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Edagkgstrei db

^gdbiliknbrklge

@relgbce A+ C+ AertgksCbikerdi Derikli

^ectbr _ibscbr
http://www.esr.rnp.br/


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@relgbce A+ C+ Aertgks

Cbikerdi Derikli

^ectbr _ibscbr

Edagkgstrei db^gdbiliknbrklge


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gv

?+ Vedrbs db vgdbiliknbrklge

Gktridui e pedrbs b pritilicis ?4

Gkstecei di @ku@H >2

Gkglgecgzei di @ku@H >2

@ku@H ki Pgkdiws >>

Lik`urei di @ku@H *Pgkdiws# Cgkux b iutris' >>

Aikgtireabkti di @ku@H >:

]ikbeabkti 06

Jgbrerquge db etbhbbpbrs 0?

Abkse`bks C_U 04 02

Eutbktglei 00

Likteogcgzei :5

Aidis db ipbrei :6 e 76 agkutis'+

I gkstrutir eprbsbkte# db aekbgre sgkttgle# is liklbgtis tbrglis lirrbspikdbktbs ei tbae

de sbssi db eprbkdgze`ba# lia euxcgi db scgdbs ba niraeti ViwbrVigkt+ I gkstrutir

cbvekte qubstbs siorb i liktbdi dis scgdbs ba vbz db epbkes eprbsbkt!cis# likvgdekdi

e turae rbbxi b pertglgpei+ Gssi bvgte qub es eprbsbktebs sbmea aiktikes b qub

i ecuki sb liciqub ba pisgi db pessgvgdedb# i qub rbduzgrge e eprbkdgze`ba+

\b`ukde btepe= etgvgdedbs prtgles db eprbkdgze`ba *db 5?6 e 526 agkutis'+

Bste btepe e bssklge dis lursis de B\_+ E aegirge des etgvgdedbs dis lursis essk!

lrike b rbecgzede ba dupces db ecukis# qub eliapekjea i rgtai di ritbgri db etgvgdedbs

pripisti ki cgvri db epigi+ Gkstrutir b aikgtir lgrlucea bktrb es dupces pere siculgikerdvgdes b inbrblbr bxpcglebs liapcbabkterbs+

Tbrlbgre btepe= dgslussi des etgvgdedbs rbecgzedes *


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xgv

\iorb is eutirbs

@relgbce A+ C+ Aertgks tba 54 ekis db bxpbrgklge ke rbe db TG+ @reduede ba Lgklge de

Liaputei pbce RKB\V+ Bspblgecgziu!sb ba Epcglebs db Liaukglei b Liceoirei ke

Gktbrkbt durektb i abstredi rbecgzedi ke R\V b# pistbrgirabktb# ba @bsti Bstret`gle

de Gkivei Tblkic`gle pbce RKGLEAV+ Etue ke _KV ke bsti db pri`reaes b primbtis

vgsekdi i privgabkti db sicubs db TGL pere es rbes db Bdulei b Lucture+ Nig uae des

rbspiksvbgs pbce bstruturei gkglgec di sbrv gi db wboliknbrklge privgdi pbce _KV+

Cbikerdi Derikli niraedi ba Lgklge de Liaputei pbce Rkgvbrsgdedb Nbdbrec db

\ekte Aerge *?660' b tba abstredi ba Lgklge de Liaputei pbce Rkgvbrsgdedb Nbdbrec

di _gi @rekdb di \uc *?667'+ Tba bxpbrgklge ba essuktis rbcelgikedis auctgadge# lidg!

lei db vdbi# rbdbs db liaputedirbs b pri`reaei+ Treoecje etuecabktb ki `rupi db

pbsqugse V_E^ *Vrimbtis ba udgi b ^ dbi' de Rkgvbrsgdedb Nbdbrec di _gi @rekdb di \uc

*RN_@\'# lia pbsqugse b dbsbkvicvgabkti db sgstbaes auctgadge pere wboliknbrklge#

bksgki e dgstklge b dbsbkvicvgabkti ba dgspisgtgvis avbgs b sgstbaes wbo+

^ectbr _ibscbr niraedi ba Bk`bkjerge Bctrgle pbce Rkgvbrsgdedb Nbdbrec di _gi @rekdb

di \uc *57::'# lia abstredi *577


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# e _bdb Rkgvbrsgtrge db Tbcbabdglgke# ua pri`reae di Agkgstrgi deLgklge# Tblkici`ge b Gkivei *ALTG' b bxblutedi pbce _bdb Kelgikec db Bksgki b Vbsqugse

*_KV'# niraecgziu e lrgei b gapcektei db klcbis db tbcbabdglgke) tbcbssedb# èrek!

tgkdi e likbltgvgdedb db 22 jispgtegs ukgvbrsgtrgis b db bksgki rbdb Gp de _KV+ Ba ?655#

: kivis klcbis db tbcbabdglgke _RTB nirea gkeuùredis# nectekdi klcbis epbkes ba trs

bstedis *VG# _I# __'# qub sbri gkeuùredis ba ?65?+ Eca dgssi# pidb!sb dbsteler liai

gkglgetgves oba!sulbdgdes= 52 seces db vgdbiliknbrklge jiaicièdes8 aegs db >66 vdbi b

wboliknbrklges rbecgzedes ba 40 bspblgecgdedbs de sedb# lia pertglgpei db


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52

Leptuci

5!Liklbgtisnukdeabktegsb

sicubs

gVed

Ra teocbt ua liaputedir pirttgc *kiraecabktb aegs pirttgc b cbvb qub ua kitboiih'

qub pbragtb e gksbri db dedis etrevs di likteti ke tbce di liaputedir *auctgtiulj'+

I likteti kiraecabktb nbgti etrevs db uae lekbte iu dbdi# qub pbragtb qub i usurgi

dbsbkjb# bslrbve b gksgre dedis dgvbrsis ke aqugke liai sb bstgvbssb bslrbvbkdi ba uae

nicje db pepbc+ Is dgspisgtgvis kiraecabktb pbragtba bslrbvbr siorb epcglebs b `rever

bstes ekitebs+ Gssi tirke is teocbts augti tbgs ba eaogbktbs bslicerbs# ikdb es ekite!

bs dis ecukis pidba sbr gksbrgdes siorb es eprbsbktebs di prinbssir# pir bxbapci+

Dbpbkdbkdi di sgstbae b des epcglebs utgcgzedes# teaoa pissvbc likvbrtbr tbx ti

bslrgti ai pere tbxti ki liaputedir *gklcusgvb bquebs'+

\gstbaes lia ecte dbngkgi

gapirtektb rbssecter e dgnbrbke de rbcei db espblti bktrb \tekderd Dbkgtgik *\D' b

Jg`j Dbkgtgik *JD'+ \D ki ua kiab dedi e epbkes uae rbsicui bspblle# iu sbme# j

aegs db ua niraeti db vdbi qub pidb sbr ljeaedi db \D i absai vecb pere JD+ I \D

lereltbrgzedi pbces rbsicubs 0?6x4:6 b 0?6x20># qub si utgcgzedes ki sgstbae db tbcb!

vgsi tredglgikec+ M i JD lereltbrgzedi pir rbsicubs 0?6p *5?:6x0?6' b 56:6p iu 56:6g

*57?6x56:6'# essga liai rbsicubs aegirbs di qub bstes+ Es cbtres p b g ke kiabklce!

ture gkdglea sgstbaes pri`rbssgvis iu bktrbceedis# rbspbltgveabktb+ Dbvgdi e bste

dgnbrbke bktrb es rbsicubs JD *b pir qubstbs db aerhbtgk`'# es rbsicubs 57?6x56:6

pesserea e sbr ljeaedes db Nucc JD# dgnbrbklgekdi!e des rbsicubs gknbrgirbs+

\D

_ezi db espblti 4==7

Pgdbslrbbk *?6" aegs cerì'

Ngùre 5+52Teocbt+

Ngùre 5+5>Bxbapcis db \tek!

derd Dbkgtgik bJg`j Dbkgtgik+


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5>

Edagkgstreidb^gdbiliknbrklge

Niraeti _bsicubs

\D 0?6x4:6# 0?6x20>

JD _bsicui akgae 5?:6x0?6p

Nucc 57?6x56:6g# 57?6x56:6p b aegirbs

p= ^dbi pri`rbssgvig= dbi bktrbceedi

Labre Tekdobr` Vrblgsgik JD Vicylia JDZ \brgbs

I abrledi db bqugpeabktis db vgdbiliknbrklge oestektb liapbtgtgvi# i qub tba priviledi

ua eveki tblkic`gli sg`kgletgvi kis ctgais ekis+ Baprbses liai Vicylia# Tekdobr` b

\iky m dgspikgogcgzea bqugpeabktis lia ecte dbkgi# udgi b vdbi db bxlbcbktb que!

cgdedb# i qub tirke e vgdbiliknbrklge aegs rbecgste b pissgogcgte sue epcglei ba iutres

rbes# liai ke tbcbabdglgke+

_bcei db espblti

q e pripiri bktrb e cerùre b ecture b dis pgxbcs qub liapba uae gae`ba dg`gtec+5 ^dbi= erqugvi wgdbslrbbk!bxpceketgik+swn+

5 Edeptei de rbcei db espblti *pgcceroixbs b cbttbroixbs'+

5 Edeptei de rbcei db espblti db 5>=7 pere 4==7+

_bcei db espblti *espblt retgi' e pripiri bktrb e cerùre b ecture b dis pgxbcs qub

liapba uae gae`ba dg`gtec+ I bxbapci aegs tredglgikec e rbcei 4==7# utgcgzede

ba tbcbvgsbs JD+ Epbser db ecùks dgspisgtgvis# liai D^Ds# bxgogrba liktbdis db 4=< ba

5>=7 b vglb!vbrse# augtes vbzbs kblbssrgi edepter bste rbcei db espblti pere i niraeti

di dgspisgtgvi ikdb bces sbri bxgogdes+ Kbstbs lesis si utgcgzedes es cbttbroixbs# iu sbme#

es oerres prbtes ke pertb supbrgir b gknbrgir dis vdbis *iu kes cetbregs'+ Bces si utgcgzedespere qub is vdbis pissea sbr bxgogdis ba sue rbcei db espblti irg`gkec ba dgspisgtgvis

qub utgcgzea iutre rbsicui db espblti sba dgstirlbr es gae`bks+

Aikgtir 5>=7

^gdbi 4==7+


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57

Leptuci

5!Liklbgtisnukdeabktegsb

sicubs

Bstb aidbci db liaukglei liaua ba bkliktris qub bkvicvba vrgis pertglgpektbs cile!

cgzedis ba uae sece db eprbsbktei# eca db aegs ua pertglgpektb rbaiti likbltedi e ua

tbragkec db vgdbiliknbrklge+ Ra bxbapci prtgli dbssb tgpi db sgtuei e eprbsbktei db

pecbstres e dgstklge# ba qub ua pikti db irg`ba *i gkstrutir' gktbre`b pir abgi db vgdbilik!

nbrklge lia ua `rupi db pertglgpektbs rbaitis *ecukis'+ Kbssb lesi# es abkse`bks sbùba

ba uae ljeaede pikti!e!pikti de aqugke!irg`ba pere e aqugke!dbstgki# baoire e

liaukglei sbme di tgpi ua!pere!augtis+ Kbstb aidbci kblbssrgi tbr lugdedis lia i

pisglgikeabkti di aglrinikb b de labre# bspblgecabktb ke sece lia vrgis pertglgpektbs+

E labre dbvb tbr uae vgsi db tidis is pertglgpektbs de sece b i aglrinikb dbvb bster

elbssvbc e tidis+

Gktbrkbt

^gsi Cilec ^gsi Cilec

Gae`ba cilec b rbaite Gae`ba cilec b rbaite

Ba uae liaukglei pikti!e!pikti augtis pere augtis# j digs `rupis# ua ba lede

cilec# gktbre`gkdi e pertgr db uae sece db vgdbiliknbrklge+ Essga liai ki aidbci ektbrgir#

teaoa dbvb!sb tbr i lugdedi edglgikec lia i pisglgikeabkti de labre b di aglrinikb#

kbstb lesi ki epbkes ba uae# aes ba dues seces+

Aegs liapcbxi qub i aidbci db liaukglei pikti!e!pikti i aidbci auctgpikti# iu sbme#

uae sgtuei ikdb tbais aegs db digs cilegs likbltedis ba uae liknbrklge+ J vrgis

lesis ba qub bssb aidbci utgcgzedi+ Bxbapcis= kuae rbukgi db kb`lgis# ke quec bstbmealikbltedes e aetrgz de baprbse b dues *iu aegs' cgegs8 uae euce rbaite# lia i prinbssir

prbsbktb kuae sece# b dues *iu aegs' seces rbaites epbkes lia ecukis b aikgtirbs+

Gktbrkbt

^gsi Cilec

Gae`ba cilec b rbaiteGae`ba cilec b rbaite

E ljeaede auctgpikti kblbssgte db ua liktricb bspblgec pere `brbklger is k uxis

`bredis# b bsse rbspikseogcgdedb pidb sbr bnbtuede db dgnbrbktbs aekbgres# liai etrevs

db uae bktgdedb ljeaede Auctgpigkt Liktric Rkgt*ALR'# iu etrevs db ua sgstbae lbktrec

pir sintwerb# iu absai sba bktgdedb lbktrec# ikdb lede pertglgpektb bkvge i sgkec e tidis+

Bssbs ablekgsais sbri dbtecjedis pistbrgirabktb+

Ngùre 5+?4Liaukglei

pikti!e!pikti *k=k'+

Ngùre 5+?2Liaukglei

auctgpikti+


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?4


Ra dbssbs `rupis# rbspiksvbc pbce neacge GTR J+


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cgkje pere rbprbsbkter e ae`kgtudb de ikde kbssb gkstektb+ Bssb prilbssi veg sb rbpbtgkdi

pere e ikde ba gkstektbs db tbapi ukgnirabs# `brekdi is saoicis qub e rbprbsbktea+

Bssbs saoicis bsti bxgogdis ki `rli ei cikì di bgxi x *666 # 655# 566 btl+'+ E cgkje

lgkze aistre i niraeti lia qub e ikde pesse e sbr rbprbsbktede eps sbr likvbrtgde pere

i niraeti dg`gtec pbci VLA+

Lede vecir iotgdi pbci VLA ei cikì di tbapi ljeaedi db uae eaistre di sgkec# b pir

gssi bstb prilbssi ljeaedi db eaistre`ba de ikde sikire+ E dbkgi di kabri dbeaistres iotgdes ua perabtri augti gapirtektb di prilbssi# qub gkubklge dgrbte!

abktb ke quecgdedb di sgkec dg`gtec+ Uuekti aegir i kabri db eaistres# aegir sbr e

prixgagdedb di sgkec dg`gtec lia i sgkec ekec`gli# aes teaoa aegir sbr e quektgdedb db

dedis kblbssrgis pere rbprbsbkter bstb sgkec+ I tbirbae db Kyqugst gkdgle qub e texe db

eaistre`ba di sgkec dbvb sbr db pbci abkis i diori de nrbquklge di sgkec+ Bstb tbirbae

augti usedi liai oesb pere dbkgi de texe db eaistre`ba utgcgzede+

E dbkgi de texe db eaistre`ba kiraecabktb oesbede ke nrbquklge de viz juaeke

b ke sbksgtgvgdedb di iuvgdi juaeki+ E viz juaeke pidb verger bktrb ?6 Jz b >666 Jz

eprixgaedeabktb8 bktrbtekti# cgagtekdi ba 4 hJz e likvbrse le titecabktb gktbcg`vbc#

pigs nrbquklges ectes si aegs reres+ Virtekti# augtis sgstbaes qub treoecjea lia vizjuaeke tiaea liai oesb e nrbquklge db 4 hJz+ \bùkdi i tbirbae db Kyqugst # e texe db

eaistre`ba dbvb sbr pbci abkis dues vbzbs e nrbquklge dbsbmede+ Essga# e texe db eais!

tre`ba utgcgzede ba lidbls liabrlgegs db : hJz# iu :+666 eaistres pir sbùkdi+

M i iuvgdi juaeki lepez db pbrlbobr siks bktrb ?6 Jz b ?6 hJz# eprixgaedeabktb# iu

sbme# siks lia nrbquklges elgae db ?6 hJz ki pidba sbr iuvgdis+ Bstb likjblgabkti

listuae sbr utgcgzedi ke dg`gtecgzei db siks aegs liapcbxis qub e viz# ikdb sb dbsbme

e lepelgdedb db rbprbsbktei db tidi i bspbltri db nrbquklges qub pidb sbr iuvgdi

pbci jiaba+ Ba LDs db udgi# pir bxbapci# utgcgzede e texe db eaistre`ba db 44+5 hJz#

piuli aegs qub i diori de nrbquklge axgae iuvgde pbci jiaba+

Iutri perabtri qub gkubklge dgrbteabktb ke quecgdedb di sgkec dg`gtec i kabri db ogt s

utgcgzedi ba lede eaistre+ Ki bxbapci ektbrgir nirea utgcgzedis < ogts pir aitgvis dgd!

tglis+ Lia ua kabri aegir db ogts pissvbc rbprbsbkter aegs bcabktb i sgkec ekec`gli

*aegs cgkjes jirgziktegs ki rli'# rbduzgkdi e dgnbrbke bktrb is sgkegs# i qub ljeaedi

db brri db quektgzei+ Ba LDs db udgi# si utgcgzedis 5> ogts pere lede eaistre+ Ba tbcb!

nikge sb treoecje lia : ogts pir eaistre+

Iutre tlkgle epcglede durektb e dg`gtecgzei db sgkegs sikiris e liapeksi di sgkec# rbprb!

sbktede ke ùre e sbùgr+ Bstb prilbssi kblbssrgi# pigs e eapcgtudb dis sgkegs sikiris

pidb verger augti+ E viz juaeke pidb verger 56 agc vbzbs# pigs i sbr juaeki pidb necer augti

oegxi iu `rgtekdi# b ba eaois is lesis dbvb sbr titecabktb bktbkdgdi ki dbstgki+ Gssi lrge

ua priocbae pere e dg`gtecgzei# pigs sbrgea kblbssrgis augtis ogts pere rbprbsbkter ledeeaistre *i gdbec sbrgea 5< ogts pir eaistre8 liabrlgecabktb si usedis :'+

Ki prilbssi db liapeksi# is sgkegs aegs nrelis si bcbvedis b is aegs nirtbs si rbdu!

zgdis# b essga tidis pidba sbr rbprbsbktedis pir ua kabri xi db ogt s# pigs i sgkec

ekec`gli de viz jiai`bkbgzedi+ Dbsse nirae# sb e pbssie nece oegxi# sue viz eapcg!

lede ektbs de dg`gtecgzei+ \b nece ecti# ki eapcglede+ Essga# tidis is sgkegs pidba

sbr rbprbsbktedis lia is : ogts# blikiagzekdi ke texe db treksagssi vge rbdb+ Es dues

niraes aegs utgcgzedes db liapeksi si ljeaedes db cbg E *aegs usede ke Buripe' b

cbg *aegs usede kis Bstedis Rkgdis b Mepi'+


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5 @+0?: utgcgze texe db 5> hogt)s lia oegxi etresi *abkir qub ? as' b oie quecgdedb db viz+

5 @+0?7 listuae sbr utgcgzedi pere ^iGV b ipbre lia texe db : hogt)s *eprbsbkte bxtbk!

sbs qub utgcgzea es texes db >#4 b 55#: hogt)s'+

5 @+0?7e ekbxi di @+0?7 qub priv uae vergei di irg`gkec lia abkis liaputei#

baoire e quecgdedb de viz qub pgir+ s vbzbs usedi quekdi j kblbssgdedb db bkvgi

sgauctkbi db viz b dedis+

5 @+0?7o iutri ekbxi di @+0?7 qub likta ua atidi db liaprbssi db sgcklgi# qub

pissgogcgte e dbtbli db etgvgdedb *viz' ki sgkec+

5 @+0?7+5 dbsbkvicvgdi pere privbr abcjir quecgdedb b aegs bxgogcgdedb di qub i @+0?7#

sbkdi gktbripbrvbc lia bstb+ Ipbre kes texes db : e


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?7

Leptuci

?!Vedrbsdbvgdbiliknbrk

lge

Trs liapikbktbs nukdeabktegs= _# @ b O liapba quecqubr lir pir bagssi cuagkise+

?22

6

6

^brabcji Eaerbci ^brdb Lyek Ezuc ^gicbte

?22

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6

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6

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6

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6

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_

@

O

Essga liai i udgi# i vdbi ekec`gli lepturedi b likvbrtgdi pere i niraeti dg`gtec+

I prilbssi dgnbrbktb di utgcgzedi pere udgi+ Ki vdbi# lede gae`ba lepturede pir

dgvbrsis sbksirbs# qub lepturea e gktbksgdedb db lede pikti de gae`ba b likvbrtba bste

gktbksgdedb pere ua vecir rbprbsbktedi dg`gtecabktb# niraekdi uae aetrgz db vecirbs qub

rbprbsbkte e gae`ba lepturede+ Lede vecir dbstbs rbprbsbkte ua pgxbc de gae`ba+ Vere

lede gae`ba# i prilbssi kiraecabktb nbgti pere es trs lirbs osgles# i vbrabcji# i

vbrdb b i ezuc# niraekdi is trs pcekis *iu aetrgzbs' qub liapba e gae`ba *_@O'+ Ecadi _@O# e gae`ba pidb teaoa sbr rbprbsbktede db iutres niraes# liai i WR^# augti

utgcgzedi ke lidglei db vdbi+

q5 Vere liaprbssi dis vdbis bredis eps e lepture# is lidgledirbs utgcgzea tl!kgles pere rbduzgr rbdukdklges db dgvbrsis tgpis prbsbktbs ki v dbi=

5 _bdukdklge bspelgec+

5 _bdukdklge tbapirec+

5 _bdukdklge psglivgsuec+

5 _bdukdklge db lidglei *bktrpgle'+

_bdukdklge bspelgec

qE rbdukdklge bspelgec ilirrb ba pgxbcs db uae absae gae`ba# gsti # pgxbcs v gzgkjiski bspei tbkdba e sbr augti perblgdis *iu gùegs'+

kiraec qub gae`bks pissuea rb`gbs jiai`kbes# ikdb es lirbs si pretgleabktb

gùegs+ Bstes rb`gbs si nelgcabktb liapeltedes# pirqub db aidi sgapcgledi i lidg!

ledir pidb gkniraer e lir db ua ocili db pgxbcs epbkes uae vbz b gkdgler qub tide uae

rb`gi sbabcjektb+

Ngùre ?+>E Vreltglec @ugdb

ti gdbi ekd EudgiLiaprbssgik+

Niktb= Lcg Piitik#Nilec Vrbss# ?660+

Ngùre ?+0Liapikbktbs _@O+


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4)E^L+

\ue bxgogcgdedb dbvb!sb ei neti db pidbr sbr epcgledi e uae bxtbkse vergbdedb db epcgle!bs# sbkdi blgbktb# pir bxbapci# pere texes db ogts b rbsicubs db vdbi ectes b oegxes+

I prbi e sbr peì pir tides es vekte`bks di J+?>4 i pidbr db prilbsseabkti bxg`gdi

pere lidglei db vdbi supbrgir ei dis iutris ecìrgtais+ I J+?>2 iu AVB@!J *pertb ?'

teaoa likjblgdi liai Jg`j Blgbkly ^gdbi Lidgk` *JB^L'+ \ulbssir di J+?>4 E^L#

JB^L diore e texe db liaprbssi quekdi liaperedi ei J+?>4# pbragtgkdi rbsicubs db

5 J+?> K I

ULGN 50> x 544 _ _

LGN K I

5>LGN 5+46: x 5+52? K I

_= _bqubrgdi8 I= Iplgikec8 K= Ki bspblgngledi

Ngùre ?+55Liaperei bktrbis pedrbs J+?>5 bJ+?>


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5

@+055 @+0?? @+0?:

J+?4? J+??# J+?>< b J+?>4+

5 Lidglei db udgi= @+055 b iplgikecabktb @+0??# @+0?:# @+0?


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Vrilbssedirbs Auctgpikti *AV' si iplgikegs# utgcgzedis pere aekusber e agxe`ba db

adges# ljevbeabkti iu iutri prilbsseabkti db adge+

@etbwey

q_bspiksvbc pir nezbr e gktbrnelb J+


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25

Leptuci

?!Vedrbsdbvgdbiliknbrk

lge

J+?42 pissug ua lekec db liktricb utgcgzedi pere trekspirter es abkse`bks db liktricb

a!e!a# lia i iombtgvi db edagkgstrer es sbssbs eobr tes di J+5

J+?>4

TLV TLV

Liktricb db adge

RDV

Liktricb b `brbklgeabktidis tbragkegs

_TLV

_TV

J+??2+6

\gkecgzeide ljeaede

J+?42

J+??2+6

_E\

TLV)RDV TLV RDV

Trile db pritilicis supirtedis

E trile db pritilicis supirtedis *lepeogcgty bxljek`b' pbragtb e tbragkegs trilerba

gkniraebs siorb is pritilicis supirtedis pere treksagssi b rblbpi *tgpis db adges=

@+055# @+0?5# J+?>< btl+'8 eca di tgpi db adge# dbtecjbs teaoa si nirkblgdis

*texes db treksagssi# nreabs pir sb`ukdi'# pbragtgkdi qub sbme nbgte uae sbcbi aegs

gktbcg`bktb dis lidbls+ Is dbslrgtirbs likta i likmukti db pritilicis supirtedis db

nirae sgauctkbe pbci tbragkec+ Ra absai tbragkec pidb supirter dgvbrsis pedrbs db

lidglei db vdbi# gklcugkdi i J+?>5# J+?>< b J+?>4# pir bxbapci+

E eusklge db gkniraebs siorb bssb supirtb gkdgle qub i tbragkec ki bst inbrblbkdi

uae pissgogcgdedb db bslicje db aidis db treksagssi pere i rblbptir+

5+ @+0?4

2+ T+


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Etgvgdedb ? Ekcgsb db trile db abkse`bks bktrb digs lcgbktbs lia ètbhbbpbr

Bste etgvgdedb dbvbr sbr rbecgzede ba dupce+

Likùrb i sintwerb db vgdbiliknbrklge pere utgcgzer i ètbhbbpbr dgspikgogcgzedi pbci

gkstrutir# liknirab irgbktebs ke prtgle gktbrabdgrge+

Nee uae cgèi kiveabktb bktrb digs tbragkegs etrevs di GV# de absae nirae qub ke

Etgvgdedb 5# b utgcgzb i ekecgsedir db pelitbs pere iosbrver es abkse`bks J+


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>db rbe dgstgktis+ Dbpbkdbkdi di teaekji de rbdb db v gdbiliknbrklge# is gdbktgledirbs

pidba sbr jbrdedis de tbcbnikge likvbklgikec *i qub ki qubr dgzbr qub bcbs sbri elbss!

vbgs e pertgr dbce'+

I elbssi e pertgr de rbdb db tbcbnikge likvbklgikec rbqubr likbxi etrevs db @P GV!VOZ

*ditedis db gktbrnelbs O_G iu V_G pere vdbi)udgi iu NZI pere udgi'+

qGdbktglei pere tbragkegs=

5 Ki kblbssergeabktb etrgoudi ua gdbktgledir B+5>4 liapcbti+

5 I gdbktgledir sbr vcgdi epbkes ki aogti de rbdb cilec db v gdbiliknbrklge+

5 Dbpbkdbkdi di teaekji de rbdb db vgdbiliknbrklge# is gdbktgledirbs pidba sbr

jbrdedis de tbcbnikge likvbklgikec *gssi ki qubr dgzbr qub sbri elbssvbgs e pertgr dbce'+

Vere ljeaedes bktrb tbragkegs ke absae rbe pidb sgapcbsabktb sbr utgcgzede dgs!

le`ba db 4 d`gtis+ Bxbapci= Tbragkec 5 cgè pere Tbragkec ? dgslekdi= ?666+

Vere ljeaedes pere tbragkegs db nire de rbdb dbvb sbr utgcgzedi i ldgì db rbe+

Bxbapci= Tbragkec 5 cgè pere Tbragkec < dgslekdi= 6 ?? 5666 *lia prbxi db bslepb 6'+

I pceki db dgsle`ba gktb`re!sb ei pceki db kuabrei# nukdeabktec pere i dbsbkvicvg!

abkti dbsses b db iutres nelgcgdedbs+

Tbragkec 5ke rbe E

Tbragkec ?ke rbe E

Tbragkec :


Nirtytwi14?

Keab1@ku@h 8 utgcgzedi ba ec uaes abkse`bks _E\

TgabTiCgvb1>6 8 ecir aidgngledi+ I dbneuct >66+

8 BkeocbGVv>15 8Bstb perabtri sbr g`kiredi pbci @ku@H+

\b i erqugvi db likùrei nir bdgtedi lia i @ku@H ba bxblui# sbr kblbssrgi

rbgkglg!ci pere qub es kives likùrebs tbkjea bnbgti+ \b i sbrvgdir @ku@H nir

rbgkglgedi# tides es ljeaedes rbecgzedes etrevs di etbhbbpbr sbri dbslikbltedes

b kives ljeaedes siabktb sbri pissvbgs dbpigs qub i sbrvgdir bstgvbr dbvgde!

abktb ipbrelgikec+ Vere bvgter bsse gkdgspikgogcgdedb# pidb sbr utgcgzedi i liaekdi

rbciedetrevs de liksicb db aikgtireabkti# qub sbr vgste e sbùgr+

Aikgtireabkti di @ku@H

qVirte db stetus=5 Aikgtirer b liktricer es nukbs di etbhbbpbr+

5 Bsteobcblbr b dbslikblter ljeaedes+

5 Dbslikblter tbragkegs+

5 ^gsuecgzer b ectbrer es likùrebs ba tbapi rbec+

5 Dbscgèr i ètbhbbpbr+

5 \ues likùrebs si nbgtes ke sbi X@h\tetus==EutjQ+

5 Elbssi etrevs de pirte likùrede *pedri= 0666'=

? tbckbt GV di ètbhbbpbr 0666

Dbvb sbr likùrede db tec nirae qub bvgtb i usi gkdbvgdi# leusedir db gktbrrupi b

utgcgzei gkedbquede dis rblursis+

E pirte db stetus utgcgzede pere aikgtirer es etgvgdedbs di ètbhbbpbr+ E pirte qub sbr

utgcgzede likùrede pbci perabtri \tetusVirt de sbi X@etbhbbpbr==AegkQ di erqugvi

db likùrei# m liabktede+ Eca db aikgtirer es etgvgdedbs# pbce pirte db stetus

pissvbc liktricer ljeaedes b tbragkegs *dbslikblter ua tbragkec# pir bxbapci' b ectbrer

likùrebs di ètbhbbpbr+

E `rekdb vekte`ba db sb liaukgler lia i ètbhbbpbr pbce pirte db stetus e pissgogcgdedb

db liktricer rbaiteabktb bstb ètbhbbbpbr+ \b e pirte db stetus likùrede nig e 0666# pir

bxbapci# oeste lrger uae likbxi tbckbt lia i ètbhbbpbr ke pirte 0666 qub sbr pissvbc

aikgtir!ci+ Eoegxi sbùb i liaekdi pere sb likblter pirte db stetus di ètbhbbpbr cilec=

$ tbckbt cilecjist 0666

$ tbckbt 5?0+6+6+5 0666

Vere sb likblter e ua ètbhbbpbr rbaiti oeste aidgler i sbùkdi perabtri pere i GV

di ètbhbbpbr ecvi+ I elbssi ei aikgtireabkti dbvb sbr rbecgzedi pir tbckbt# absai qub

sb bstbme ipbrekdi i liaputedir ikdb bst gkstecedi i @ku@H+

Es likùrebs bspblles pere e pirte db stetus si nbgtes ke sbi X@h\tetus==EutjQ di

erqugvi db likùrei+ Bste sbi pissug ecùks perabtris gapirtektbs pere rbstrgk`gr

i elbssi pirte db stetus# qub si=


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5 I vgzgkji qub bkliktre i dbstgketr gi rbspikdb lia uae abkse`ba CLN8

5 \b i vgzgkji ki bkliktre i dbstgketrgi# bcb rbspikdb lia uae abkse`ba C_M+

qI liapirteabkti dbsses abkse`bks dbkgdi ke sbi X_es\rv==C_UNbeturbsQ# qublikta is perabtris=

NirwerdC_U

5 Vbragtb iu ki i bkleagkjeabkti des abkse`bks C_U+

Nirwerd_bspiksb

5 Ba 5# es rbspistes ei C_U pessea pbci etbhbbpbr+

5 Ba 6# es rbspistes vi dgrbti ei irg`gkedir+

NirwerdJipLiukt

5 Uuektgdedb db jips iu ètbhbbpbrs pbcis quegs es abkse`bks db C_U pesseri+

5 \babcjektb ei leapi TTC di pritilici GV+

Vere uae jgbrerquge db digs kvbgs# ua bxbapci db likùrei =

X_es\rv==C_UNbeturbsQ

NirwerdC_U1dbpbkds

Nirwerd_bspiksb15

NirwerdJipLiukt15

Ki @ku@H# i liapirteabkti des abkse`bks C_U b sues rbspistes dbkgdi ke sbi

X_es\rv==C_UNbeturbsQ# qub likta# bktrb iutris# is perabtris e sbùgr+

NirwerdC_U

Elbgte es ipbs= ecweys | kbvbr | dbpbkds+Liktrice i bkleagkjeabkti des abkse`bks C_U# sb bces dbvba sbr nbgtes sbaprb# kukle

iu dbpbkdbkdi di jip liukt *sb nir aegir qub 5# e abkse`ba sbr bkleagkjede8 lesi

liktrrgi sbr rbmbgtede'+

Nirwerd_bspiksb

Liktrice e kblbssgdedb di etbhbbpbr db rblbobr i CLN quekdi bkleagkje abkse`bks C_U+

\b ki likùredi# i CLN pidb sbr bkleagkjedi dgrbti pere quba irg`gkiu i C_U# sba

pesser pir bstb ètbhbbpbr+

NirwerdJipLiukt

Etrgoug ua vecir kuargli pere e quektgdedb db jips iu ètbhbbpbrs pbcis quegs es abk!

se`bks db C_U pesseri+ \babcjektb ei leapi TTC di pritilici GV# utgcgzedi pere bvgter

ciips gkkgtis+

Vedri db likùrei dbssbs perabtris=

5 NirwerdJipLiukt= ki dbkgdi+

5 NirwerdC_U= dbpbkds+

5 Nirwerd_bspiksb= 6+


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""""+1+ *bcgagke 4 d`gtis'

6644++++1544++++ *gkglgedi lia 6644 lia pbci abkis 4 d`gtis aegs'

Kbstb lesi=

5 \b dgsledi 6:????# i rbsuctedi de rbbslrgte sbr 5::????8

5 \b dgsledi 67????# i rbsuctedi sbr 5::67????85 \b dgsledi 5555?666# i rbsuctedi sbr ?6668

5 \b dgsledi 66445?


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00

Leptuci

@H E @H O @H L

D@H

rbe 55 rbe ?? rbe


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97/294

07

Leptuci

5 rbqugrbd= e rbqugsgi dbvb sbr eutbktglede utgcgzekdi i ablekgsai bspblgledi# lesi

liktrrgi sbr rbmbgtede+ Egkde essga# i prxgai ablekgsai likùredi sbr ljbledi

pere vecgder i rb`gstri8

5 sulgbkt= i absai prilbssi de rb`re rbqugrbd# lia e dgnbrbke db qub kbkjua

ablekgsai dbpigs dbssb tbr vecgdedb+ Iu sbme# e rbspiste dede e bstb ablekgsai e

rbspiste kec eutbktglei8

5 ectbrketgvb= i absai qub sulgbkt# pira# sb i ablekgsai ki pudbr dblgdgr sb elbgte iukbè i rb`gstri *sb e rbspiste nir kbxt'# bcb pesse e rbqugsgi pere i prxgai ablekgsai+

^bmeais ecùks bxbapcis di usi db ablekgsais b rb`res db eutbktglei=

5 Bxbapci 5=

X@etbhbbpbr==EutjQ

EcgesEutj1iptgikec8__U

\gapcbVesswirdEutj1sunnglgbkt8__U

dbneuct1ecciw

Kbstb bxbapci# prgabgri nbgte uae tbktetgve db eutbktglei pir ecges# qub iplgikec+ Vir!

tekti# sb e rbspiste eutbktglei nir ihiu kbxt# i prilbssi sbùb pere i prxgai able!

kgsai+ Aes sb e rbspiste nirnegc# e rbqugsgi db rb`gstri kbède+ I prxgai ablekgsai

bspblgledi i \gapcbVesswirdEutj# ikdb nbgte e eutbktglei pir usurgi b sbkje+ Bstb

ablekgsai sulgbktb# pirtekti# dblgsgvi= sue rbspiste sbr e rbspiste kec rbqugsgi+

êcb iosbrver qub is dbtecjbs db lede ua dbssbs ablekgsais si likùredis ba sbbs

bspblles pere lede ablekgsai# pir gssi ki si eprbsbktedis ki bxbapci+

Eca dis ablekgsais# i bxbapci aistre e cgkje dbneuct1ecciw# qub dbkb liai dbvba sbr

tretedes es rbqugsgbs pere es quegs ki nig bspblgledi kbkjua ablekgsai+ Vir pedri

bsteais elbgtekdi *ecciw' tides es rbqugsgbs dgnbrbktbs db __U# qub si tretedes pbcisablekgsais bspblgledis+

5 Bxbapci ?=

X@etbhbbpbr==EutjQ

\gapcbVesswirdEutj1ectbrketgvb8__U

_edEutj1sunnglgbkt8__U

dbneuct1ecciw

qEutbktglei pir ecges *GD J+


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q5 I usi db sbkje rbqubr qub i tbragkec tbkje supirtb bspblglei J+?


99/294

:5

Leptuci

Ki bxbapci# i tbragkec lia reaec 22225?


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:?


E likteogcgzei ki etbhbbpbr# iu sbme# e brei db rb`gstris des ljeaedes# gaprbslgk!

dvbc pere evecger e utgcgzei di sgstbae+ I @ku@H `bre ua rb`gstri# dbkiagkedi

Lecc Dbtegc _blird*LD_'# qub eraezbke gkniraebs dbtecjedes siorb lede uae des lje!

aedes bnbtuedes etrevs di ètbhbbpbr= tbapi db ljeaede# irg`ba# dbstgki btl+ Bxgstba

dgvbrses aekbgres db licbter b eraezbker bssbs rb`gstris# liai oeklis db dedis# erqugvis

tbxti# sbrvgdirbs bxtbrkis# bktrb iutris+ E likùrei de likteogcgzei ki @ku@H nbgte

etrevs de sbi X@etbhbbpbr==ElltQ+ Es likùrebs dbsse sbi sbùba e sbùgktb sgktexb=

3ablekgai;13rb`re;8bvbkti5#bvbkti?#+++#bvbktiK

Is ablekgsais b rb`res de sbi db likteogcgzei nuklgikea kis absais aicdbs di

prilbssi db eutbktglei+ Kbsse sbi pidba sbr dbkgdis vrgis ablekgsais b teaoa

is bvbktis qub sbri likteogcgzedis pir lede ablekgsai+ Bktrb is ablekgsais dgspikvbgs#

is aegs gapirtektbs si=

5 NgcbEllt= eraezbke is LD_s ba erqugvi tbx ti8

5 _edEllt= bkvge is LD_s pere ua sbrvgdir _EDGR\# qub pidb nezbr i eraezbkeabkti dis

dedis liai dbsbmer8

5 \UCEllt= `reve is rb`gstris dgrbteabktb ba oekli db dedis \UC+

Essga liai ke sbi db eutbktglei# is ablekgsais pidba der uae des trs rbspistes= ih#

negciu kbxt+ Es rb`res teaoa si es absaes# aes nuklgikea db aekbgre ua piuli dgnbrbktb=

5 rbqugrbd= sb i ablekgsai necjiu ei rb`gstrer i bvbkti# dbkb i rbsuctedi kec di

prilbssi db likteogcgzei liainegc+ Eps bstb ablekgsai i bvbkti pessedi pere i

prxgai ablekgsai likùredi8

5 iptgikec= gkdbpbkdbktb db sulbssi iu necje# i prxgai ablekgsai likùredi sbaprb

sbr liksgdbredi+ \bu rbsuctedi ki ectbre i rbsuctedi kec di prilbssi db likteogcgzei8

5 sulgbkt= sgagcer ei rbqugrbd# aes ba lesi db sulbssi i prilbssi db likteogcgzei

kecgzedi85 ectbrketgvb= sgagcer ei sulgbkt# pigs pere e bxblui ba lesi db sulbssi+ Aes# ba lesi db

necje# ki dbkb i rbsuctedi kec *ei liktrrgi di qub nbgti ba sulgbktb ba rbqugrbd'+

Liai liabktedi# lede ablekgsai pidb rb`gstrer ua iu aegs bvbktis+ Is bvbktis pessvbgs

db rb`gstri si=

5 stert= rb`gstri bredi ki gklgi db uae ljeaede *abkse`ba \btup'8

5 stip= rb`gstri `bredi ki a db uae ljeaede8

5 likkblt= uae ljeaede nig likbltede8

5 updetb= e ljeaede bst etgve b nbgte uae etuecgzei pbrgdgle pere rbbtgr e kive

durei de ljeaede85 ik= rb`gstri `bredi ki aiabkti ba qub i ètbhbbpbr cgèdi8

5 i= rb`gstri `bredi ki aiabkti ba qub i ètbhbbpbr dbscgèdi+

\bùba bxbapcis db likùrebs db likteogcgzei=

Bxbapci 5=

X@etbhbbpbr==ElltQ

_edEllt1iptgikec8stert#stip

NgcbEllt1rbqugrbd8stert#stip#ik#inn


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:2

Leptuci

J+??2)J?42Lecc \g`kecgk`

@etbhbbpbr

Tbragkec 5

J+??2

_E\

_TV

Ljek

kbcs

J+??2_E\

_TVLjekkbcs

Tbragkec ?

Bstb aidi pissug ecùaes vekte`bks=

5 Euxgcge quekdi bxgstba tbragkegs lia bkdbrbis KET gkvgsvbgs ei aukdi8

5 Euxgcge quekdi bxgstba rbweccs ke rbdb+ Ba ua tbragkec# ki kblbssrgi cgobrer ielbssi e tidis is tbragkegs# aes epbkes ei ètbhbbpbr# m qub tides es abkse`bks b

adges sbri rblbogdes di etbhbbpbr8

5 Likùrei db Ui\+ E pictgle db Ui\ pidb sbr epcglede epbkes ei bkdbrbi GV

di ètbhbbpbr+

M e `rekdb dbsvekte`ba di aidi prixy qub i ètbhbbpbr pidb tirker!sb ua pikti db

necje b èrèci ke rbdb# m qub tidi i trnbì db tides es ljeaedes pesser pir bcb+

Likngùrekdi i @ku@H

qI ritbeabkti likùredi ke sbi X_iutbdAidbQ=X_iutbdAidbQ

@H_iutbd16|5

J?42_iutbd16|5

EllbptKbg`joirLeccs16|5

Likùrekdi i @ku@H=

5 Uuekdi @H_iutbd16 b J?42_iutbd16# bst ba aidi dgrbti+

5 Uuekdi @H_iutbd15# jeogcgte aidi ritbeabkti=

? \b J?42_iutbd16# nez ritbeabkti epbkes db abkse`bks J+??2+

? \b J?42_iutbd15# nez ritbeabkti teaoa db abkse`bks J+?42+EllbptKbg`joirLeccs dbvb bster ba 5 pere qub i ètbhbbpbr rblikjbe iutres zikes

J+


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I aidi db ipbrei likùredi ki @ku@H ba dues sbbs+ I ritbeabkti# qub dbkb

sb i ètbhbbpbr ner ritbeabkti des abkse`bks J+??2 b J+?42 likùredi ke sbi

_iutbdAidb+ Eoegxi si bxgogdis is prgklgpegs perabtris dbste sbi=

X_iutbdAidbQ

@H_iutbd15

J?42_iutbd15

Lecc\g`kecVirt16

J?42Virt_ek`b1


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:0

Leptuci

VrixyNirKET15

T5?6Virt_ek`b14666!2666

_TVVirt_ek`b156?4!>2222


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:7

Leptuci

_itbgri db Etgvgdedbs @h dupce

55 D@H

Ljeaede 5=

?666iu 655?666

Ljeaede ?=

6???666

Aqugke 5

5666

Aqugke ?

?666

@h dupce

??

Aqugke 5

5666

Aqugke ?

?666

Rtgcgzb i Pgrbsjerh pere dbpurer pissvbgs priocbaes durektb e etgvgdedb+

Etgvgdedbs=

5+ Likùrer sbi X_es\rv==_bwrgtbB5>4Q pere rbbslrgte db reaegs liai ki bxbapci=

6555666 pere 5666# 655?666 pere ?666+ Bstb bxbapci vcgdi pere e dupce 55+ Bcb gkdgle

qub quekdi i ètbhbbpbr rblbobr uae cgèi lia i kabri 6555666# bsse cgèi sbrdgrblgikede pere i reaec 5666 *i absai vcgdi pere i reaec ?666'+

?+ Likùrer sbi X_es\rv==Kbg`joirsQ pere gklcugr i D@H liai ua dis vgzgkjis di

ètbhbbpbr+ I prinbssir gkniraer i bkdbrbi GV di D@H+


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_TVEpcglei

Trekspirtb

_bdb

Leaede db bkcelb

TLV RDV

GV

Btjbrkbt

_T\V _TV\DV

\GV

\GV ua pritilici qub bst ke leaede db epcglei+ Ectbrketgvi ei J+


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E gae`ba sbùgktb gcustre e gktb`rei bktrb tidis is liapikbktbs de erqugtbture \GV=

\GV rb`gstrer

x5 x5

x?

5

5?

? 2

>:+5+566=26:6 n )usr)cilec)btl)ipbksgps)ipbksgps+ln` !d

I utgcgtrgi ipbksgpsltc ua slrgpt utgcgzedi pere rbecgzer ipbrebs db aekutbki ki

Ipbk\GV\+ Bstb utgcgtrgi augti tgc pere dgvbrses terbnes=

5 Gkglger)perer e epcglei+

5 Iotbr cgste`ba db usurgis ik!cgkb+

5 Gkniraebs bstetstgles db usi di sgstbae+

I liaekdi ipbksgps dbvb sbr usedi pbci supbr usurgi *riit'+ Rsurgis kiraegs kiraec!

abktb ki pissuba elbssi ei liaekdi sba bspblgler i leagkji liapcbti de epcglei+

Iu sbme# ua usurgi kiraec prblgserge bxbluter i liaekdi)usr)sogk)ipbksgps+

kblbssrgi likùrer i erqugvi)btl)dbneuc t)ipbksgps ektbs db bxbluter i Ipbk\GV\

pbce prgabgre vbz+

Vere euxgcger e rbecgzei db ecùaes terbnes# bxgstb i utgcgtrgi ipbksgpsltc+ Bstb slrgpt pidb

bxbluter dgvbrses terbnes# bktrb bces gkglger b perer e epcglei# iotbr cgste`ba db usurgis

ik!cgkb b gkniraebs bstetstgles db usi di sgstbae+ Ecùks liaekdis pissvbgs=

5 ipbksgpsltc stip|stert|rbstert5 ipbksgpsltc uc sjiw bxgob cgste db usurgis+

5 ipbksgpsltc ikcgkb bxgob usurgis ik!cgkb+

5 ipbksgpsltc aikgtir aikgtire e epcglei etuecgzekdi es gkniraebs pbrgidgleabktb+

Vere uae cgste db tides es ipbs pissvbgs oeste bxbluter i liaekdi ipbksgpsltcsba

kbkjua perabtri edglgikec+ Eca dbstb slrgpt# iutre nirae db gkglgecgzer i Ipbk\GV\

utgcgzekdi i slrgpt di sgstbae ipbrelgikec pere gkglgecgzer e epcglei durektb i oiit=

$ )btl)gkgt+d)ipbksgps 3ipi;

Ipbs pissvbgs= stert# stip# rbstert# nirlb!rbcied# dbou` b stetus+ Vere v!ces# oeste bxb!

luter i liaekdi sba nirkblbr kbkjuae ipi+

\b i Ipbk\GV\ m bstgvbr ba bxblui# i liaekdi ipbksgpsltc stertveg necjer# i qub

kiraecabktb eliktblb pirqub i sgstbae m gkglgiu e epcglei durektb i oiit+ Vir!

tekti# prgabgri perb e epcglei lia)btl)gkgt+d)ipbksgps stip+

Lia es likùrebs pedri gkstecedes lia Ipbk\GV\# bcb m pidb sbr bxblutedi db

nirae nuklgikec+ Tidis is lcgbktbs sb rb`gstrea eutiaetgleabktb lia i kiab likùredi

*ki lcgbktb' b sba vecgdei kbkjuae+ M pissvbc teaoa nezbr cgèbs db ua lcgbktb

pere i iutri gkniraekdi i kiab di usurgi di iutri lcgbktb+


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Erqugtbture aiducer Ipbk\GV\

qE bstruture di Ipbk\GV\ pidb sbr dgv gdgde ba dues pertbs=5 Klcbi= rbspikdb pbci nuklgikeabkti osgli b liktricb dis aducis+

5 Aducis= lede ua edglgike nuklgikecgdedbs bspblles ei sintwerb# gklcusgvb es

nuklgikecgdedbs \GV+

Vrgklgpegs aducis=

Nuki prixy

5 Trekseltgik *TA'

5 \tetbcbss _bpcgbr *\C'

5 _blird!_iutb b _iutb Aidb *__'

Nukirb`gstrer

5 _b`gstrer

Nukiciletgik

5 Cilecgzei db usurgis *Rsrcil'5 Deteoesb EVG *Ay\UC# Vist`rbs b DOtbxt'

Nukbs bregs

5 Likteogcgzei *ELL'

5 Eutbktglei *ERTJ'

5 Eutbktglei lia oekli db dedis *ERTJYDO'

Is aducis si lerrbèdis etrevs di erqugvi db likùrebs+

Ipbk\GV\ edite uae erqugtbture aiducer# ikdb i sintwerb liapisti pir ua klcbi osgli

ei quec pidba sbr likbltedis dgvbrsis aducis pere privbr nuklgikecgdedbs ei sintwerb+

5 Klcbi= rbspikdb pbci nuklgikeabkti osgli b liktricb dis aducis+ I klcbi rbspik!svbc pbces likùrebs cilegs# liai kvbc db dbpurei# pirtes TLV b RDV utgcgzedes#

aidi db ipbrei btl8

5 Aducis= bxgstba dgvbrsis aducis# sbkdi qub lede ua edglgike nuklgikecgdedbs bspb!

lles ei sintwerb# gklcusgvb es nuklgikecgdedbs \GV+

Is aducis si lerrbèdis etrevs di erqugvi db likùrebs# ikdb pissvbc pesser

perabtris pere e sue gkglgecgzei+ Ei lerrbèr ua aduci# bcb privbr nukbs qub

pidba sbr utgcgzedes ke pri`reaei di erqugvi db likùrebs+

I Ipbk\GV dgspikgogcgze dgvbrsis aducis+ \bùb uae cgste lia uae orbvb dbslrgi dis

aegs gapirtektbs=

5 Aduci TA= prilbsseabkti db treksebs \GV stetbnuc*treksebs stetbnucb stetbcbss

sbri bxpcgledes pistbrgirabktb'8

5 Aduci \C*\tetbcbss _bpcgbr'= gapcbabkte e nuki db prixy \GV stetbcbss# iu sbme# lepez db rbspikdbr e rbqugsgbs \GV sba aektbr i bstedi de liaukglei8

5 Aduci __ *_blird!_iutb b _iutb Aidb'= gapcbabkte es nukbs db liktricb di aidi

db ritbeabkti *_iutb'8

5 Aduci_b`gstrer= gapcbabkte e c`gle db prilbsseabkti di atidi _B@G\TB_ pere

rb`gstri db usurgis8


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Ecùaes ipbs de sbi db likùrebs cioegs=

dbou`17 , Kvbc db dbpurei

nirh1ybs|ki , Vrixy lrge ua prilbssi pere lede gktbr nelb db rbdb iu `brbklge tudi

kua kgli prilbssi

ci`Ystdbrrir1Wbs|ki , Ci` db brris ke sede stdbrriu sysci`

ci`Ynelgcgty1CI@YCILEC:+5+566=26>6 , Gktbrnelb db rbdb pere bspbrer rbqugsgbs

ecges1ceo+bsr+rkp+or , Kiab dbstb sbrvgdir \GV

E cgste liapcbte db perabtris de vbrsi 5+>+6 pidb sbr bkliktrede ba Ipbk\GV\

_bsiurlbs DilsLirbNlk5>+

Vere rider e epcglei ba aidi dbpurei# aerqub e ipinirh1ki b gkglgb i

Ipbk\GV\ lia i liaekdi= )btl)gkgt+d)ipbksgps dbou`+

Likngùrebs dis aducis

Bste sbi dbkb tidis is aducis qub sbri lerrbèdis b dbkb is perabtris qub sbripessedis pere likùr!cis+ I lerrbèabkti dis aducis nbgti db nirae sgapcbs+ E verg!

vbc apetj gkdgle i dgrbtrgi ikdb bsti is aducis# qub si lerrbèdis usekdi i liaekdi

ciedaiducb# liai ki bxbapci eoegxi=

apetj1)usr)cgo)ipbksgps)aiducbs)

ciedaiducb sc+si

ciedaiducb ta+si

ciedaiducb rb`gstrer+si

E likùrei dis perabtris dis aducis nbgte lia i liaekdi aidperea# liai kisbxbapcis eoegxi=

aidperea*eutjYdo# doYurc#

aysqc=))ipbksgps=ipbksgpsrwFcilecjist)ipbksgps'

aidperea*ell# rbpistYelh# 5'

aidperea*rb`gstrer# aexYliktelts# 56'

I liaekdi aidperea rblbob trs erùabktis= i kiab di aduci# i kiab de vergvbc b i

vecir e sbr etrgoudi vergvbc# rbspblt gveabktb+

C`gle db ritbeabkti

E c`gle db ritbeabkti dbkb tidi i treteabkti qub sbr nbgti lia es rbqugsgbs rblbogdes

pbci Ipbk\GV\# sbme quec nir i tgpi dbsses rbqugsgbs *GK^GTB# _B@G\TB_# OWB# LEKLBC btl'+

I nuklgikeabkti di Ipbk\GV\ sb essbabcje ei db ua slrgpt qub bxblutedi tide vbz qub

uae rbqugsgi \GV rblbogde+ I pikti db pertgde di slrgpt i ocili dbkiagkedi riutb{}# qub

likta tide e c`gle db ritbeabkti *iu pertb de c`gle b ljeaedes pere iutris ocilis# qub

likta i rbstektb de c`gle'+ \baprb qub uae rbqugsgi rblbogde# tba gklgi e bxblui

sbqubklgec dis liaekdis bkliktredis kbstb ocili+ I prilbsseabkti liktkui et i pikti

ikdb ilirrb e dblgsi kec siorb e rbqugsgi= et e rbqugsgi sbr bkleagkjede iu g`kirede#

pir bxbapci+ I bxbapci eoegxi bxbapcgle db nirae oestektb sgapcglede i ocili riutb{}=


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qE rbqugsgi LEKLBC# pir bxbapci=5 Ba stetbnuc# i slrgpt pidb sgapcbsabktb ljeaer uae nuki di aduci TA *tYrbcey* ''

b bce seobr liai treter e abkse`ba# pigs i sbr vgdir ùerdiu es gkniraebs siorb

e rbqugsgi gkglgec# i GK^GTB+

5 Ba stetbcbss# dbvb epcgler ei LEKLBC tide e absae c`gle db ritbeabkti epcglede

pere i GK^GTB# pigs ki aektbvb es gkniraebs+

Eca dgssi# j ecùaes nuklgikecgdedbs qub kblbssgtea di bstedi des treksebs pere nuk!

lgikerba# liai i aduci db likteogcgzei *aduci ELL'+ Essilgedi eis aducis stetbcbss

b stetbnuc# bst i aduci __ *_blird!riutb'# qub pissgogcgte e `revei de rite pbce quec es

rbqugsgbs pesserea+

qBsse rite ùerdede ki leobecji des abkse`bks etrevs db dues nukbs prgklgpegs=5 rblirdYriutb* '= `reve e rite kes rbqugsgbs+

5 ciisbYriutb* '= cgape e rite kes rbspistes+

Es gae`bks eoegxi bxbapcglea es ljeaedes rblirdYriutb* ' pere `rever e rite db uae

rbqugsgi GK^GTB b es ljeaedes ciisbYriutb* ' pere cgobrer es rites quekdi nbgte e rbqugsgiOWB *qub bst rbcelgikede ei GK^GTB gkglgec'+ Liai e rite nig `revede durektb e rbqugsgi

GK^GTB# èrektgdi qub e rbqugsgi OWB pesser pbci sbrvgdir \GV qub `reviu sbu bkdbrbi

kbste rite+

\brvgdir

\GV \5

\brvgdir

\GV \?

E O

GK^GTB GK^GTB GK^GTB

rblirdYriutb*' rblirdYriutb*'

_ite= \5# \?# O

_ite= E _ite= \5# E _ite= \?# \5# E

_ite= \?# \5# E

\brvgdir

\GV \5

\brvgdir

\GV \?

E O

OWB OWB OWB

_ite= E _ite= E# \5 _ite= \?# \5# E

_ite= \?# \5# E_ite= \5# \?# O

ciisbYriutb*' ciisbYriutb*'

Ektbs db utgcgzer i slrgpt ipbksgpsdoltc# i erqugvi ipbksgpsltcrldbvb sbr bdgtedi pere

gklcugr es likùrebs db elbssi ei oekli db dedis+ Bstb erqugvi bst cilecgzedi

ba)btl)ipbksgps)b es vergvbgs aegs gapirtektbs qub dbvba sbr likùredes si=

DOBK@GKB# DOJI\T# DOKEAB# DO_PR\B_ b DO_PVP+ Bces m pissuba is vecirbs

pedri likùredis# qub sbri is vecirbs utgcgzedis kbstb lursi+ E bstruture lia!

pcbte des teobces kblbssrges pere i nuklgikeabkti di Ipbk\GV\ pidb sbr liksuc!

tede ki sgtb di dbsbkvicvbdir+

Ngùre 4+:_ite de rbqugsgiGK^GTB+

Ngùre 4+7_ite de rbqugsgiOWB+


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Leptuci

4!Gktriduiei\GV

Gktb`rei lia oekli db dedis Ipbk\GV\

qGkdgspbksvbc pere gapcektei db ua sbrvgdir Ipbk\GV\+ ^rgis aducis nezba usi dbecùa tgpi db gkniraei eraezbkede ba oekli db dedis=

5 _b`gstri db usurgis *nuki rb`gstrer'+

5 Likteogcgzei+

5 Cilecgzei db usurgis+

5 Bktrb iutris+

Aduci lerrbèdi b likùredi ki erqugvi db likùrebs+ Bxbapci=

ciedaiducb aysqc+si

aidperea*eutjYdo|usrcil|ell# doYurc#


E likùrei des teobces ki oekli db dedis pidb sbr nbgte lia i slrgpt ipbksgpsdoltc=

$ ipbksgpsdoltc lrbetb ipbksgps

*lrge i deteoesb ipbksgps'

$ ipbksgpsdoltc rbgkgt ipbksgps

*dbstrg b rblrge tidi i deteoesb ipbksgps'

Ecùaes ipbrebs siorb i oekli db dedis teaoa pidba sbr nbgtes lia i slrgpt

ipbksgpsltc=

$ ipbksgpsltc edd 3usbrkeab; 3pesswird;

*ledestrer usurgi'

$ ipbksgpsltc ra 3usbrkeab;

*rbaivbr usurgi'

$ ipbksgpsltc pesswd 3usbrkeab; 3pesswird;

*aidgler e sbkje db ua usurgi ledestredi'

I usi db ua oekli db dedis gkdgspbksvbc pere gapcektei db ua sbr vgdir Ipbk\GV\#

absai qub sbme utgcgzedi ua oekli aegs sgapcbs# liai ba erqugvis tbxti+ \b kbkjua

oekli db dedis nir utgcgzedi# es gkniraebs db cilecgzei dis usurgis rb`gstredis sbri

aektgdes ba abarge# pirtekti ba lesi db necjes iu rbgkglgecgzei di sbrvgdir# bces

eleoea sbkdi pbrdgdes+ Dgvbrsis aducis di Ipbk\GV\ ut gcgzea ecùa tgpi db gkniraei

eraezbkede ba oekli db dedis# liai pir bxbapci is aducis db rb`gstri db usurgis

*sbrvgdir rb`gstrer'# likteogcgzei db cgèbs b cilecgzei db usurgis+

qI Ipbk\GV\ nirkblb dgvbrsis aducis pere gktb`rei lia ecùks oeklis db dedis#bktrb bcbs=

5 DOYAW\UC= Ay\UC

5 DOYVI\T@_B\= Vist`rb\UC

5 DOYTBZT= Dotbxt

Essga liai is iutris aducis liabktedis# is aducis db oekli db dedis si lerrbèdis

b likùredis ke sbi db aducis di erqugvi db likùrebs+ I bxbapci eoegxi aistre

i lerrbèabkti di aduci pere Ay\UC b de etrgougi db digs perabtris eis aducis=


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ciedaiducb aysqc+si

aidperea*eutjYdo|usrcil|ell# doYurc#


aidperea*usrcil# doYaidb# 5'

Ki bxbapci# e prgabgre cgkje lerrbè i aduci bkquekti es iutres dues etrgouba is per!

abtris+ I prgabgri perabtri etrgoudi eis aducis ERTJYDO# R\_CIL b ELL# bkquekti

i sbùkdi perabtri s etrgoudi ei aduci R\_CIL *pigs s bxgstb kbstb aduci'+

E likùrei db doYurc*qub liaua eis aducis ERTJYDO# R\_CIL# ELL b iutris' dgz

rbspbgti cilecgzei b e gkniraebs db elbssi ei oekli db dedis+ I vecir etrgoudi e bste

ipi sbùb# ke aegirge dis lesis# i niraeti= oekli=))usurgi=sbkjeFgp=pirte)deteoesb+

Ki bxbapci# bst sbkdi gkdgledi qub sbr utgcgzedi i usurgi ipbksgps lia sbkje ipbk!

sgpsrw pere sb likblter ei deteoesb ipbksgps di oekli db dedis Ay\UC cilecgzedi ke

aqugke cilecjist+ Bstb niraeti pidb verger ba lesis liai ki usi di DOYTBZT# qub sbùb

ua niraeti liai i di bxbapci eoegxi=

aidperea*eutjYdo # doYurc# dotbxt=)))ver)dotbxt)ipbksgps'

E likùrei db doYaidb uae ipi di aduci R\_CIL b epbkes dgz rbspbgti ei aidi

db elbssi ei oekli db dedis=

5 6= dbseogcgte i oekli db dedis+ Tides es gkniraebs si aektgdes ba abarge8

5 5= es gkniraebs ljbèa e sbr eraezbkedes ke abarge# aes si `revedes gabdgete!

abktb ki oekli db dedis8

5 ?= es gkniraebs si eraezbkedes prgabgreabktb ke abarge b sgklrikgzedes db

tbapis ba tbapis lia i oekli db dedis8

5


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552

Leptuci

4!Gktriduiei\GV

} bcsb { , quecqubr bkdbrbi \GV gkvcgdi

scYsbkdYrbpcy*46


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5 sevb*teobce' di aduci rb`gstrer

Ljeaede eps i rb`gstri sbr nbgti lia sulbssi# secve e gkniraei db rb`gstri ke

teobce teobce+

\lrgpt db bxbapci de eutbktglei db usurgis=

gn *%wwwYeutjirgzb*bsr+rkp+or# suoslrgobr'' { , usurgi ki

eutirgzedi

wwwYljeccbk`b*bsr+rkp+or# 6'8

bxgt8

}

, usurgi nig eutirgzedi

gn *%doYljblhYti*'' { , leapi Ti= gkvcgdi

scYsbkdYrbpcy*46


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Vere rbecgzer e likteogcgzei# i slrgpt dbvb oesgleabktb ljeaer e nuki sbte`*GD' ki

aiabkti edbquedi+ I usi dbste nuki sbr bxpcgledi lia ua slrgpt db bxbapci eoegxi=

ciedaiducb aysqc+si , 5

ciedaiducb ell+si , 5

aidperea*ell# doYurc# aysqc=))ipbksgps=sbkjeFcilecjist)

ipbksgps', ?

aidperea*ell# doYnce`# 5'

, ?

gn *abtjid11GK^GTB' {

sbtnce`*5'8 , Treksagssivge ukglest+


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5+?22+?22+?24

Lcessb O

5?:+5+6+5 575+?22+?22+?24

Lcessb L

57?+6+5+5 ??


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Is prgklgpegs rbspiksvbgs pir bste terbne si i pritilici G@AV *ke rbdb cilec' b is priti!

licis db ritbeabkti auctglest *ki oelhoikb'+ Gktbrkbt @riup Aeke`babkt Vritilic*G@AV' ipritilici qub `brbklge `rupis auctglest ke rbdb cilec# gklcugkdi e lrgei b sede db `rupis

*abkse`bks dbmigk b cbevb'+ Bcb dbkgdi ke _NL555?+

Is pritilicis db ritbeabkti auctglest dbkba liai nbgte e liaukglei bktrb is

ritbedirbs pere likstrui de rvirb!auctglest qub dbkb es rites dis pelitbs auctglest+

Dgvbrsis pritilicis pidba sbr utgcgzedis# bktrb bcbs=

5 VGA *Vritilic Gkdbpbkdbkt Auctglest'+

5 DÂ_V *Dgsteklb ^bltir Auctglest _iutgk` Vritilic'+

5 AI\VN *Auctglest Ipbk \jirtbst Vetj Ngrst'+

5 AO@V *Auctglest O@V'+Virtekti# ektbs db li`gter i usi di auctglest ba cikè dgstklge# vbrgqub sb tidis is ritbe!

dirbs di leagkji supirtea auctglest+ I auctglest augtes vbzbs bst dgspikvbc epbkes ba

rbdbs lirpiretgves# i qub gapissgogcgte sbu usi pere liaukglei bktrb dgnbrbktbs baprbses#

pir bxbapci# essga liai ki supirtedi ke Gktbrkbt+ Rae ectbrketgve pere eprivbgter es vek!

te`bks di auctglest b liktirker is priocbaes qub bcb eprbsbkte i usi db tkbgs auctglest+

Is tkbgs si utgcgzedis pere likblter dues rbdbs auctglest etrevs db ua lekec ukglest+ Ra

bxbapci prtgli de epcglei dis tkbgs i AOikb *auctglest oelhoikb'# qub ua oelhoikb

vgrtuec lrgedi kis ekis 76 pere pbragtgr i usi db GV auctglest siorb e gktbrkbt+

I AOikb liksgdbredi uae rbdb vgrtuec siorb e gktbrkbt# liapiste db vr ges gcjes lia

lepelgdedb db auctglest# gktbrcgèdes pir likbxbs ukglest+ Lede gcje niraede pir uaeCEK iu `rupi db C EKs# qub pissuba ua ritbedir bspblgec ljeaedi ariutbr*auctglest

riutbr'# gapcbabktedi ba jerdwerb iu sintwerb+

Kis ariutbrs# is pelitbs auctglestsibklepsucedis ba pelitbs ukglest kiraegs b bkvgedis

lia dbstgki e iutri ariutbr+ Tidis is ritbedirbs ki leagkji elbgteri i pelitb liai ua

pelitb ukglestliaua+ Ei ljbèr ei ariutbr!dbstgki# i leobecji ukglest rbaivgdi# rbs!

tekdi essga i pelitb auctglestirg`gkec+ Bste tlkgle ljeaede db tukbceabkti+

Ngùre 2+55Leagkji

pbrlirrgdi pbcispelitbs auctglest+


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5:+?+?

57?+5>:+4+?

Ariutbr5+

Tkbc lia

57?+5>:+4+?

Ariutbr?+

Tkbc lia

57?+5>:+?+?

Virtes b pritilicis dis pedrbs J+


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I bxbapci eoegxi aistre uae abkse`ba GK^GTB di \GV# qub likta dedis tekti des pirtes

utgcgzedes quekti dis GVs ke rbe db dedis de abkse`ba+ Ba uae abkse`ba liai bsse#

e KET liksb`ugrge epbkes aidgler GV b pirte di leobecji# aes tidis is vecirbs db GV b

pirte bxgogdis ki bxbapci pbraekblbrgea g`uegs+

GK^GTB sgp=?6>F57?+5>:+6+:+6+?4=26>68oreklj1z7j`4ohz7j`4ohn:b?l0le^ge= \GV)?+6)RDV 57?+5>:+6+?4=26>6

Nria= 3sgp?52F57?+5>:+6+5248te`1454d2>4>!ed!4604>7e:

Ti= 3sgp=?6>F57?+5>:+6+524;

Liktelt= sgp=?52F57?+5>:+6+?4

\icubs

qEctbrketgves pere e sicui di priocbae=5 Vritilici J+4>6? Lrgedi pere rbwecc ) KET trevbrsec lia i pedri J+


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Leptuci

2!_bdbsdbliaputedirbsb

vgdbiliknbrklge

\TRK

\bssgik Trevbrsec Rtgcgtgbs nir KET *\TRK' ua ablekgsai dbkgdi ke _NL 2


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TR_K

Trevbrsec Rsgk` _bceys eriukd KET *TR_K' uae bxtbksi di pritilici \TRK# gklcugkdi es

abkse`bks TR_K# qub si ba `rekdb pertb abkse`bks ki niraeti \TRK+ Bstb pritilici

dbkgdi ke _NL 20>>+

Essga liai ki \TRK# i TR_K utgcgze ua sbrvgdir ba uae rbe pocgle pere pbragtgr qub is

lcgbktbs neea likbxbs etrevs db KETs+ I TR_K pbragtb qub ua jist etrs db ua KET*i lcgbktb' sicglgtb qub iutri jist *i sbrvgdir' nuklgikb liai ua sbrvgdir db rbcey# db

rbdgrblgikeabkti db abkse`bks+ I lcgbktb pidb bkti utgcgzer i sbrv gdir pere rbdgrblgiker

pelitbs pere iutris lcgbktbs b liktricer liai bstb rbdgrblgikeabkti nbgti+ Lia i usi

dbstb sbrv gdir# abkse`bks pidba sbr triledes ogdgrblgikecabktb bktrb digs lcgbktbs+

E dbsvekte`ba di usi di TR_K qub i usi db ua sbrvgdir db rbdgrblgikeabkti pidb

`brer priocbaes db etresi# mgttbr b iutris priocbaes db rbdb b teaoa kblbssgte qub i

sbrvgdir tbkje uae `rekdb cerùre db oekde dgspikvbc+

GLB

Gktbreltgvb Likkbltgvgt y Bsteocgsjabkt *GLB' bspblgledi ke _NL 2?42 b dbkb uae tlkgledb KET trevbrsec pere treksagssbs RDV bsteobcblgdes ba ua aidbci db inbrte b rbspiste+

I aidbci inbrte b rbspiste nbgti oesgleabktb lia i usi di pritilici \DV# ikdb si

gksbrgdis dgvbrsis GVs b pirtes# qub si bkleagkjedis pere ua lcgbktb tbster sb pissvbc

bsteobcblbr uae likbxi lia bcbs+ Bssbs GVs si dbkgdis lia usi di \TRK+ Eca dgssi# i

GLB teaoa utgcgze i TR_K quekdi kblbssrgi+

\gapcgledeabktb# i GLB uae sicui liapcbte db KET trevbrsec qub utgcgze i \TRK sbaprb

qub pissvbc b i TR_K quekdi kblbssrgi *quekdi ki pissvbc bsteobcblbr uae likbxi

dgrbte bktrb is digs jists b bkti kblbssrgi ua sbrvgdir db rbcey'+ I GLB egkde ki bst

aeduri# b ki editedi cerèabktb ke gkdstrge# lrgekdi ua priocbae ki sbu usi+

\upirtb e KET kis sintwerbs db vgdbiliknbrklge

Is neorglektbs db sintwerbs db vgdbiliknbrklge ta sb prbilupedi lia is priocbaes

leusedis pbces KETs b abcjirges bsti sbkdi gapcbabktedes kis lcgbktbs pere rbsicvbr

bstes dglucdedbs+ Ki V^Z# pir bxbapci# es likùrebs db KET pidba sbr nbgtes etrevs

dis abkus _bdb !; Likbxi ke mekbce db likùrebs de epcglei+ I V^Z inbrblb ua

atidi db dbsliobrte eutiatgle di GV pocgli db uae aqugke qub bst etrs db uae

KET+ \b bstb atidi necjer# bcb teaoa pbragtb qub i usurgi bspblgqub aekuecabktb i

bkdbrbi+ E tbce db likùrebs db rbdb di V^Z # lia e dbsliobrte db KET jeogcgtede pidb

sbr vgste ke gae`ba eoegxi=


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54Gktbrnelb diIpbkAbbtgk`s perevgsuecgzei dbwboliknbrklges`revedes+


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Leptuci

7!^gdbiliknbrklgewbo

5 OOO pissug diluabktei aegs liapcbte b abcjir bceoirede8

5 Gktbrnelb di OOO aegs cgape b gktugtgve8

5 OOO pissug gktb`rei lia îGV8

5 OOO# vge `rupi Alikn# pissug epcgletgvi pere dgspisgtgvis avbgs+

Ei liktrrgi db iutres nbrreabktes# i IpbkAbbtgk`s ki dgstrgoudi ba uae aqugke

vgrtuec prikte pere usi+ Vere gkstecei cilec# dbvb!sb iotbr i pelitb lia i ldgì!niktb

de epcglei# qub dgstrgoudi ki wbosgtb de nbrreabkte+ Is pr!rbqugsgtis *ogocgitbles'

kblbssrgis dbvba sbr gkstecedis aekuecabktb# dbpigs prblgsi bdgter ecùks diluabktis

di IpbkAbbtgk`s b gkglger i sbrvgi+ Is pessis kblbssrgis pidba sbr bkliktredis ke wghg

Gksteccetgik Ipbk Abbtgk`s+

Iutres sicubs

Is sgstbaes lgtedis et eìre si is aegs likjblgdis b utgcgzedis pere wboliknbrklge# aes

bxgstba dgvbrses iutres nbrreabktes+ Bktrb is sgstbaes egkde ki dbtecjedis# sbcblgikeais

ecùks pere bxgogr gae`bks b cgkhs lia i gktugti db nelgcgter e liksucte dis gktbrbssedis ba

likjblbr abcjir iutres ectbrketgves+ Is sgstbaes bslicjgdis nirea=

5 \prbbd *priprgbtrgi'8

5 Bccuagketb Cgvb% *priprgbtrgi'8

5 PboJuddcb *ldgì eobrti'+

5 Ocubmbeks *jttp=))ocubmbeks+lia' gktbripbrvbc lia J+


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Bccuagketb Cgvb%

\gstbae priprgbtrgi de baprbse Bccuagketb lia nili ba bdulei dgstklge+ Rtgcgzedi

pbci ^grtuec Liknbrbklb Lbktrb# pbragtb rbecgzer tbstb ke epcglei pbce p`gke @bttgk`

\tertbd ^grtuec Liknbrbklb Lbktrb *lcgqub ba Tregkgk` _iia'+

Ng`ure 7+?:Gktbrnelb di \prbbdlia nili ki ljet*bxgogdi ki lbktri'+

Ng`ure 7+?7Gktbrnelb diBccuagketb liaper!tgcjekdi ua vdbi bua quedri orekli+


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?25

Leptuci

7!^gdbiliknbrklgewbo

PboJuddcb

Vrimbtedi pere sbr db nlgc usi# eprbsbkte dgvbrses ipbs# gklcugkdi gktb`rei lia

sicubs db sgstbaes db tbcbliknbrklge db iutres baprbses+ Lia i sgstbae PboJuddcb#

pissvbc bnbtuer e `revei des eprbsbktebs qub pidbri sbr rbpriduzgdes nutureabktb

etrevs db quecqubr kevb`edir wbo+

Ng`ure 7+


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?2?



271/294

?2prbvgbws# qub si rbes db pr!vgsuecgzei db udgi b vdbi+

I ipbredir de \utb pidb etrgougr quecqubr ua dis eprbsbktedirbs ba ua prbvgbw#pidbkdi essga vgsuecgzer i sbu vdbi b bsluter i sbu udgi+ Eps liciler is eprbsbkte!

dirbs kisprbvgbws # i ipbredir pidb nelgcabktb sbcblgiker ua dbcbs pere liciler ki er#

iu sbme# bkvger sbus dedis pir auctglest+

qLiklbgti db tbcbprbsbke gktbrei=5 Vbrùktes si nbgtes icji ki icji+

5 Tides es seces rbaites rblboba i sgkec db udgi b vdbi di ecuki qub bst pbrùktekdi+

5 Vrinbssir likvbrse dgrbteabktb lia i ecuki+

Liklbgti db tbcbprbsbke=

5 _blrge# dbktri des pissgogcgdedbs tblkic`gles# likdgbs db uae euce prbsbklgec sklrike+

5 Vrinbssir bkxbrè ecukis prbsbklgegs b picis rbaitis ba tbcbvgsbs+

5 Ecukis prbsbklgegs bkxbrèa scgdbs di prinbssir ki primbtir+

5 Ecukis rbaitis bkxbrèa scgdbs di prinbssir ki primbtir+

5 Ecukis rbaitis bkxbrèa e gae`ba di prinbssir ba uae tbcbvgsi+

Iutres nuklgikecgdedbs gapirtektbs de \utb si e agxe`ba db udgi b e tbcbprbsbke+

E agxe`ba db udgi pbragtb qub e \utb bkvgb aegs db ua lekec db udgi sgauctekbeabktb#

nelgcgtekdi e gktbrei bktrb es seces rbaites+ Uuecqubr vdbi db Eprbsbktedir qub bst

baprbvgbwpidb sbr edglgikedi ke agxe`ba# pirtekti# et > lekegs db udgi pidba sbr

agxedis pere bkvgi+

E tbcbprbsbke pbragtb qub e \utb lrgb uxis edglgikegs db bkvgi db udgi b vdbi+ Uuecqubr

ua disprbvgbws pidb sbr liciledi ba tbcbprbsbke# i qub gkdgle qub bcb sbr treksagtgdi

*teaoa utgcgzekdi auctglest' db nirae gkdbpbkdbktb di qub bst ke treksagssi prgklgpec

*ki er'+ Ke prtgle# tbais ua sgkec db treksagssi ki er# qub i sgkec dis scgdbs di pri!

nbssir+ Tbais teaoa dgvbrsis iutris sgkegs db tbcbprbsbke# ua pere e labre db vdbi

di prinbssir b ua pere e labre db lede sece rbaite+ Lia gssi tidis is picis bkxbrèa is

scgdbs b i vdbi di prinbssir# b i prinbssir pidb vgsuecgzer tides es seces rbaites+


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Leptuci

56!^gdbiliknbrklgebad

bs

htip

I GÊ oesbedi ba treksagssi auctglest+ I aegir priocbae db utgcgzer auctglest qub bcb

ki supirtedi ba tides es rbdbs+ Ke vbrdedb# ki supirtedi ke `rekdb aegirge desrbdbs etuegs+ Vbksekdi kgssi# nig dbsbkvicvgde uae kive bktgdedb GÊ# ljeaede db \br vgdir

db \trbeagk`+ Bste bktgdedb rbspiksvbc pir pbragtgr qub tidis is piktis qub ki

supirtea auctglest tbkjea elbssi treksagssi utgcgzekdi ukglest+

q\intwerb Aidbredir5 Bktgdedb `brbktb de sbssi GÊ+

5 Rtgcgzedi pere aidbrer abkse`bks db ljet b sbcblgiker is pert glgpektbs qub etueri

liai eprbsbktedirbs+

\intwerb \utb

5 Lbktrec db dedis auctgadge= liktrice dgstrgougi db udgi b vdbi+5 \bcblgike i sgkec qub bst sbkdi treksagtgdi pere tides es seces b is sgkegs qub bsti

ba tbcbprbsbke+

\intwerb Eprbsbktedir

5 _bspiksvbc pbce treksagssi db udgi b vdbi+

5 Lepture vdbi di prinbssir# dis scgdbs b des seces rbaites+

5 Bxgob gae`bks kes tbcbvgsbs b primbtirbs+

E tbrlbgre des prgklgpegs bktgdedbs di GÊ ljeaede db Eprbsbktedir+ Bstb sintwerb lir!

rbspikdb ei lcgbktb de sbssi GÊ# i rbspiksvbc pir lepturer i vdbi b i udgi db ua per!

tglgpektb b treksagtgr bssbs dedis pere e \utb# eca db rblbobr de \utb b bxgogr i vdbi qub

bst ki er b i udgi qub bst sbkdi agxedi+ Eca di usi db udgi b vdbi# i Eprbsbktedir

teaoa pidb sb liaukgler lia i Aidbredir etrevs db ljet *tides es abkse`bks db ua

Eprbsbktedir si bkvgedes epbkes pere i Aidbredir# qub pidb dblgdgr sb bces dbvba sbr

rbpessedes pere tidis iu ki'+ Iutre nuklgikecgdedb di Eprbsbktedir e lepture db tbce#

qub utgcgzede pere lepturer scgdbs# vdbis b quecqubr iutri aetbrgec qub i prinbssir dbsbmb

utgcgzer+ Oeste eorgr i aetbrgec ki liaputedir qub bst bxblutekdi ua Eprbsbktedir lia

lepture db tbce qub bstb aetbrgec sbr treksagtgdi liai vdbi pere e \utb+

I absai sintwerb Eprbsbktedir pidb sbr bxblutedi ba aidi ^gsuecgzedir# qub ua

Eprbsbktedir qub ki treksagtb udgi kba vdbi# epbkes rblbob+ Bstb ^ gsuecgzedir

utgcgzedi pere rblbobr dedis db ua lekec db tbcbprbsbke+ Ke prtgle ke B\_ # bcbs si

Ngùre 56+2

\utb lia 2 eprb!sbktedirbs baprbvgbw b bkvgekdi

is scgdbs di pri!nbssir ke treks!

agssi prgklgpec+


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essilgedis s tbcbvgsbs pere bxgogr ua pci kes T^s de tbcbssece# iu pere bxgogr i vdbi di

prinbssir kes T^s dis pcis+

E gae`ba e sbùgr aistre e tbce di Eprbsbktedir durektb e sbssi# quekdi bst leptu!

rekdi# treksagtgkdi b rblbobkdi udgi b vdbi+ Ke pertb gknbrgir bsqubrde de gae`ba

vgsti ua vdbi qub lirrbspikdb eiprbvgbwdi vdbi lepturedi cilecabktb *e labre di

usurgi cilec'+ Eoegxi ei cedi dgrbgti di prbvgbwle e rbe db ljet b is oitbs db liktricb

db udgi# vdbi# ljet b iutris+ Etrs dbssbs liapikbktbs b ilupekdi pretgleabktb tide etbce de epcglei bst i vdbi rblbogdi de \utb *i vdbi ki er '+ Kbssb lesi# i eprbsbktedir

rbaiti bst aistrekdi ecì ki sbu teocbt+ êcb cbaorer qub es rbes siorbpistes gae`ba

rblbogde pidba sbr agkgagzedes+

Eca dis sintwerbs lgtedis di sgstbae GÊ# teaoa bxgstb i sint werb Ljet# qub nuklgike

db nirae sbabcjektb ei Eprbsbktedir# aes qub utgcgzedi epbkes pere liaukglei vge

ljet *sba udgi kba vdbi'+ I GÊ nig dbsbkvicvgdi lia nili ba bdulei e dgstklge# aes

teaoa pidb sbr utgcgzedi pere iutris ks# liai ba rbukgbs rbaites+ Liai nig vgsti#

ke B\_ is sintwerbs qub niraea e oesb di GÊ si gkstecedis ke tbcbssece# bkquekti is

picis kblbssgtea epbkes dis lcgbktbs *i sintwerb eprbsbktedir'+ Eoegxi si dbslrgtis is

sintwerbs utgcgzedis ke tbcbssece b kis pcis de B\_# qub niraea uae des irèkgzebs

erqugtbturegs utgcgzekdi i GÊ+

\intwerbs ke tbcbssece= e tbcbssece i pikti lbktrec des euces ke B\_# pirtekti kbce qub

bsti gkstecedis is sbrv gdirbs GÊ+ J uae aqugke pere i Aidbredir b uae pere e \utb+

Eca dgssi# j digs Eprbsbktedirbs= ua lepture e labre di prinbssir# rblbob i vdbi

ki er b primbte bstb vdbi ki tbci *kiraecabktb i vdbi dis scgdbs di prinbssir'8 i iutri

utgcgzedi ke aqugke di prinbssir# pere lepturer quecqubr liktbdi qub sb dbsbmb treks!

agtgr eis ecukis= scgdbs# vdbis# tbce db epcglebs btl+ Vere qub i prinbssir vbme is picis#

bxgstba dues tbcbvgsbs ke sece# lede uae dbces cgède e ua ^gsuecgzedir qub rblbob i vdbidb uae des seces+

Bvbktuecabktb kblbssrgi ua sintwerb sbrvgdir db ukglest # quekdi ecùa pertglgpektb

bstgvbr ba uae rbdb qub ki supirte auctglest+ Ke tbcbssece kblbssrgi pbci abkis ua

ipbredir pere liktricer Aidbredir b \utb+ Vidb!sb teaoa utgcgzer digs ipbredirbs= ua

tlkgli pere liktricer e \utb b ua ipbredir qub tbkje likjblgabkti ke dgslgpcgke sbkdi

agkgstrede pere liktricer i Aidbredir *pissgvbcabktb i aikgtir de euce'+

Ngùre 56+>Gae`ba dieprbsbktedirGÊ durektbuae sbssi+


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Leptuci


bs

htip

Aidbredir

Eprbsbktedir

\utb \brvgdir dbstrbeagk`

Dgstrgoug i sgkecpir auctglest

_blbob i sgkecauctglest bkleagkjeactgpcis ba ukglest

Lepture scgdbs# vdbisb iutris liktbdis

Eprbsbktedir

Lepture gae`ba di prinbssirb primbte scgdbs \ece rbaite 5 \ece rbaite ?

^gsuecgzedir ^gsuecgzedir

\intwerbs kis picis *piktis rbaitis'= is piktis rbaitis likta epbkes is sintwerbs

lcgbktbs di GÊ= i Eprbsbktedir b i ^gsuecgzedir+ I Eprbsbktedir utgcgzedi pere lepturer i

vdbi b udgi de sece b teaoa pere rblbobr i vdbi ki er b primbt!ci ba ua tbci b

teaoa tiler i udgi de sbssi+ M i ^gsuecgzedir cgèdi e uae tbcbvgsi b sbaprb

aistrer i vdbi di prinbssir+

Es gae`bks sbùgktbs aistrea tbcbssece ke B\_!_\ lia i GÊ ba usi+

Ngùre 56+0\intwerbs GÊ ketbcbssece de B\_+

Ngùre 56+:\gstbae db lik!tricb lia sutb#

aidbredir beprbsbktedir b

bqugpeabktis dbudgi b vdbi+


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?>?


BÎ

qBkeocgk` ^grtuec Irèkgzetgiks *BÎ' utgcgze liai oesb i sgstbae db e`bktbs AikECG\E+I sgstbae edepte!sb eutiaetgleabktb s likùrebs b bstedi de rbdb+ Vissug aikg!

tireabkti a e a=

5 Aikgtire tekti i liaputedir lcgbktb quekti e rbdb+

5 Vbragtb dbtbli db priocbaes liai usi bcbvedi db LVR b pbrde db pelitbs+

BÎ ua sgstbae db vgdbiliknbrklge dbsbkvicvgdi pbci Lecgnirkgek Gkstgtutb in Tbljkici`y

*Lectblj'# lrgedi lia i gktugti prgklgpec db privbr ua sbrvgi pere i treoecji lia i Cer`b

Jedrik Liccgdbr *CJL'# i elbcbredir db pertluces de Buripbek Irèkgzetgik nir Kulcber

_bsberlj *LB_K'# cilecgzede ke \ue+ I BÎ teaoa nig dgspikgogcgzedi pere iutris pri!

`reaes db bksgki lia nili ba nsgle *Jg`j Bkbr`y Vjysgls'+

E oesb di BÎ dbsbkvicvgde siorb i sgstbae db e`bktbs AikECG\E# i qub pissgogcgte i

ecleklb `cioec ei sgstbae b teaoa i tirke aegs dgkagli b eutkiai+ I BÎ pissug

nuklgikecgdedbs pere edeptei eutiatgle s likùrebs b bstedi de rbdb b aikgtire!

abkti a e a# gklcugkdi aikgtireabkti di liaputedir lcgbktb b de rbdb# i qub pbragtb e

dbtbli db priocbaes liai usi bcbvedi db LVR b pbrde db pelitbs+

E epcglei lcgbktb di sgstbae ljeae!sb Hiece b dbsbkvicvgde ba Meve+ I lcgbktb teaoa

utgcgze i vgsuecgzedir db vdbis *^ gBÎ'# qub tba liai lereltbrstgles prgklgpegs=

5 Trile db abkse`bks gkstektkbes# lia bslicje db bstedi *ilupedi# eusbktb btl+'8

5 Gktb`rei lia rbdb tbcbnkgle8

5 Rsi db Ipbk@C ki lcgbktb# i qub abcjire i dbsbapbkji b pbragtb ua sgstbae


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Leptuci


bs

htip

E trile db dedis db udgi b vdbi ki ^\bb nbgte lia V?V bktrb is pertglgpektbs# sbaprb

qub pissvbc+ Vere gssi utgcgzede epbkes uae pirte RDV# i qub rbduz is priocbaes lia

ociqubgi ba rbweccs+ Ba lesi db necje dbssb atidi# utgcgzedi tukbceabkti JTTV iu \\C+

Epbser dgssi bxgstb ua sbr vgdir ^\bb usedi pere eutbktglei b liktricb de liaukglei

bktrb is lcgbktbs+

Vrgklgpegs lereltbrstgles di ^\bb=

5 Nelgcgdedb db liapertgcjer epcglebs b dbshtip *ikb lcglh sjergk`'= utgcgze!sb e prprge

epcglei pere eorgr is erqugvis b liapertgcjer equbce tbce+ I ^\bb lrge uae oerre db

oitbs ki tipi de epcglei liapertgcjede# qub sbrvb pere utgcgzer nbrreabktes db

quedri orekli# dgspikgogcgzer i liktricb rbaiti b leklbcer liapertgcjeabkti+

5 ^dbi db ecte rbsicui8

5 Treksnbrklge db erqugvis sgapcbs pir dre`.drip8

5 Liapertgcjeabkti db vdbis8

5 Liktricb rbaiti db labre8

5 Ljet pocgli b prgvedi8

5 Rtgcgze lrgpti`ree EB\ db ?2> ogts8

5 Vbragtb revei cilec des vgdbiliknbrklges+

Vere utgcgzer i ^\bb# i prgabgri pessi nezbr diwkcied di gkstecedir ki sgtb de nbrreabkte+

Oeste elbsser i sgtb di ^\bb b lcgler ba Try ^\bb Kiw+

Eps e gkstecei# dbvb sbr nbgti i ci`gk ki sgstbae iu bkti lrger uae kive likte# terbnes

rbecgzedes etrevs de absae gktbrnelb+

Ei nezbr ci`gk# bxgogde e cgste db liktetis di usurgi b i sbu vdbi# qub m gkglge jeogcgtedi

b prikti pere treksagssi+

Ng`ure 56+5


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E pertgr dbstb pikti utgcgze!sb e nbrreabkte lcglekdi kis liktetis iu kis likbs ke tbce di

vdbi cilec# ikdb pidb!sb gkglger rbukgbs# liapertgcjer erqugvis b epcglebs# gkglger b perere `revei de vgdbiliknbrklge# bktrb iutres nukbs+

E prxgae ùre bxgob gae`bks de epcglei ba bxblui lia actgpcis vdbis# ljet b

liapertgcjeabkti db epcglebs+

Ngùre 56+54Cgste db liktetis bvdbi di usurgi+

Ngùre 56+52^\bb lia actgpcisvdbis b mekbcedb ljet+


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?>0

Leptuci


bs

htip

Lgtrgx @iTiAbbtgk`

qRae des sicubs db vgdbiliknbrklge de Lgtrgx=5 @iTiAbbtgk`= nili ba rbukgbs+5 @iTiPbogker= pere sbagkrgis b eprbsbktebs+

5 @iTiTregkgk`= trbgkeabktis b euces rbaites+

Ki 566" wbo# sbkdi kblbssrgi gkstecer uae epcglei ke aqugke di usurgi+

5 Oeste elbsser i wbosgtb di @iTiAbbtgk`= e gkstecei eutiatgle+

5 Vissug es nuklgikecgdedbs b nelgcgdedbs db ua sgstbae db wboliknbrklge *JDNelbs'+

5 Nbrreabkte utgcgzede liai oesb kes sicubs de Lgtrgx pere gklcugr treksagssi db

vdbi ba ecte quecgdedb+

5 \upirte et > vdbis db >46x


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I @iTiAbbtgk` liksgdbredi ua sgstbae wbo# pigs pissug es nelgcgdedbs b lereltbrst gles

db ua sgstbae db wboliknbrklge# baoire kblbssgtb de gkstecei db ua sgstbae prprgi

ke aqugke di usurgi+ Bsse gkstecei# pira# oestektb sgapcbs# nbgte e pertgr di wbosgtb

di @iTiAbbtgk`+

E gae`ba sb`ugktb aistre e epcglei gkstecede pere usi di @iTiAbbtgk`+ bsqubrde# e

gae`ba di likb cilecgzedi ke oerre db kitglebs di Pgkdiws pere elbssi epcglei+

dgrbgte# e gae`ba de epcglei ba sg# ikdb pidbais vbr e cgste db usurgis *ki lbktri'#oitbs pere lik`urer liapertgcjeabkti db dbshtip b liktricb rbaiti *ki tipi' b ljet *ke

pertb gknbrgir'# bktrb iutris+ Is pessis pere e utgcgzei di @iTiAbbtgk` pidba sbr vgstis

ba Pbo Abbtgk` | @iTiAbbtgk`+

Rae kivgdedb des sicubs de Lgtrgx e nbrreabkte JDNelbs# qub sbrvgr liai oesb liaua

pere es dgvbrses sicubs de baprbse b qub vgse e treksagssi db vdbi ba ecte dbkgi *JD'+

I JDNelbs supirte vgdbiliknbrklges lia uae rbsicui axgae db 57?6x7>6p# qub pidb

sbr etgk`gde etrevs db epbkes ua vdbi# iu pidb sbr eclekede pbce siae des rbsicubs

db et > vdbis *> vdbis db >46x


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bs

htip

Iutres sicubs

qIs sgstbaes lgtedis et equg nirea bslicjgdis pir sbrba is aegs gktbrbssektbs pere ispripsgtis dbstb lursi+ Aes bxgstba iutris# bktrb is quegs=

5 Vicylia V^Z+

5 Gseobc gdbiliknbrbklb+

5 \hypb *lia vdbi'+

Eca dis sgstbaes qub vgais# bxgstba dgvbrses iutres sicubs# ecùaes lia lereltbrs!

tgles sbabcjektbs b iutres augti dgnbrbktbs# aes tides lepezbs db treksagtgr udgi b vdbi

ba tbapi rbec+

Bktrb is sgstbaes ki dbtecjedis# sbcblgikeais ecùks pere bxgogr gae`bks b cgkhs pere

nelgcgter e liksucte pir pertb dis gktbrbssedis ba likjblbr abcjir iutres ectbrketgves+

Vicylia Tbcbprbsbklb a566

\gstbae priprgbtrgi qub pidb sbr bkliktredi ki wbosgtb de Vicylia+ Vissug uae vbrsi

db evecgei *trgec' lia e cgagtei db pbragtgr cgèbs db ki axgai 2 agkutis *V^Z' iu


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Ng`ure 56+57\hypb nezbkdiliaukglei lia

udgi b vdbi+


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56!_itbgridbEtgvgdedbs

_itbgri db Etgvgdedbs 56

Etgvgdedb 5 Rtgcgzei di BÎ

5 Elbssb i sgtb di Bvi @etb# lrgb uae likte b elbssb i lcgbktb BÎ+

5 Ba dupce# bxpcirb es pissgogcgdedbs di sgstbae b utgcgzb is rblursis db liapertgcjeabkti

db diluabktis# ljet b `revei de vgdbiliknbrklge+

5 Ba `rupi db et quetri ecukis# lrgb uae v gdbiliknbrklge lia is gktb`rektbs di `rupi b

tbstb i ^gBÎ+

Etgvgdedb ? Rtgcgzei di ^\bb

5 Bnbtub i diwkcied di ^\bb b lcgqub ba Try ^\bb Kiw+

5 Ba dupce# bxpcirb tides es pissgogcgdedbs de nbrreabkte# liai liapertgcjeabkti db tbce#

epcglebs *VVT b vdbis'# liapertgcjeabkti di kevbèdir# ljet b `revei db vdbis+5 Ba `rupi db et quetri ecukis lrgb uae vgdbiliknbrklge lia actgpcis pertglgpektbs+


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