ANTIMATÉRIA A - if.ufrj.brjoras/disciplinas/07.1/topicos/lenz.pdf · 2 - Teoria Geral da...

Semana da Química 2007- UFRJ

ALPPHA

Universidade do Brasil

ANTIMATÉRIA

Cláudio Lenz [email protected]

Instituto de Física - UFRJColaborações ATHENA, ALPHA / CERN

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mailto:[email protected]



+∞

+ mc2

E=0- mc2

-∞

Einstein1921

P. Dirac1933

C. Anderson1936

Descoberta deAntiprotons

E. Segrè1959

O. Chamberlain1959

Einstein: energia = massa,mas ....

E =±!

p2c2 +m2c4

“mar” de elétrons com energia negativa

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CRIAÇÃO

- Conservação de energia e momento linear- Outras simetrias e leis de conservação se aplicam

E

3


ANIQUILAÇÃOReversão Temporal (T)

Na aniquilação elétron(e-)-pósitron(e+) toda a MASSA é transformada em pura ENERGIA:

“reator de matéria-antimatéria da Enterprise de STAR-TREK”;

NASA - única fonte de energia para viagem para fora do sistema Solar!

E

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Momento inicial = final = 0Energia inicial = final! 2"511 keV


Pósitron Emission Tomography

PET scanhttp://www.epub.org.br/cm/n01/pet/pet.htm

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Parkinson's (rGMR, rCMRO2, rOEF, rCBF, rCBV) during cerebral vasospasm.

Huntington's

PCR.mgh.harvard.edu

Imagem: + uso médico

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http://www.biomed.org/

Image showing malignant breast mass that was not revealed by conventional imaging techniques such as CT, MRI, and mammogram.

Image of same patient with enlarged left axillary lymph nodes (indicated by arrows), which through biopsy were found to be metastatic (spread from another location). The whole body scan reveals a mass in the left breast (indicated by arrow), that was malignant and subsequently removed.

Coronary Artery DiseasePET imaging is unique in its ability to determine whether a

patient's heart muscle will benefit from coronary artery bypass surgery.

Example: Myocardial Viability

Imagem: + uso médico

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http://www.triumf.ca/welcome/petscan.html

PET radioisotopes produced at TRIUMFLabelling agent Half-lifecarbon-11 20.3 minutesoxygen-15 2.03 minutesfluorine-18 109.8 minutesbromine-75 98.0 minutes

What does a PET scan show?The brain function being studied during a PET scan determines which radiopharmaceutical is used. Oxygen-15 can be used to label oxygen gas for the study of oxygen metabolism, carbon monoxide for the study of blood volume, or water for the study of blood flow in the brain. Similarly, fluorine-18 is attached to a glucose molecule to produce FDG for use in the observation of the brain?s sugar metabolism. Many more PET radiopharmaceuticals exist, and research is under way to develop still more to assist in the exploration of the working human brain. For example, dopa, a chemical active in brain cells, is labelled with positron-emitting fluorine or carbon and applied in research on the communication between certain brain cells which are diseased, as in dystonia, Parkinson?s disease, or schizophrenia.

PET - radio-isótopos

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1 - Teorema de CPT, base do Modelo Padrão da Física:

2 - Teoria Geral da Relatividade → Gravidade é geometria: Princípio de Equivalência de Einstein

γ g “Motivations for antigravity in General Relativity”, G.Chardin, Hyp. Interact. 109, 83 (1997)

“CPT and Lorentz Tests in Hydrogen and Antihydrogen”, Robert Bluhm, V. Alan Kostelecký, and Neil Russell, PRL 82, 2254 (1999)MPQ, Garching web page

ANTIHIDROGÊNIO

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Violação de P :

C. Yang1957

T.D.Lee1957

Violação de CP :

J. Cronin1980

V. Fitch1980

”Two-Photon Spectroscopy of Trapped Atomic Hydrogen”, Claudio L. Cesar, Dale G. Fried, Thomas C. Killian, Adam D. Polcyn, Jon C. Sandberg, Ite A. Yu, Thomas J. Greytak, and Daniel Kleppner, John M. Doyle, PRL 77, 255 (1996)

“Measurement of the Hydrogen 1S-2S Transition Frequency by Phase Coherent Comparison with a Microwave Cesium Fountain Clock”, M. Niering, R. Holzwarth, J. Reichert, P. Pokasov, Th. Udem, M. Weitz, and T. W. Hänsch, P. Lemonde, G. Santarelli, M. Abgrall, P. Laurent, C. Salomon and A. Clairon, PRL 77, 5496(2000)

HIDROGÊNIO (1S-2S)medidas com 14 algarismos significativos:

fundamental, 1 Ry = 13.6 eV com 14 alg.

ANTIHIDROGÊNIO: + motivação

2S(122 ms)

1S

2P

H levels

1 R

y =

13.6

eV

La24

3 nm

243

nm

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| Antihydrogen | = | Hydrogen | ?CPT Gravity

ALPHA

Onde, antigaláxias ... anti-estrelas ... antiTerra ... antiVocê...?

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Cold Antihydrogen

CPT Symmetry Gravity Cosmology

Monte Carlo

Plasmas Traps Detectors Software

LasersCryogenicsUH Vacuum

ALPHA

ANTIHIDROGÊNIO

Electronics

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Estratégias para a FAE no Brasil - Brasilia 2005

Escalas de Energia/TemperaturaLog T T (K) Fenômeno13 10000000000000 p, p, n, (10-6 s) 10 10000000000 núcleosíntese primordial, e-, e+ (1s),6 1000000 átomos3.8 6000 superfície do sol2.5 300 terra, homem, água-gelo1.9 77 nitrogênio líquido0.64 4 hélio líquido, universo hoje (2.8 K)0.11 1.3 refrigerador de 4He

-0.52 0.3 refrigerador de 3He-2 0.01 refrigerador de diluição 3He-4He-3.7 0.0002 resfriamento Doppler a laser-5 0.00001 resfriamento a laser - recuo de fóton-9 0.000000001 resfriamento por evaporação (BEC)-12 0.000000000001 energia do puro condensado (BEC)

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G. Bonomi, A. Bouchta, M.Doser, M.H.Holzscheiter,A. Kellerbauer,R. Landua

J. S. Hangst, N. Madsen

Institute for Phys. and Astron. (Aarhus) Denmark

CERN, Geneva (Switzerland)

P.D. Bowe, M. Charlton, L.V. Jorgensen, D.J.R. Mitchard, D.P. van der Werf

Dep. of Phys., Univ of Wales Swansea (UK)

M.C. Fujiwara, Y. Yamazaki

Atomic Phys. Lab, RIKEN (Japan)

R. Funakoshi,R.S. Hayano

Dep. of Phys. and Inst. of Phys. (Tokyo) (Japan)

C. Amsler, I. Johnson,H. Pruys,C. Regenfus, J. Rochet

Inst. of Phys. Zurich Univer. (Switzerland)

M. Amoretti, C. Canali, C. Carraro, V. Filippini, A. Fontana, P. Genova, V. Lagomarsino, E. Lodi Rizzini, M. Macri, G. Manuzio, P.Montagna, A. Rotondi, G. Testera, A. Variola, L. Venturelli, N. Zurlo

Ist. Naz. Fisica Nucl. and Univ. of Brescia, Genova, Pavia (Italy)

C. Lenz Cesar

Fed. Univ. Of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)

Colaboração ATHENA

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2 · 107 antiprotons / cycle

P = 100 MeV/c (E = 5 MeV)

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CERN

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M. Amoretti et al (ATHENA COLLABORATION) NIM A 518 (2004) 679

ATHENA apparatus

Mixing in the nested trap

T=15 Kelvin

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19


ANTIPROTON (Pbar): Penning Trap

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• usada para aprisionar ions, resfriá-los a laser e obter padrões de tempo/frequência em transições óticas• usada para estudo de Informação Quântica e Teleportaçãover p. ex.: E. VILLANUEVA, C. CESAR, R. MATOS FILHO, N. ZAGURY, “Reliable teleportation in trapped ions”, Eur. Phys. J. D, 121(2001)

Armadilha de Íons : Penning Trap

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Pósitron (e+) Accumulator:Penning Trap and Buffer Gas

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2003 run: More positrons and higher plasma density

Upgrading during 2003

• Phosphor screen + CCD in place of the Faraday cup in the accumulator

• Stacking of several positron shots in the mixing trap

• Rotating wall in the mixing trap: control of the plasma density before mixing using the improved diagnostic

Images of positrons in the accumulator:

without RW and with RW

Positrons stacking in the mixing trap: 4.7 107 e+/stack (200 sec/stack)

1.2 109 e+

Pósitron Plasma

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2) Line shape fit (dipole mode) N

3) Controlled heating by RF drive around the dipole frequency (about 20-21 MHz)

Shift of the quadrupole frequency ΔT (NOT T)

About 15 meV resolution in 2002 (better in 2003)

heating on

heating off

M. Amoretti et al (ATHENA COLLABORATION) PRL91 (2003) 05501, Phys. Plasmas 10 (2003) 3056

Dipole mode f1 Quadrupole mode f

2

drivedetection

z

Zp

Rp

α= Zplasma/Rplasma (aspect ratio)

Non destructive plasma mode diagnostic

1) f1,f2 α, density

Pósitron Plasma

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Operated at 140K, 3T, small space• Si microstrips: 2 layers ~8000 ch• CsI read out by APD: 192 ch

Detector

25


Antihydrogen detector

Mecanismos de Produção

Mistura

Antiprótons + Pósitrons

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27


Si strips

CsI crystals

3T

108 e+104 pbars

θγγ

Amoretti et al.,(ATHENA coll.)Nature 419 (2002) 456

Opening angle distribution

Vertex rec. eff.: 50%

Position resolution (σ): 4 mm

Silicon trigger efficiency: (85 +-10)%

Photon energy resolution: 24% (FWHM) @ 511KeV

Photon detection efficiency: 20%

Full simulation by Montecarlo based on GEANT 3.21

Antihydrogen detector

131± 22 Golden Events

(>50000 Hbars) in sept 2002

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LE MONDE | 19.09.02 | 12h50

Les physiciens ont fabriqué une multitude d'antimondes A Genève, une quarantaine de chercheurs du CERN sont parvenus à fabriquer 50 000 atomes d'antihydrogène. Leur but : déterminer si matière et antimatière obéissent de la même façon aux lois de la physique.

CAPA

More Sci- Than Fi, Physicists Create Antimatter By DENNIS OVERBYE September 19, 2002

Physicists working in Europe announced yesterday that they had passed through nature's looking glass and had created atoms made of antimatter, or antiatoms, opening up the possibility of experiments in a realm once reserved for science fiction writers. Such experiments, theorists say, could test some of the basic tenets of modern physics and light the way to a deeper understanding of nature. CAPA

Cientistas criam átomos de antimatéria em grande quantidadeHerton Escobar Quarta-feira, 18 de setembro de 2002 - 22h24 Os pesquisadores produziram 50.000 átomos de anti-hidrogênio, uma partículaespelhada do hidrogênio comum, só que com cargas trocadas (positivo no lugar de negativo, e vice-versa) ...Cearense bem-humorado e professor do Instituto de Física da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), ele é um dos líderes do grupo Athena, formado por 39 pesquisadores de Brasil, Itália, Suíça, Dinamarca, Grã-Bretanha e Japão, dedicado ao estudo da antimatéria no Cern (sigla da Organização Européia para Pesquisas Nucleares).

Cern consegue produzir antimatéria "fria" LUISA MASSARANIFREE-LANCE PARA A FOLHASão Paulo, quinta-feira, 19 de setembro de 2002 Cientistas anunciaram ontem em artigo publicado on-line pela revista científica britânica "Nature" (www.nature.com) a obtenção

de antiátomos de hidrogênio com velocidades baixas ("frios") e em grandes quantidades. Foram produzidos pelo menos 50 mil átomos de anti-hidrogênio, o elemento mais simples no mundo da antimatéria, dotados de velocidades similares às dos átomos presente na atmosfera. O experimento foi realizado no Cern, a Organização Européia de Pesquisa Nuclear sediada na Suíça, e abre caminho para testar de uma forma mais rigorosa alguns dos pilares da física moderna.

... "Estamos trabalhando para, no futuro, aprisionar os anti-hidrogênios em armadilhas magnéticas nas quais devem durar horas", afirma o cearense Claudio Lenz Cesar, 38, pesquisador do Instituto de Física da UFRJ ...

CERN Group Detects More than 100 AntihydrogensBárbara Gross Levi

The mating of a positron to an antiproton is a significant milestone along an arduous path toward a comparison of matter with antimatter....There's another reason why it's important to understand the formation process. ATHENA collaborator Claudio Lenz Cesar (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) says that he and his colleagues now have some preliminary ideas about how the antiprotons and positrons are interacting in the mixing trap. These ideas, he explains, may enable them to engineer the way in which atoms emerge and hence encourage the formation of a beam-like flux.

Colaboração internacional de pesquisadores consegue produzir anti-hidrogênio ‘frio’. ... “Athena é, na verdade, uma fusão de três grupos, cada um especializado numa determinada área do projeto: armazenagem e resfriamento de antiprótons, capturade pósitrons e espectroscopia de alta resolução. Um de seus objetivos é fazer medições do anti-hidrogênio e compará-las com as existentes para o hidrogênio”, conta Cláudio Lenz Cesar, professor da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro(UFRJ) e membro da colaboração....

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PHYSICS NEWS UPDATE The American Institute of Physics Bulletin of Physics News Number 701 September 17, 2004 by Phillip F. Schewe and Ben Stein THE EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH, CERN, celebrates its 50th anniversary on 29 September. A sort of United Nations of physics, with numerous European member states and many more non-European affiliates, the Geneva-based CERN has been the site of several notable achievements and discoveries in the area of elementary particle physics. These include the observation (1973) of neutral-current weak interactions, a type of scattering event in which two particles interact via the interchange of a heavy neutral boson force particle; later the production (1983) of that same force particle, the Z boson, and its charged cousins, the W+ and W- bosons; the creation of the World Wide Web (1990) as a means of transferring huge amounts of data; hints of a novel kind of new nuclear matter (perhaps quark-gluon plasma) amid high-energy, heavy-ion collisions (2000); and creation of slow-moving anti-hydrogen atoms (2002). The Large Electron Positron collider (LEP), recently retired, was the scene of additional high-precision measurements of the weak nuclear force and other aspects of the standard model. LEP is lending its 27-km-round tunnel for the construction of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), in which two beams of 7-TeV protons (or heavy ions) will be collided head on. Out of the violence of these smash-ups, physicists hope to achieve such long-sought goals as producing the Higgs boson and various members of a family of supersymmetric particles (consisting of boson cousins of known fermion particles and fermi cousins of known boson particles), and maybe even discern evidence for the existence of extra dimensions. Completion is expected in the year 2007. (See http://intranet.cern.ch/Chronological/2004/CERN50/)

“Fact:The world’s largest scientific research facility ... CERN ...Recently succeeded in producing the first particles of Antimatter. ...Until recently antimatter has been created only in very Small amounts (a few atoms at a time). But CERN hasNow broken ground on its new Antiproton Decelerator....”

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http://intranet.cern.ch/Chronological/2004/CERN50/





Further analysis using all the informations present in the data and the Montecarlo code

1. Vertex radial distribution 2. Full shape of the opening angle distribution

M. Amoretti et al. (ATHENA collaboration) Phys. Lett. B 578 (2004) 23

1) Vertex radial distribution fit

Beyond the golden events

dn/dr:annihilations on trap walls (MC or “pbar only”)

dn/dr hot mixing: annihilation around the trap center

dn/dr

Cold mixing

xyxy Cold mixHot mix xyMC

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A Pulsed Source on Cold Antihydrogen !

Mixing time (sec)

Verte

x C

ount

s

Mixing time (sec)

Heat On

sese

Verte

x Z

posi

tion

Heat On

Mixing time

RF heating of e+ to switch off formation

Controle da Formação de Antihidrogênio

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Direcionalidade dos antihidrogênios

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B

34


CO2 n =

11

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• 1S-2S: Q ~ 5 x 1015 !• Fundamental: Ry, LS, Proton

form factor• Cosmological Variation of

Fundamental constants• Test of CPT violation• Test of the Weak Equivalence

Principle

Phys. Rev. A 64, 023418 (2001)C. Cesar

Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 255–258 (1996)Claudio L. Cesar et al.

Phys. Rev. A 59, 4564 (1999)

C. Cesar, D. Kleppner

Irão os pósitrons sobreviver ?

Objetivos de Espectroscopia: à imagem e semelhança de H!?

2S(122 ms)

1S

2P

H levels1

Ry

= 13

.6 e

V

La

243

nm24

3 nm

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Proposal to the CERN SPSC for AD Physics Starting in 2006

The ALPHA Collaboration(Antihydrogen Laser PHysics Apparatus)

University of Aarhus: P.D. Bowe, N. Madsen, J.S. HangstUniversity of California, Berkeley: W. Bertsche, E. Sarid†, J. FajansUniversity of Liverpool: A. Boston, P. Nolan, R.D. Page, M. Chartier

RIKEN: Y. YamazakiFederal University of Rio de Janeiro: D. Miranda, C. Cesar

University of Tokyo: R. Funakoshi, L.G.C. Posada, R. HayanoTRIUMF: J. Dilling, K. Ochanski, G. Gwinner, R.I. Thompson, M.C. Fujiwara

University of Wales, Swansea: M. Jenkins, L.V. Jørgensen, D.R.J. Mitchard, H.H. Telle, D.P. van der Werf, M. Charlton

1.0 Introduction The ALPHA collaboration submitted a Letter of Intent (LOI)[i] to the SPSC in September of 2004. The collaboration comprises five groups from ATHENA and five new institutes. It is our intention to continue experimentation with antihydrogen atoms when the AD resumes delivering antiprotons. We thus plan to have a new apparatus ready to produce and study antihydrogen in mid-2006. This apparatus will contain both elements of the decommissioned ATHENA experiment and new components whose purpose is to trap the produced anti-atoms, so that they may be studied spectroscopically. The collaboration has ownership of the ATHENA main magnet, the positron accumulator, and all of the laser hardware developed and installed for ATHENA. We are thus requesting to be permitted to continue to occupy the former ATHENA zone at the AD.

..........................

ALPHA

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Brookhaven Magnet Production

G. Andresen, et. al. (ALPHA Coll.) “Antimatter Plasmas in a Multipole Trap for Antihydrogen” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 023402,and“Production of Antihydrogen at Reduced Magnetic Field for Anti-atom Trapping”, submitted PLB

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Ações no IF-UFRJ

Instead of … (MIT, Aarhus-CERN)

Ti:saph

Diode QCW

x2 KNbO3

x2 BBO

τ = 4 µs⇓

Δν = 37.5 kHz⇓

Δν = 75 kHz⇓

Δν = 150 kHz⇓

Δν = 300 kHz

H: 2 photons

Stable Diode

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- Buffer Gas Trap (Harvard,Rio) - Armadilha miniaturizada

!" "# $" %## %!" %"# %$" !###

!##

&##

'##

(##

%## !## )## &## "###

!##

&##

'##

(##

*+,-+./01.+!234

*5,+!2µ64

*+,-+./01.+!234

*5,+!2µ64

Ações no IF-UFRJ

pós-doc:Daniel Silveira -> CERN

doutorado:Ricardo Lambo -> começando

mestrado:Crícia Rodegheri -> AlemanhaEduardo Muller -> término marçoMoreno Veloso -> às vezes

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(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Buffer Gas (J. Doyle@Harvard)

•Técnica geral para armadilha de átomos e moléculas

•Bons prospectos para Condensados de Bose-Eintein, Chips Atômicos, Lasers de Átomos

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ATHENA:M. Amoretti et. al. (ATHENA Coll.) “Production and detection of cold antihydrogen atoms”, Nature 419, 456-459 (2002).... extensa lista .... melhor olhar em:

<http://ATHENA.WEB.CERN.CH/ATHENA>

ALPHA (Antihydrogen Laser PHysics Apparatus):Para + Informações e membros:

<http://ALPHA.WEB.CERN.CH/ALPHA>

Publicações:

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http://ATHENA.WEB.CERN.CH/ATHENA





Conclusão e PerspectivasATHENA- Primeiros antihidrogênio frios (2002–400k, 2003–700k)- Dados sobre resfriamento de antiprótons, controle de pósitrons e

combinação, técnicas de imagem e manipulação e acompanhamento em tempo real, formação de Protônio!

ALPHA- Armazenamento magnético de anti-átomos (2007 - ?)- Resfriamento- Engenharia atômica ➞ 1S- Espectroscopia de 2 fótons 1S-2S (CPT ?)- Violação de WEP ? (Einstein ?)

makers of fine and cool antihydrogen atoms since 2002

=> stay tunned!

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Queremos SaberCássia Eller

Queremos saber, o que vão fazerCom as novas invençõesQueremos notícia mais sériaSobre a descoberta da antimatériaE suas implicaçõesNa emancipação do homemDas grandes populaçõesHomens pobres das cidadesDas estepes dos sertõesQueremos saber, quando vamos terRaio laser mais baratoQueremos, de fato, um relatoRetrato mais sério do mistério da luz

Luz do disco voadorPra iluminação do homemTão carente, sofredorTão perdido na distânciaDa morada do SenhorQueremos saber, queremos viverConfiantes no futuroPor isso se faz necessário preverQual o itinerário da ilusãoA ilusão do poderPois se foi permitido ao homemTantas coisas conhecerÉ melhor que todos saibamO que pode acontecer

Procura-se alunos de pós e IC e pós-docs. Contato: <[email protected]>

muito obrigado pelo convite

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procuro Estudantes para:- espectroscopia a laser de átomos frios

- simulação de dinâmica molecular- construção de armadilhas magnéticas e lasers:

[email protected]

http://www.if.ufrj.br/~lenz/lenz.html

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ANTIMATÉRIA A - if.ufrj.brjoras/disciplinas/07.1/topicos/lenz.pdf · 2 - Teoria Geral da...

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