batuan geo envio

7/28/2019 batuan geo envio

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1. MontmorilloniteMontmorillonite is a very soft phyllosilicate group of minerals that typically form inmicroscopic crystals, forming a clay. It is named afterMontmorillon in France.Montmorillonite, a member of the smectite family, is a 2:1 clay, meaning that it has

2 tetrahedral sheets sandwiching a central octahedral sheet. The particles are plate-shapedwith an average diameter of approximately one micrometre. Members of this groupinclude saponite.

Montmorillonite is the main constituent of the volcanic ash weatheringproduct, bentonite.

The watercontent of montmorillonite is variable and it increases greatly in volume when itabsorbs water. Chemically it is hydrated sodium calcium aluminium magnesium silicatehydroxide (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2nH2O. Potassium, iron, and other cations arecommon substitutes, the exact ratio of cations varies with source. It often occurs intermixedwith chlorite, muscovite, illite, cookeite, andkaolinite.

Cave conditions

Montmorillonite can be concentrated and transformed within cave environments. The natural

weathering of the cave can leave behind concentrations ofaluminosilicates which were

contained within the bedrock. Montmorillonite can form slowly in solutions of

aluminosilicates. High HCO3 concentrations and long periods of time can aid in the

formation. Montmorillonite can then transform topalygorskite under dry conditions and to

halloysite-10 (endellite) in acidic conditions (pH 5 or lower). Halloysite-10 can further

transform into halloysite-7 by drying.

Uses

Montmorillonite is used in the oil drilling industry as a component ofdrilling mud, making

the mud slurry viscous which helps in keeping the drill bit cool and removing drilled solids. It

is also used as a soil additive to hold soil water in drought prone soils, to the construction of

earthen dams and levees and to prevent the leakage of fluids. It is also used as a component

offoundry sand and as a desiccant to remove moisture from air and gases.

Montmorillonite clays have been extensively utilized in catalytic processes. Catalytic

cracking catalysts have used montmorillonite clays for over 60 years. Other acid based

catalysts also utilize acid treated montmorillonite clays.

Similar to many other clays, montmorillonite swells with the addition of water. However,

some montmorillonites expand considerably more than other clays due to water penetrating

the interlayer molecular spaces and concomitant adsorption. The amount of expansion is due

largely to the type of exchangeable cation contained in the sample. The presence of sodium as

the predominant exchangeable cation can result in the clay swelling to several times its

original volume. Hence, sodium montmorillonite has come to be used as the majorconstituent in non-explosive agents for splitting rock in natural stone quarries in order to limit
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the amount of waste, or for the demolition of concrete structures where the use of explosive

charges is unacceptable.

This swelling property makes montmorillonite-containing bentonite useful also as an annular

seal or plug forwater wells and as a protective liner forlandfills. Other uses include as an

anti-caking agent in animal feed, in paper making to minimize deposit formation and as aretention and drainage aid component. Montmorillonite has also been used in cosmetics.

Sodium montmorillonite is also used as the base of some cat litter products, due to its

adsorbent and clumping properties.

Calcined clay products

Montmorillonite can be calcined to produce arcillite, a porous, calcined clay sold as a soil

conditioner forplaying fields and other soil products such as for use as bonsai soil as an

alternative to akadama.

Use in medicine and pharmacology

Montmorillonite is effective as an adsorptive of heavy metals.

For external use, montmorillonite has been used to treat contact dermatitis.

Lipid organization

Montmorillonite is also known to cause micelles (lipid spheres) to assemble together

into vesicles. These are structures that resemble cell membranes on many cells. It can also

helpnucleotides to assemble into RNA which will end up inside the vesicles. It has been

demonstrated that this could have generated highly complex RNA polymers that could

reproduce the RNA trapped within the vesicles.[8]This process may have led to the origin of

life on Earth.
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2. Silicate

A silicate is a compound containing an anionic silicon compound. The great majority of

silicates are oxides, but hexafluorosilicate ([sif6]2

) and other anions are also included. Thisarticle focuses mainly on the Si-O anions. Silicates comprise the majority of the earth's crust,

as well as the otherterrestrial planets, rocky moons, and asteroids. Sand, Portland cement,

and thousands ofminerals are examples of silicates. "Orthosilicate" is the anion sio44- or its

compounds. Related to orthosilicate are families of anions (and their compounds) with the

formula [sio2+n]2n-. Important members are the cyclic and single chain silicates {[sio3]

2-}n and

the sheet-forming silicates {[sio2.5]-}n.

Silicate compounds, including the minerals, consist of silicate anions whose charge is

balanced by various cations. Myriad silicate anions can exist, and each can form compounds

with many different cations. Hence this class of compounds is very large. Both minerals andsynthetic materials fit in this class.

Structural principles

In the vast majority of silicates, including silicate minerals, the Si occupies

a tetrahedral environment, being surrounded by 4 oxygen centres. In these structures, the

chemical bonds to silicon conform to the octet rule. These tetrahedra sometimes occur as

isolated SiO44-

centres, but most commonly, the tetrahedra are joined together in variousways, such as pairs (Si2O76-) and rings (Si6O18

12-). Commonly the silicate anions are chains,

double chains, sheets, and three-dimensional frameworks. All these such species have

negligible solubility in water at normal conditions.

Occurrence in solution

Silicates are well characterized as solids, but are less commonly observed in solution. The

anion SiO44- is the conjugate base of silicic acid, Si(OH)4, and both are elusive as are all of

the intermediate species. Instead, solutions of silicates usually observed as mixtures ofcondensed and partially protonated silicate clusters. The nature of soluble silicates is relevant

to understanding biomineralization and the synthesis of aluminosilicates, such as the

industrially important catalysts called zeolites.
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Silicate rock and minerals

In geology and astronomy, the term silicate is used to denote types ofrockthat consist

predominantly ofsilicate minerals. On Earth, a wide variety of silicate minerals occur in an

even wider range of combinations as a result of the processes that form and re-work the crust.

These processes includepartial melting, crystallization, fractionation, metamorphism, weathering anddiagenesis.

Living things also contribute to the silicate cycle near the Earth's surface. A type

ofplankton known as diatomsconstruct theirexoskeletons, known as tests, from silica. The

tests of dead diatoms are a major constituent ofdeep oceansediment.

Silica, orsilicon dioxide, SiO2, is sometimes considered a silicate, although it is the special

case with no negative charge and no need for counter-ions. Silica is found in nature as

the mineral quartz, and its polymorphs.
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3. QuartzQuartz is the second most abundant mineral in the Earth's continental crust, afterfeldspar. Itis made up of a continuous framework of SiO4 siliconoxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen

being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall formula SiO2.

There are many different varieties of quartz, several of which are semi-precious gemstones.Especially in Europe and the Middle East, varieties of quartz have been since antiquity themost commonly used minerals in the making ofjewelry and hardstone carvings.

The word "quartz" is derived from the German word "Quarz" and its Middle HighGerman ancestor "twarc", which probably originated inSlavic (cf. Czech tvrd ("hard"),Polish twardy ("hard")).

Crystal habit and structure

Quartz belongs to the trigonal crystal system. The ideal crystal shape is a six-sided prism terminating with six-sided pyramids at each end. In nature quartz crystals areoften twinned, distorted, or so intergrown with adjacent crystals of quartz or other minerals asto only show part of this shape, or to lack obvious crystal faces altogether and appearmassive. Well-formed crystals typically form in a 'bed' that has unconstrained growth into avoid, but because the crystals must be attached at the other end to a matrix, only onetermination pyramid is present. A quartz geode is such a situation where the void isapproximately spherical in shape, lined with a bed of crystals pointing inward.

-quartz crystallizes in the trigonal crystal system, space groupP3121 andP3221

respectively. -quartz belongs to the hexagonal system, space groupP6222 andP6422,respectively.[7]These spacegroups are truly chiral (they each belong to the 11enantiomorphous pairs). Both -quartz and -quartz are examples of chiral crystal structurescomposed of achiral building blocks (SiO4 tetrahedra in the present case). The transformation

between - and -quartz only involves a comparatively minor rotation of the tetrahedra withrespect to one another, without change in the way they are linked.
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Major varieties of quartz

Chalcedony

Cryptocrystalline quartz and moganite mixture. The term is generally only

used for white or lightly colored material. Otherwise more specific names areused.

Agate Multi-colored, banded chalcedony, semi-translucent to translucent

Onyx Agate where the bands are straight, parallel and consistent in size.

Jasper Opaque cryptocrystalline quartz, typically red to brown

Aventurine Translucent chalcedony with small inclusions (usually mica) that shimmer.

Tiger's Eye Fibrous gold to red-brown colored quartz, exhibiting chatoyancy.

Rock crystal Clear, colorless

Amethyst Purple, transparent

Citrine Yellow to reddish orange to brown, greenish yellow

Prasiolite Mint green, transparent

Rose quartz Pink, translucent, may display diasterism

Rutilated

quartzContains acicular(needles) inclusions ofrutile

Milk quartz White, translucent to opaque, may display diasterism

Smoky quartz

Brown to gray, opaque

Carnelian Reddish orange chalcedony, translucent

Dumortierite

quartzContains large amounts ofdumortierite crystals
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4.FeldsparFeldspars(KAlSi3O8NaAlSi3O8CaAl2Si2O8) are a group of rock-

forming tectosilicate minerals that make up as much as 60% of theEarth's crust.

Feldspars crystallize from magma in both intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks, as veins, andare also present in many types ofmetamorphic rock. Rock formed almost entirely of

calcic plagioclase feldspar (see below) is known as anorthosite. Feldspars are also found in

many types ofsedimentary rock.

Compositions

This group of minerals consists of frameworktectosilicates. Compositions of major elements

in common feldspars can be expressed in terms of three endmembers:

Potassium-Feldspar (K-spar) endmemberKAlSi3O8

Albite endmemberNaAlSi3O8

Anorthite endmemberCaAl2Si2O8

Solid solutionsbetween K-feldspar and albite are called alkali feldspar.[2]Solid solutions

between albite and anorthite are calledplagioclase,[2]or more properlyplagioclase feldspar.

Only limited solid solution occurs between K-feldspar and anorthite, and in the two other

solid solutions, immiscibility occurs at temperatures common in the crust of the earth. Albite

is considered both a plagioclase and alkali feldspar. In addition to albite, barium feldspars are

also considered both alkali and plagioclase feldspars. Barium feldspars form as the result of

the replacement of potassium feldspar.

Alkali feldspars

The alkali feldspars are as follows:

orthoclase (monoclinic)KAlSi3O8 sanidine (monoclinic)(K,Na)AlSi3O8

microcline (triclinic)KAlSi3O8 anorthoclase (triclinic)(Na,K)AlSi3O8Sanidine is stable at the highest temperatures, and microcline at the lowest. Perthite is atypical texture in alkali feldspar, due toexsolution of contrasting alkali feldspar compositionsduring cooling of an intermediate composition. The perthitic textures in the alkali feldspars ofmany granites can be seen with the naked eye. Microperthitic textures in crystals are visibleusing a light microscope, whereas cryptoperthitic textures can be seen only with an electronmicroscope.
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5.MicaThe mica group of sheet silicate (phyllosilicate) minerals includes several closely relatedmaterials having close to perfect basal cleavage. All are monoclinic, with a tendency towards

pseudohexagonal crystals, and are similar in chemical composition. The nearly perfect

cleavage, which is the most prominent characteristic of mica, is explained bythe hexagonal sheet-like arrangement of its atoms.

The word "mica" is derived from the Latin wordmica, meaning "a crumb", and probablyinfluenced bymicare, "to glitter".

Mica classification

Chemically, micas can be given the general formula[2]

X2Y46Z8O20(OH,F)4

in whichXis K, Na, orCa or less commonly Ba, Rb, orCs;

Yis Al, Mg, orFe or less commonly Mn, Cr, Ti, Li, etc.;

Zis chiefly Si or Al, but also may include Fe3+or Ti.

Structurally, micas can be classed as dioctahedral (Y= 4) and trioctahedral (Y= 6). IftheXion is K or Na, the mica is a "common" mica, whereas if theXion is Ca, the mica isclassed as a "brittle" mica.

Properties and uses

The mica group represents 37 phyllosilicate minerals that have a layered or platy texture. Thecommercially important micas are muscovite and phlogopite, which are used in a variety ofapplications. Micas value is based on several of its unique physical properties. The

crystalline structure of mica forms layers that can be split or delaminated into thin sheetsusually causing foliation in rocks. These sheets are chemically inert, dielectric, elastic,

flexible, hydrophilic, insulating, lightweight, platy, reflective, refractive, resilient, and rangein opacity from transparent to opaque. Mica is stable when exposed to electricity, light,moisture, and extreme temperatures. It has superior electrical properties as an insulator and asa dielectric, and can support an electrostatic field while dissipating minimal energy in theform of heat; it can be split very thin (0.025 to 0.125 millimeters or thinner) whilemaintaining its electrical properties, has a high dielectric breakdown, is thermally stable to500 C, and is resistant to corona discharge. Muscovite, the principal mica used by theelectrical industry, is used in capacitors that are ideal for high frequency and radio frequency.Phlogopite mica remains stable at higher temperatures (to 900 C) and is used in applicationsin which a combination of high-heat stability and electrical properties is required. Muscoviteand phlogopite are used in sheet and ground forms.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_cleavagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclinichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mica#Latinhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mica#Latinhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mica#Latinhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mico#Latinhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mico#Latinhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mico#Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mica#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mica#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mica#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubidiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate_mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foliation_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_dischargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_dischargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foliation_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate_mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubidiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mica#cite_note-2http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mico#Latinhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mica#Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclinichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_cleavagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate


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6. Alumina Octahedron

Aluminium and/or magnesium ions are the key cations in the second type of sheet. An

aluminium (or magnesium) ion surrounded by six oxygen atoms or hydroxyl group gives an

eight sided building block termed octahedron. Numerous octahedra linked together

horizontally comprise the octahedral sheet. An aluminum dominated sheet is known as adioctahedral sheet, whereas one dominated by magnesium is called a trioctahedral sheet. The

distinction is due to the fact that two aluminum ions in a dioctahedral sheet satisfy the same

negative charge from surrounding oxygen and hydroxyls as three magnesium ions in a

trioctahedral sheet.

The tetrahedral and octahedral sheets are the fundamental structural units of silicate clays.

They, in turn, are bound together within the crystals by shared oxygen atoms into different

layers. The specific nature and combination of sheets in these layers vary from one type of

clay to another and largely control the physical and chemical properties of each clay.


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7.KaoliniteKaolinite is a clay mineral, part of the group ofindustrial minerals, with the chemicalcomposition Al2Si2O5(OH)4. It is a layered silicate mineral, with one tetrahedral sheet linkedthrough oxygen atoms to one octahedral sheet ofalumina octahedra. Rocks that are rich in

kaolinite are known as kaolin orchina clay.

The name is derived from Chinese Kao-Ling, a village nearJingdezhen, Jiangxiprovince, China. The name entered English in 1727 from the French version of theword: kaolin, following Francois Xavier d'Entrecolles's reports from Jingdezhen. In Africa,kaolin is sometimes known as kalaba (in Gabon and Cameroon), calaba,and calabachop (in Equatorial Guinea).

Kaolinite has a low shrink-swell capacity and a low cation exchange capacity (1-15meq/100 g). It is a soft, earthy, usually white mineral (dioctahedral phyllosilicate clay),

produced by the chemical weathering ofaluminium silicate minerals like feldspar. In many

parts of the world, it is colored pink-orange-red by iron oxide, giving it a distinct rust hue.Lighter concentrations yield white, yellow or light orange colors. Alternating layers aresometimes found, as at Providence Canyon State Parkin Georgia, United States. Commercialgrades of kaolin are supplied and transported as dry powder, semi-dry noodle or asliquid slurry.

Chemistry

Structural transformations

Kaolinite group clays undergo a series of phase transformations upon thermal treatment in airat atmospheric pressure. Endothermic dehydroxylation (or alternatively, dehydration) beginsat 550600 C to produce disordered metakaolin, Al2Si2O7, but continuous hydroxylloss (-OH) is observed up to 900 C and has been attributed to gradual oxolation of themetakaolin. Because of historic disagreement concerning the nature of the metakaolin phase,extensive research has led to general consensus that metakaolin is not a simple mixture ofamorphous silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3), but rather a complex amorphous structure thatretains some longer-range order (but notstrictly crystalline) due to stacking of its hexagonallayers.

2 Al2Si2O5(OH)4 2 Al2Si2O7 + 2 H2O.

Further heating to 925950 C converts metakaolin to an aluminium-silicon spinel,Si3Al4O12, which is sometimes also referred to as a gamma-alumina type structure:

2 Al2Si2O7 Si3Al4O12 + SiO2.

Upon calcination to ~1050 C, the spinel phase (Si3Al4O12) nucleates and transformsto mullite, 3 Al2O3 2 SiO2, and highly crystallinecristobalite, SiO2:

3 Si3Al4O12 2 Si2Al6O13 + 5 SiO2.
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Uses

The largest use is in the production of paper, including ensuring the gloss on some grades ofpaper.

In April 2008, the US Naval Medical Research Institute announced the successful use of akaolinite-derivedaluminosilicate nanoparticle infusion in traditional gauze, knowncommercially as QuikClot Combat Gauze.

Kaolin is or was also used:

In ceramics. It is generally the main component in porcelain. In toothpaste As a light diffusing material in white incandescent light bulbs In cosmetics As paint to extend titanium dioxide (tio2) and modify gloss levels; For its semi-reinforcing properties in rubber In adhesives to modify rheology. The production of common smoking pipes in europe and asia In organic farming, as a spray applied to crops to deterinsect damage, and in the case

of apples, to prevent sun scald.

As whitewash in traditional stone masonry homes in nepal. The most commonmethod is to paint the upper part with white kaolin clay and the middle with red clay.

The red clay may extend to the bottom, or the bottom may be painted black. As a filler in edison diamond discs. As an indicator in radiological dating since kaolinite can contain very small traces

ofuranium and thorium.

To soothe an upset stomach, similar to the way parrots (and later, humans) in southamerica originally used it. More recently, industrially-produced kaolinite preparationswere formerly common for treatment ofdiarrhea; the most common of thesewas kaopectate, which abandoned the use of kaolin in favor ofattapulgite and then (inthe united states)bismuth subsalicylate (the active ingredient in pepto-bismol).

For facial masks or soapAccording to the American National Precast Concrete Association metakaolin is asupplementary cementitious material (SCM) acting as a pozzolan. When added to a concretemix, metakaolin accelerates the hydration ofPortland cement and takes part in the pozzolanicreaction with the portlandite formed in the hydration of the main cement minerals (e.g. alite).
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8.IlliteIllite is a non-expanding, clay-sized, micaceous mineral. Illite is a phyllosilicate or layered

alumino-silicate. Its structure is constituted by the repetition of tetrahedronoctahedron

tetrahedron (TOT) layers. The interlayer space is mainly occupied by poorly hydrated

potassium cations responsible for the absence of swelling, even though its structure isconstituted by TOT layers. Structurally illite is quite similar to muscovite with slightly

more silicon, magnesium, iron, and water and slightly less tetrahedral aluminium and

interlayerpotassium. The chemical formula is given as

(K,H3O)(Al,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10[(OH)2,(H2O)], but there is considerable ion substitution. It

occurs as aggregates of small monoclinic grey to white crystals. Due to the small size,

positive identification usually requires x-ray diffraction or SEM-EDS (automated

mineralogy) analysis. Illite occurs as an alteration product of muscovite

and feldsparin weathering andhydrothermal environments; it may be a component ofsericite.

It is common in sediments, soils, and argillaceous sedimentary rocks as well as in some lowgrade metamorphic rocks. The iron rich member of the illite group, glauconite, in sediments

can be differentiated by x-ray analysis.

The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of illite is smaller than that ofsmectitebut higher than

that ofkaolinite, typically around 2030 meq/100 g.

Illite was first described for occurrences in the Maquoketa shale in Calhoun County, Illinois,

USA, in 1937. The name was derived from its type location in Illinois.

Illite is also called hydromica or hydromuscovite. Brammallite is a sodium rich analogue.

Avalite is a chromiumbearing variety which has been described form Mt.

Avala, Belgrade, Serbia.

Illite crystallinity

The crystallinity of illite has been used as an indicator of metamorphic grade in clay-bearing

rocks metamorphosed under conditions between diagenesis and low-grade

metamorphism.With increasing temperature, illite is thought to undergo a transformation

intomuscovite.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micaceoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclinichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_diffractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_mineralogyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_mineralogyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldsparhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatheringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sericitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_rockshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic_rockshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glauconitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smectitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calhoun_County,_Illinoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brammallitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagenesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagenesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brammallitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calhoun_County,_Illinoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smectitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glauconitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic_rockshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_rockshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sericitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatheringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldsparhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_mineralogyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_mineralogyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_diffractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclinichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micaceoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay

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