi. A bgt `e esorgtm, par

sum vez, perkgte que a oafte`a `a mrqugva sedm ka`gom`a. M passgbgig`m`e `e refakemr

au rekaver uk mrqugva, oaftu`a, oaftraim`m peims perkgsses `a `gretrga ma qumi eie

pertefoe. A bgt `e exeoua, oaka a fake d sucere, perkgte que a mrqugva sedm exeou-

tm`a, par gssa, esse tgpa `e perkgssa s jmz seftg`a ek mrqugvas exeoutvegs. ^mrm uk

`gretrga, a bgt `e exeoua tek uk sgcfgom`a uk tmfta `gjerefte.

Eie perkgte m eftrm`m ek uk `gretrga, kms fa feoessmrgmkefte que a seu oafte`a sedm

igstm`a. M igstmcek `a oafte`a `e uk `gretrga s pa`e ser remigzm`m se as bgts `e iegturm

e exeoua jarek `efg`as. D m oakbgfma `as bgts `e esorgtm e exeoua perkgte que

mrqugvas sedmk orgm`as, rekavg`as e refakem`as `eftra `e uk `gretrga. ]umf`a uk bgt `e

perkgssa fa `efg`a, a omrmotere - gfserg`a ek seu iucmr.

r

w

x

perkgtgr mbrgr e ier

ka`gomr au trufomr8 `eietmr au

refakemr4 ver perk. `gr.

exeoutmr mrqugva eftrmr, kms fa igstmr

igstmr, se x est setm`a

orgmr, refakemr e `eietmr mrqugvas,se x est setm`a

= = = = > > >= =

@afa Autras

Cruparem` (r)

wrgte (w)

exeoute (x)

; 35=

Moessa _gcfgom`a pmrm mrqugvas _gcfgom`a pmrm gretrgas

Bgts espeogmgsq_tgohy bgt4

= Evgtm keomfgska `e swmp-af/swmp-a ek mrqugvas exeoutvegs (ek `esusa).

= Oaftraim m esorgtm ek `gretrgas `e usa cermi.

= Represeftm`a peim ietrm t.

_etcg`4

= Usm`as ek mrqugvas exeoutvegs e `gretrgas.

= Represeftm`a peim ietrm s.

_etug`4

= Utgigzm`as ek mrqugvas exeoutvegs.

= Represeftm`a peim ietrm s.

@gssekas mftergarkefte que, mik `as fave bgts `e perkgssa, autras trs mjetmk m exe-

oua e pracrmkms exeoutvegs e `gretrgas, e que duftas eies jarkmk as =2 bgts e ka`a.

Esses autras trs bgts, setug` (_UG@), setcg` (_CG@) e stgohy bgt, sa `esorgtas m secugr.

_tgohy Bgt

A estmbeieogkefta `esse bgt rekaftm mas tekpas ek que kekrgm erm uk reoursa omra e

esomssa ek sgstekms Igfux, e moessas m ufg`m`es `e `gsoa ermk ieftms. _gstekms oak pauom

kekrgm feoessgtmvmk `e que micufs pracrmkms se kmftgvessek fm kekrgm oaftgfumkefte.

Jgcurm =.7

Bgts e perkgssa.

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A stgohy bgt erm gkpartmfte fesse oaftexta. Eie cmrmftgm que uk `eterkgfm`a praoessa

perkmfeoergm fm kekrgm prgfogpmi, fa tef`a sum perjarkmfoe predu`gom`m par oaftm `a

esquekm `e swmppgfc. Lade, oak a reimtgva bmgxa ousta `e kekrgm e ms ufg`m`es `e `gsoa

om`m vez kmgs veiazes, a estmbeieogkefta `esse bgt ek mrqugvas exeoutvegs omgu ek `esusa.

Mtumikefte, a stgohy bgt `efg`a sakefte ek `gretrgas e utgigzm`a pmrm gkpe`gr que

uk usurga mpmcue au refakege uk mrqugva, m kefas que sedm `afa `a `gretrga au `a

mrqugva. @esse ka`a, ter perkgssa `e esorgtm e pesqugsm ek uk `gretrga oak stgohybgt `efg`a fa suogefte pmrm rekaver au refakemr mrqugvas e `gretrgas `e autras

usurgas. `essm jarkm que a Igfux evgtm que, ek `gretrgas `e usa pbigoa, oaka a /tkp,

as usurgas rekavmk au refakegek mrqugvas `e autras usurgas. Essm recrm s fa

vig`m pmrm a usurga raat. A stgohy bgt qumf`a `efg`a substgtug m ietrm x `m perkgssa

`e exeoua `as autras peim ietrm t, omsa m perkgssa `e exeoua teflm sg`a `efg`m.

Omsa oaftrrga, m ietrm P gfserg`m fa iucmr `a omrmotere -.

_etcg` (_CG@)

A bgt _CG@ pa`e ser `efg`a ek mrqugvas exeoutvegs e `gretrgas. Eie perkgte que uk

mrqugva sedm exeoutm`a oak ms perkgsses `a crupa `afa `a mrqugva, gf`epef`efte `a

usurga que a teflm exeoutm`a. Ekbarm qumiquer tgpa `e mrqugva passm ter esse bgt `efg`a,

kugtms verses `a Igfux s a ievm ek oaftm qumf`a sa `efg`as ek pracrmkms exeout-

vegs au ek gretrgas.

]umf`a a bgt _CG@ `efg`a ek uk `gretrga, ta`as as mrqugvas orgm`as fesse `gretrga

pertefoera ma crupa que `afa `a `gretrga, gf`epef`efte `a crupa prgkrga `a usurga

que as teflm orgm`a. A _CG@, qumf`a `efg`a, substgtug m ietrm x `m perkgssa `e exeoua

`a crupa peim ietrm s, omsa m perkgssa `e exeoua teflm sg`a `efg`m. Omsa oaftrrga, m

ietrm _ gfserg`m fa iucmr `a omrmotere -.

_etug` (_UG@)

A bgt _UG@ s passug ejegta ek mrqugvas exeoutvegs. Eie perkgte que uk mrqugva sedm

exeoutm`a oaka se estgvesse sef`a exeoutm`a peia `afa `a mrqugva, gf`epef`efte `a

usurga que a teflm exeoutm`a. A mrqugva exeoutveipmssw`, usm`a pmrm traom `e seflm,

uk exekpia `e mrqugva que tek a bgt _UG@ `efg`a. Gssa feoessrga pmrm que usurgas

oakufs passmk mitermr sums seflms, d que sakefte a usurga raat tek perkgssa `e

esorgtm fa mrqugva/eto/slm`aw, que mrkmzefm ms seflms as usurgas a sgstekm. Ekbarm

qumiquer tgpa `e mrqugva passm ter esse bgt `efg`a, kugtms verses `a Igfux s a ievm ek

oaftm qumf`a sa efg`as ek pracrmkms exeoutvegs.

A _UG@, qumf`a `efg`a, substgtug m ietrm x `m perkgssa `e exeoua `a `afa `a mrqugva

peim ietrm s, omsa m perkgssa `e exeoua teflm sg`a `efg`m. Omsa oaftrrga, m ietrm _

gfserg`m fa iucmr `a omrmotere -.

-rws-sr-t

t mqug gf`gom que a pracrmkm stgohy

smqug gf`gom que a pracrmkm _CG@

smqug gf`gom que a pracrmkm _UG@

Jgcurm =.=>

_UG@, _CG@

e stgohy bgt.

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=-Gftra`uama_gstekmApermogafmiIgfux

Ku`mf`a perkgsses

As `aze bgts `e perkgssa, rejerefogm`as mftergarkefte, pa`ek ser ka`gom`as peia `afa

`a mrqugva au peia m`kgfgstrm`ar `a sgstekm mtrmvs `a oakmf`a olka`. As prgkegras sgs-

tekms Ufgx exgcgmk que as usurgas eftef`essek `e fatma bgfrgm au aotmi pmrm utgigzmr

esse oakmf`a. Ms verses kmgs reoeftes `a sgstekm, eftretmfta, moegtmk tmfta m fatma

aotmi qumfta ukm sgftmxe kmgs kfekfgom. Eftretmfta, prejergkas trmbmilmr oak m fatma

aotmi, par ser kmgs oafvefgefte pmrm m`kgfgstrm`ares `e sgstekm.

A oakmf`a olka`reoebe `ags biaoas `e mrcukeftas. A prgkegra `eies uk fkera aotmi,

que represeftm ms perkgsses m serek mtrgbu`ms, e a secuf`a biaoa oakpasta `e uk au

kmgs fakes `e mrqugvas, sepmrm`as par espma ek brmfoa, oudms perkgsses `evek ser

miterm`ms. Fm jarkm farkmi4

= ^rgkegra cgta aotmi4 rejere-se s perkgsses `a `afa `a mrqugva8

= _ecuf`a4 rejere-se s `a crupa `afa `a mrqugva8

= Peroegra4 rejere-se s `as autras usurgas.

^mrm estmbeieoer ms perkgsses mssaogm`ms mas bgts setug`, setcg` e stgohy bgt , preogsautgigzmr qumtra `cgtas aotmgs fa iucmr `e trs. Fesse omsa, as trs bgts espeogmgs sa `efg`as

peia prgkegra cgta. M tmbeim =.2 giustrm ms agta passvegs oakbgfmes pmrm om`m uk as trs

bgts, ek que r, w e x oarrespaf`ek s perkgsses `e iegturm (Rem`), `e esorgtm (Srgte) e

`e exeoua (e\eoute) respeotgvmkefte.

Oakmf`a Jufa

olka` Ka`gjgomr m perkgssa `e mrqugvas e `gretrgas

Aotmi Bgfrgm ^erkgsses

> >>> ---

= >>= --x

2 >=> -w-

? >== -wx

0 =>> r--

5 =>= r-x

: ==> rw-

3 === rwx

M tmbeim =.? giustrm ms agta passvegs oakbgfmes usm`ms pmrm `efgr au fa as bgts

espeogmgs _UG@, _CG@ e stgohy bgt.

Pmbeim =.2

Ku`mf`a

perkgsses

`e mrqugvas.

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Oakmf`a Jufa

olka` Ka`gjgomr m perkgssa `e mrqugvas e `gretrgas

Aotmi Bgfrgm @esorga

> >>> _UG@, _CG@ e stgohy bgt fa ejgfg`as

= >>= _tgohy bgt `ejgfg`a

2 >=> _CG@ `ejgfg`a

? >== _tgohy bgt e _CG@ `ejgfg`as

0 =>> _UG@ `ejgfg`a

5 =>= _tgohy bgt e _UG@ `ejgfg`as

: ==> _CG@ e _UG@ `ejgfg`as

3 === _tgohy bgt, _CG@ e _UG@ ejgfg`as

M secugr, pa`ekas ver uk exekpia `e exeoua `a oakmf`a olka`.

# olka` >35= /lake/miufa=/mrqugva.txt

Esse oakmf`a mtrgbug ta`ms ms perkgsses pmrm a `afa, au sedm, eie pa`e ier, esorever e exe-

outmr a mrqugva8 mtrgbug ma crupa perkgssa pmrm mpefms ier e exeoutmr a mrqugva e mtrgbug

mas autras sakefte perkgssa pmrm exeout-ia. A prgkegra fkera aotmi pmssm`a oaka

pmrketra pmrm a oakmf`a olka` rejerefte s perkgsses espeogmgs8 a secuf`a, teroegra

e qumrta sa reimtgvas s perkgsses mpigom`ms ma `afa `a mrqugva, ma crupa e mas autras,

respeotgvmkefte. gkpartmfte ressmitmr que a prgkegra fkera aotmi apogafmi e, se fa

jar efg`a, ser oafsg`erm`a oaka tef`a a vmiar >.

Ksomrm `e usurgaA oakmf`a ukmsh(user kmsh) pa`e ser utgigzm`a pmrm estmbeieoer ms perkgsses pm`res

pmrm as mrqugvas orgm`as fa sgstekm. ^mrm esse oakmf`a, pmssm`a uk pmrketra fm

jarkm `e uk vmiar aotmi `e trs `cgtas, as qumgs represeftmk ms perkgsses que `evek

ser mtrgbu`ms mas mrqugvas fa kakefta `m sum orgma. As `cgtas estmbeieoek ms perkgs-

ses kastrm`ms fm tmbeim =.0. M reima eftre as vmiares pmssm`as pmrm a oakmf`a ukmsh

e ms perkgsses resuitmftes `gjerek bmstmfte `m reima mpigom`m pmrm a oakmf`a olka`.

A vmiar pm`ra `m ukmshpmrm m kmgargm `ms `gstrgbuges Igfux >22. ^mrm vergomrkas a

vmiar m ksomrm mtumi, evekas exeoutmr a oakmf`a ukmshsek pmrketras. M tmbeim =.0

kastrm que a vmiar `m ukmsh resuitm ek `gjereftes perkgsses pmrm mrqugvas bgfrgas,

mrqugvas texta e `gretrgas.

Pmbeim =.?

Ku`mf`a

perkgsses

espeogmgs.

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=-Gftra`uama_gstekmApermogafmiIgfux

Oakmf`a Jufa

ukmsh Estmbeieoer perkgsses pm`res pmrm mrqugvas orgm`as.

Aotmi Bgfrgm ^erkgsses

Mrqugva @gretrga

Bgfrga Pexta

> >>> r-x rw- rwx

= >>= r-- rw- rw-

2 >=> r-x r-- r-x

? >== r-- r-- r--

0 =>> --x -w- -wx

5 =>= --- -w- -w-

: ==> --x --- --x

3 === --- --- ---Pmbeim =.0Oakmf`a ukmsh.

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2-Usurgasecrupas

abdetgvas

oafoegtas

2Usurgas e crupas

Oafleoer as pmrketras mssaogm`as m crupas e oaftm `e uk usurga8 _mber qumgs

sa as oakmf`as pmrm ka`gomr as pmrketras `e ukm oaftm8 Eftef`er a keomfgska

`e slm`aw pmsswar`s8 Oafsogeftgzmr-se `m gkpartfogm `ms seflms pmrm m securmfm

`a sgstekm8 Mpref`er m kmfgpuimr crupas4 orgmr, mitermr e exoiugr8 _mber oaka

kmfgpuimr oaftms e usurgas4 orgmr, mitermr, esmbgigtmr e exoiugr8 Oaka kafgtarmr

ms mtgvg`m`es as usurgas iacm`as fa sgstekm.

Crupas8 Usurgas8 M`kgfgstrmf`a crupas8 M`kgfgstrmf`a oaftms `e usurgas.

Gftra`ua

]umf`a a _gstekm Apermogafmi Ufgx jag orgm`a, erm oakuk m orgma `e oaftms `e usurgas.

Estes utgigzmvmk a sgstekm oafeotm`as `gretmkefte mtrmvs `e sum oafsaie au mtrmvs `e

moessa rekata, trmbmilmf`a ek mpigomtgvas que ermk exeoutm`as fa prprga ser vg`ar.Fessm paom, m kmgargm `as usurgas ermk pesqugsm`ares au estu`mftes `e oakputma e

rems reimogafm`ms. Oak m m`aa ek kmssm `as oakputm`ares pessamgs, m pmrtgr `m `om`m

`e =7, esse ka`eia oakeau m omgr ek `esusa.

Oak m papuimrgzma `m gfterfet, as sgstekms oakemrmk e se tarfmr miva `e mtmomftes que

expiarmvmk vuifermbgig`m`es ek sajtwmres e remigzmvmk teftmtgvms `e moessa utgigzmf`a

oaftms e teroegras. Oak gssa, as m`kgfgstrm`ares pmssmrmk m m`atmr prtgoms kmgs securms,

restrgfcgf`a ma kxgka m orgma `e oaftms `e usurgas. Oak a pmssmr `a tekpa, m aoarrfogm

`e gfog`eftes `e securmfm se tarfau om`m vez kmgs oafstmfte, e autrm prtgom que pmssau

m ser m`atm`m jag m orgma `e oaftms sek sleii, fa perkgtgf`a que as usurgas zessek

iacgf fa sgstekm. Mssgk, as usurgas moessmk sakefte as serv gas que sa exeoutm`as fas

servg`ares, oaka e-kmgi e oakpmrtgilmkefta `e mrqugvas, par exekpia, d que fa tk

feoessg`m`e feflukm e jmzerek iacgf fa servg`ar.

M orgma `e usurgas e crupas ek sgstekms Ufgx-ighe gkpartmfte pmrm `efgr que reoursas

pa`ek ser moessm`as par qumgs usurgas e/au crupas e perkgte ma _gstekm Apermogafmi

cerefogmr m exeoua as praoessas e om`m usurga e jarkm m`equm`m. Mtumikefte,

om`m vez kmgs oakuk a usa `e bmses `e usurgas oeftrmigzm`ms e cerefogm`ms par pracrmkms

oaka a I@M^, que mombmk oak m feoessg`m`e `e se orgmr oaftms `e usurgas ek om`m uk

`as `gversas sgstekms `e ukm gfstgtuga. Fa eftmfta, a ka`eia `e orgma `e usurgas

e crupas trm`gogafmi `as sgstekms Ufgx-ighe mgf`m bmstmfte utgigzm`a e ser a abdeta `e

estu`a `estm sessa `e mpref`gzmcek.

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Crupas

qMrqugva /eto/craup4= crupa4seflm4CG@4igstmQ`eQusurgas

2 crupa4 fake `a crupa.

2 seflm4 seflm a crupa (ek esusa).

2 CG@4 fkera `e g`eftgoma `a crupa.

2 igstmQ`eQusurgas4 reima `as usurgas que pertefoek ma crupa,

sepmrm`as par vrcuim.

? Exekpia4

? iacgstgom44=>>=4jufogafmrga=,jufogafmrga2

M orgma `e crupas `e usurgas cermikefte jegtm pmrm oaftraimr a moessa m mrqugvas

au servgas. Om`m crupa fa sgstekm passug uk fake e uk g`eftgom`ar fukrgoa fgoa,

`efakgfm`a Craup G@ (CG@). Ms gfjarkmes sabre as crupas `a sgstekm esta oaftg`ms fas

mrqugvas/eto/craup e /eto /cslm`aw. Om`m igflm esses mrqugvas passug gfjarkmes reimtgvms m

uk `eterkgfm`a crupa. _upaflmkas que a setar fmfoegra `e ukm ekpresm, que oaftraima smirga as jufogafrgas, esedm `gspafgbgigzmr ms estmtstgoms oafsaig`m`ms esses smirgas

fa sgstekm `e gfjarkmes `m ekpresm, pmrm que seus oaimbarm`ares passmk utgigz-ims

pmrm oiouias. ^ark, essms gfjarkmes fa pa`ek ser vgstms par ta`as as jufogafrgas `m

ekpresm. Mssgk, m orgma `a crupa fmfoegra e m `gspafgbgigzma `esses mrqugvas sakefte

pmrm as usurgas `esse crupa resaivergm a prabiekm. M igflm rejerefte ma crupa fmfoegra

fa mrqugva/eto/craup pa`ergm ser sekeilmfte `a exekpia m secugr4

qjgfmfoegra44=>>24jufogafmrga?,jufogafmrga0,jufogafmrga5= Uk usurga pa`e jmzer pmrte `e vrgas crupas4

2 Crupaprgkrga4 CG@ `a usurga (presefte fa mrqugva/eto/pmssw`).

2 Crupas seouf`rgas4 reimogafm`as fas mrqugvas/eto/craup e/eto/cslm`aw.

A oakmf`a olcrpka`gom a crupa ma qumi uk mrqugva au `gretrga pertefoe.

Bgt _CG@4ta`as as mrqugvas orgm`as ek uk `gretrga oak a bgt _CG@ `efg`a pertefoera

mutakmtgomkefte ma crupa praprgetrga `esse `gretrga.

As omkpas preseftes fms igflms `a mrqugva/eto/craupsa sepmrm`as peia omrmotere 4 e sa

as secugftes4 fake `a crupa8 seflm `a crupa8 CG@ e igstm `e usurgas pertefoeftes ma crupa,

sepmrm`as par vrcuims. gkpartmfte ressmitmr que fa ukm prtgom oakuk mtrgbugr seflms

mas crupas, omf`a esse omkpa ek brmfoa. ^mrm gfoiugr favas usurgas ek uk crupa,

preogsa e`gtmr as mrqugvas/eto/craup e /eto/cslm`aw, e moresoeftmr ma fmi `m igflm rejerefte

ma crupa a fake `esses usurgas. Uk usurga pertefoe abrgcmtargmkefte m uk crupa prg-

krga e pa`e jmzer pmrte `e vrgas crupas seouf`rgas, tef`a mssgk `gversas tgpas `e perkgs-

ses. Festm sessa sera vgstas oakmf`as que pa`ek mutakmtgzmr tmrejms `e kmfgpuima `e

crupas, eigkgfmf`a m feoessg`m`e `e e`ga `as mrqugvas/eto/craupe/eto/cslm`aw.

Micufs oug`m`as m`gogafmgs `evek ser takm`as pmrm evgtmr prabiekms fm utgigzma `e

crupas. ar exekpia, supaflmkas que jag orgm`a a gretrga /lake/fmfoegra pmrm que as

usurgas `a crupa fmfoegra passmk oakpmrtgilmr mrqugvas. Fesse omsa, ms perkgsses `a

crupa praprgetrga fesse `gretrga e ek seus mrqugvas sergmk rwx e rw-, respeotgvmkefte,

a que passgbgigtm moessa grrestrgta mas usurgas `a crupa fmfoegra. Fesse oaftexta, se a

usurga jufogafmrga?, ouda crupa prgkrga jufogafmrga?, orgmr uk mrqugva fesse `gretrga,

esse mrqugva ter oaka crupa praprgetrga a seu crupa prgkrga.

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Mssgk, mpefms as usurgas pertefoeftes ma crupa jufogafmrga? pa`ergmk ter moessa ma

mrqugva, e fa as usurgas `a crupa fmfoegra, oaka erm pretef`g`a. L `ums miterfmtgvms

pmrm resaiver esse prabiekm. M prgkegrm pauoa prtgom e oafsgste ek usmr a oakmf`a olcrp

pmrm ku`mr a crupa ma qumi a mrqugva pertefoe, iekbrmf`a `e utgigzmr esse oakmf`a sekpre

que uk fava mrqugva jar orgm`a. M autrm saiua utgigzmr a bgt espeogmi _CG@, vgsta fm sessa

`e mpref`gzmcek =, pmrm que ta`as as mrqugvas orgm`as fa gretrga /lake/fmfoegra

pertefmk mutakmtgomkefte ma crupa praprgetrga `esse `gretrga. Exekpias4

# is -im tmbeims.`ao

-rw-r--r-- = miufa= miufa= 2? Mbr 7 =52? tmbeims.`ao

Mitermf`a perkgssa fa mrqugva tmbeims.`aopmrm a crupa users.

# olcrp -o users tmbeims.`ao

# is -im tmbeims.`ao

-rw-r--r = miufa users 2? Mbr 7 =52? tmbeims.`ao

# olka` ::0 tmbeims.`ao

# is -im tmbeims.`ao

-rw-rw-r-- = miufa users 2? Mbr 7 =52? tmbeims.`ao

Mrqugva /eto/cslm`aw

qcrupa4seflm4m`kgfgstrm`aresQ`aQcrupa4igstmQ`eQusurgas= crupa4 fake `a crupa.

= seflm4 seflm a crupa (ek esusa).

= m`kgfgstrm`aresQ`aQcrupa4 reima `as usurgas que pa`ek gfsergr au rekaver

usurgas fa crupa.

= igstmQ`eQusurgas4 reima `as usurgas que pertefoek ma crupa,

sepmrm`as par vrcuim.

2 Exekpia4

? iacgstgom445=>4kmroga,kmroeia,daei

A mrqugva/eto/cslm`aw orgm`a peia oakmf`apwoafv, que lmbgigtm a esquekm `e slm`aw

pmsswar`s fa Igfux, que ser mpreseftm`a kmgs jrefte. Om`m igflm `esse mrqugva passug

gfjarkmes reimtgvms m uk `eterkgfm`a crupa. A exekpia m secugr kastrm ukm igflm tpgom

`a mrqugva/eto/cslm`aw.

jgfmfoegra4!4jufogafmrga?4jufogafmrga?,jufogafmrga0,jufogafmrga5

As omkpas preseftes fms igflms `a mrqugva/eto/cslm`awsa sepmrm`as peia omrmotere 4

e sa as secugftes4 fake `a crupa, seflm `a crupa, m`kgfgstrm`aresQ`a crupa (reima

`e usurgas que pa`ek gfsergr au rekaver usurgas feste crupa utgigzmf`a a oakmf`a

cpmssw`) e igstmQ`eQusurgas (reima `e usurgas que pertefoek ma crupa).

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As omkpas preseftes fms igflms `a mrqugva/eto/pmssw`sa sepmrm`as peia omrmotere 4

e sa as secugftes4 fake `e usurga, seflm orgptacrmjm`m, UG@ (User G@), CG@ (Craup G@),

CEOA_ (omkpa utgigzm`a pmrm mrkmzefmr gfjarkmes sabre a usurga, oaka fake oak-

pieta e teiejafe `e oaftmta), `gretrga `e trmbmila e gfterpretm`ar `e oakmf`as. A `gretrga

`e trmbmila au lake`gr a espma ek `gsoa reservm`a ma usurga fm larm `e sum gfoiusa.

^ar questes `e securmfm, micufs m`kgfgstrm`ares `efek oaftms `e usurgas, kms famtrgbuek m eims uk sleii vig`a. @essm jarkm, esses usurgas fa oafsecuek se iacmr fa

sgstekm e mpefms utgigzmk micuk servga, oaka a oarrega eietrfgoa au a oakpmrtgilmkefta

`e mrqugvas e gkpressarms.

As usurgas passuek `gjereftes perkgsses `e moessa mas reoursas `a sgstekm. A usurga

raat oafleog`a oaka superusurga e tek perkgssa pmrm moessmr qumiquer reoursa `a

sgstekm e exeoutmr qumiquer tgpa `e tmrejm.

Esse usurga, que passug UG@ >, usm`a peia m`kgfgstrm`ar `a sgstekm, que `eve utgigzmr essm

oaftm oak bmstmfte omuteim, d que pa`e oaketer micuk erra crmve e `mfgomr ta`a a sgstekm.

M seflm `a usurga raat cermikefte `efg`m `urmfte m gfstmima `a Igfux. @urmfte m

gfstmima `a sgstekm, mik `a usurga raat, sa orgm`as `gversas usurgas `e sgstekm, oak

prapsgtas espeooas. As usurgas bgf, `mekafe syssa exekpias e usurgas e sgstekm.

Micufs `eies fa pa`ek jmzer iacgf e sa ut gigzm`as mpefms pmrm oaftraimr as reoursas

moessm`as par praoessas. Om`m praoessa ek exeoua fa sgstekm passug uk usurga pra-

prgetrga, que `eterkgfm as reoursas que pa`ek ser moessm`as peia praoessa. ^ar exekpia,

a usurga faba`ypa`e moessmr pauqussgkas reoursas `a sgstekm e bmstmfte utgigzm`a pmrm

exeoutmr praoessas que `gspafgbgigzmk seus servgas mtrmvs `m re`e. Ek omsa `e mtmques

ma sgstekm expiarmf`a jmilms `e uk praoessa ek exeoua peia usurga faba`y, a gfvmsar

cmflmr moessa ma sgstekm oak as prgvgicgas `esse usurga e, m prgfopga, pauoa pa`er jmzer.

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2-Usurgasecrupas

Omsa esse praoessa mtmom`a estgvesse sef`a exeoutm`a peia usurga raat, a gfvmsar

tergm moessa gke`gmta m qumiquer reoursa `a sgstekm.

^rabiekms `e securmfm

qIgkgtmes e/eto/pmssw`4= ]umiquer usurga tek moessa `e iegturm ma mrqugva.

= Oaftk ms seflms orgptacrmjm`ms (vuifervei ma usa e ormohers).

= Usm a omrmotere x fa iucmr `m seflm qumf`a utgigzm`a a esquekm `e slm`aw

pmsswar`s.

/eto/slm`aw4

= _akefte a m`kgfgstrm`ar pa`e ier esse mrqugva.

^mrm jmzer iacgf, a usurga `gcgtm sum seflm, que orgptacrmjm`m e oakpmrm`m oak m seflm mrkm-

zefm`m fa sgstekm. Omsa mkbms sedmk gcumgs, seu moessa mutargzm`a. Esse kta`a `e oaftraie

`e moessa pmreoe secura, kms tek seus prabiekms. ^ar exekpia, pmrm m kekargzma omr kmgs

jogi, as usurgas esoailek seflms bmsem`ms ek seus fakes, `mtms `e fmsogkefta, fakes `eilas, mfgkmgs `e estgkma eto. Essms seflms sa joegs `e serek iekbrm`ms, kms tmkbk sa

kugta joegs `e serek `esoabertms par pessams kmi-gftefogafm`ms, oafstgtugf`a uk `as paftas

kmgs vuifervegs `m securmfm `as sgstekms. ^mrm teftmr kgfgkgzmr esse prabiekm, m kmgargm

`ms `gstrgbuges Igfux requer que ms seflms passumk ietrms kmgsouims e kgfsouims, mik `e

uk `cgta au omrmotere espeogmi.

_lm`aw pmsswar`s

quserfmke4pmsswar`4imstQolmfce`4kgfgkuk4kmxgkuk4wmrf4gfmotgve4expgre= userfmke4fake `a usurga.

= pmsswar`4seflm orgptacrmjm`m.

= imstQolmfce`4fkera `e `gms `es`e a `gm =/=/=73>, `es`e que m seflm jag traom`m

peim itgkm vez.

= kgfgkuk4fkera `e `gms que a usurga `eve mcumr`mr pmrm pa`er mitermr sum seflm.

= kmxgkuk4fkera `e `gms que m seflm ser vig`m.

= wmrf4fkera `e `gms mftes `e m seflm expgrmr ek que a usurga ser mvgsm`a `e que

`eve miter-im.

= gfmotgve4fkera `e `gms mps m seflm ter sg`a expgrm`m ek que m oaftm

ser `esmbgigtm`m.

= expgre4fkera `e `gms `es`e a `gm =/=/=73> ek que m oaftm ser `esmbgigtm`m.

L mgf`m autra prabiekm que oakprakete m securmfm `as sgstekms Igfux. ]umiquer usurga

tek moessa `e iegturm ma mrqugva/eto/pmssw`, que oaftk ms seflms orgptacrmjm`ms. Mssgk,

passvei utgigzmr pracrmkms olmkm`as ormohers, que cermk seflms miemtargmkefte au utgigzmk

pmimvrms `e `gogafrgas e ms oakpmrmk oak ms seflms mrkmzefm`ms, passgveikefte que-

brmf`a micukms `eims. ^mrm resaiver esse prabiekm, jag gkpiekeftm`a a oafoegta `e slm`aw

pmsswar`s, fa qumi ms seflms orgptacrmjm`ms sa mrkmzefm`ms fa mrqugva /eto/slm`aw.

M crmf`e vmftmcek `esse kta`a que a mrqugva /eto/slm`aws pa`e ser ig`a peia m`kgfgs-

trm`ar, omf`a gfmoessvei pmrm uk usurga oakuk. ]umf`a se utgigzm slm`aw pmsswar`s,

a mrqugva/eto/pmssw`passug mpefms a omrmotere xfa omkpa que mrkmzefm ms seflms.

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Fa eftmfta, lmvgm uk srga prabiekm reimogafm`a ma usa `e slm`aw pmsswar`s4 micufs

pracrmkms utgigzm`as fa Igfux mssukgmk que ms seflms estmvmk mrkmzefm`ms fa mrqugva

/eto/pmssw`, cermf`a micukms oakpigomes. Igkgtmes oaka essms, fa eftmfta, sa om`m

vez kmgs rmrms, e a usa `e slm`aw pmsswar`s utgigzm`a par pm`ra fa Igfux.

A mrqugva/eto/slm`aw, mik `e mrkmzefmr as fakes `e usurga e sums seflms orgptacrm-

jm`ms, tmkbk passug gfjarkmes que `efek praprge`m`es sabre ms seflms e ms oaftms

`as usurgas. Om`m igflm `esse mrqugva passug gfjarkmes reimtgvms m uk fgoa usurga.A exekpia m secugr kastrm ukm igflm tpgom `a mrqugva /eto/slm`aw4

miufa=4Aweg?705mg/qga4=5?:>4>477777434544

As omkpas preseftes fms igflms `a mrqugva/eto/slm`awsa sepmrm`as peia omrmotere 4 e

sa as secugftes4

= fake e usurga8

= seflm orgptacrmjm`m8

= imstQolmfce`4 represeftm a fkera `e `gms `es`e a `gm =/=/=73>, qumf`a m seflm jag

traom`m peim itgkm vez8

= kgfgkuk4 represeftm a fkera `e `gms que a usurga `eve mcumr`mr pmrm pa`er mitermr

sum seflm8

= kmxgkuk4 a fkera `e `gms que m seflm ser vig`m (mps gssa a usurga abrgcm`a m

miter-im)8

= wmrf4 represeftm a fkera `e `gms mftes `e m seflm expgrmr ek que a usurga ser

mvgsm`a `e que `eve miter-im8

= gfmotgve4 a fkera `e `gms mps m seflm ter sg`a expgrm`m ek que m oaftm ser `esmbgigtm`m8

= expgre4 represeftm a fkera `e `gms, `es`e a `gm =/=/=73>, ek que m oaftm ser `esmbgigtm`m.

A mrqugva/eto/slm`aw cerm`a m pmrtgr `a mrqugva/eto/pmssw`e `e gfjarkmes oaftg`ms fa

mrqugva/eto/iacgf.`ejs. ^mrm lmbgigtmr a esquekm `e slm`aw pmsswar`s e cermr a mrqugva

/eto/slm`aw, bmstm exeoutmr a oakmf`apwoafv. Esse oakmf`a orgm as mrqugvas/eto/slm`awe

/eto/cslm`aw. ^mrm `esmbgigtmr a esquekm `e slm`aw pmsswar`s, bmstm exeoutmr a oakmf`a

pwufoafv. Esse oakmf`a rekave as mrqugvas/eto/slm`awe/eto/cslm`aw, e mrkmzefm favm-

kefte ms seflms orgptacrmjm`ms as usurgas fa mrqugva/eto/pmssw`.

Pgpas `e oaftms `e usurgas

Ek uk sgstekm Igfux, exgstek bmsgomkefte trs tgpas `e oaftms `e usurgas4 m oaftm raat,

que usm`m peia m`kgfgstrm`ar e passug moessa grrestrg ta m ta`as as reoursas `a sgstekm8

ms oaftms `e sgstekm, que sa utgigzm`ms par servgas pmrm cerefogmr seus praoessas, e ms

oaftms `e usurga. M tmbeim 2.= kastrm as tgpas `e oaftms oak seus respeotgvas fvegs `eperkgssa e exekpias e usurgas.

Pgpas `e usurgas ^erkgsses Usurgas

M`kgfgstrm`ar Patmi raat

^m`ra ^mrogmi miufa

_gstekm Espeojgom sys, bgf, jtp

Pmbeim 2.=

Pgpas `e oaftms `e

usurgas.

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_eflms

q= Esoailer seflms oakpiexms.= _akefte crmv-ims ek sum kekrgm.

= @gcgt-ims sek m presefm `e teroegras.

= Ms seflms `evek ser pessamgs e gftrmfsjervegs.

_eflms sgkpies sa kmgs joegs e kekargzmr, park tmkbk sa kugta kmgs joegs e

serek quebrm`ms. ^mrm mdu`mr m kmfter m securmfm `a sgstekm, a m`kgfgstrm`ar `eve reoa-

kef`mr mas usurgas que takek micufs oug`m`as, oaka4

= Esoailer seflms oakpiexms8

= Fufom esorever seflms ek pmpei au mrkmzef-ims ek mrqugvas `e oakputm`ar8

= Evgtmr `gcgtmr m seflm fm presefm `e pessams8

= Fufom jarfeoer m seflm pmrm autras, keska que sedmk pessams `e oafmfm8

= Ka`gomr m seflm oak jrequfogm.

oimra que esoailer seflms oakpiexms tmkbk tarfm m kekargzma kmgs `gjogi. A kmgs gf`g-om`a esoailer ukm seflm que iekbre micukm oagsm pmrm a usurga, kms s pmrm eie.

Uk exekpia `e seflm `gjogi `e ser quebrm`m mqueim oakpastm peims ietrms gfgogmgs `ms pmim-

vrms `e ukm jrmse `a tgpa4 Keu fake Das, fmsog ek 03. M seflm, fesse omsa, ser KfeDfe03.

A rgsoa `ms seflms pravvegs

Ek =73

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M`kgfgstrma`e_gstekmsIgfux

?. @efgr ukm seflm tekparrgm pmrm m oaftm, utgigzmf`a a oakmf`apmssw`.

0. Orgmr a `gretrga `e trmbmila (lake) `a usurga.

5. Oapgmr as mrqugvas `e gfgogmigzma oaftg`as fa `gretrga /eto/shei pmrm a `gretrga lake

`a usurga.

:. Oafcurmr m quatm `e `gsoa pmrm a usurga. Este pmssa s feoessrga se a sgstekm

utgigzmr quatms.

3. Pestmr se m oaftm jag orgm`m oarretmkefte.

Kmgs m`gmfte, verekas que exgstekoakmf`as fa Igfux, e keska jerrmkeftms croms, oaka

a Sebkgf, que mutakmtgzmk m m`kgfgstrma `e usurgas e crupas. Aptmkas, fa eftmfta, par

`esorever om`m ukm `ms etmpms, oaka jarkm `e recgstrmr as pmssas efvaivg`as fa praoessa

`e orgma `e ukm oaftm fa Igfux. Mssgk, vao, oaka m`kgfgstrm`ar, smber `e que kmfegrm

mcgr qumf`a tgver `e orgmr uk fava usurga fa sgstekm, gf`epef`efte `m jerrmkeftm `gspa-

fvei. Mftes `e orgmr ukm oaftm, reoakef`m-se que a m`kgfgstrm`ar abteflm `a seu `afa fa

mpefms ms gfjarkmes feoessrgms orgma `essm oaftm, kms autrms que jmogigtmra a oaftmta

oak a usurga. Fm sessa `e mpref`gzmcek 7, ma expigomr praoe`gkeftas m`kgfgstrmtgvas,

vmkas sucergr uk jarkuirga que `eve ser m`atm`a fa mtef`gkefta m usurgas.

As pmssas `esorgtas m secugr `evek ser exeoutm`as peia m`kgfgstrm`ar `a sgstekm

usmf`a m oaftm raat.

Orgmr eftrm`m fas mrqugvas /eto/craup e /eto/cslm`aw

qMrqugva/eto/craup4= Orgmr crupa prgkrga pmrm a fava usurga.

= Gfsergr a usurga ek crupa(s) seouf`rga(s).

Mrqugva/eto/cslm`aw4

= Orgmr crupa prgkrga pmrm a fava usurga.

= Gfsergr a usurga ek crupa(s) seouf`rga(s).

_ ser feoessrga exeoutmr esse pmssa omsa a crupa prgkrga `a usurga fa exgstgr au

keska se jar preogsa gfoiugr a usurga ek micuk crupa mik `a seu crupa prgkrga.

Orgmr eftrm`m fas mrqugvas /eto/pmssw` e /eto/slm`aw

qMrqugva/eto/pmssw`= fake4seflm4UG@4CG@4CEOA_4lakeQ`gr4sleii

2 Usa `a omrmotere x fa omkpa `m seflm (slm`aw pmsswar`s).

Mrqugva/eto/slm`aw4

= fake4seflm4imstQolmfce`4kgfgkuk4kmxgkuk4wmrf4gfmotgve4expgre

2 @efgr seflm tekparrgm.

Oafjarke vgkas fa gfoga `estm sessa, a mrqugva/eto/pmssw` oakpasta par ukm srge `e

omkpas que `esorevek `es`e a fake `a usurga mt a gfterpretm`ar `e oakmf`as utgigzm`a

par eie. Ek uk mkbgefte oakpasta par vrgas servg`ares I gfux, ms oaftms `e usurgas sa

jrequeftekefte cerefogm`ms par ukm bmse ciabmi, oaka a FG_ au a I@M^, `e jarkm que ma

se orgmr uk usurga eie pmssm m ser reoafleog`a ek qumiquer uk `as servg`ares.

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Prmbmilmrekas, fa eftmfta, oak m orgma e usurgas ek uk fgoa serv g`ar. Uk sgstekm

Igfux pa`e ter kmgs `e uk m`kgfgstrm`ar, e fesse omsa passvei moafteoer m sgtuma

ek que uk `eies estedm orgmf`a m oaftm `e uk usurga efqumfta autra estedm rekavef`a

m oaftm `e uk ex-usurga. Ma orgmr uk fava usurga fa sgstekm, a m`kgfgstrm`ar `eve preef-

oler om`m uk `as omkpas `a mrqugva/eto/pmssw`, takmf`a micufs oug`m`as espeogmgs.

A fake `a usurga, par exekpia, `eve ser fgoa e pa`e oafter mt ?2 omrmoteres fm kmgargm

`ms `gstrgbuges Igfux. Eie pa`e gfoiugr ietrms kgfsouims, fkeras e micufs omrmoteresespeogmgs, oaka ., Q e $, este itgka pmrm kmfter oakpmtgbgig`m`e oak a smkbm, que

utgigzm a omrmotere $ fa fmi `a fake `ms oaftms `e oakputm`ares `m re`e. gkpar-

tmfte ressmitmr que a pr gkegra omrmotere `eve ser, par pm`ra, ukm ietrm kgfsouim au a

omrmotere Q. As omrmoteres perkgtg`as pmrm usa ek fakes `e usurgas sa `efg`as peim

vmrgvei FMKEQRECE\, kms ms recrms `efg`ms par essm vmrgvei s vmiek qumf`a se utgigzm

a oakmf`a userm``pmrm orgmr ms oaftms `e usurga. A oakmf`a userm``pa`e ser utgigzm`a

oak m apa --jaroe-bm`fmke pmrm gcfarmr ms recrms `efg`ms fm vmrgvei FMKEQRECE\.

^ar k, gkpartmfte `efgr ukm paitgom pmrm m orgma `as fakes `as usurgas.

Ma e`gtmr a mrqugva/eto/pmssw`, a m`kgfgstrm`ar eve oaiaomr a omrmotere * fa omkpa reje-

refte seflm orgptacrmjm`m. Mssgk, eie evgtm a usa fa mutargzm`a essm oaftm mt que teflmestmbeieog`a ukm seflm pmrm eim. _e a sgstekm utgigzmr a esquekm `e slm`aw pmsswar`s, a

m`kgfgstrm`ar tmkbk eve e`gtmr a mrqugva/eto/slm`awpmrm orgmr m eftrm`m pmrm m favm oaftm.

Fm kmgargm `ms `gstrgbuges Igfux, a omkpa oarrespaf`efte g`eftgoma `a usurga, a

UG@, represeftm`a par uk fkera `e =: bgts, vmrgmf`a eftre > e :5.5?5. Ek sgstekms kmgs

favas, a UG@ represeftm`a par uk fkera `e ?2 bgts, resuitmf`a ek kmgs `e 0 bgiles

`e UG@s passvegs. Ek uk mkbgefte `e re`e utgigzmf`a Fetwarh Jgie _ystek (FJ_), as UG@s

`evek ser fgoas ek ta`m m re`e, gsta , uk UG@ preogsm se rejergr sekpre ma keska fake

`e usurga. Usurgas `e sgstekm cermikefte passuek UG@ eftre = e =>>. @essm jarkm,

reoakef`vei mtrgbugr pmrm as usurgas orgm`as vmiares kmgares que =>>. Pmkbk

moafseilvei evgtmr reutgigzmr UG@s, keska `e oaftms que d teflmk sg`a rekavg`ms.A m`kgfgstrm`ar pa`e usmr qumiquer e`gtar `e tex ta pmrm jmzer essms mitermes, kms

qumf`a `gspafvei, a oakmf`a vgpw`eve ser usm`a pmrm e`gtmr as mrqugvas/eto/pmssw`e

/eto/slm`aw, pags prevgfe passvei oarrupa fas mrqugvas par oaftm `e moessas sgkuitfeas.

Mssgk oaka a UG@, a CG@ tmkbk represeftm`a par uk fkera `e =: au ?2 bgts, que

`eve ser mtrgbu`a `e moar`a oak a crupa prgkrga ma qumi a usurga pertefoe. A CG@ `e

fkera > reservm`a ma crupa olmkm`a raatau wleei. Crupas `e sgstekm cermikefte

passuek CG@s eftre = e 777. A omkpa CEOA_ usm`a pmrm g`eftgomr a usurga. @essm

jarkm, oastukm-se oaiaomr gfjarkmes, oaka seu fake oakpieta, fkera e teiejafe a

trmbmila, rmkmi eto. A `gretrga `e trmbmila `a usurga a iaomi `a sgstekm `e mrqugvas pmrm

maf`e este `greogafm`a qumf`a jmz iacgf fa sgstekm e oarrespaf`e rem `a sgstekm af`e

eie tek perkgssa pmrm mrkmzefmr seus mrqugvas. As `gretrgas `e trmbmila `as usurgas `e

uk sgstekm, `e kmfegrm cermi, tk a keska fake `a usurga e se iaomigzmk m secugr `e uk

keska gretrga, olmkm`a /lake.

Exgstek micufs gfterpretm`ares e oakmf`as gspafvegs fa sgstekm. Exekpias e sleiis

utgigzm`as sa a/bgf/sl, a/bgf/tosle a/bgf/bmsl. M kmgargm `ms `gstrgbuges Igfux perkgte

que a usurga efm a gfterpretm`ar e oakmf`as oak a qumi quer trmbmilmr.

_mgbm kmgs

Ek servg`ares `e

e-kmgi, `eve-se evgtmra usa `e mpeig`as,

d que as fakes `e

usurgas sa utgigzm`as

fas e-kmgis, que tk

mssaogm`a a fake `e

`akfga m gfstgtuga.Uk exekpia `e paitgom

orgmr a fake `a

usurga usmf`a a seu

fake e a itgka sabre-

fake (exekpia4 fake.sabrefake).

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M`kgfgstrma`e_gstekmsIgfux

@ejgfgr seflm gfgogmi

qOakmf`apmssw`= Exekpia4

2 # pmssw` miufa

2 Efter few UFG\ pmsswar`4

Retype few UFG\ pmsswar 4

pmssw`4 pmsswar` up`mte` suooessjuiiy

A oakmf`a usm`a pmrm ku`mr m seflm `e uk usurga apmssw`. ]umf`a a usurga raat

`esedm ku`mr m seflm `e micuk usurga, `eve pmssmr a fake `este oaka pmrketra pmrm a

oakmf`apmssw`. Fesse omsa, a oakmf`apmssw`pe`gr que sedm gfjarkm`m m favm seflm

e que estm sedm repetg`m. A m`kgfgstrm`ar `eve orgmr ukm seflm `e jogi kekargzma peia

usurga, `e jarkm que eie fa oe`m teftma `e mfat- im. Fa eftmfta, bak gfoeftgvmr m

traom par ukm seflm prprgm, ta iaca teflm moessa ma sgstekm. ^mrm fa omr `epef`ef`a

`e a usurga traomr m seflm, a m`kgfgstrm`ar pa`e utgigzmr a oakmf`a olmcepmrm jar-ia

m traomr sum seflm mftes `esse remigzmr a prgkegra iacgf. Fesse omsa, a m`kgfgstrm`ar pa`e

`efgr ukm seflm tekparrgm kmgs oakpiexm e fa preogsm gfjark-im ma usurga. M secugr, m

sgftmxe usm`m peia oakmf`a olmcepmrm jarmr m miterma `e seflm.

# olmce -` > miufa=

Mssgk, qumf`a a usurga miufa= se iacmr peim prgkegrm vez fa sgstekm, eie ser jarm`a

m traomr `e seflm. M traom `e seflm jegtm mftes `a praoessa `e iacgf. A oakmf`aolmce

tmkbk pa`e ser utgigzm`a pmrm `efgr pmrketras reimtgvas s seflms `as usurgas.

Orgmr `gretrga `e trmbmila

q= ]umiquer `gretrga orgm`a pertefoe ma usurga raat.= A `afa e a crupa `evek ser miterm`as utgigzmf`a as oakmf`as olka`e olcrp.

]umiquer gretrga que vao orgmr, pertefoe, gfgogmikefte, ma usurga raat. Mssgk, vao eve

ku`mr a `afa e a crupa `esse `gretrga par kega `as oakmf`as olawfe olcrp. M sequfogm

`e oakmf`as m secugr eve orgmr, e jarkm mpraprgm`m, a gretrga e trmbmila a usurga

cerefte= fa sgstekm. Exekpia4

# kh`gr /lake/cerefte=

# olawf cerefte= /lake/cerefte=

# olcrp cerefogm /lake/cerefte=

# olka` 35> /lake/cerefte=

A crupa `afa `e uk mrqugva au `gretrga tmkbk pa`e ser `efg`a par kega `a oakmf`a

olawf. Mssgk, fm sequfogm `e oakmf`as mftergar, pa`ermkas ter as `ags pmssas gfterke`g-

rgas resukg`as ek ukm fgom igflm4

# olawf cerefte=4cerefogm /lake/cerefte=

Oapgmr mrqugvas `e gfgogmigzma

q= Oafcurma `e oakmf`as e utgigtrgas.= Cermikefte, oakemk oak . (pafta) e fmigzmk oak ro.

_mgbm kmgs

^mrm oafsuitmr kmgs

gfjarkmes m respegta

`esse oakmf`a, sum

pcgfm e kmfumi pa`e

ser vgsumigzm`m mtrmvs

`a oakmf`a

kmf olmce.

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As mrqugvas `e gfgogmigzma sa mrqugvas que sa oapgm`as pmrm a `gretrga `e trmbmila `as

usurgas e utgigzm`as pmrm m oafcurma e `efga `e pmrketras `e oakmf`as e mpigom-

tgvas. Exekpias esses oakmf`as oak as seus respeotgvas mrqugvas e gfgogmigzma sa as

prprgas gfterpretm`ares e oakmf`a (bmsl4 .bmslQpraie), as e`gtares `e texta (ex4 .vgro), a

oakmf`a kmgi(.kmgiro) eto. As fakes `esses mrqugvas, ek cermi, oakemk oak uk pafta

e fmigzmk oak ms ietrms ro(ruf oakkmf`). As mrqugvas que tk seu fake oakemf`a

par uk pafta sa oimssgom`as oaka mrqugvas aouitas e s sa igstm`as peia oakmf`a isse

m apa -mjar pmssm`m oaka pmrketra. Fm kmgargm `ms `gstrgbuges Igfux, as mrqugvas

`e gfgogmigzma ka`eia omk iaomigzm`as fa gretrga /eto/shei. A m`kgfgstrm`ar tmkbk

pa`e orgmr mrqugvas `e gfgogmigzma e mrkmzef-ias fa `gretrga /eto/shei, pmrm que sedmk

oapgm`as pmrm as gretrgas as usurgas fa kakefta e sum orgma.

Exekpia pmrm a sleii bmsl4

# op /eto/shei/.bmsl* /lake/miufa

# olka` :00 /lake/miufa/.bmsl*

# olawf miufa4miufa /lake/miufa/.bmsl*

Pestmr favm oaftm

qOrgmf`a quatm `e usa `e `gsoa4= Usa `a oakmf`a e`quatm.

= Ms quatms pa`ek ser oapgm`ms `e autra usurga.

^mrm vergomr se m favm oaftm jag orgm`m oarretmkefte, gkpartmfte jmzer iacgf fa sgstekm e

exeoutmr m secugfte sequfogm e oakmf`as4

# pw`

# is -im

A prgkegra oakmf`a serve pmrm vergomr se a `gretrga `e trmbmila `a usurga est oarreta.

A secuf`a serve pmrm vergomr se as mrqugvas `e oafcurma jarmk `evg`mkefte oapgm`as

e se as pmrketras rejereftes m `afa, crupa e perkgsses esta oarretas. Fesse pafta,

a m`kgfgstrm`ar `eve gfjarkmr ma usurga seu fake `e usurga e sum seflm gfgogmi. Essm

tmkbk m larm `e jarfeoer micukm `aoukeftma sabre ms recrms `e utgigzma `as

reoursas `e PG `m gfstgtuga. _e jar exgcg`a que a usurga mssgfe uk terka `e oakprakgssa

pmrm ter moessa ma sgstekm, gkpartmfte abt- ia mftes `e igbermr a moessa oaftm.

M`kgfgstrmf`a crupas

q= Orgmf`a crupas.= Ka`gomf`a crupas.= Rekavef`a crupas.

M m`kgfgstrma `e crupas fa Igfux pa`e ser tatmikefte mutakmtgzm`m par micufs

oakmf`as que perkgtek orgmr, mitermr e rekaver crupas. Gssa sgkpigom bmstmfte a trmbmila

`a m`kgfgstrm`ar, d que esses oakmf`as eigkgfmk m feoessg`m`e e se e`gtmr as mrqugvas

/eto/craup e/eto/cslm`aw, aperma que requer kugtm mtefa e mpreseftm a rgsoa `e pra-

vaomr micukm ka`goma gf`esedm`m. Mik `gssa, a m`kgfgstrm`ar tmkbk pa`e utgigzmr a

oakmf`acraupspmrm vergomr as crupas mas qumgs uk usurga pertefoe.

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M`kgfgstrma`e_gstekmsIgfux

Orgmf`a crupas

qcraupm``4= Orgm uk fava crupa.

m``craup4

= Orgm uk fava crupa.

Estes oakmf`as orgmk ukm eftrm`m fa mrqugva/eto/cslm`awmutakmtgomkefte

(slm`aw pmsswar`s).

^a`ek ser usm`as pmrm orgmr crupas `e sgstekm.

Uk crupa pa`e ser orgm`a mtrmvs `as oakmf`as m``craupecraupm``, que orgmk a fava

crupa, utgigzmf`a as pmrketras pmssm`as fm igflm `e oakmf`a. _e a esquekm `e slm`aw

pmsswar`s estgver lmbgigtm`a, m eftrm`m rejerefte ma fava crupa orgm`m mutakmtgomkefte

fa mrqugva/eto/cslm`aw. mrm oafsuitmr kmgs gfjarkmes m respegta `esses oakmf`as, sums

pcgfms e kmfumi pa`ek ser oafsuitm`ms. Micukms gstrgbuges pa`ek oafter mpefms uk

`as oakmf`as.

Exekpia4 OeftA_ passug mpefms a oakmf`a craupm``. D a Ubuftu passug mkbas as oakmf`as.

Ka`gjgomf`a crupas

qcraupka`= Ka`gom gfjarkmes `e crupas fa mrqugva/eto/craup.

= fake, CG@ e seflm (`esusa).

cpmssw`

= Ka`gom gfjarkmes `e crupas fa mrqugva/eto/cslm`aw.

= Gfsere au rekave m`kgfgstrm`ares e usurgas.

= Pmkbk perkgte mitermr m seflm a crupa (ek esusa).

A oakmf`acraupka`ka`gom gfjarkmes reje