Agora Athenei vol 7 opaitele romane

7/27/2019 Agora Athenei vol 7 opaitele romane

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T H E ATHENIANGORARESULTS OF EXCAVATIONS

CONDUCTED BYTHE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS

VOLUME VIILAMPS

O F T H E ROMAN PERIODFIRST TO SEVENTH CENTURY AFTER CHRIST

BYJUDITH PERLZWEIG

DA4 ~ k ~ ~ L. T O C C C L I A

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENSPRINCETON, NEW JERSEY

1961


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Leda and the Swan. Attic, first half of 3rd Century.


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PUBLISHED WITH THE AID OF A GRANT FROM MR. JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, JR.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

PRINTED IN GERMANY atJ.J. AUGUSTIN GLOCKSTADT


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PREFACEThe study of Athenian lamps of Imperial times could not have been undertaken withoutaccess to other large collectionsclosely associatedwith that of the Agora.For opportunityto examine the lamps in the National Museum, Athens, I am indebted to Dr. and Mrs.ChristosKarouzos. For generous privileges of study and photography at the Kerameikos from 1954to 1959 I offer thanks to the past and presentdirectorsof the KerameikosExcavations, Dr. K.Kiublerand Dr. D. Ohly. For access to the lamps in Corinthand from the excavations of theAmerican School on the North Slope of the Acropolis, I thank the Director of the AmericanSchool of Classical Studies at Athens, Professor J. L. Caskey, and Professor Oscar Broneer.The opportunity of studying the lamps found at Cheliotomylosnear Corinth,excavated underthe direction of the late T. Leslie Shear, I owe to Mrs.Floyd Harwood.Concurrentwork by Agora colleaguesin related fields contributed much to this study; it isa pleasure to thank M. Crosby,C. Grandjouan,R. H. Howland, H. S. Robinson, L. Talcott,H. A. Thompson and J. Travlos for their assistance. The context dates cited are in generalthose provided by Robinson's detailed analyses of the pottery in the various deposits.Collections n Europe and America have generouslybeen made available: at the Benaki andByzantine Museums n Athens, at the Piraeus Museum,at Aigina, Argos, Delos and Olympia;at the MetropolitanMuseumof Art in New York; in Paris at the Louvreand at the BibliothBqueNationale; in Rome at the CapitolineMuseum, the Vatican Collectionsand the Museo delleTerme,and at the AmericanAcademyfor the lampsfrom the excavationsfromCosa; n Englandat the British Museumand at the Ashmolean. For hospitality in museums and for other as-sistance and suggestionsI amindebted to the following: MissChristineAlexander,Dr. HermineSpeier, J. Boardman,E. Babelon, P. Corbett,P. Courbin,G. Daux, P. Devambez, H. Fuchs,M. Hadzidakis, U. Hausmann, R. Higgins, D. M. Kretlaw, E. Kunze, J. Lafaurie, J. Meliades,J. Papadimitriou,E. Paribeni, C. Pietrangeli, L. Richardson, G. Soteriou, J. Threpsiades,andN. Yalouris.Particular thanks are due to Mr. Lucas Benachi of Alexandria who shared his remarkablecollection of lamps and his wide knowledge.The photographsand the arrangementof the plates areby AlisonFrantz to the great advan-tage of the book. The profiledrawingsare by Davina Best Huxley and Ann VanderpoolPollitt.Miss A. Kokoni typed the manuscriptwith unusualcare and patience. The work of restoration,particularly noteworthy on the Leda lamp (frontispiece), s by A. Mauragiannis.Most of the preparationof this publicationhas been done in Athens duringresidence there asfellow of the American School of ClassicalStudies assigned to the AgoraExcavations.KERAMEIKOSEXCAVATIONS JUDITH PERLZWEIGA UGUST 15TH, 1959


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TABLE OF CONTENTSPREFACE .......................... . .. ............... .................................... VLIST OFILLUSTRATIONS.................... ... ................. ........................... viiiABBREVIATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY ............. ............................................... XTECHNICAL TERMS AND CONVENTIONS .................... ..................................... XVINTRODUCTION ................................ .......................... 1IMPORTED LAMPS ................................ ............. .............. ... ...... 4

LAMPS OF THE 18T CENTURY BEFORE CHRIST THROUGH THE 2ND CENTURY AFTER CHRIST ........ 4VARIOUSFABRICS .................................................... .................. 4RED-ON-WHITE LAMPS .................... ........... ...... ......................... 5

CORINTHIAN LAMPS ...................................... ............ ................... 6MOULDMADE LAMPS OF THE 1ST CENTURY ............................................. 7LAMPS OF THE LATEST 1ST TO 3RD CENTURY ............ ......... ........ ......... 7LAMPS OF THE 4TH TO 6TH CENTURY ....................................................... 9

LAMPS OF THE 4TH TO 7TH CENTURY ...................................... ...... .......... 9ATTIC LAMPS ............... ....................... ...................................... 11

BACKGROUND ............................................................................... 11LAMPS OF THE 1ST AND 2ND CENTURIES ............ ............... ...................... 12ALPHAEAR LAMPS ....................................................................14ALPHA GLOBULELAMPS ....................................... 15LAMPS OF THE 3RD AND 4TH CENTURIES ..................................................... 17INTRODUCTION ............................................................... ............. 17

THE ATTIC REPERTORY ............................................................... 22THE ATTIC SHOPS OF THE EARLY 3RD TO THE EARLY 5TH CENTURY ............................ 24LAMPMAKER, COROPLASTAND POTTER ................................................. .... 59NOTE ON THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE 3RD AND 4TH CENTURY LAMPS .............................. 62LAMPS OF THE 5TH AND 6TH CENTURIES ........................................ ......... 64LAMPS OF THE 7TH AND 8TH CENTURIES ............................................ ....... ...65EXPORT OF ATTIC LAMPS IN ROMAN TIMES ..................... ................ .... ...... 65

CATALOGUE ............................................................................71IMPORTED LAMPS ................ ................... ......................................... 72LAMPS OF THE LATE 1ST CENTURY BEFORE CHRIST TO THE MID-IST CENTURY AFTER CHRIST (1-89) 72LAMPSWITHLATE HELLENISTIC FEATURES (1-6) ..................................... 72IMITATIONSOF BRONZELAMPS (7-33) .................. ............ ....... ..... 72LAMPS WITHVOLUTE-NOZZLES34-79) .............................. ... .......... 75LAMPS WITHSEMI-VOLUTES80-81) ..................................... . ...... 79EARLAMPS(82-84) ................ .................................. 79LAMP WITH SHORTNOZZLE 85) ........................................ ......... 79VARIOUS86-89) .................... ...................... .................. 80

LAMPS OF THE MID-1ST CENTURY THROUGH THE 2ND CENTURY (90-204) ..................... 80IMITATIONSFBRONZE AMPS 90-98) .............................................. 80LAMPS WITHVOLUTE-NOZZLES99-113) .............. ................ ............. 81LAMPS WITHSEMI-VOLUTES 114-117) ............................................... 82


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TABLE OF CONTENTS viiEAR LAMPS (118-119) ..................................................... 83FACTORY LAMPS (120-121) ............................. ... . .. .... ............... 83SHORT NOZZLESOFVARIOUS SHAPES(122-144) ................... ........... .... ...... 83VARIOUS AND FRAGMENTS (145-154) ............................................ 85RED-ON-WHITELAMPS (155-204) ........................................................ 86

CORINTHIAN LAMPS OF THE LATE IST TO LATE 5TH CENTURY (205-321) ....................... 89LAMPS OFTHE LATE 1ST CENTURY(205-222) ............................................. 89LAMPSOF THELATEST1ST CENTURYTHROUGH HE3RD CENTURY(223-318) .................. 90LAMPS OF THE 4TH AND 5TH CENTURIES (319-321) ......................................... 98LAMPS OF THE 4TH TO 7TH CENTURY (322-376) .................. ....................99NORTH AFRICANSHAPES(322-345) ................... ..... ..................... 99ASIA MINOR LAMPS (346-366) .............. ...... ...... ... ....................... 100VARIOUS IMPORTED LAMPS (367-376) .................................................... 102

ATTIC LAMPS .... ................................................. .. ................ 104LAMPS OF THE LATE 1ST CENTURY BEFORE CHRIST THROUGH THE 2ND CENTURY AFTER CHRIST

(377-633) .............................. .............................................. 104LAMPS OF THE LATE 1ST CENTURY BEFORE CHRIST AND THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1ST CENTURYAFTER CHRIST (377-396) .............. ........ ....... ......................... 104ALPHA EAR LAeMPS (397-417) ...........*...#...................................... 105ALPHA GLOBULE LAMPS (418-627) ....................................................... 106VARIOUS LAMPS OF THE 1ST AND 2ND CENTURIES (628-633) ............................... 109LAMPS OF THE 3RD AND 4TH CENTURIES (634-2360)..................... .............. 109FIGURED DISK (634-1144) ................... ..... .... ........................... 109PLAIN AND PATTERNED DISK (1145-1989) ................... 186CENTRAL HANDLE AND MULTI-NOZZLE (1990-2027) ........................................ 156MULTI-NOZZLE AND MORE THAN ONE DISK (2028-2031) .................................... 158HANDLE SHIELDS (2032-2040) ............. ... .. .............................. 159

FILLING-HOLE COVER 2041) ........................................................... 160IMITATIONS OF ASIA MINORLAMPS(2042-2046) ............................................ 160MOULDS (2047-2048) ............................................................... 160WASTERS (2049-2062) .............................................................. 160FRAGMENTS (2063-2072) ............................................................ 162BASES (2073-2360)..................... ...................................162SIGNED BASES (2076-2360) ........................................................ 163LAMPSOF THE 5TH AND 6TH CENTURIES(2361-2920) ...................................... 172FIGURED DISK (2361-2594) .......................................................... 172PLAIN ORPATTERNEDDISK (2595-2840) ........................ ....................... 184VARIOUS LAMPS OF THE 5TH AND 6TH CENTURIES (2841-2859) ..............................194MULTI-NOZZLE LAMPS (2860-2863) .................................................... 195MOULDS(2864-2884)............... ...... ....... ............................. 195SIGNED BASES (2885-2913) ............. ... ... ..................................... 197BASES (NOTSIGNED) (2914-2920) .................. ..................................... 197

LAMPS OF THE 7TH AND 8TH(?) CENTURIES (2921-2942) ................................. 198BRONZE LAMPS (2943-2950) ............................................................. 199SUPPLEMENTA-G) ........................ ............. .............................. 201

CONCORDANCES.......................................................... ..202

INDEX OF DEPOSITS .............. ...... ......................... 224INDEX ...................................................................................229

GENERAL.................. ........ .................. .............................. .... 229REPRESENTATIONS.................... .....................23........................... 284INSCRIPTIONS............................................................................ 237


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LIST OF PLATESFrontispiece Ledaand the Swan.Attic, first half of 3rdCentury.Plate1-3 ImportedLampsof the Late 1stCenturyBeforeChrist o the Mid-ist CenturyAfterChrist.VariousFabrics.4 ImportedLampsof the Late 1stCenturyBeforeChrist o the Mid-1stCenturyAfterChrist80-89; of the Mid-ist Century o 2nd Century90-104. VariousFabrics.5 ImportedLampsof the Mid-ist Century hroughthe 2nd Century.VariousFabrics.6 ImportedLampsof the Mid-ist Century hrough he 2nd Century.VariousFabrics 139-154.Red-on-whiteLamps155-174.7 ImportedLamps.Red-on-whiteLamps176-199. CorinthianLamps205-240.8-9 CorinthianLamps.10 ImportedLampsof the 4th to the 7th Century.North AfricanShapes322-345. Asia Minor

Lamps346-350.11 ImportedLampsof the 4th to the 7th Century.Asia MinorLamps351-363. VariousIm-portedLamps367-376.12 SelectedAttic Lampsof the 1st to the 7th Century.13-14 Attic Lampsof the 1st and 2nd Centuries.15-17 Attic Lampsof the 3rdand 4th Centuries.Godsand MythologicalSubjects.18 Attic Lampsof the 3rd and 4th Centuries.GodsandMythologicalSubjects779-807. GenreScenes808-833.19 Attic Lampsof the 3rd and 4th Centuries.GenreScenes.20 Attic Lampsof the 3rd and 4th Centuries.Animals.21 AtticLampsof the 3rd and4th Centuries.AnimalsandPlants967-1016.Objects1017-1029.22 Attic Lampsof the 3rd and 4th Centuries.Objects.23 Attic Lampsfromthe AthenianKerameikos, rdCentury o 5th Century.24 Attic Lampsof the 3rd and 4th Centuries.Objects1120-1134.ChristianSymbols1139-1144.Disk Plain 1145-1200.25-26 Attic Lampsof the 3rd and 4th Centuries.Disk Plain.27 Attic Lampsof the 3rd and 4th Centuries.Disk Plain or Patterned.28-31 Attic Lampsof the 3rdand 4th Centuries.Disk Patterned.82 Attic Lampsof the 3rd and 4th Centuries.Disk Patterned1918-1988.Lampswith CentralHandle andMulti-nozzleLamps1991-2007.3388 Attic Lampsof the 3rd and 4th Centuries.Multi-nozzleLamps2017-2031.VariousShapesand Fragments2032-2046.34 Attic Lampsof the 3rd and4th Centuries.Variousand Fragments2047-2072.Base of LedaLamp781. SignaturesA - throughZosimos.85 Attic Lampsof the 3rd and 4th Centuries.SignaturesEutyches throughKy -.36 Attic Lampsof the 3rd and 4th Centuries.SignaturesL - throughStratolaos.87 Attic Lampsof the 3rd and 4th Centuries.Signatures irst three rows. Attic Lampsof the5th and 6th Centuries. Figured Disks 2363-2384.88 Attic Lamps of the 5th and 6th Centuries. Figured Disks.89 Attic Lamps of the 5th and 6th Centuries. Figured Disks, Constantinian Monogram, CrossMonogram.40 Attic Lamps of the 5th and 6th Centuries. CrossMonogramand Cross.41 Attic Lamps of the 5th and 6th Centuries. Cross 2566-2591. Disk Plain 2595-2644.42-43 Attic Lamps of the 5th and 6th Centuries. Disk Plain.44 Attic Lamps of the 5th and 6th Centuries. Disk Plain or Patterned 2793-2839. Various2841-2845.


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LIST OF PLATES ix45 Attic Lampsof the 5th and 6th Centuries.Various2846-2868.Moulds2864-2879.46 Attic Lampsof the 5th and 6th Centuries.Mouldsand Bases 2882-2918. Attic Lampsofthe 7th Century2921-2938.47 Attic Lampsof the 7th and 8th Centuries2939-2942. AcropolisNorth Slope A.L. 4 andA.L. 57. Selected Recent Finds A-G. Selected Emblemata from the Agora and theKerameikos -e.48 BronzeLamps.49 Profiles.50 Profiles.51 Rim Patterns of Attic Lamps,3rdand 4th Centuries.52 Bases.53 Actual State Plan of the AthenianAgora.


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ABBREVIATIONS AND SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHYAgora: The AthenianAgora,Resultsof ExcavationsConducted y the AmericanSchoolof ClassicalStudiesat AthensI. Evelyn B. Harrison,PortraitSculpture,Princeton,1953II. MargaretThompson,CoinsfromtheRoman hroughheVenetianPeriod,Princeton,1954III. R. E. Wycherley,LiteraryandEpigraphicalTestimonia,Princeton,1957IV. R. H. Howland,GreekLampsand theirSurvivals,Princeton,1958V. Henry S. Robinson,Potteryofthe RomanPeriod,Chronology, rinceton,1959VI. ClairbveGrandjouan,Terracottasf the RomanPeriod(in press)A.J.A.: American ournalof ArchaeologyAlf6ldi,A., "Die Vorherrschaft er Pannonier m R6merreicheund die Reaktion des HellenentumsunterGallienus,"25 Jahrer6misch-germanischeommission,Berlinand Leipzig,1931, pp. 11-51Almagro,Martin,LasNecr6polisdeAmpurias,Vol. II, Necr6polisRomanas Necr6polisndigenas,Barcelona,1955Alvarez-Ossorio: . Alvarez-Ossorio, Lucernas lamparasantiguas,de barrococidodelMuseoArqueologicoNacional,"ArchivoEspanoldeArqueologia, V, 1942,pp. 271-287Antioch, : Antioch-on-the-Orontes,, TheExcavations f1932,ed. by G.W.Elderkin,Princeton,1934.Lamps,by F. O. Waag6,pp. 58-67Antioch,III: Antioch.-on-the-Orontes,II, TheExcavations f 1937-1939,ed. by R. Stillwell, Princeton,Lon-don, TheHague,1941.Lamps,by F. O.Waag6,pp. 55-82Arch.Anz.: Archiiologischernzeiger'ApX. Ep.: 'ApXatoAoytK1Eqn1pEpisAth. Mitt.: Mitteilungendes deutschenarchdiologischennstituts,AthenischeAbteilungB. A. Besch.: Bulletinvande VerenigingotBevorderingerKennis van deAntiekeBeschavingBachofen: J. J. Bachofen,RimischeGrablampenebsteinigenandernGrabdenkmeilern,eipzig,1912Barre-Roux:M. L. Barreet H. Roux, Herculanum t Pompei,TomeVII, Paris, 1840Bartoli-Bellori:P. S. Bartoliand G. P. Bellori,Le antiche ucerne epolcraliigurate,Rome, 1729Bassett, S. E., see VariBaur,P. V. C., see DuraBaur: P. V. C. Baur,Catalogue f the RebeccaDarlingtonStoddardCollection f Greekand Italian Vases inYale University,New Haven, 1922Begerus,Laurentius,Thesaurus lectoralisBrandenburgici,II, ColoniaeMarchicae, 696,cf. pp. 435-454B - - -, Em., "Symbolique chretienne," Bulletin de l'e'coleranVaised'Athines, I, 1868, pp. 65-67Bernhard:M. L. Bernhard,LampkiStarozytne,Warsaw,1955Bigot, C., "Les lampes in terre cuite du Musee de la societ6 arch6ologiqued'Athenes,"Bulletinde l'dcolefrangaised'Athines,I, 1868,pp. 33-47Brants: J. Brants, AntiekeTerra-Cotta-Lampen,it hetRijksmuseum an Oudhedene Leiden,Leiden, 1913Breccia, E., "Lampes'Africanes'du Musee Greco-Romain,"Le Musdee reco-Romain u cours de l'anne'e1922-23, pp. 25-31Broneer,see Corinth, V, iiBroneer,0., "ALate Typeof Wheel-madeLampsfromCorinth,"A.J.A., XXXI, 1927, pp. 329-337Broneer,0., "Eros andAphroditeon the NorthSlopeof the Acropolis,"Hesperia,I, 1932,cf. pp. 48-49Broneer,0., "The'ArmedAphrodite'on Acrocorinth nd the Aphroditeof Capua,"Universityof CaliforniaPublicationsn ClassicalArchaeology, ol. I, 1929-1944,pp. 65-84Bull. Arch.Soc.: Bulletin de la Socie'td oyaled'Alexandrie 'Arche'ologieB.C.H.: Bulletinde correspondanceelle'niqueCesnola, L. P. di, A Descriptive Atlas of the Cesnola Collection of Cypriote Antiquities in the MetropolitanMuseum of Art, New York, 3 vols., Boston, 1885-1903


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ABBREVIATIONS AND SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY xiCorinth:Corinth,Resultsof ExcavationsConductedy theAmericanSchoolof ClassicalStudiesat AthensIV, ii. 0. Broneer,Terracotta amps,Cambridge,Mass.,1934X. O. Broneer,TheOdeum,Cambridge,Mass.,1932XII. GladysR. Davidson, The MinorObjects, rinceton,1952XIV. C.Roebuck,TheAsklepieion ndLerna,Princeton,1951C.I.L.: Corpus nscriptionumLatinarumCourbin,P., "Unerue d'Argos,"B.C.H., LXXX, 1956,pp. 183-218Creaghan, ohn S., S. J. and Raubitschek,A. E., "EarlyChristianEpitaphsfromAthens,"Hesperia,XVI,1947,pp. 1-54Cumont,F., "Cierges t lampessurles tombeaux,"MiscellaneaGiovanniMercati,V, 1946,pp. 41-47Dalton, O. M., Cataloguef Early ChristianAntiquities ndObjectsromthe ChristianEast in theDepartmentof British and MediaevalAntiquitiesandEthnographyf theBritishMuseum,London,1901Daremberg-Saglio,Dictionnaire:Daremberg,Ch. and Saglio, E., Dictionnairedes antiquite'srecques t ro-maines,Paris, 1887-1919Davidson,G. R., see Corinth,XIIDavidson,G.R. and Thompson,D. B., see Pnyx, IDay, Florence,"EarlyIslamicand ChristianLamps,"Berytus,VII, 1942,pp. 64-79Day, EconomicHistory: J. Day, An EconomicHistoryof AthensunderRomanDomination,New York, 1942de Brun-Gagniere: . de Brun et S. Gagniere,Les lampesantiquesen argileet en bronzedu muse'eCalvetaAvignon,Paris, 1940Delattre,R. P., Lampeschre'tiennese Carthage, yon, 1880Delphes,V: P. Perdrizet,FouillesdeDelphes,V, Paris,1908,cf. pp. 184-195"Lampes,Delos": WaldemarDeonna, "Les lampes antiques trouv6es ' D6los," B.C.H., XXXII, 1908,pp. 133-176Deonna,W., "L'Ornementation es lampesromaines,"Rev.Arch.,XXVI, 1927,pp. 233-263AEAT-r.:APXatoXoyYlKVEXTriOVDura: Paul V. C. Baur, TheLamps,Excavationsat Dura-Europos, inal Report V, Part III, New HavenandLondon,1947Ephesos, V: Forschungenn Ephesos,BandIV, Heft2, Das C0meteriumerSiebenSchldfer,Vienna,1937Evelein, M. A., De romeinsche ampen, S-Gravenhage, 928Fremersdorf:F. Fremersdorf,RimischeBildlampen,Bonn and Leipzig, 1922Fremersdorf,F., Das Beleuchtungs-Geratn r6mischer eit, Mainz,1924Fremersdorf,F., "Ein Werkstattfundvon Bildlampender friihestenKaiserzeit aus K61n,"BonnerJahr-biicher,CXLVII, 1942, pp. 237-248Furtwiingler,A., see SammlungSabouroffGoldman,H., see Tarsus,IGoldman,H., "TheAcropolisof Halae,"Hesperia,IX, 1940,of. pp. 506-507, fig. 250Goodenough, ewishSymbols:ErwinR. Goodenough,ewishSymbolsn theGreco-Romaneriod,Vols.I-VI,New York, 1953-1956Graindor,P., Athines sousAuguste,Cairo,1927Graindor,P., Athines sousHadrien,Cairo,1934Graindor,P., Un milliardaire ntique:Hde'rodetticuset sa famille,Cairo,1930Graindor,P., "Itudes sur l'ephebieattique sous l'empire,"Muse'eBelge,XXVI, 1922,pp. 165-228Graindor,P., Athinesde Tibere4 Trajan,Cairo,1981Gutschow,M., "DasMuseumderPriitextat-Katakombe," ttidellaPontificiaAccademiaRomana,SerieIII,Vol. IV, ii, Vatican City, 1938Hackin, J., see N. R. A. BegramHafner, G., "Hellenistische Kunst auf r6mischen Lampen," Ganymed, Heidelberger Beitrdge zur antikenKunstgeschichte,Heidelberg, 1949, pp. 48-53Haken: Haken, Roman, "Roman Lamps in the Prague National Museum and in other Czechoslovak Col-lections," Acta Musei Nationalis Prague, Series A, Volume XII, Nos. 1-2Harrison, Evelyn B., see Agora, IHesperia: Hesperia, Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at AthensHill, D. K., "Ancient Metal Reliefs," Hesperia, XII, 1943, pp. 97-114Hill, I. T., The Ancient City of Athens, London, 1953Horsfield, G. and Horsfield, A., "Sela-Petra, the Rock, of Edom and Nabatene, IV. The Finds", Q.D.A.P.,IX, 1939, pp. 105-204


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ABBREVATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY xiiiPauphilet,D., "MonumentMegalithique Mactar,"Karthago,V, 1953,cf. pp. 58-59, pl. IXPerdrizet,P., see Delphes,VPernice:E. Pernice,Die hellenistische unstin Pompefi,Band IV: Gef/if3endGerdte us Bronze,Berlin andLeipzig,1925Petrie, W. M. Flinders,see RomanEhnasyaPfuhl, E., "Zur Geschichteder griechischenLampenund Laternen,"Jahrbuch,XXVII, 1912, pp. 52-59Philadelpheus,A., 'AvaKxagal v NIKO-r67ei,flpaKnTKd, 918, pp. 883ff.Philadelpheus,A., lpeprlrSMovaeTov,ApX. Eq., 1922, pp. 69-78Pick, Behrendt,"Mitteilungen us dem KerameikosV. Die 'Promachos'des Pheidiasund die Kerameikos-Lampen,"Ath. Mitt., LVI, 1931, pp. 59-74Pnyx, I: G. R. Davidson and D. B. Thompson,SmallObjectsromthePnyx: I (Hesperia,SupplementVII),Princeton, 1943TTpaKtK&:l'paKTriK&rfis v 'AO'val" 'Apxapoaoyditsi 'ErTapipfasPriene: Th. Wiegandand H. Schrader,Priene, Ergebnisseder Ausgrabungen nd Untersuchungenn denJahren1895-1898, Berlin, 1904Q.D.A.P.: TheQuarterly f theDepartmentf Antiquitiesn PalestineRev. Arch.: RevueArche'ologiqueRhomaios,K., ECpflparaavaxKcKcIs5rjTO0 rTri ~&pvreoOs VTpov,ApX.'Eq).,1906, cf. pp. 110-115Richter,G.M.A., "A GreekSilverPhialein the MetropolitanMuseum,"A.J.A., XLV, 1941,pp. 368-389Richter,G.M.A., "GreekFifth-CenturySilverwareand Later Imitations,"A.J.A., LIV,1950, pp.357-370Robert,Gladiateurs:Robert,L., Lesgladiateurs ansl'Orient rec,Paris, 1940Robert,Sarkophagreliefs: . Robert,Die antikenSarkophagreliefs.erlin, 1890-1939Robinson,H. S., see Agora,VRodenwaldt, G., "SarcophagiromXanthos,"J.H.S., LIII, 1933,pp. 181-218Rodenwaldt,G., "ZurKunstgeschichteder Jahre 220 bis 270,"Jahrbuch,LI, 1986,pp. 82-113Rodenwaldt, G., "Sarkophagprobleme,"om.Mitt., LVIII, 1943,pp. 1-26Roebuck,C., see Corinth,XIVR6m.Mitt.: Mitteilungen esdeutschenarchiiologischennstituts.R6mischeAbteilungRomanEhnasya:W. M. FlindersPetrie, RomanEhnasya,London,1905Rushforth,G.M., "FuneralLights in Roman SepulchralMonuments," ournalof RomanStudies,V, 1915,pp. 149-164SammlungSabouroff:A. Furtwiingler,Die SammlungSabouroff,Berlin, 1888-1887Saria,B., "Positivmodelle 6mischerOllampenaus Poetovio,"Germania,XIX, 1935,pp. 27ff.Schmidt, Hubert,HeinrichSchliemann's ammlung rojanischer ltertilmer, erlin, 1902,of. pp. 199ff.Schneider,A. M., "Samos n fritihchristlicherndbyzantinischerZeit,"Ath.Mitt., LIV, 1929,of. pp. 133-134Shear,Athenian mperialCoinage:J. P. Shear,"Athenian mperialCoinage,"Hesperia,V,1936,pp.285-327Shear, J. P., "The Coinsof Athens,"Hesperia,II, 1933,pp. 231-278Shear,T. L., "Excavationsat Corinthn 1930,"A.J.A., XXXIV, 1930,pp. 427-428Skias, A., T6 wrapd"rilv ~uATv rpovTov0 Tav6s, ApX. ET.,1918,pp. 15-18Soteriou,G.A., At XplornavlKalcpai TTs es vaMaaS,thens,1931,of.pp.102,104Spinazzola,Pompei:V. Spinazzola,Pompeiallalucedegliscavinuovidi viadell'AbbondanzaAnni1910-1923),Rome, 1953Strzygowski,Cat.gen.: J. Strzygowski,Catalogueeneraldesantiquitdsgyptiennes u Muse'e u Caire,Kop-tischeKunst,Vienna,1904Syll. Num. Graec.D.N.M.: SyllogeNummorumGraecorum, anishNationalMuseumSyll. Num. Graec.Sammlung von Aulock: Sylloge NummorumGraecorum.Deutschland. G. Kleiner, Sammlungvon Aulock: Pontus, Paphlagonien, Bithynien, Berlin, 1937Tarbell, Bronzes: F. B. Tarbell, Catalogueof Bronzes, etc. in theField Museum of Natural History, reproducedfrom Originals in the National Museum of Naples, Chicago, 1909Tarsus, I: Excavations at GozluKule, Tarsus, vol. I: The Hellenistic and Roman Periods, ed. by Hetty Gold-man, Princeton, 1950Taylor, J. Du Plat, "Roman Tombs at 'Kambi', Vasa," Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus,1940-1948, cf. pp. 40-42Thiersch, H., "Griechische Leuchtfeuer," Jahrbuch,XXX, 1915, pp. 218-237Thompson, H. A. and Scranton, R. L., "Stoas and City Walls on the Pnyx," Hesperia, XII, 1943, of.pp. 863-364, 371Thompson, H. A., "Terracotta Lamps," Hesperia, II, 1933, pp. 195-215


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xiv THE ATHENIAN AGORA: LAMPS OF THE ROMAN PERIODThompson,H. A., "Pnyx and Thesmophorion,"Hesperia,V, 1936,cf. pp. 169, 197Thompson,M., see Agora,IIThompson,Margaret,"SomeUnpublishedBronzeMoneyof the EarlyEighth Century,"Hesperia, X, 1940,pp. 358-880Toutain, J., "Lucerna,"Daremberg-Saglio,Dictionnaire,pp. 1320-13389Toynbee,J. M. C., TheHadrianicSchool,Cambridge, 934Ugolini,Luigi M., AlbaniaAntica,Vol. III, Rome, 1942Vari: SamuelE. Bassett, "The Cave at Vari, VI, The TerracottaLamps,"A.J.A., VII, 1903, pp. 338-349Vessberg,Olof,"Hellenisticand RomanLampsin Cyprus,"OpusculaAtheniensia, , 1953,pp. 115f.Vindonissa:S. Loeschcke,Lampenaus Vindonissa,Zurich,1919Waage,F. O., see AntiochWaldhauer:OskarWaldhauer,KaiserlicheErmitage.Die antikenTonlampen,St. Petersburg,1914WaltersArt Gallery,Early Christianand ByzantineArt, Baltimore,1947Walters:H. B. Walters,Catalogue f theGreek nd RomanLamps n theBritishMuseum,London,1914Walters,H. B., Historyof AncientPottery,2 vols., London,1905Wiegand,Th. and Schrader,H., see PrieneWollmann,H., "Antiker6mische Taschenspielerlampen',"Bm.Mitt., XLIV, 1929,pp. 87-90Wulff: C. Wulff,Altchristliche nd mittelalterlicheyzantinische nd italienischeBildwerke,Teil I: Altchrist-licheBildwerke,Berlin, 1909Wulff-Volbach:0. Wulff and W. F. Volbach,Die altchristlichen nd mittelalterlichenyzantinischen nditalienischenBildwerke,Berlin andLeipzig,1923Wycherley,R. E., see Agora,IIIYoung, R. S., "Excavationson MountHymettos, 1989,"A.J.A., XLIV, 1940, cf. pp. 5-6


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TECHNICAL TERMS AND CONVENTIONSThe technicaltermsadoptedhereweredevised for mouldmadeobjectsby R. V. Nicholls.1

Archetype:calledmatrix,patrix,prototype,originalmodeland model n variouspublications.Thearchetypeis the model,usually solid, from which the firstgenerationmouldsare taken.First generationmoulds:mouldstaken from the archetype.First generation amps: lampsmade from first generationmoulds.Sub-archetype: irstgeneration ampnot designed or use, but speciallyadaptedfor productionof moulds.(Thisterm has been addedto Nicholl'sdefinitions).Secondgenerationmoulds: mouldstaken from first generation amps or sub-archetypes.Theremay be asmanyas four or five generations f mouldsandlamps.Series:all the lampsand mouldsderived rom a singlearchetype orm a series.Related: all the membersof a seriesare "related" o each other,in the senseof derivingultimatelyfrom acommonarchetypethroughmechanicalmeans of reproduction.Derivative:"asregards he componentsof a series,all save the firstgenerationmay be fromany workshopand of any clay or fabric. Thesesubsequentgenerationswe may term 'derivative.''2Type:a numberof pieces resembling ach otherin externalappearance nd shape, e.g. lampswith Poseidonon the disk. Oneworkshopmay make many different ypes. A single type may have a wide rangeintime and in fabric.

Dates are to be understoodas of the Christian raunlessotherwise ndicated.In the citation of unpublished amps from the Kerameikosand from Corinth he followingreferencesareused:Inventoried ampsfrom the Kerameikosarereferred o by KL number.Unnumberedampsare cited asKerameikos amps, or by the negative numberof the GermanArchaeologicalnstitute photograph Inst.phot. Ker.) on which they appear.For Corinth, he Corinthnventorynumber CL) s given; for the few lampsfromCheliotomylos, orinth,the Cheliotomniylosnventorynumber s cited.A few unpublished ampsfromR. S.Young'sexcavationson MountHymettosin 1939are referred o asHymettos lamps.1Nicholls,"Type,GroupandSeries,"p. 220.2 Loc. cit.


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INTRODUCTIONSCOPEAND SELECTIONOF MATERIAL

his study presents the lamps of the 1st to 7th centuries found in the excavations of theAthenian Agora from the beginningof the excavations in May, 1931, up to October,1956.'The distinctionalreadydrawnby Howland (Agora,IV, p. 1) betweenlampsof the Roman periodrepresentingsurvivals of Hellenistic types and lamps of distinctivelyRoman character s main-tained here; the former have already been published by Howland, the latter are our presentconcern.CharacteristicallyRoman lamps do not appearin Athens beforeAugustantimes; theycontinue in use, so far as is now known, down to the bordersof the dark ages.Around 3000 lamps fallingwithin these chronological imits are recorded n the AgoraInven-tory. In consideringthe proportionof lamps of differentperiodsor styles represented t is wellto recall that the inventory has been selective. Completeexamples have ordinarilybeen inven-toried rather than fragmentsfrom a given deposit; yet in the case of rare or unusualvarieties,and especially of imported lamps, small pieces have often been thought worthy of individualrecord.A furtherunbalanceoccurs between lamps of a sturdy and almost indestructible fabricand those whose lightness and delicacy no doubt attracted the purchaser n antiquity much asthey attract the student today, but which made them poorly adapted to survive the hazardseither of daily life or of excavation. Within these limitations, however, the Agorainventory oflamps appearsto presenta fair cross section of the varieties in use. Thisfact is confirmedby theexamination of the containersof context pottery preserved n the Agorauninventoriedstorage;many thousands of lamps and lamp fragmentsmay be found there, but since, once examined,they have appearedto add nothing of significanceto the present study no effort has been madeto include them. Inventoried items, however, though of no great intrinsic interest frequentlycome fromclosely dated deposits; they can assist in datingother depositsin Athens or elsewhereand in the dating of objects of other classes found with them. Some such pieces will one daycontribute to the study of the Attic shops when that can be carried further than is as yetpossible; others have been publishedearlierand are listed here under the revised classification.For such items an abbreviatedform of catalogue entry has been adopted,but forfuture conven-ience in referenceeach lamp has been assigned a publicationnumber.

CLASSIFICATIONAND ARRANGEMENTEach lamp is identified as local or imported and dated generally to the half century. Thus alamp may be described as an Attic lamp of the first half of the 4th century or as an importedlamp of the late 1st to early 2nd century. Where closer identification is possible it is given, as forinstance an Italian lamp of the late 1st century s.c. The system is intended to be flexible andcomprehensive enough for use not only in Athens but also at other sites in Greece and in the

Aegean area and to prepare the way for a unified terminology for studies of lamps.The main line of division is between Attic lamps and imported lamps; no study of influencesfrom abroad, changes of style or development of shapes in Attic lamps can proceed until the1The plastic lamps will appear together with Roman terracottas in the forthcomingvolume by C. Grandjouan,AthenianAgora, VI.1


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2 THE ATHENIANAGORA:LAMPSOF THE ROMANPERIODlocal products have been clearly separated from imported wares. Because Attic clay variesgreatly according to clay beds and firing conditions and because there is also a bewilderingvariety of foreignwares, there are many cases in which it is difficult to identify Attic warewithcertainty. This is especially true of lamps of the 5th and 6th centurieswherethere is often onlyone of a kind and insufficient related material for comparison.The lamps for which Attic manu-facture is possible but not certain have been placed among imported wares with an indicationthat the lamp may be Attic. By excludingthe uncertainlamps, the picture of Attic productionbecomes clearerthough possibly less complete.Imported lamps are presented in chronologicalorder. Corinthian,red-on-white and NorthAfrican wares are sufficientlywell identified to be groupedby fabric; but no attempt has beenmade to discriminate between the other wares, some of which, however, are tentatively identi-fied in the catalogue.Theimported lamps are often subdividedby shape; for example, lamps of the late 1st centuryB.C. to the mid 1st century after Christhaving volute-nozzles are followed by the lamps withsemi-volutes. These subdivisionsby shape are conventionally convenient and are not intendedto be understoodas "types."2 The type system may be useful when the lamps are affectedby asingle sourceof influence,as in the case of the Vindonissalamps, either importedfrom Italy orinfluencedby Italian styles. The importedlamps in Athens, however, come from a great manydifferent sources of manufacture, each with its own history of development; their sequencesrequiredetailed study on home territory before the mixture of shapes found in Athens can befully understood. Imported shapes, moreover, did not necessarily enter Athens in the orderinwhich they developed; imports on a small scale are frequently haphazard.3There is ampleevidence, further, that lamps differingwidely in appearanceare actually contemporary.4Theorderin which the importedlamps are presentedhere is thus in largemeasureconventionalandis not intended to indicate development.Locally made lamps can be groupedwith greaterconfidencebecause of the much largerbodyof material. Thefirstgroupincludesthose lamps of the late 1st centurys.c. throughthe 2nd cen-tury after Christ which are creations of their time and do not represent survivals of AtticHellenistic varieties.5The Attic lamps of the 3rd and 4th centuriesare treated in two ways. In the catalogue theyare grouped accordingto representationor pattern on the disk. The emphasisin the catalogueis on the subjects shown and the monumentsin other fields of art from which much of the Atticlamprepertory s derived.In the text, pp. 17-64, the signedlamps of the 3rd and 4th centuriesare grouped by workshopsand the discussionindicates the output and the chronologicalposi-tion of each shop, together with the relationshipsamong shops.

2 Cf. F. O. Waage, A.J.A., XL, 1936, p. 566: "A 'type' is as artificial and arbitrary as a 'species' and is legitimate onlywhen applied in the dynamic sense of an approximationto mark a particularstage in a development from a past to a futureform. It is this evolutionary treatment which has made the works of Loeschcke andBroneer such cornerstones of lychnology."3 For example, a lamp, shape A, which developed in the last quarter of the 1st century B.C. and a lamp, shape B, madein the first quarter of the 1st century after Christ did not necessarily reach Athens in their historical order. Shape B mighthave been imported at an earlier date than shape A, or at the same time, or after the appearanceof shape A. Indeed the twoshapes could have entered Athens more than once, coming from Italy or the Aegean area at different times.SExcavation deposits frequently illustrate this fact but it is most clearly seen in the case of wasters. For contemporarytypes see the following: Walters1497 is a waster consisting of one lamp with volute-nozzle, one withU-shaped nozzle and onewith heart-shapednozzle;Loeschcke,p. 239,note 115, cites an example in Napleswherelamps of Loeschcketypes III and VIIare attached to a lamp of Loeschcketype VIII; Agora, IV, 501 is a waster containingboth wheelmadeand mouldmadelamps;Broneer, p. 20, pointed out that Sopatros may have made lamps of Broneer types XVIII and XXII; Waldhauer453 is alamp with egg-shaped nozzle with two factory lamps attached. SammlungSabourofi,I, pl. LXXV, shows three Hellenisticlamps of three quite different types set into a frameworkwith a palmette handle-shield.5 The large number of these survivals, in use during the earlierpart of the period covered by the present study, have asalready noted appeared in Agora, IV; the division between that volume and this is thus stylistic rather than strictly chro-nological.


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INTRODUCTION 8The Attic lamps of the 5th and 6th centuries are, as in the precedingsection, classifiedbydisk representation or pattern. A great many lamps of this period are survivals of the twoprecedingcenturies,whereasothers are non-Attic shapesborrowedfrom North Africaand AsiaMinor.The classificationby disk representation,although convenient for the student, tends toobscurethe developments of this period: the gradual overwhelmingof characteristicallyAtticlamp shapes by new shapes which partly crowdedthe old shapes out, and partly transformedthem into a variety of odd mixtures. The text, pp. 64-65, attempts to fill out the lines of thispicture.Thefollowingsection gives the few lampswhichhave been tentatively assignedto the 7th and8th centuries.Eight bronzelamps of widely varying periods end the catalogue. A short supple-ment contains a selection of recent finds.The deposit index, pp. 224-228, enumerates those Agora deposits which have been mostuseful to the present study and lists by catalogue number the lamps found in each. WhereHellenistic survivals occurin the same deposit or group, the Howland type numbers are given.Each deposit numbercontainsin its first two elements a referenceto a squarein the excavation

grid, Plate 53.Robinson's definition of a deposit may be repeated: "The term 'deposit' is here used to referto any physicalunit (well,cistern,grave, pit, etc.) in which the recoveredfindspresentsufficienthomogeneity to be of value in the study of type, style, and/or chronology."6In some largedeposits where levels of stratification are unquestionably distinct, the lamps are listed undereach level; in other caseswhere,becauseof an accumulationresultingfromlong and continuoususe, the levels, althoughin largemeasureclear,cannotbe regardedas havinghard and fast upperand lower limits, the lamps are listed in the reverse order of finding, those from the earliestlevels first.The generalcharacterof the deposit as well, cistern, etc. is indicated, but the location withinthe Agora area is not describedexcept for such deposits as have acquiredreadily recognizablenames, or such as are associatedwith particularbuildings.The topographicaldistributionof thedeposits will be made plain by referenceto the general plan. In the catalogue, the depositnumber is given for each of the lamps included in the index. About one-quarterof the lampspublishedhere come from the listed deposits. Lampsforwhich no find spot is noted come eitherfromlate or irrelevantcontext or from depositswhich, though dated, offerno specialassistanceto this study.

8 Agora,V, p. 123, note 2.1*


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IMPORTED LAMPS1-376, PLATES 1-11

LAMPSOFTHE 1ST CENTURYBEFORECHRISTTHROUGHTHE2ND CENTURYAFTERCHRISTVARIOUSABRICS1-154, PLATES1-6

The Augustan period is the only time in the history of Athens when Italian lamps wereimported in any quantity.' In the second half of the 1st century Italian imports fell off; thereare only two imported factory lamps, 120-121. In 2nd century Athens there were very fewItalian lamps.In contrast to Corinthwhose imports came chiefly from Italy, a number of differentfabricsfrom the eastern Aegean area are represented.1, 5, 14-20, and possibly 47, gray ware lampswith black glaze, may come from the same eastern Aegean site or sites which exported theso-called Ephesos lamps.250 may come from Cyprus.Onegroupof lamps can be identified with a fair amount of confidenceas Knidian on the basisof comparison with lamps found in the temenos of Demeter, at Knidos, now in the BritishMuseum.79, 91-92, 100-101, 104-105, 109, 129-130, 142, 152, 154 are probably Knidian. Thefabricis usually close-grainedand very hard, of a brown or buffcolor, sometimes with a gray orblack core. The glaze has two extremes. Sometimes it has either a metallic sheen or thesticky luster of marmalade.At other times there is a streaky rose-orangeglaze, coveringthe topcompletely, with splashes on the base.91, 105, 129 and 152 are signed by Romanesisand 92, 104 and 130 are close to the productsofhis factory. Although Behrens did not locate the factory of Romanesis in his study of thatlampmaker,3 he evidence indicates that the Romanesis factory was at Knidos. The most fre-quent signature on the many publishedlamps from Knidos is that of Romanesis.4The secondlargest group of Romanesis signatures was found near Knidos in Miletos.5 The factory had agreat export trade; its products have been found in Asia Minor, South Russia, the Aegeanislands, Greece,Africa, Italy and Dalmatia;6the signaturemay also have been pirated abroadas in the case of the factory lamps. In any case the Romanesis factory was enormouswith amechanical, self-assuredstyle all its own.144 is the sole Egyptian import. 135 is very light in weight, a characteristic of Syrianlamps.The otherimportedfabricsof this periodaretreated separately:red-on-white amps, pp. 5-6,and Corinthian amps, pp. 6-9.The lamps grouped under the heading of imitations of bronze, 7-33, 90-98, are fairly closeimitations, in distinction to lamps which reflect borrowingsfrom bronze shapes at many re-moves from the original. The criterion for selecting a lamp as a fairly close copy of a bronzeisthe presenceof features which have significancein bronze and mean little in clay. The handleshield acted as the reflectorfor the flamein a bronzelamp; this purposeis not served in a clay

1 Catalogue entries indicate the probable proveniences of imported lamps. In addition to the lamps which are specifiedas Italian there are doubtless other Italian lamps in the catalogue which remain unidentified.2 See Broneer, pp. 64, 79. 3 MainzerZeitschrift,XLIV-XLV, 1949-1950, pp. 163-167.SSee Walters, p. 230 under Knidos. 5 Menzel 158-162, 173-177, 272. I Haken, pp. 48-52"


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IMPORTED LAMPS 5lamp unless the glaze is heavy, smooth and bright. Small bosses at the nozzle or at the attach-ment of the handle copy rivets which fastened the parts of the bronzelamps together. Filling-hole lids workingon hinges are practicalin bronze; in clay they are pretentiousbreakables,asare suspensionlugs. Bronze lamps were often hung from chains and the underside which couldbe seen and admired was sometimes adornedwith reliefwork; decorationon the underside of aclay lamp signals a bronze original. Large lamps may be cast easily in bronze; a special effortis requiredto make a large clay lamp without having the walls or disk collapsewhile the clay isstill damp.Clayimitations in many cases help in reconstructingthe appearanceof lost bronzeoriginals;the Agoracollection has several copies of bronzelamps not otherwiseknown: 14-15, 19-21, 25,90. 11 is a good exampleof the deteriorationof formonce function is forgotten. 15 is a rare formof fillingholelid. 16-17are oversize lamps of gray ware and black glaze, slightly differentfromBroneer883-886 with which they may be compared.716has the strangefeature of an inner andan outer wall in back, perhapsfor reinforcement. The fragment 21 is so delicate that it musthave been cast from a mould taken directly from bronze.Thereare three times as many imitations of bronzelampsin the periodof the late 1st centurybeforeChrist to the mid-1st century after Christas there are for the periodfollowing.Theseim-ported imitations of bronze were the most expensive clay lamps and the falling off in numbersindicates a less prosperousera in Athens.Two of the imported lamps are curiosities: 48 in which the wick is preserved, and 79, oftremendoussize. 49 and 55 carry disk representationswhich are perhapsnot otherwise known.

RED-ON-WHITE LAMPS155-204, PLATES 6-7

These lamps are treated as a group because they share the technical peculiarity of a heavywhite slip completely covering the outside and often part of the interior of the lamp; the slipis covered by orange-red glaze. They are not all of the same fabric and do not necessarily allcome from the same site.The fabric most often encountered s cinnamon or orange-brown,highly micaceousand fairlyhard. The clay of the earlierlamps of the groupis apt to be harder,less micaceousand runs tolighter buff colors. Both the slip and the glaze tend to peel; the glaze of the earlier lamps isgenerally brighterand firmer.The chief shapes are roundednozzle with volutes, nozzle with semi-volutes, U-shaped andheart-shapednozzles. Some very large lamps have elaborate handle shields in high relief. Thereliefs and the use of a white slip suggest a connectionwith a terracotta factory.Red-on-white lamps in the Agora may be dated by contexts to the late 1st and 2nd century;there are no dated examples from other sites.

By piecing together the evidence, some idea of the provenience of these lamps may be gained.Working from west to east, one notes first that Italy is almost certainly ruled out as a produc-tion center, in spite of the fact that some of these lamps have air-holes, a typical feature ofItalian lamps. A search through the storerooms of the Museo delle Terme and the CapitolineMuseum in Rome as well as examination of the many lamps on exhibit in the Vatican Collec-tions failed to locate any red-on-white lamps.In Greece, red-on-white lamps have appeared at two sites, Athens and Corinth, none are ofAttic or Corinthian fabric.7 A unique gray ware lamp has recently been found, Agora L 5326, distinguished by a thin moulded foot, separatelyattached, and by a vine leaf in high relief on the wall in between the two long volute nozzles.8 Broneer 508, 511, 518, 519 and a fragment (Broneerp. 86).


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6 THE ATHENIANAGORA:LAMPSOF THE ROMAN PERIODOne red-on-whitelamp was found on Delos (B 3034), and one in South Russia (Waldhauer

827, pl. XXXIV).The largest number of known red-on-whitelamps is in Alexandria. The Benachi Collectionhas thirty, and the AlexandriaMuseum also has lamps of this fabric,both on exhibit and in thestore rooms. In connection with these lamps from lower Egypt, the disk reliefs of Egyptiangods spring to mind, Harpokrates on red-on-white lamps in the Agora and Priene, Sarapis,Isis and Bes on red-on-whitelamps in the Benachi Collection. Yet in spite of these promisingindications none of these lamps appearsto be of Egyptian fabric, a fact which agreeswith theevidence from the Agora. If Athens had been importing red-on-whitelamps in quantity fromEgypt in the late 1st and 2nd century, one would expect to find the better known types ofEgyptian lamps in the Agora together with the red-on-white amps, whereasonly one Egyptianlamp has turned up, 144.Syria is also an unlikely source for these lamps, since there are none in the Beirut Museum.So far the evidence has been largely negative; Italy, Greece, Egypt and Syria have beeneliminatedas possiblecenters of production.Severalfeaturesof the site have, however,emerged.The town must be in a position to have exported equally to Athens and Egypt. Its inhabitantswere believers in Egyptian cults, as suggested by disk and handle shield reliefs of Isis, Sarapis,HarpokratesandBes. Thevariety of shapeshas a cosmopolitanair, and there is a good possibil-ity of Italian influence since several of the lamps have air-holes. A large town in the easternAegean area, either one of the coastal cities of Asia Minor or an island port, would suit theseconditions.With these considerations n mind we turn to the lamps of Ephesos. The store roomsof the British Museum contain unpublished red-on-white lamps from Wood's excavations inEphesos, and others from Ephesos have been publishedwithout mention of the white slip.9Nored-on-white lamps have been found in the more recent Austrian excavations in Ephesos.'0However, Ephesos,IV, 94-138, pl. XII, as a group bear striking resemblancesto red-on-whitelampsfoundin Athens and Alexandria and Ephesos, in respectto shapes, schemes of decoration,dimensions,symbols on the base, in every detail, in fact, save the fabric and slip. These resem-blances aretoo strongto be accountedfor by the koine of Mediterraneanamps; theselampsfromEphesos were made in the same environment as the red-on-whitelamps. Red-on-white lampshave been found in small numbers in towns near Ephesos, viz. Priene and Smyrna. Eight red-on-white lamps from Priene are published." Zahn reported that he found five other lamps ofthis fabric in the Berlin Museum,three from the former Spiegelthal collection in Smyrna, onefrom Athens, and a fragment of a caricaturedhead of unknown provenience.12 Haken nos. 52and 59 come from Smyrna.13In the light of the availableevidence, the factoriesfor red-on-whitelamps should be located in Ephesos or in a port town not far from Ephesos.

CORINTHIAN LAMPS205--321, PLATES 7-9

Since 1930 when Broneer'sclassification of Corinthian amps appearedbased on an inventoryof 1560 items, 2500 more lamps have been found at Corinth. This mass of material makes itpossible to adjust the chronologyof Corinthian amps of the lst-6th centuriesafter Christ andto identify Corinthianfabric more clearly.9 Walters 763, 778, 779, 792, 830, 978, 981, 1106, 1119, 1135, 1186, 1150, 1151, 1162, 1176-1178.10Dr. F. Miltnervery kindly went to the trouble of re-examiningthe published lamps as well as the new finds in order toconfirm this fact.11 Priene 191-196, 198-199, pp. 455-457, figs. 562-563. 121bid., p. 459, note 3.13Dr. J. Frel of the CarolineUniversity in Prague was good enough to check the fabric and slip of these lamps.


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IMPORTED LAMPS 7MOULDMADEAMPSOFTHE1STCENTURY

TheunglazedCorinthianamps, Broneertype XXVII, appearedaroundthe end of the 1st cen-tury, and all the earlierglazed mouldmade amps of the 1st centuryafter Christ n Corinthhavebeen identified, generally speaking, as imports.14The material presented here suggests thatCorinthian ampmakersbegan imitating Italian glazedlamps as early as the third quarterof the1st century, and that they produceda good number of lamps of Broneertypes XXIII, XXIV,XXV and XXX.The first rate relief work on Corinthianunglazed lamps of the earliest 2nd century presup-poses a long energetictradition of mouldmadelamps. Yet the only other lamps of the 1st cen-tury recognizedas Corinthianarethe simplewheelmade ampsofBroneer ypes XVI andXVII.'5Corinthianlampmakers could hardly have passed effortlessly from the production of plainwheelmadetypes to the most delicate and elaboratemouldmadelamps. Rather, they imitatedand learnedfrom the Italian lamps for a good thirty years or more, beforereachingthe heightsof technique for which Corinthian amps are famous.

Italian factory lamps appearedon the market aroundA.D. 75. Few have been found in Co-rinth; two of these, Broneer526-527, aresignedby Myro,one of the firstto makefactorylamps;his lamps have been found at Pompeii.16The dearth of factory lamps in Corinthsuggests thatthis city, which formerly had such close commercialrelations with Italy, had a self-sufficientlamp industry in the last quarterof the 1st century.Some lamps of Broneertypes XXIV and XXV are signedin Greekby well known makersofBroneertype XXVII, Gaios and Sposianos; these are surely of Corinthianmanufacture.17Among the unsignedlamps from Corinth,there are many with plain rim, ovolo rim and ob-lique leaf rim, where no difference s observablebetween glazed and unglazed lamps save theglaze itself. Here also it is reasonable to suppose that the Corinthian ampmakerswere pro-ducing some of the glazed lamps which preceded the unglazedlamps.In the third quarterof the 1st century, then, Corinthian ampmakersbegan to manufacturelamps of Broneertypes XXIV and XXV, and possibly some lamps of types XXIII and XXX.Althoughthereareno mouldsto provethat lampsof these shapeswere madein Corinth, he lamp-makers' signatures, the technique, and the lack of factory lamps strongly suggest that this wasthe case. Duringthe thirdquarterof the century,Corinth till importedin quantity from Italiancenters; in the last quarterof the centurythere are few imported lamps of any kind in Corinth.In this catalogue, a beginning has been made in isolating glazed 1st century lamps as Co-rinthian; only the reasonably certain examples have been chosen, 205-214. Other Corinthianlamps doubtless remain unrecognizedamong the imported lamps of the second half of the1st century.

LAMPS OF THE LATEST 1ST TO 3RD CENTURYThe date of the change fromglazed to unglazed lamps may be fixed at aroundA.D. 90-100,18that is, at a date slightly later than the destruction of Pompeii in A.D. 79. The shapes of Co-14Broneer, pp. 59, 80, 86; the exceptions are Broneer 507 and 515 which were singledout as probableCorinthian mitationsof imported lamps (Broneer,p. 86).15Broneer, p. 59. 1e Vindonissa, p. 277.1 Gaiossignedthreeglazedlampswith semi-volutes: Baur 630,p. 278,fig.116; Athens N.M.3841; CL 2425. Thethreelampshave Fafov in relief in the exergue of the disk. Sposianos signed Athens N.M. 3095 (Inst. phots. N.M. 2550, 2551), a glazed

lamp with semi-volutes. Two unpublishedlamps found in ColumbariumI at Cheliotomylos,Corinth,are signed with a reliefalpha topped with a stroke formed like a gamma,the whole possibly a monogramfor AF.One of these, Cheliotomyloslampno. 85, a glazed lamp with semi-volutes, has a disk representationof Artemis the huntress, a favorite subject of 2nd centurylampmakerssuch as Loukios. The other Cheliotomylos lamp, no. 86, is a typical unglazed Corinthian amp with rays on thedisk and ovolo on the rim.18 See Broneer, p. 85.


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8 THE ATHENIANAGORA:LAMPSOF THE ROMAN PERIODrinthian unglazedlamps are precisely those which were fashionablein Pompeii with one excep-tion, lamps with panelled rims (Broneertype XXVII, groups 3 and 4). By A.D. 79 panels hadnot yet spread from factory lamps to other shapes.'9 On a few Corinthianchannel-and-panellamps,2 the panels have the early form of a truncated pyramid. Panelled lamps, then, wereimported to Corinthand copied there before the panel had flattened out and lost every sign ofserving a useful purpose. By the early 2nd century, the panels had become flat, as on 229.Since Corinthhas glazedchannel-and-panel amps but no otherglazed lampswith panels, onemay assume that the normal Corinthianpanelled lamp appearedafter the channel-and-panellamp, at the turn of the 1st to 2nd century.Broneersuggested that the unglazed lamps (type XXVII) continued in use until the end ofthe 2nd century and that they were followed by glazed lamps in the first half of the 3rd cen-tury.21 This dating may be revised; it would leave 3rd century Corinthalmost entirely withoutlamps. There are two possibilities: either type XXVII must be extended to the end of the3rd century or type XXVIII must be pushed back to the beginning of the 3rd century. Thesecond alternative may be considered first. Type XXVIII comprises,in effect, Attic lamps ofthe 3rd-5th century and the Corinthian mitations thereof. The dates of these lamps are fixedwithin fairly close limits by dated deposits in the Agora, and a study of those deposits fullybears out Broneer's observation that most of the lamps of type XXVIII found in Corinthbelong to the 4th century or later.22There remains the alternative of extending the date oftype XXVII to the end of the 3rd century, and there is no context evidence which would createany objection. The following lamps from Agora deposits bear witness to a flourishinglampindustry in Corinth n the late 2nd and early 3rd century: 239, 242-245, 247, 252, 268, 271, 273,277, 282, 284. Since the Athenians stopped importing lamps after the early 3rd century, onecannot expect to trace the development of 3rd century Corinthian lamps in the AthenianAgora.The developmentof Corinthian amps and the Corinthian amp shops of the 2nd and 3rd cen-turies should repay special study; meanwhile a few distinctions between the earlier and latervarieties may be noted. The following features are typical of Corinthian amps of the late 2ndand 3rd centuries, and appear rarely, if at all, before the late 2nd century:

Raised rim patterns.Nozzle, handle and panels impinge on framingring of disk.Two or three closely spaced circles frame the base.End of handle approachesor touches the base.Panels and framingring flat or nearly flat.Flat, lifeless disk representations.Framing ring, panels, and disk reliefs heavily retouchedwith deep grooves.Darkerand coarserclay.

For examples of late 2nd and 3rd century Corinthian lamps, see Broneer 582, 695 and700, pl. XII. Some of the signatures on 3rd century lamps are Kallistos, Synphoros,Loukios,Epagathos, Posphoros,and Sekoundos.The chronologyof 2nd and 3rd century lamps could beworkedout in detail by studying the Corinthian ampmakers,the developmentof each shop andthe overlap between them.19 For the development of flat ornamental panels from pyramidal lugs for chains suspending bronze factory lamps, seeVindonissa, pp. 257-258.o20 roneer 541, pl. XI, glazed, and CL 1606, unglazed.21 Broneer, p. 96.2 1Ibid., p. 113.


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IMPORTEDLAMPS 9LAMPS OF THE 4TH-6TH CENTURY

Before the late lamps can be discussed, the question of Corinthianlamp fabric must beraised. Broneerdid not identify any lamps later than the 3rd century as Corinthian,nor did hemention a reason for the cessation of lampmakingactivities in Corinth.The Corinthian ampfabric of the 4th-6th century can now, however, be identified. In searchingfor the local fabricof any given site, the fabric most frequently representedmust naturally be considered first.Among the 4th-6th century lamps of Corinth,a good 75 per cent are of a fabric which wasdescribedby Broneeras the second variety of type XXVIII, a fabricoccurring n types XXXIand XXXII.2 "The second variety of clay is dark red, very hard and well baked, and usuallycontains white particles of lime. .... The lamps of the second class, of which no exampleshavebeen found at Athens, are apparently imported from some other locality, where lamps of theChristiantype were also produced... "2 In the absence of moulds,a decisive indication of localmanufactureis provided by series of lamps derived from the same archetypes. Lamps of thehard darkred fabric described above have been foundin seriesin sufficientquantity to indicatethat Corinthhad a large lamp industry in the 4th-6th century.25The stumbling block to ac-ceptingthese lampsas Corinthians neither their shapenor schemes of decoration,for thesehavestrong association with the earlierlamps of Corinth; t is the color and the texture of the clay.The transition from the light-coloredfine fabrics of the 2ndcenturyto the coarse darkfabric ofthe 4th century may be followed in the descriptions of the fabric of Broneer type XXVIIlamps.26The fabric of Broneertype XVI is also darkand coarse.2 Thehardeningand darkeningof the Attic fabric which occurredafter the Herulian invasion, A.D. 267, may serve to posit asimilar situation in Corinth.In the 4th centurysome Corinthian amps continued the Corinthian raditions of the 2nd cen-tury.2 Most of them were imitations of Attic, a vogue that had its beginningsas early as themid-3rd century. The Corinthianlampmakersalso copied the signatures of the Attic lamp-makers instead of using their own.29When in the late 4th and early 5th century Attic lamp-makers turned to imitations of Asia Minorand North African lamps, Corinthian ampmakersdid the same.

Corinth, XIV, p. 164, pl. 67, gives a good bird's eye view of 5th-7th century lamps, bothlocal and imported, found at Corinth.

LAMPSOFTHE4TH TO 7THCENTURY322-376, PLATES 10-11Attica imported almost no lamps in the 3rd and 4th centuries, the period when the Atticshopsexported lampsall over Greeceand abroad. In the late 4th century importswere resumedon a small scale; in the early 5th century lamps were again importedto Athens as regularlyasthey had been in the 1st and 2nd centuries, although not in such quantity.Lampsof North Africanshape,322-345 (P1.10) did not enterAthens before the early 5th cen-tury.? 322-332 are of the fine-grainedorangefabric known as Cyrenaicaware. 333-345 are of

a Broneer, pp. 119, 120. 24Ibid., pp. 111,112.2 For a list of illustrated lamps of Corinthianfabric, dating from the late 3rd to early 5th century, see Broneer, p. 111,note 2.26 See Broneer 582, 587, 614, 635, 640, 643, 649, 663, 699. 27 Ibid., p. 58. 28E.g. Broneer1193, fig. 179.29For lamps with Attic signatures found in Corinth,see the repertoriesof the Attic lampmakers,where published lampsare cited by Broneer numbers and unpublished lamps by CL (Corinthinventory) numbers. In the repertoriesno distinctionhas been made between Attic lamps found in Corinthand imitations of Attic lamps made in Corinth.3 See Broneer, pp. 118-119, especially p. 119, note 3, where the absence of these lamps in the Kerameikos is noted andexplained by the removal of the potters' quarters rom the Kerameikos after a barbarian nvasion at the end of the 4th century.


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10 THE ATHENIANAGORA:LAMPSOF THE ROMAN PERIODdifferentfabrics,not necessarilyfrom North Africa. Possibly imitations of North Africanlampsmade in the eastern Aegean area were sold in Athens. The round lamp, 340, is identical withlamps found in the smaller catacombs in Syracuse; it has nevertheless been classed with theNorth African lamps because of its rim ornament and fabric.The term "AsiaMinor amps" is borrowedfromF. Miltner;3'346-366 are groupedas importsfrom Asia Minorlargely on the basis of the numerouspublishedlamps from Ephesos and Mile-tos.32 As a general working rule for identifying most of the 4th to 7th century Asia Minorlamps and their local imitations in Greece,the following typical characteristicsmay be listed:raised edge around wick-hole, loops or tongues between nozzle and disk, sloping rim, handleending in fishtail, planta pedis on base, undersideof nozzle set off by double grooves.Asia Minorlamps began to be imported earlierthan North Africanlamps, in the second halfof the 4th century, and the trade continued into the 7th century.33367-376 (P1.11) are various late imports of unknown provenience.

31 See Ephesos, IV, p. 100, and Menzel, p. 94.32Ephesos, IV; Walters, p. 229, see under Ephesus; many lamps from Miletos appear in Menzel's catalogue.3 All of the lamps of Broneer's type XXIX are either Asia Minorimports or local imitations.


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ATTIC LAMPSBACKGROUND

The chaptersin the history of Roman Athens to which the study of her lamps may to someextent contribute are many of them well known; excavation is gradually providing evidencefor events poorlyor not at all documented n the literarysources.A brief outline of those eventswhichmost affectedthe lamp industry and whichwillbeemphasized n this study is offeredhere.The devastation of the Athenian Kerameikos by Sulla in 86 B.C. left the surviving lamp-makerswith few facilities and without hope of an export market. Workingfor the home tradethe artisans of the following years continued to manufacturelamps of a style already familiar(Howland types 35ff.); there is no evidence of enterprise or originality. Gradually, in theAugustan era, a certain prosperityreturnedand with it appearedimports from Italy and fromAsia Minor; the common Athenian lamp is still, however, a Hellenistic survival and carefulcopies of well-made imported lamps are extremely rare. About the middle of the 1st centuryafter Christ,however, the alpha globule lamp appeared,owing something to currentimportedfashions but chiefly notable for the fact that it was as easy to make and as inexpensive as werethe Hellenistic types which it finally displaced. For a hundred and fifty years it served theneeds of all those Athenians whose tastes or pockets did not provide for bronze or silver. Pro-ducedin largenumbersand in an undeviatingmonotony, the alphaglobulelamp well illustratesthe fact that the public workssponsoredby the Antonines did not affect the depressionof thetimes and had little influenceon standards of art or of skill in objects producedfor local needsin the minor crafts.Towards the end of the 2nd century, however, the scene suddenly changes and influencefrom Corinthwhich in earlierages had sometimes given a fillip to Athenian ingenuity appearsin the shape of close imitations of Corinthian amps. From the early 3rd century onwardsthehistory of the lamp industry in Athens is that of the great lampmakingshops. The successesof the 3rd century lampmakersreceived a depressingsetback at the hands of the HeruliansinA.D. 267; this suddenincursion,devastatingthoughit was to the outwardappearanceof classicalAthens, cannot however be compared with the long-drawn-out struggle against Sulla. Thelampmakersrevived with remarkablespeed; although the quality of the best of the 3rd centurylamps was never recaptured,the lamp industry once again flourished. A second serious inter-ruption came towards the end of the 4th century with the incursion of the Goths under Alaric(A.D. 396), and a further disaster at ca. A.D. 580. The remains of the elegant and substantialbrick structures erected in the 5th century on the foundations and often out of the materialsof their classical predecessorsare too uniformly covered by consistent masses of wreckagetolend any color to the thought that private disasters alone can have been responsible.From thisblowin the 6th century the city's populationnever recovered.When once more,in the 10th cen-tury, lamps were commonlymade in Athens, all connections with the mouldmadelamps of theAttic shops had been lost and the cycle which began with the saucer lamps of the 7th centuryB.C. began once more with a simple open saucer.This outline is of necessity oversimplified;yet if one is to appreciatethe achievements of theAthenian craftsmen of the 3rd century one must see them less against the backgroundof thecomplex history of the Roman world as a whole than as a part of their own city, as evidenceboth of its trials and of its almost infinite powers of recuperation.


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12 THE ATHENIANAGORA:LAMPSOF THE ROMAN PERIODLAMPS OF THE 1STAND 2NDCENTURIES

Attic lamps of the 1st and 2nd centuriesafter Christcontinued the Hellenistic tradition; onlya few half-hearted adjustments show that the Attic lampmakerswere aware of the changesinitiated in the second half of the 1st century B.C. which culminatedin the Roman relief lamp.The lamps of this period have, as already noted, been divided between Agora, IV and thepresent study. Many survivals of Hellenistic types were publishedin Agora, IV in ordernot tobreakup seriesreachingback to earliertimes; the other lamps of the periodare publishedhere.In order,however, to give a complete picture of the 1st and 2nd centuries, the following dis-cussion takes into account all the varieties of lamps, including those publishedin Agora, IV.The lamps of this period fall roughly into four groups:

1. the small number of wheelmade lamps which continued to be producedin the 1st centuryafter Christ2. the large number of mouldmadelamps in the Hellenistic tradition which continued into the1st and early 2nd centuries3. the alpha earlamps and the alpha globule lamps which combineHellenistic shapeswith someRoman innovations4. a small numberof sporadicimitations of imported lamps of various shapes

The wheelmadelamps of the 1st centurywere publishedin Agora,IV; they are to be found inHowland types 35 C, C', D and Variants.' The lamps in the remaining three groups are allmouldmade.1st and 2nd century lamps in the Hellenistic tradition publishedin Agora,IV are to be foundamong the following Howland types:2

Undecorated Types 44 C, DEphesos lamps and Attic imitations Types 49 A, BImitations of Knidos lamps Types 50 B, CRays Types 52 B, 52 VariantsBroad Tongues Type 53Garlandof olive, ivy or other leaves Types 54 A, 54 VariantsImbricated leaves Types 55 B, C; 56 A, BGarlandedboukrania Type 57Rosette or pellet Types 58, 58 VariantsMiscellaneousmoulded No. 826In addition to these lamps, and belonging with them, are 377--390 (P1. 13). Many of thesetypes, accordingto Howland, died out in the early 1st century after Christ,while Types 44 Cand D, 52 H, 53, 54 D and Variants, 55 C, 58 B and Variantsall continuedlonger,some of themto the early 2nd century.That lamps representing survivals of Hellenistic types continued in use on a large scale inAthens throughoutthe 1st century after Christand into the early 2nd century alongsidelampsdistinctively Roman in character is most readily demonstratedby the deposit index, pp. 224-228. The Hellenistic types discussedby Howland are indicated there for each deposit, after the1 In Corinth wheelmade lamps were manufacturedin quantity in the 1st century after Christ. Cf. O. Broneer, "A LateType of Wheel-made Lamps from Corinth," A.J.A., XXXI, 1927, pp. 328ff.2 Not all of the lamps in the Howland types cited are as late as the 1st and 2nd centuries after Christ.


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ATTIC LAMPS 13catalogue numbers of the Roman lamps.3A good example of the overlap is providedby a wellfilling, D 11: 1, of the late 1st century B.C. nto the mid-1st century after Christ;here the Hel-lenistic survivals number 24, representing15 types, and the Roman lamps are but eight.4The third group, the alpha ear lamps 397-417 (P1. 13) and the alpha globule lamps 418-627(P1.14),continuesthe Hellenistic traditionbut embodiessome Romanfeatures. Alpha earlampsappearedin the mid-lst century and ceased aroundthe mid-2nd century. Alpha globule lampsformed the mainstay of Attic production during the second half of the 1st century and the2nd century. Both are related to Hellenistic lamps in having a plain disk and a band handleseparately attached. Like many 1st century Attic Hellenistic lamps they carry a relief alphaon the base. In fabric and in glaze they resemblethe late Hellenistic lamps of the precedinggroupand they were made in the same shops. Theselamps, however,have some featureswhichshow that their makerswere awareof new developmentsin Asia Minorand in Italy. The alphaear lamps have a large disk and a smallrim, an innovation of the late 1st centuryB.C.,and thealpha globule lamps have volutes, perfunctory slapdash affairs.5The lamps of the fourth group are imitations of imported lamps: 391-393 (P1. 13) and 628-633 (P1.14). At all times in the history of Attic lamps one or two examplesof a shapethat is notrepeatedmay occur. The Attic lampmaker,even in bad times, was always lively, apt to becomeimpatient with routine and to amuse himself with trying something new and curious.6There-fore it seems certain that all of the Attic lamp shapes of the 1st and 2nd centuriesare not yetknown and that small numbersof imitations of Italian, Corinthianand Asia Minorlamps willstill be found.

Against the local production of the 1st and 2nd centuries, the imported lamps, 1-318 (Pls.1-9), present a brilliant contrast, particularlybecause they delight in a variety of interestingdisk reliefs.Why did the Attic lampmakersnot make disk reliefswhen the rest of the world wasdoing so? The problemgains in importance when one turns to the other clay objects of theperiodand finds that reliefworkin clay was virtually unknown in 1st and 2nd century Athens.Except for the terracotta antefixes of the Odeion7and other buildings, Athenian craftsmenworking with clay did not adorn their products with any kind of representation. After theAugustan period there are almost no Attic terracotta figurines, plastic lamps, lamps withfigureddisks, plaques, reliefs or head vases until the late 2nd century.This absence of relief work in a city distinguished for its coroplastic tradition providesarchaeologicalcorroborationfor the disastrous economic situation known from literary andepigraphicalsources. Graindornot only collected the sources; he also built up from widelyscattered bits of evidence an impressive picture of the economic depressionin Athens duringthe 1st and 2nd centuries. He insistently pointed out that the apparentprosperity implied bythe great building programsof Hadrian and Herodes Atticus, the series of rich and frequentfestivals, the tremendous ouristtrade,and the flourishingexport trade in sculpturemust not betaken to mean that the economic situation as a whole was sound. He gave many reasons forbelievingthat, on the contrary,it was unstable and that most of the peopleof Athenswereverypoor. The exhaustion of the Laureionmines and the diminution of Athens' island possessionshad cut off two sources of revenue. In the 1st century B.C. the depredationsof Sulla and theextortions of Verresimpoverishedthe city whose tangled finances Cicero's riendAtticus vainly

3 Several deposits of this characterhave been added to those already cited in Agora, IV.4 The date of this deposit given in Agora,IV, p. 236, as the "turn of the era" has been revised after re-examination of thepottery and lamps. Although the deposit is predominantly early Roman, the latest material is of the mid-1st century afterChrist. Any other readjustments between deposit dates already published and those listed here have been based on similarre-examination of the material.5 For a fuller account of the alpha ear lamps and the alpha globule lamps see the discussion,pp. 14-17.6 The worst fate an Athenian could think of was to be "as one hearing nothing curious" (Hesperia,V, 1936, p. 45).Hesperia, XIX, 1950, p. 50, fig. 6, pl. 87.


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14 THE ATHENIANAGORA:LAMPSOF THE ROMANPERIODattempted to bring into order. The Athenians worsenedtheir lot by invariably siding with theloserin the civil wars of Rome. In the 1st centuryafter Christthe officesof strategos andarchondevolved on citizens who were rich enough to defray the costs of these posts; the repetition ofstrategoi and the anarchicyears show that there were not enough wealthy citizens to supportthe state. The upkeep of the antiquities and the expenses of innumerablefestivals were a drainon the treasury.Accordingto Dio Chrysostomthe citizens of Athens werein the last extremity.8The situation deteriorated further in Hadrian's time when the Athenians considered raisingmoney by selling Delos. When the wheat shortagecaused bread riots the treasurywas not ableto purchase wheat from abroad and the riots were settled by distributions of wheat fromHadrian. For a long time Attic exports were limited to sculpture,honey and oil. The oil laws ofHadrian reveal what difficulties were experiencedin keeping a good supply of this essentialcommodity on hand at reasonableprices in Athens. Similarly, there was a law regulating thesale of fish.In such times only the arts directly and heavily subsidizedby the emperorand the wealthyflourished,i.e. architectureand sculpture. Thus the paradoxicalsituation arosein which ivoryand gold colossalsculpturewas made in Athens at a moment when cheap clay figurineswerenotbeing made at all.In addition to supplementing Graindor'sevidence for a depression, the lamps make itpossible to add precision n one detail. The depressionbegan directly after the Augustanperiod.At this time there was a distinct falling off in the quality of the clay and glaze.9More ominousis the disappearanceof lampmakers'signatures.Proteas, Isodotos and otherssigned their lampsin the Augustanperiod,afterwhich signaturesare no longerfound. A signatureis a sign of prideand enterprise;the abandonment of names on lamps must have derivedfrom the same feelingof apathy which caused the lampmakersspiritlessly to continue versions of Hellenistic shapes,the lamps bought by the poor of Athens. The rich purchasedbronze lamps and candelabra,marble candelabraand imported lamps such as 1-318.

ALPHA ARLAMPS397-417, PLATE 13

These lamps all have ear-shaped ugs at the sides and most of them have alphaon the base.10The disk is large and plain, with a channelto the wick-hole. The rimis narrowand plain, some-times flat and sometimes rounded; it encloses the channel as well as the disk. The roundednozzle may be short or fairly long.The Attic lamps are imitations of 1st century imports such as 82-84 and 199-200, probablyall from the eastern Aegean area. Two examples in Corinth,Broneer473, pl. X and CL 1734,were probably imported from Italy where the shape also occurs.Theselampswereused in Athens from the mid-ist to the mid-2ndcentury; at othersites theyare generally dated to the 1st century."8 Evidence for a "violent disaster" to the fortificationson the Pnyx in the 1st century after Christhas been uncoveredbyH. A. Thompson and R. L. Scranton, "Stoas and City Walls on the Pnyx," Hesperia, XII, 1943, pp. 863-364. The latestfinds from the destruction debris are lamps of Broneer type XX (alphaglobule lamps) which place the event around A.D. 50or later, not in the first half of the century as Scranton believed. This disaster, historically unexplained, adds an interestingdetail to Graindor'sportrait of Athens' misfortunes in the 1st century.9 See Agora, IV, p. 182.o10or alpha on 1st and 2nd century Attic lamps, see the discussion of alpha globule lamps, pp. 16-17.I"For ear lamps from other sites see Brants 415, 417, 726, pls. IV-V, from Troas, Smyrna and Carthage; Haken 60,pl. VII, from Smyrna; Ephesos, IV, 5, pl. I and 82, pl. XI; Menzel 239, 241-242, from Miletos; Vindonissa 637, pl. XVII;Walters 510, pl. XIV, from Tunis; Bachofen, pls. XXXIII, LII; unpublished lamps from Cosa,Italy, CEL3, 5, 290, 826, 337.For discussion see Vindonissa, p. 228; Broneer, pp. 80-83; Menzel, p. 46.


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ATTIC LAMPS 15ALPHAGLOBULEAMPS

418-627, PLATE 14The lamp is deep bodied, with a plain disk, globules all over the body, roundednozzle withvolutes, a curved ridge definingthe undersideof the nozzle, and an alphain relief on the base.

A band handle is usual.12This shape correspondsto Broneertype XX, formerlydated in theAugustan period and into the first half of the 1st century.'3Alpha globule lamps arenot recorded n the numerousAugustancontexts in the Agora.Theyfirst appearedaround the middle of the 1st century,14were produced n greatest quantity in thelate 1st and early 2nd centuries, and lasted throughoutthe 2nd century. The distributionandchronological range may be gauged by consulting the chronological isting by groups for 457-549. This listing will not, however, serve to convey an idea of the magnitudeof production.Ofthe two hundred and eight cataloguedlamps, very few come from the same or related moulds;at least two hundredmoulds arerepresentedby the Agoralamps alone. A conservativeestimatewould place the total number of moulds in the thousands, the lamps in the hundreds of thou-sands.The origin of the shape is an open question. Broneer assumed that the shape developed inAthens and in support of his view he publishedthree lamps which may link Attic Hellenisticshapes and alpha globule lamps.5 A lamp found on the Pnyx may confirmhis observations.16A difficulty in the way of accepting this explanation is that the dates of these possibly transi-tional examples are not known; they may be contemporarywith or later than alpha globulelamps. Anotherpossibility is that the alpha globule lamp developedoutside of Greeceand thatthe Attic lamps are close imitations of imported lamps. However, no imported lamps of thisshape have been published, and the question of the origin of the shape must await furtherevidence."Within the time span of about one and a half centuries, consistent changes have not beentraced. Manyvariations in style and great fluctuationsin technique are to be noted, but thesedo not serveto forma sequence.Thegreatnumber of mouldsaccountsfor the confusingvariety.New moulds, old moulds,retouchedmoulds, and moulds of differentgenerationswere all in useat the same time. A broad distinction may be made between features which are usually, notalways, confined to earlierlamps and those of later lamps.Earlier Features LaterFeatures

Width: ca. 0.063-0.072 m. ca. 0.05-0.058 m.Handle: high band handle, separately low band handle, separately at-attached tached; mouldmadehandleVolutes: front knobs continued as ribs on traces of ribs or nonesides of nozzle (occasional)

12 A few lamps which vary in one or two of these details are described in the catalogue. 13Broneer,p. 73.14A. W. Parsons,Hesperia, XII, 1943, p. 245, noted that these lamps "seemnot to appearin Athens until after the middleof the century." H. S. Robinson considersit likely that these lamps were introducedearlier,in the firsthalf of the 1st century(Agora,V, p. 30) on the basis of the finds in Group G, Layer II. He found alpha globule lamps both in Layer Ha (thrownin duringthe first quarterof the 1st century) and in Layer IIb (thrownin twenty-five to forty years later). Robinson pointedout that the nature of a cistern filling does not allow of a narrowlydefinedstratigraphy (ibid., p. 23) and for this reason hewould not insist on the few fragmentsfrom Layer Ha. Layer IIb which contains alpha globule lamps in abundancealso has629 which is an imitation of a factory lamp, and therefore dates in the last quarter of the 1st century. The presenceof theimitation factory lamp leaves the possibility open that other lamps in this filling are also later than the first half of the1st century.15See Broneer,pp. 71-72, figs. 32-33. 16See Pnyx, I, 105, pp. 46, 60, fig. 25.11Walters 1403, fig. 334, from Ephesos, is fairly close to the alpha globule lamp. The drawingseems to show an uppermould, not a lower as stated in Walter's text. Alpha is incised on the outside of the mould.


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16 THE ATHENIANAGORA:LAMPSOF THE ROMANPERIODEarlierFeatures LaterFeatures

Body: ribbed (pincushioneffect) very indistinct ribs or noneGlobules: in regularrows, circularlyor haphazardlyplaced; often re-radially punchedin the mouldBase: raised (infrequent) alpha in relief with strokes care-large firm alpha in relief lessly crossingeach otherindistinct alphaincised alpha (rare)no letter (infrequent)other letters (rare)

Othervariations of no particularaid in fixing the date of the lamp are as follows: the disk isframedby one, two or three rings.A basket handle appearsoccasionally.The base is framedbyone or two rings. Globulesare sometimes scattered around on the undersideof the nozzle or onthe base. The techniquevaries greatly, and lamps with blurryor smearedoutlines and a shabbycoat of glaze which "ought" to be late occur throughout.One alpha globule lamp has a mouldmade handle and a rim of ovolo pattern instead of theusual globules.is This lamp probably dates in the late 2nd century and marks the first timidimitation of Corinthian amps by an Attic lampmaker.Three alpha globules are signed: 434, 435, 454.Almost all alpha globule lamps have a large broken-barredalpha in relief or incised on thebase. Beforeenquiring nto the meaningof the letter on these particular amps, it is necessarytopoint out that alphaon lamp bases is a widespreadphenomenon;the only distinctive feature ofthe Attic lamps in this connection is that almost all the Attic lamps from the second quarterofthe 1st century after Christto the last quarterof the 2nd century carry the alpha, whereas inother cities it occurs sporadically for shorter periods.19The same problem is raised by theplantapedis which also occurs all over the Mediterraneanarea, sometimesin isolated examples,sometimes on many lamps from a single site such as Miletosor Ephesos. The wide rangein timeand space of both alpha and the planta pedis does not preclude the possibility that each mayhave had a definite meaning for lampmakersat certain times in certain places.Bigot thought that alpha stood for Athens.20 His surmiseimplies that Attic lamps were ad-vertised as distinct fromthose of other towns and superior.In fact, Attic lamps of this date wereinferiorcomparedto Corinthian, Italian, or eastern Aegeanlamps; they were not exported andhad no reason to advertise.

Walters suggested that the alpha differentiatedthe lower from the upper mould in the pro-cess of lampmaking.21 The way in which this would have aided the lampmakeris not clear.Howland tentatively offered a number of suggestions about the Hellenistic Attic lamps ofthe 1st century after Christ with alphaon the base.22He thought that alpha might be a maker'smark, or a symbol of quality, or a signaturepiratedfromimportedlamps, but he made it clearthat none of these explanationsis fully satisfactory.23Quite possibly one of his suggestionsmay18 Pnyx, I, 112, p. 61, fig. 26.19Waldhauer419; Vindonissa 286, fig. 9; Menzel 233, fig. 35; Walters 400, 435, 1403; imported lamps in the Agora, 21,90, 91, 95.2oBulletin de l'dcole ranfaise d'Ath&Unes,868, pp. 46-47. There is no exact description or illustration of the lamp he

mentions, which was probably signed by the 4th century fabricant A -, and therefore has no bearing on the lamps underconsideration. His suggestion is worth recalling, however, since it is a natural one.21History of Ancient Pottery, II, p. 405; fig. 209, a drawingof an alpha globule mould, is more recognizablein the photo-graph,Walters1401,pl. XXXVII.s2See Agora, IV, 395, and under Howland types 44 D, 50 C, 52 H, 53, 54 D, 55 C, 58 B, 58 Variants.23 See Agora, IV, pp. 143, 161, 187.


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ATTIC LAMPS 17yet providethe reasonfor the initial use of alphaon late Attic Hellenistic lamps, a reasonwhosesignificance was lost when alpha was later indiscriminately applied to 1st and 2nd centuryAttic lamps.The discovery of easternAegean prototypes for Attic lamps of the second quarterof the 1st century after Christcould probablyprovide the clue to the meaning of alpha.

LAMPS OF THE 3RD AND 4THCENTURIESPLATES15-37

INTRODUCTIONIn the early 3rd century a changein aim revolutionizedthe Attic lamp industry. The 3rdcen-tury lamp shapesand styles areentirely differentfromand far superior o those of the precedingtwo centuries. The historian of Athens is faced with the problem of explaining the economicand artistic revival which, in the beginning of the 3rd century after Christ,caused the minorarts of the city to gain so immeasurablyin quantity and quality.The two main shapes of the 3rd century are lamps with kite-shaped nozzle and lamps withU-shaped nozzle. In the following paragraphsthe originand style of the two main shapeswillbe discussed.24Attic lampmakersborrowed the lamp with the kite-shapednozzle directly from Corinth. Itwould be interesting to know what stimulus caused the lampmakersto abandonthe uninspired,endlessly repeated alpha globule lamps and to begin imitating Corinthianlamps with diskreliefs. A comparisonof an alpha globule lamp with a Corinthian amp, 223 (P1.7), will make itclear that Attic lampmakershad to master new and difficult techniques in order to turn outimitations of Corinthian amps. The handles of alpha globule lamps are s

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