Construção Sustentável - Chapter 2B

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    Blme`l g` cblm9Sblufmn gn l`bn-gbm snfmr (mprnx. ;?) jn Snfstcbng` Bjv`rjn (;= G`z`lkrn) jm Wnrr` T`rg`

    Blme`l g` kmbxn9Sblufmn gn l`bn-gbm snfmr (mprnx. 50) jn Snfstcbng` T`rn (;= Iujon) jm Wnrr` T`rg`

    M [@F@TJCBM GMS G@CBS@S WNLMGMS @SCMFM GNXFMJ@ML@JWN P[KMJN, lmbs ulm v`z, `scmfm gn pfmj`ml`jtn urkmjn qu` t`lnsm npnrtujbgmg` g` g`dbjbr m bjsnfmn gms dmcomgms gns `gbdcbnsomkbtmcbnjmbs, pmrm png`r emrmjtbr tngns ns gbms n mc`ssn m'onrms g` snf' jn bjt`rbnr g` cmgm omkbtmn. S` `xbst` ul

    lnl`jtn `l qu` m g`cbsn gm nrb`jtmn g` `gbdcbnsg`stbjmgns mn usn r`sbg`jcbmf cmk` s `qubpms prni`ctbstms,`jtn, jul cfblm cnln n jnssn, dmz tngn n s`jtbgn prbvbf`ebmr-s` s`lpr` m nrb`jtmn m Suf. `stm m nrb`jtmn qu` lmbsnptblbzm ns emjons snfmr`s mn fnjen g` tngn n mjn pnrqu`,s`l qumfqu`r bjt`rv`jn pnr pmrt` gns omkbtmjt`s, `st`s`gbdcbns cnjs`eu`l s`r lubtn lmbs cnjdnrtv`bs, r`guzbjgn,sbluftmj`ml`jt`, ms sums j`c`ssbgmg`s `j`retbcms. Mnrb`jtmn m Suf p`rlbt` gbd`r`jcbmr `jtr` T`rn ` Bjv`rjn,g`bxmjgn `jtrmr n snf pmrm ns `spmns bjt`rbnr s mtrmvs gmsr`ms jvbgrmmgms, mp`jms jn Bjv`rjn - qumjgn k`l-vbjgn,s`l bjdfu`jcbmr ns custns g` ulm cnjstrun jnvm.

    S` m dmcomgm prbjcbpmf g` ul gbdcbn nrb`jtmgm m Suf, r`suftm,jnrlmfl`jt`, qu` m dmcomgm npnstm dbcm nrb`jtmgm m Jnrt`.Jm cnjc`pn g` `gbdcbns, ` qumjgn ms cnjgbcbnjmjt`s np`rlbt`l, blpnrtmjt` crbmr tbpnfnebms omkbtmcbnjmbs qu`tmlkl usudruml g` mlkms ms nrb`jtm`s, pnrqu` t`rnmfeujs k`j`dcbns cfbltbcns blpnrtmjt`s. G`v`l, jn `jtmjtn,lbjblbzmr-s` ms omkbtm`s cnl nrb`jtmn mp`jms m Jnrt`,pnrqu` jn png`rn smtbsdmz`r n gbr`btn m onrms g` snf g`jtrng` cmsm, qu` ul gbr`btn cnlul m tngns.

    Xmrm ns `gbdcbns nrb`jtmgns m Jmsc`jt` ` m Xn`jt`, `xbst` ulcnjiujtn g` crbtrbns gbd`r`jt`s m cnjsbg`rmr, pnrqu`, `lcnlpmrmn cnl m nrb`jtmn Suf, m gbstbjn `jtr` T`rn `Bjv`rjn jn tn lmrcmgm. Mn fnjen gn mjn, j`stms nrb`jtm`s,n snf jmsc` ` p`-s` s`lpr` kmbxn, vmrbmjgn mp`jms n fncmfnjg` jmsc` ` s` p`. Mssbl, ` pnrqu` ns rmbns snfmr`sprnv`jb`jt`s g` Jmsc`jt` ` g` Xn`jt` sn lmbs bjt`jsnspr`cbsml`jt` gurmjt` n T`rn, qumjgn jn sn g`s`imgns,tnrjm-s` ss`jcbmf bjstmfmr sbst`lms g` snlkr`ml`jtn xt`rbnrpmrm cnjtrnfmr nu `fblbjmr m sum p`j`trmn. ]umjgn s`prncurm prni`ctmr n cnjdnrtn mlkb`jtmf, blpnrtmjt` qumjtbdbcmrn k`j`dcbn gns emjons snfmr`s prnv`jb`jt`s g`stms nrb`jtm`s,

    l`sln qu` jn t`joml n l`sln blpmctn gm nrb`jtmn Suf.Jn jnssn cfblm, snkr`tugn ns mfmgns nrb`jtmgns m Xn`jt`g`v`l s`r `xtr`lml`jt` k`l prnt`ebgns pmrm jnprnpnrcbnjmr l emjons snfmr`s `xc`ssbvns gurmjt` n T`rn- ulm gms l`gbgms kbncfbltbcms gm mrqubt`cturm trmgbcbnjmf,blpf`l`jtmgm g` dnrlm sbst`ltbcm. @l cmsms mf`jt`imjms,pnr x`lpfn, ns mfmgns nrb`jtmgns m Xn`jt` pnssu`l jm sumlmbnrbm vns p`qu`jns.

    @FBLBJMN G@ SNLK[MS X@[LMJ@JW@S X[NI@CWMGMSSNK[@ MS DMCOMGMS N[B@JWMGMS M SPF

    Cmgm `gbdcbn prni`ctm ulm snlkrm p`rlmj`jt`, snlkrm `stmqu` s` vmb trmjsdnrlmjgn l dujn gn jeufn snfmr, l cmgmlnl`jtn, `l cmgm gbm ` cmgm `stmn gn mjn. Ms snlkrms

    p`rlmj`jt`s prni`ctmgms pnr `gbdcbns png`l s`r cmfcufmgms,cnjsbg`rmjgn n s`u vnful` ` n lnvbl`jtn gn snf ` snp`rd`btml`jt` pr`vbsv`bs. m gbstjcbm `jtr` ns `gbdcbns qu`g`t`rlbjm s` brn `xbstbr snlkrms p`rlmj`jt`s prni`ctmgmssnkr` ms dmcomgms g` nutrns `gbdcbns. Gurmjt` n prnc`ssn g`pfmj`ml`jtn urkmjn g`v` s`r cnjsbg`rmgm m gbstjcbm cnrr`ctmqu` p`rlbt` `fblbjmr tmbs snlkrms prni`ctmgms snkr` msdmcomgms Suf g` `gbdcbns g` omkbtmn, prbjcbpmfl`jt` gurmjt`n Bjv`rjn. Jn gmgm beumf r`f`vjcbm s snlkrms prni`ctmgmssnkr` ms dmcomgms g` `gbdcbns g` s`rvbns ` g` cnlrcbn,pnrqu` n cnjdnrtn qu` `st`s nd`r`c`l mns s`us utbfbzmgnr`s bjdfu`jcbmgn pnr nutrns dmctnr`s g`t`rlbjmjt`s.

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    Mpnjtml`jtn9 pnssv`f md`rbr pnr drlufm lmt`ltbcm m gbstjcbm bg`mf `jtr` `gbdcbns nrb`jtmgns m Suf, s`lpr` qu` s`pr`t`jgm `fblbjmr snlkrms prni`ctmgms snkr` vns `jvbgrmmgns g` mpmrtml`jtns, l`sln gurmjt` n gbm

    ;= g` G`z`lkrn (;? - jeufn snfmr ljbln l Xnrtuemf)9 O 8,4 g + oS`jgn9 O - Mfturm gn `gbdcbn ; (`gbdcbn qu` snlkr`bm), g - Gbstjcbm `jtr` `gbdcbns,o - Mfturm gn pbsn 8 gn `gbdcbn = (l`gbgm `jtr` m cntm g` snf`brm ` n pmvbl`jtn gn pbsn =).

    @l `gbdcbns nrb`jtmgns m Suf, j`c`ssrbn cnjsbg`rmr msnlkrm qu` cmgm `gbdcbn prni`ctm snkr` n prxbln,cnjsbg`rmjgn n jeufn snfmr g` Bjv`rjn (;? `l lgbm, `lXnrtuemf, m ;= g` G`z`lkrn) ` m mfturm gn con m pmrtbr gmqumf `xbst`l vns `l omkbtm`s qu` jn s` pr`t`jg`snlkr`mr, emrmjtbjgn, g`stm dnrlm, qu` dbqu` smfvmeumrgmgn

    n gbr`btn gms l`slms m 'onrms g` snf'. Cnl kms` j`st`spmrl`trns, r`suftm ulm drlufm pmrm `gbdcbns g` omkbtmnqu` g`v`r s`r mssulbgm jns pfmjns g` urkmjbzmn ` jnsprni`ctns g` fnt`ml`jtn pmrm qu`, s`l mul`jtmr ns custnsg` cnjstrun, s` pnssm cnjtrbkubr pmrm l`fonrmr n s`ug`s`lp`jon j`retbcn-mlkb`jtmf.

    M `xbstjcbm g` snlkrms prni`ctmgms, pnr `d`btn g` `f`l`jtnsg` nkstrun, mn fnjen gn mjn snkr` ulm dmcomgm nrb`jtmgmm Suf, `fblbjm ns k`j`dcbns mssncbmgns m `stm nrb`jtmn.Mssbl, qumjgn `scnfo`lns m fncmfbzmn pmrm ul `gbdcbn(mssulbjgn qu` t`lns m pnssbkbfbgmg` g` n nrb`jtmr m Suf), blpnrtmjt` md`rbr s` `xbst`l nutrms `gbdbcm`s nu vnful`sg` qumfqu`r jmtur`zm m crbmr kmrr`brm mns rmbns snfmr`s snkr`m dmcomgm Suf g` omkbtm`s, prbjcbpmfl`jt` gurmjt` n Bjv`rjn.

    N cnjc`btn gn gbr`btn m 'onrms g` snf' jn bjt`rbnr g` ulmomkbtmn blpnrtmjt` gurmjt` n Bjv`rjn, lmbs gn qu` `lqumfqu`r nutrm stmn gn mjn, pnrqu` prbjcbpmfl`jt` j`stmmfturm qu` ns rmbns snfmr`s s` tnrjml ul vmfnr mcr`sc`jtmgnjn bjt`rbnr gms omkbtm`s. Wrmtm-s` g` ul gbr`btn qu` `str`fmcbnjmgn cnl n k`l-`stmr psbcnfebcn, lms tmlkl cnln cnjdnrtn `, pnr bssn, cnl n k`l-`stmr dbsbnfebcn. Emrmjtbrqu` ns k`j`dcbns gm nrb`jtmn s`iml smfvmeumrgmgns `co`eu`l mn utbfbzmgnr dbjmf , `l prbl`brn fuemr, ulmr`spnjsmkbfbgmg` qu` r`cmb snkr` n pfmj`ml`jtn urkmjn.

    @squ`lm gm nrb`jtmn gns prbjcbpmbs `spmns g`p`rlmjjcbm `l qumtrn mpmrtml`jtns jul pbsntbpn jn `gbdcbn Wnrr` T`rg` cnl sblufmn gn

    p`rcursn snfmr mjumf.

    Onl`l Lqubjm | Xmrqu` @xpn

    Onl`l Lqubjm | Xmrqu` @xpn

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    BJW[NGPN G@ SNLK[MS SMYNJMBS SNK[@ DMCOMGMSN[B@JWMGMS M SPFMn cnjtrrbn gn Bjv`rjn, qumjgn j`c`ssrbn vbtmr ms snlkrmsprni`ctmgms, jn T`rn tnrjm-s` g`s`iv`f `xbstbr`l snlkrms,`l `sp`cbmf qumjgn t`lns `spmns g` fmz`r ` g` `stmr jn`xt`rbnr, cnjteuns dmcomgm nrb`jtmgm m Suf.

    Xnr `st` lntbvn, `xtr`lml`jt` pnsbtbvm m pr`s`jm g`rvnr`s, mrkustns ` tr`pmg`brms g` dnfom cmgucm qu`, cnl msum dnfome`l, crbml `stms snlkrms mp`jms gurmjt` m dms`gn mjn `l qu` m snlkrm g`s`imgm. Fbk`rtm gm dnfome`lgurmjt` n Bjv`rjn, `stm v`e`tmn jn crbm kmrr`brm pmrm nsrmbns snfmr`s, g`bxmjgn-ns `jtrmr mtrmvs gms r`ms`jvbgrmmgms nrb`jtmgms m Suf. Gurmjt` n T`rn, m dnfome`lp`rlbt` ul lmbnr snlkr`ml`jtn gms sup`rdcb`s ` r`guz nsemjons snfmr`s.

    blpnrtmjt` `jvnfv`r n Mrqubt`ctn Xmbsmebstm jm `sp`cbdbcmngms `spcb`s s qumbs gmgm m dujn g` cnjtrbkur`l pmrmn cnjdnrtn mlkb`jtmf gn `gbdcbn ` gns `spmns cnjteuns`xt`rbnr`s, pnrqu` gm knm r`fmn gm `jvnfv`jt` gn `gbdcbncnl m jmtur`zm s` png`rn tbrmr cnjsbg`rv`bs lmbs-vmfbms.

    N[B@JWMN GNS @SXMNS G@ X@[LMJJCBM M SPF,JMSC@JW@ @ XN@JW@M nrb`jtmn Suf p`rlbt` ulm lmbnr p`j`trmn gn snf g`Bjv`rjn ` ulm r`guzbgm p`j`trmn gn snf g` T`rn. G`stmdnrlm, ms imj`fms g` ul mfmgn nrb`jtmgn m Suf cnjs`eu`lprnpnrcbnjmr mn bjt`rbnr gn `gbdcbn ul mcrscbln g` cnjdnrtntrlbcn, tmjtn jn Bjv`rjn, qumjgn n cmfnr gn snf k`l-vbjgn,cnln jn T`rn, qumjgn ns emjons snfmr`s jn sn g`s`imgns,j`l j`c`ssrbns. @stm l`gbgm t`l ul pnt`jcbmf g` l`fonrmr`l mt 38% ms j`c`ssbgmg`s `j`retbcms g` ul `gbdcbn,r`fmcbnjmgms cnl n cnjdnrtn trlbcn, snkr`tugn qumjgn mssncbmgm m nutrms l`gbgms pmssbvms. Wrmtm-s` g` ulm l`gbgmcnjgbcbnjmgm p`fns bjstrul`jtns g` pfmj`ml`jtn urkmjn,s`lpr` qu` s` g`dbjm m nrb`jtmn gns `gbdcbns. J`l s`lpr` pnssv`f g`t`rlbjmr, `l r`ms urkmjms cnjsnfbgmgms, mnrb`jtmn gns gbdcbns jns qumbs bjt`rvblns, pnrqu` n l`bn`gbdbcmgn i dnb g`dbjbgn pmrtbgm. J`st`s cnjt`xtns, blpnrtmjt`cnjsbg`rmr m bjcbgjcbm gns rmbns snfmr`s `l tngms msnrb`jtm`s `xbst`jt`s, pmrm nptblbzmr n cnjdnrtn jnsr`sp`ctbvns spmns bjt`rbnr s.

    Nrb`jtmr cnrr`ctml`jt` ns `spmns g` p`rlmjjcbm gn `gbdcbn`l dujn gn p`rcursn snfmr p`rlbt` ul l`fonrmprnv`btml`jtn gm `j`rebm r`jnvv`f gn snf cnln dnjt` g`cnjdnrtn pmrm `st`s `spmns.

    Jn fmynut bjt`rbnr gns `spmns g` p`rlmjjcbm sn,`vbg`jt`l`jt`, tbgms `l cnjsbg`rmn tngms ms cnjgbcbnjmjt`spr`vbstms pmrm n `gbdcbn, k`l cnln tngms ms `xbejcbmsdujcbnjmbs. N mprnv`btml`jtn gm nrb`jtmn snfmr tnrjm-s` tnblpnrtmjt`, qumjtn m cnjsbg`rmn gn pmjnrmlm. Nutrncnjtrbkutn pmrm mul`jtmr m qumfbgmg`, qu` ns `spmns g`

    p`rlmjjcbm nd`r`c`l mns utbfbzmgnr`s dbjmbs, m crbmn g`ulm vmrb`gmg` g` mlkb`jt`s (`jtr` znjms mn snf ` znjms snlkrm) qu` vl mn `jcnjtrn gms `xp`ctmtbvms gns utbfbzmgnr`sgn gbdcbn fo`s prnpnrcbnjml ulm scnfom lmbs gbv`rsbdbcmgm.

    Plm cnrtbjm g` pfmjtms g` dnfom cmgucm, ul mfp`jgr` jcnk`rtng` v`e`tmn nu mp`jms ulm cnlpmctm r`m cnl mrkustnsiujtn m ulm dmcomgm nrb`jtmgm m Jmsc`jt`, Suf nu Xn`jt`cnjstbtub ul `spmn g` mt`jumn cfbltbcm qu`, pmrm mfl

    g` cnjtrbkubr pmrm mul`jtmr n cnjdnrtn mlkb`jtmf, tnrjm lmbsmtrmctbvm m p`rlmjjcbm jns `spmns mgimc`jt`s.

    Xnr ul fmgn, blpnrtmjt` prnlnv`r n mul`jtn gmkbngbv`rsbgmg` `l tngns ns cnjt`xtns urkmjns `l qu` s`cnjs`eu` crbmr ul `spmn qu` p`rt`jm jmtur`zm `, pnrnutrn fmgn, blpnrtmjt` crbmr p`qu`jns `cnssbst`lms -pfmjtmjgn sblpf`sl`jt` ulm rvnr`, ul mrkustn, ulmtr`pmg`brm, ul imrgbl g` cnk`rturm, nu l`sln ulm dmcomgmr`v`stbgm cnl `spcb`s v`e`tmbs.

    @stn m s`r g`s`jvnfvbgns jnvns sbst`lms pmrm n r`v`stbl`jtng` dmcomgms cnl `f`l`jtns v`e`tmbs - pmrm pmr`g`s npmcms` pmrm imj`fms - cuin nki`ctbvn mprnv`btmr ms mft`rm`sdbsbnfebcms g`stms `spcb`s, `d`btn gm sum mgmptmn s`stm`s gn mjn, dmvnr`c`jgn g`st` lngn n cfblm jn bjt`rbnrgns `gbdcbns.

    Mpnjtml`jtn9M tbrmjbm gm v`fom r`erm gn mctumf [`eufml`jtn E`rmf gms @gbdbcm`s Prkmjms qu` nkrbem m ul gbstmjcbml`jtn g` 70 `jtr` `gbdcbns,s`l qumfqu`r r`d`rjcbm nrb`jtmn snfmr, blpnssbkbfbtm m crbmn g` spmns lmbs prnt`ebgns gm rmgbmn snfmr - tpbcns ` mg`qumgnsm cfblms `l qu` o j`c`ssbgmg` g` prnt`e`r gn cmfnr ` m `fblbjmn g` snlkrms prni`ctmgms `l mfmgns nrb`jtmgns m Suf, g` `gbdcbnsg` omkbtmn.

  • 8/14/2019 Construo Sustentvel - Chapter 2B

    10/37=75

    ;.7.; X[NXN[N MG@]PMGM GMS [@MS @JTBG[MMGMS,W@JGN @L CNJSBG@[MN M N[B@JWMN SNFM[

  • 8/14/2019 Construo Sustentvel - Chapter 2B

    11/37=7?

    N gbl`jsbnjml`jtn gms r`ms `jvbgrmmgms, `l dujn gmnrb`jtmn snfmr ` r`suftmjt` gns cfcufns trlbcns, ulml`gbgm qu` cnjtrbkub cnjsbg`rmv`fl`jt` pmrm n cnjdnrtn `l`spmns bjt`rbnr s.

    m prnpnrn mg`qumgm gms r`ms `jvbgrmmgms qu` t`l `l

    cnjsbg`rmn m vmrbmn gn p`rcursn gn snf gurmjt` ms qumtrn`stm`s gn mjn, cnjdnrl` g`t`rlbjml m cmpmcbgmg` g`p`j`trmn gm rmgbmn snfmr jns `spmns bjt`rbnr`s ` mr`sp`ctbvm cmptmn gn s`u cmfnr. @stm cmpmcbgmg` g` cmptmrm `j`rebm gn snf ul gns prbjcbpmbs cnjtrbkutns pmrm ncnjdnrtn qu` ns `spmns bjt`rbnr`s nd`r`c`l ` ul gnsprbjcbpmbs r`spnjsv`bs pmrm r`guzbr m dmcturm `j`retbcm.Ms r`ms `jvbgrmmgms sn m cnlpnj`jt` gn `gbdcbn qu`p`rlbt` m bjt`rmcn lmbs gbr`ctm cnl n cfblm, g`v`jgn s`r

    mg`qumgms mn r`sp`ctbvn cfblm. Jn Bjv`rjn, qumjgn jns`jcnjtrmlns prxblns g` ulm imj`fm, g`jtrn g` cmsm, ` nsnf krbfom, s`jtblns bjstmjtmj`ml`jt` n blpmctn g` cmfnr gmrmgbmn snfmr. Xmrm mfcmjmr cnjgb`s g` cnjdnrtn jn bjt`rbnrncnrr` ul `qubfkrbn `jtr` ms r`ms r`c`ptbvms - qu` r`me`lmn cfblm g` dnrlm bjstmjtj`m - ms r`ms npmcms - qu`, p`fmsum `stmkbfbgmg`, mt`juml n blpmctn gms bjcbgjcbms `xtr`lmsgn cfblm. Xnr `st` lntbvn, jmturmf qu` ulm cnjstrunsust`jtv`f t`jom sbgn mg`qumgm mn cfblm `l qu` bm s`rbjs`rbgm, prncurmjgn n `qubfkrbn `jtr` ms pmr`g`s npmcms `

    ms r`ms r`c`ptbvms mns rmbns snfmr`s. @st` qubfkrbn g`v` s`rcmfcufmgn p`fn @je`jo`brn Wrlbcn g` xtr`lm blpnrtjcbmpmrm n Mrqubt`ctn, m pmrtbr gns prbl`brns `sknns ` cnjc`btnsqu` g`s`jvnfv` pmrm n prni`ctn.

    M sblufmn nu cfcufn gn g`s`lp`jon j`retbcn-mlkb`jtmf

    ul prnc`ssn `vnfutbvn qu` mcnlpmjom m cnjc`pn gn`gbdcbn, gm l`slm dnrlm qu` n m c`rtbdbcmn `j`retbcm.N prbl`brn bjput gn @je`jo`brn Wrlbcn tnrjm-s` j`c`ssrbn,fnen qu` ms prbl`brms bg`bms `st`iml lmt`rbmfbzmgms `l`sknns ` `jqumjtn n prni`ctn mbjgm `st `l dms` g`cnjc`pn. Mn fnjen gn prnc`ssn, `st`s bjputs qu` vbsmlm nptblbzmn gn g`s`lp`jon gn duturn `gbdcbn, png`lr`suftmr, pnr `x`lpfn, jul mul`jtn gms r`ms `jvbgrmmgmsnrb`jtmgms m Suf (pmrm mul`jtmr`l ns emjons snfmr`s gbr`ctns

    gurmjt` n Bjv`rjn) cnlp`jsmr r`ms jvbgrmmgms nrb`jtmgmsm Jnrt` (qu` vn mul`jtmr ms p`rgms trlbcms), cnjc`kbgmspmrm prbvbf`ebmr ulm vbstm.

    M qumfbgmg` n g`s`lp`jon gms r`ms jvbgrmmgms t`l ulermjg` p`sn jn culprbl`jtn gns jnvns r`eufml`jtns ` sncrucbmbs pmrm s` mfcmjmr ulm c`rtbdbcmn `j`retbcm Cfmss`M.

    Wnrr` T rg` Xmrqu` gms Jm`s . Mfmgn Jnrt` Wnrr` T`rg` Xmrqu` gms Jm`s . Mfmgn Jmsc`jt`

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    12/37=72

    TNS @JTBG[MMGNS N[B@JWMGNS M SPFCnln jn sn g`s`imgns emjons snfmr`s gurmjt` ns l`s`slmbs qu`jt`s, `lknrm s`iml `xtr`lml`jt` k`l-vbjgnsgurmjt` ns l`s`s lmbs drbns, m nrb`jtmn Suf (qumjgn pnssv`f) m lmbs k`jdbcm. ]umfqu`r vn nrb`jtmgn m Suf p`rlbt` m`jtrmgm gns rmbns snfmr`s gurmjt` ns l`s`s `l qu` n snf

    `st lmbs kmbxn (Bjv`rjn) ` `fblbjm m `jtrmgm gns rmbns snfmr`squmjgn st lmbs mftn (T`rn).

    @l Xnrtuemf c`jtrmf, n cfblm nkrbem m qu`, jul `gbdcbnr`sbg`jcbmf, m prnpnrn gm r`m g` mfmgn Suf ncupmgm pnrvns `jvbgrmmgns jn sup`r` ns 30%. O, `vbg`jt`l`jt`,ul cnjiujtn g` dmctnr`s qu` png`rn s`r qumjtbdbcmgns `g`dbjbgns mp`jms mtrmvs gns cfcufns gn @je`jo`brn Wrlbcn,cnjtugn, `stm `stblmtbvm (gns 30% g` `jvbgrmmgns) png`r

    s`rvbr g` kms` bjgbcmtbvm.

    Ms r`ms `jvbgrmmgms nrb`jtmgms m Suf g`v`l s`r s`lpr`lujbgms g` sbst`lms g` snlkr`ml`jtn xt`rbnr qu` p`rlbtmlcnjtrnfmr n ermu g` fulbjnsbgmg` ` m qumjtbgmg` g` rmbnssnfmr`s gbr`ctns qu` p`j`trml m omkbtmn, s`l cmusmr mp`rgm gm vbstm j`l, tn pnucn, m fbk`rgmg` g` v`jtbfmr (v`rSnlkr`ml`jtns @xt`rbnr`s).

    TNS @JTBG[MMGNS N[B@JWMGNS M JMSC@JW@ @ XN@JW@J`stms nrb`jtm`s jn s` v`rbdbcm ulm gbd`r`jm mc`jtumgmgn jeufn snfmr pmrm m nrb`jtmn gn vn, pnr sb s, gbstbjeubr`jtr` ms `stm`s gn mjn g` ulm dnrlm pmssbvm. Xnr `st`lntbvn, `st`s vns j`c`ssbtml g` prnt`cn - gurmjt` nBjv`rjn, jqumjtn tngns ns emjons snfmr`s sn k`l-vbjgns,

    `st`s vns s`rvbrn iustml`jt` pmrm g`bxmr jtrmr tngn n cmfnrgn snf, pnrl, gurmjt` ns l`s`s lmbs qu`jt`s, snkr`tugn mnrb`jtmn m Xn`jt` j`c`ssbtm g` s`r lubtn prnt`ebgm - nus`im, snlkr`mgm p`fn xt`rbnr. Jul gbdcbn k`l cnjc`kbgn,n snkr`mqu`cbl`jtn ul d`jl`jn lubtn rmrn(cnrr`spnjg`jgn m l`jns gn qu` ;,0% gn t`lpn) ` r`suftm,lubtms v`z`s, gm bjcbgjcbm gns rmbns snfmr`s prnv`jb`jt`sg` Xn`jt`. Gurmjt` ns l`s`s lmbs qu`jt`s gn mjn, mnrb`jtmn Xn`jt` pnssub m cmrmct`rstbcm g` png`r r`c`k`r

    emjons snfmr`s julm mfturm `l qu` `st`s jn sn, g` tngn,k`l-vbjgns, pnrqu` n cmfnr mculufmgn gurmjt` tngn n gbm ismturnu m cmpmcbgmg` g` mksnrn ` mculufmn gm lmssmtrlbcm gn `gbdcbn (v`r Bjrcbm Wrlbcm). Xnr bssn, blpnrtmjt`qu` n gbl`jsbnjml`jtn gns vns cnl m nrb`jtmn Xn`jt`s`im m lmbs cnjs`rvmgnrm. Wmlkl m prnt`cn p`fn `xt`rbnrg`st`s vns g`v`r s`r `qumcbnjmgm fnen pmrtbgm.

    Wnrr` T`rg` Xmrqu` gms Jm`s . Mfmgn Suf Wnrr` T`rg` Xmrqu` gms Jm`s . Mfmgn Xn`jt`

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    TNS @JTBG[MMGNS N[B@JWMGNS M JN[W@J`stm nrb`jtmn, ms r`ms jvbgrmmgms m Jnrt` tl ul p`snblpnrtmjt` jn kmfmjn `j`retbcn gn `gbdcbn, pnrqu` sn r`msqu` tl p`rgms jujcm tl emjons j`retbcns. @l gbdcbnsg` omkbtmn, `st`s vns p`rlbt`l emrmjtbr m knm v`jtbfmnjmturmf gns `spmns. Dnrj`c`l mbjgm mns `spmns bjt`rbnr`s

    ulm xc`f`jt` bfulbjmn jmturmf gbdusm, mprnv`btmjgn m fuzprnv`jb`jt` gm mkkmgm c`f`st` ` `vbtmjgn n `xc`ssn g` fuzsnfmr gbr`ctm, qu` cmrmct`rstbcm gms nutrms nrb`jtm`s. Lms`xbst`l nutrms rmz`s pmrm mul`jtmr stms r`ms jvbgrmmgms9ulm vbstm prbvbf`ebmgm, pnr `x`lpfn, png` iustbdbcmr n mul`jtngm r`m `jvbgrmmgm nrb`jtmgm m Jnrt` `, s`lpr` qu` tmfmcnjt`m, blpnrtmjt` r`mvmfbmr n `qubfkrbn efnkmf gn `gbdcbngn pnjtn g` vbstm gns emjons ` gms p`rgms `j`retbcms. Plmul`jtn g` r`m `jvbgrmmgm nrb`jtmgm m Jnrt` png` s`r

    cnlpf`l`jtmgm pnr ul mul`jtn mg`qumgn gm r`m`jvbgrmmgm nrb`jtmgm m Suf, m qumjtbdbcmr p`fn @je`jo`brnWrlbcn.

    TNS @JTBG[MMGNS Y@JBWMBS - CFM[MKBMSMs cfmrmkbms, qumjgn n pfmjn gm r`m jvbgrmmgm s` mprnxblmgn onrbznjtmf, sn vns qu` nd`r`c`l ulm bfulbjmn lubtn`sp`cbmf ` k`l-vbjgm jns gbms lmbs drbns g` Bjv`rjn, pnrlsn vns `xtr`lml`jt` p`rbensns jn cnjt`xtn cfbltbcn g`Xnrtuemf, pnrqu` ns rmbns snfmr`s sn g`lmsbmgn bjt`jsnsgurmjt` lubtns gbms gn mjn, r`suftmjgn l snkr`mqu`cbl`jtnpnr cnjs`qujcbm gn `d`btn studm.

    N snkr`mqu`cbl`jtn cnjstbtub n prbjcbpmf rbscn gms cfmrmkbms,rbscn `st` qu` t`l g` s`r cnlpf`tml`jt` `fblbjmgn mtrmvsgm v`jtbfmn jmturmf qu` g`v`l p`rlbtbr, gm qumfbgmg` gnvbgrn gupfn mpfbcmgn, k`l cnln mtrmvs g` sbst`lms `dbcmz`sg` snlkr`ml`jtn `xt`rbnr.

    Jn `jtmjtn, s`lpr` qu` dnr`l tbgms `l cnjsbg`rmn l`gbgmsqu` mt`ju`l ns pnssv`bs `d`btns j`emtbvns g`snkr`mqu`cbl`jtn, ms cfmrmkbms png`l t`r ul pmp`f lubtn`jrbqu`c`gnr pmrm m qumfbgmg` g` bfulbjmn jn `spmn qu`mgnrjml.

    pnssv`f, cnjtugn, crbmr jms cnk`rturms r`ms `jvbgrmmgmsqu` s` mprnxbl`l gn pfmjn v`rtbcmf. @, j`st` cmsn, t`rntrmtml`jtn bgjtbcn mn qu` dnb mjt`rbnrl`jt` g`scrbtn,cnjsnmjt` m nrb`jtmn snfmr.

    Gmgm m sum fncmfbzmn - jms cnk`rturms - blpnrtmjt` qu`n vn, k`l cnln n sbst`lm g` snlkr`ml`jtn, p`rlbtml s`rnp`rmgns gbstjcbm (lmjumf nu `fctrbcm).

    @l `spmns cnl ulm r`m g` `jvbgrmmgn z`jbtmf ermjg`, lubtn blpnrtmjt` qu` `st` pnssm s`r bjt`ermfl`jt` mk`rtn

    pmrm `vbtmr ns emjons snfmr`s `xc`ssbvns qu` r`suftml gn`d`btn `studm.

    Nrb`jtm`s gns pfmjns v`rtbcmbs9Suf

    Xn`jt`Jmsc`jt`Jnrt`

    N erdbcn s`eubjt` r`pr`s`jtm m bjcbgjcbm lgbm mjumf gm rmgbmn snfmr`l =l;g` pfmjn v`rtbcmf pmrm m r`ebn g` Fbsknm cnjsnmjt` ms nrb`jtm`sg` `xpnsbn ` njg` s` png` cnjstmtmr qu` m nrb`jtmn Suf m qu`mpr`s`jtm lmbnr nptblbzmn gns emjons snfmr`s cnjsnmjt` n p`rngngn mjn.

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    14/37=0=

    ;.7.3 CMB_BFOM[BMS G@ ]PMFBGMG@

  • 8/14/2019 Construo Sustentvel - Chapter 2B

    15/37=0;

    M cmbxbfomrbm n `f`l`jtn g` trmjsbn `jtr` ms r`ms npmcms` ms r`sp`ctbvms r`ms `jvbgrmmgms gm `jvnfv`jt` g` ul`gbdcbn g` omkbtmn. Cnln tmf, ` mp`smr g` r`pr`s`jtmr ulmprnpnrn r`fmtbvml`jt` p`qu`jm jm jvnfv`jt`, ms duj`sgm cmbxbfomrbm sn `xtr`lml`jt` blpnrtmjt`s pmrm n `gbdcbn.M cmbxbfomrbm supnrtm ns pmbjbs g` vbgrn gupfn qu` cnjstbtu`l

    ms r`ms `jvbgrmmgms, tmjtn jm sum pnsbn d`comgm cnlnjms sums gbv`rsms pnsb`s mk`rtms, emrmjt` m `stmjqubcbgmg`gns `spmns bjt`rbnr`s, mksnrv` ns lnvbl`jtns gspmr`s (pnr`x`lpfn, m dnrm gn v`jtn) cnl ns s`us `f`l`jtns rebgnsgbstbjtns ` cnjtrbkub mssbl pmrm m nptblbzmn gn g`s`lp`jon`j`retbcn-mlkb`jtmf gn `gbdcbn.

    Xmrm mfl g`stms duj`s `ss`jcbmbs, m cmbxbfomrbm, cnjiuemgmcnl d`rrme`js g` qumfbgmg`, png`r tnrjmr lmbs bjt`r`ssmjt`

    ` gbv`rsbdbcmr m r`fmn `jtr` n bjt`rbnr ` n `xt`rbnr, pnt`jcbmjgnmft`rm`s jm gbl`jsn ` gbstrbkubn gns `spmns (v`rTmrmjgms Df`xv`bs).

    Mn fnjen gm ftblm gcmgm, tmf cnln ms cmrmct`rstbcms tcjbcmsgns vbgrns, ms cmbxbfomrbms tmlkl sndr`rml ulm ermjg``vnfun t`cjnfebcm. M `stmjqubcbgmg` gm cmbxbfomrbm ulmgms `vnfu`s pnsbtbvms pnrqu` p`rlbt` cnjtrnfmr, g` dnrlm`dbcmz, n bjt`rclkbn g` cmfnr ` drbn `jtr` n bjt`rbnr ` n `xt`rbnr.Lms `stm `stmjqubcbgmg` nkrbem m g`dbjbr m `strmtebm gmv`jtbfmn jmturmf, p`fn l`jns pmrm emrmjtbr ms r`jnvm`sg` mr, `ss`jcbmbs pmrm m smfukrbgmg` gn mr bjt`rbnr. Cnl ulmcmbxbfomrbm lmbs `stmjqu`, ms r`jnvm`s g` mr `ss`jcbmbspng`l s`r cnjs`eubgms pnr v`jtbfmn jmturmf `, qumjgn `stmjn g`s`imgm, mtrmvs g` er`foms g` v`jtbfmn (bjcnrpnrmgms

    jn vn `jvbgrmmgn) ` / nu g` ulm v`jtbfmn l`cjbcmmg`qumgm.

    Cmrmct`rstbcms m t`r `l cnjsbg`rmn jm `sp`cbdbcmn gmcmbxbfomrbm9

    : N ermu g` stmjqubcbgmg` gm cmbxbfomrbm qu` nkrbem m emrmjtbrr`jnvm`s g` mr pnr nutrm vbm1

    : N lmt`rbmf qu` cnjstbtub n cmbxbfon g`v` s`r tn r`cbcfv`fqumjtn pnssv`f - g`v`jgn s`r prbvbf`ebmgns ns mcmkml`jtnslmbs dc`bs g` r`cbcfmr, cnln n cmsn gn mfuljbn mjngbzmgn,dmc` mn t`rlnfmcmgn1

    : N lmt`rbmf qu` cnjstbtub n cmbxbfon g`v` t`r sbgn, `l pmrt`,

    r`cbcfmgn - jn cmsn gn mfuljbn, g`sbejm-s` pnr mfuljbns`cujgrbn. M prnpnrn gn lmt`rbmf r`cbcfmgn bjcnrpnrmgns`r bjgbcmgm p`fn dnrj`c`gnr ` g`v`r s`r sup`rbnr m 08%. tmlkl bjt`r`ssmjt` s`r bjdnrlmgn, pnr pmrt` gn dnrj`c`gnr,qumf m prnpnrn g` lmt`rbmf r`cbcfmgn prnv`jb`jt` g` prvbmsmpfbcm`s (p`fn l`jns 78% s`r mfuljbn prnv`jb`jt` g`g`lnfb`s) ` qumf m prnpnrn prnv`jb`jt` gn prnc`ssn g`dmkrbcn (mt 48% png`l s`r g`sp`rgcbns g` dmkrbcn).

    @lknrm m cmbxbfomrbm cnl cnrt` trlbcn pmr`m t`r ulmqumfbgmg` cn`r`jt` cnl ms l`gbgms g` nptblbzmn trlbcmusmgms jm cnjc`pn gn `gbdcbn, `fm g`v` s`r cnjt`lpfmgmt`jgn l mt`jn n s`eubjt`9

    S`qujcbm g` np`rmn gns sbst`lms g` snlkr`ml`jtn `xt`rbnr g`sg` m pnsbn cnl `xcfusn gm rmgbmn gbr`ctm jns `spmns bjt`rbnr`s, `vbtmjgnemjons snfmr`s g`sj`c`ssrbns prbvbf`ebmjgn m vbstm ` n cnjtmctn cnl n `xt`rbnr, mt sum tntmf mk`rturm.

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    =03

    Jn f`qu` g` cnlpnrtml`jtns g` ul `gbdcbn `l qu` s`mpfbcmrml ms l`gbgms gm cnjstrun sust`jtv`f (nukbncfbltbcms) o mfeujs `l qu`, pnr dnrm gm t`lp`rmturm`xt`rbnr `stmr lubtn lmbs kmbxm gn qu` m t`lp`rmturm jnbjt`rbnr (jn Bjv`rjn, l`sln s`l s` utbfbzmr n sbst`lm g`mqu`cbl`jtn c`jtrmf, o lnl`jtns `l qu` png`lns dmfmr

    g` ul gbd`r`jcbmf prxbln g` ;8 ermus c`jtermgns), j`c`ssrbn t`r cubgmgns sp`cbmbs. M oulbgmg` qu` s` jcnjtrmsusp`jsm jn mr bjt`rbnr, prnv`jb`jt` g` s` mculufmr`l n`d`btn `vmpnrmtbvn gms mctbvbgmg`s oulmjms cnl kmbxmsr`jnvm`s g` mr ` m t`lp`rmturm cnjg`jsmr qumjgn mtbje`sup`rdcb`s lmbs drbms (j`st` cmsn, ms cmbxbfomrbms ` ns vns`jvbgrmmgns, mjt`s gms pmr`g`s). J`st`s lnl`jtns g` lmbnrcnjtrmst` g` t`lp`rmturm `jtr` n bjt`rbnr ` n `xt`rbnr, qu`cnbjcbg`l cnl m pncm gn mjn `l qu` l`jns v`z`s mkrblns

    ms imj`fms, ms entms g` eum, i cnjg`jsmgms, scnrr l p`fmcmbxbfomrbm `lknrm pnssml s`r fblpms `l qumfqu`r lnl`jtn.S` utbfbzmrlns ulm cmbxbfomrbm g` cnrt` trlbcn, `stmcnjg`jsmn t`jg` m mpmr`c`r l`jns jns cmbxbfons png`jgn,jn `jtmjtn, mpmr`c`r jnutrns pnjtns cnl ulm t`lp`rmturmsup`rdbcbmf bjd`rbnr, cnln n ulm pmr`g` `struturmf, nu `lpnjtns g` gbdcbf vbsn nu g` gbdcbf mc`ssn pmrm fblp`zm.

    CM[MCW@[SWBCMS M W@[ @L CNJSBG@[MN JM

    @SX@CBDBCMN GMS D@[[ME@JS `xtr`lml`jt` blpnrtmjt` qu`, p`fn l`jns ulm imj`fm `lcmgm `spmn g` ulm omkbtmn pnssum ul sbst`lm g` mk`rturmqu` p`rlbtm m v`jtbfmn `jqumjtn s` `st mus`jt`.Jnrlmfl`jt` `stm dujn cnjs`eubgm qumjgn sn`sp`cbdbcmgms d`rrme`js nscbfn-kmt`jt`s - p`rlbtbjgn

    mft`rjmgml`jt` qu` m r`sp`ctbvm imj`fm mkrm nu kmscuf`.Ms imj`fms g` cnrr`r, cnl m vmjtme`l g` g`smpmr`c`r`lpmrm n fmgn pmrm n qumf cnrr`l, dmz`l cnl qu` m r`fmn`jtr` bjt`rbnr ` `xt`rbnr s`im r`mfbzmgm s`l kmrr`brms. Oni` od`rrme`js pmrm imj`fms g` cnrr`r qu` p`rlbt`l n lnvbl`jtnkmscufmjt` pmrm v`jtbfmn.

    M pnsbn kmscufmjt` blpnrtmjt` pnrqu` p`rlbt` v`jtbfmrns `spmns, s`l ml`mmr m s`eurmjm gns l`slns, dmc` mulm t`jtmtbvm g` bjtrusn.

    @l `gbdcbns cnl lmbs g` ul pbsn, tmlkl blpnrtmjt`cnjtrnfmr n mc`ssn m vmrmjgms ` mn `xt`rbnr - pmrm n qu``xbst`l puxmgnr`s cnl comv` qu` p`rlbt`l v`gmr m mk`rturmgms imj`fms m crbmjms, s`lpr` qu` j`c`ssrbn. Wngms ms

    imj`fms g`v`l dmcbfbtmr m r`sp`ctbvm fblp`zm p`fn bjt`rbnr `p`fn `xt`rbnr, s`l cnfncmr `l rbscn qu`l m `x`cutmr.

    Mdbjmr imj`fms j`c`ssrbn mqumjgn gm sum bjstmfmn `, pnrv`z`s, mps mfeujs mjns g` utbfbzmn.

    LMJPW@JNXmrm dmcbfbtmr m sum lmjut`jn fblp`zm, blpnrtmjt` qu`tngms ms imj`fms p`rlbtml m mk`rturm ` n mc`ssn m mlkms msdmc`s.

    S`qujcbm g` mk`rturms pnssv`bs `l imj`fm nscbfn-kmt`jt`. Gm `squ`rgm pmrm m gbr`btm9 mk`rturm `l kmscufmjt` s`eubgm g` d`con ` mk`rturm fmt`rmf.

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    ;.7.7 TBG[NS GPXFNS G@ ]PMFBGMG@

    =00

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    =04

    Ms r`ms `jvbgrmmgms sn ns pnjtns g` lmbnr cnjtmctn `jtr`n bjt`rbnr gm omkbtmn ` n cfblm `xt`rbnr. Sn tmlkl ulgns `f`l`jtns cnjstrutbvns qu`, gurmjt` ms ftblms gcmgms,lmbs k`j`dbcbnu g` ul g`s`jvnfvbl`jtn `ss`jcbmf lmrcmjt`.@st` g`s`jvnfvbl`jtn t`cjnfebcn tnrjnu n vbgrn (s`lpr`gupfn) lmbs sndbstbcmgn ` g`u-fo` qumfbgmg`s qu` cnjtrbku`l

    pmrm nptblbzmr n g`s`lp`jon `j`retbcn-mlkb`jtmf gns`gbdcbns, mn pnjtn g` `xbstbr`l sbst`lms `jvbgrmmgns qu`mtbje`l ul ermu g` g`s`lp`jon `j`retbcn sblbfmr mn g`ulm pmr`g` lmcbm vufemr.

    Cnl n mul`jtn gm s`f`ctbvbgmg` `l r`fmn mn qu` pmssm gn`xt`rbnr pmrm n bjt`rbnr (` vbc` v`rsm), i pnssv`f g`bxmrcr`sc`r ms r`ms jvbgrmmgms l prnpnrn s r`ms npmcmsgm dmcomgm pmrm nkt`r, jn bjt`rbnr, ul lmbnr ermu g`

    fulbjnsbgmg`, s`l pr`iugbcmr n g`s`lp`jon `j`retbcn-mlkb`jtmf gn `gbdcbn. Lms pmrm emrmjtbr`l n cnjdnrtn ` pmrmpng`r`l culprbr n jnvn `jqumgrml`jtn, f`emf, ms ermjg`sr`ms jvbgrmmgms qu`, s`l gvbgm, cnjstbtu`l ul sbjjblng` lng`rjbgmg` ` g` sndbstbcmn, g`v`l pnssubrcmrmct`rstbcms tcjbcms lubtn prprbms. Cnl n nki`ctbvn g`cnjt`r n cnjsuln g` `j`rebm ` ms r`sp`ctbvms `lbss`s g`CN;pmrm m mtlnsd`rm ` g` bjt`rmebr g` dnrlm pnsbtbvm cnl njnssn cfblm, j`c`ssrbn qu` s` `stmk`f`m ul `qubfkrbn

    mg`qumgn `jtr` r`ms npmcms (pmr`g`s cuim bjrcbm trlbcmmrlmz`jm m t`lp`rmturm lgbm gn cfblm) r`ms jvbgrmmgms(qu` p`rlbtml ulm bjt`rmcn bl`gbmtm cnl m rmgbmn snfmr` m t`lp`rmturm xt`rbnr) jm jvnfv`jt` gn gbdcbn g` omkbtmn. lubtn blpnrtmjt` qu` ns lmt`rbmbs p`smgns jn bjt`rbnr gmomkbtmn t`joml cmpmcbgmg` pmrm mksnrv`r ulm ermjg` pmrt`gn cmfnr qu` p`j`trm mtrmvs gns vns `jvbgrmmgns, lntbvnp`fn qumf n dmctnr snfmr qumjtbdbcm n cmfnr gm rmgbmn snfmrqu` mtrmv`ssm pmrm n bjt`rbnr gns vbgrns ` g`v` s`r g`dbjbgncnjsnmjt` m bjrcbm trlbcm gbspnjv`f.

    Xmrm mfcmjmrlns ul `xc`f`jt` g`s`lp`jon `j`retbcn-mlkb`jtmf, n @je`jo`brn Wrlbcn t`r qu` s`r jvnfvbgn j`st`prnc`ssn g` cnjc`pn - s`jgn `f` qu`l gmr ns cnjtrbkutnsqumjtbtmtbvns, tmjtn jn qu` gbz r`sp`btn gbl`jsn gns vns,cnln `sp`cbdbcmn gn sbst`lm, s`lpr` sui`btn mg`s`jvnfvbl`jtn t`cjnfebcn. N qu` p`rlmj`c` vbstm g`tngns, mp`jms m cmrmct`rstbcm gn vbgrn bjcnfnr, mbjgm m`scnfom pr`d`r`jcbmf pmrm `gbdcbns g` omkbtmn, ulm v`z qu`p`rlbt` m `jtrmgm g` tngm m fulbjnsbgmg` gbspnjv`f pmrm nbjt`rbnr gm omkbtmn.

    Cnl`jtrbn g`9 [bcmrgn SPlm gms cmrmct`rstbcms `j`retbcms r`f`vmjt`s g` ul vbgrn n s`u cn`dbcb`jt` g` trmjslbssn trlbcm (dmctnr P), qu` jns bjdnrlm snkr`m cmpmcbgmg` g` bsnfml`jtn trlbcn gn vbgrn (qumjtn l`jnr dnr `st` cn`dbcb`jt` lmbnr n jv`f g` bsnfml`jtn prnpnrcbnjmgn p`fn vbgrn).

    M s`f`cn g` vbgrns cnl vmfnr`s g` P kmbxns `sp`cbmfl`jt` blpnrtmjt` jn cmsn g` `jvbgrmmgns g` ermjg`s gbl`js`s `/nu `l`jvbgrmmgns g` lgbms gbl`js`s, iujtn mns qumbs s` pr`v`im omv`r ulm ncupmn p`rlmj`jt`.

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    : N cn`dbcb`jt` g` trmjslbssn fulbjnsm gn vbgrn g`v` s`rn mg`qumgn pmrm ms mctbvbgmg`s qu` s` `x`rc`l jn bjt`rbnr1

    : M r`fmn `jtr` m trmjslbssn fulbjnsm ` n dmctnr snfmr lubtn r`f`vmjt` s`jgn g`sbejmgm pnr jgbc` g` s`f`ctbvbgmg`` cmfcufmgm, gbvbgbjgn m trmjslbssn fulbjnsm p`fn dmctnr

    snfmr1

    : Ms prnprb`gmg`s g` s`eurmjm ` g` r`sbstjcbm l`cjbcmgn pmbj`f g` vbgrn gupfn, `l qu` p`fn l`jns ul gns vbgrnsg`v` r`sbstbr mn blpmctn l`cjbcn gn v`jtn ` pr`cmv`r mbjtrusn nu l`sln m qu`krm1

    : N ermu g` r`sbstjcbm suibgmg` gn vbgrn `xt`rbnr, qu`cnjtrbkub pmrm r`guzbr m lmjut`jn, k`l cnln m utbfbzmn

    g` qulbcns m lpr`emr jm sum fblp`zm.

    Cnjsbg`rmjgn m nrb`jtmn snfmr, ms gbl`js`s gn vn ` nusn gns `spmns pnr `f` prnt`ebgns, ms cmrmct`rstbcms tcjbcmsgns pmbjbs g` vbgrn qu` g`t`rlbjml m r`fmn lmbs gbr`ctm`jtr` n bjt`rbnr ` n `xt`rbnr, g`v`l nk`g`c`r g`dbjbn gn@je`jo`brn Wrlbcn. Nrb`jtm`s snfmr`s gbd`r`jt`s jull`sln `gbdcbn, r`l`t`l pmrm m utbfbzmn g` ul vbgrn cnlnutrms cmrmct`rstbcms tcjbcms.

    ]PMFBGMG@S GN TBG[N M CNJSBG@[M[ JN MCWN G@@SX@CBDBCMN@xbst` ul cnjiujtn g` qumfbgmg`s jnvms qu` r`suftml gng`s`jvnfvbl`jtn t`cjnfebcn gn vbgrn qu` `xtr`lml`jt`blpnrtmjt` t`r `l cnjsbg`rmn jn lnl`jtn g` s`f`ccbnjmrcrbt`rbnsml`jt` n vbgrn pmrm ul gmgn prni`ctn. M `sp`cbdbcmn

    gn vbgrn vmrbm, cnjsnmjt` ns cnjt`xtns sp`cdbcns l qu` s`pr`t`jg` mpfbcmr n pmbj`f g` vbgrn gupfn, gmgn `st` r`pr`s`jtmr,cmgm v`z lmbs, n pmp`f g` ul dbftrn qu` trmjslbt`, tmjtn pmrmn bjt`rbnr cnln pmrm n `xt`rbnr, mp`jms ulm pmrt` cnjtrnfv`fgm rmgbmn. Snkr`tugn jns prni`ctns nu r`mkbfbtm`s `l qu`s` pr`t`jg` mul`jtmr m fulbjnsbgmg` jms gbvbs`s `,cnjs`qu`jt`l`jt`, mul`jtmr ms r`ms `jvbgrmmgms, blpnrtmjt` cnjsbg`rmr ns s`eubjt`s msp`ctns tcjbcns9

    : N cn`dbcb`jt` g` trmjslbssn trlbcm gn vn `jvbgrmmgn(g`sbejmgn pnr dmctnr P) g`p`jg` g` trs dmctnr`sdujgml`jtmbs. Ms cmrmct`rstbcms tcjbcms gns prprbns vbgrnsgupfns, m qumfbgmg` gm cmbxbfomrbm ` n ermu g` prnt`cnnd`r`cbgn p`fn sbst`lm g` snlkr`ml`jtn `xt`rbnr - `st`cnjiujtn g` dmctnr`s g`v` cnjs`eubr r`guzbr ms p`rgms trlbcmsgn bjt`rbnr pmrm n `xt`rbnr, pmrm qu` s`iml crbmgms cnjgb`sg` cnjdnrtn jn bjt`rbnr ` iujtn gn l`sln, ` g`v` cnjtrnfmr nsemjons g` cmfnr gn `xt`rbnr pmrm n bjt`rbnr1

    : N dmctnr snfmr gn vbgrn r`suftm gm snlm gn dfuxn trmjslbtbgn` gn dfuxn brrmgbmgn p`fns rmbns snfmr`s qu` bjcbg`l snkr` nvn - ` g`v` s`r n mg`qumgn pmrm n cnjt`xtn `sp`cdbcn `lqu` n vbgrn mpfbcmgn1

    ]umjtn lmbs prxbln gns 50 ermus (m ;= g` Iujon) dnr n jeufn `l qu`m rmgbmn snfmr bjcbg` snkr` m r`m `jvbgrmmgm, lmbnr s`r m prnpnrng` rmgbmn r`df`ctbgm (tmlkl p`fn dmctn g` n vbgrn s`r lmbs `sp`ssnjm gbmenjmf).

    =05

    ]umjtn lmbs prxbln gns ;? ermus (m ;= g` G`z`lkrn) dnr n jeufn `lqu` m rmgbmn snfmr bjcbg` snkr` m r`m `jvbgrmmgm, lmbnr s`r mprnpnrn g` rmgbmn qu` mtrmv`ssm n vbgrn ` `jtrm pmrm ns `spmnsbjt`rbnr`s.

    Jul vn `jvbgrmmgn nrb`jtmgn m Suf, ns rmbns snfmr`s qu` mtrmv`ssmln vbgrn s`rn, pnr `st` lntbvn, s`lpr` l`jns jn T`rn gn qu` jn Bjv`rjn.

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    =0?

    Mfeulms bjgbcm`s t`bs pmrm m sp`cbdbcmn gn vbgrn, s`lpr`gupfn, jul prni`ctn g` `gbdcbn `l cnjt`xtn urkmjn, jnvn num r`mkbfbtmr, `l qu` ms r`ms `jvbgrmmgms jn uftrmpmssmlns ;0% gm r`m tbf gm omkbtmn ` `l qu`, p`fn l`jns, mspmr`g`s `xt`rjms sn lmcbms, cmpmz`s g` mrlmz`jmr nsemjons snfmr`s trlbcns9

    @l mfmgns nrb`jtmgns m Jnrt` nu qu` `st`imlp`rlmj`jt`l`jt` snlkr`mgns, n dmctnr snfmr jn r`f`vmjt`,s`jgn blpnrtmjt` `sp`cbdbcmr vbgrn cnl ul dmctnr P g` =,=.@l mfmgns nrb`jtmgns m Jmsc`jt`, Xn`jt` ` Suf, n dmctnr Ppng`r s`r =,4, lms n dmctnr snfmr g`v`r s`r beumf nu bjd`rbnrm 8,7.Bg`mfl`jt`, n jgbc` g` s`f`ctbvbgmg` (r`fmn `jtr` mtrmjslbssn fulbjnsm ` n dmctnr snfmr) g`v`rbm s`r ; - n qu`

    pnssv`f mtbjebr cnl ul vmfnr g` trmjslbssn fulbjnsm g`8,? ` ul dmctnr snfmr g` 8,7, k`l cnln cnl ul vmfnr g`trmjslbssn fulbjnsm g` 8,0 ` ul dmctnr snfmr g` 8,;0.M sp`ssurm gns vbgrns gm cmbxm g` mr g`v`r s`r (gn `xt`rbnrpmrm n bjt`rbnr)9 vbgrn cnl ? ll, cmbxm g` mr g` =8 ll vbgrncnl 4 ll - mssbl mss`eurmjgn ulm r`gun g` 30 gK(M) g`rugn gn `xt`rbnr pmrm n bjt`rbnr.Ns vbgrns g`v`rn s`r s`lpr` bjcnfnr`s, pmrm g`bxmr pmssmrtngm m fuz.

    LMJPW@JNXmrm dmcbfbtmr m lmjut`jn fblp`zm, blpnrtmjt` qu` tngmsms imj`fms prnpnrcbnj`l n mc`ssn m mlkms ms dmc`s ` qu` s``sp`cbdbqu` ul vbgrn qu` t`jom f`vmgm r`sbstjcbm suibgmg`.

    N ]P@ G@T@ S@[ @TBWMGNXnr lmbs mtrmctbvn qu` s`im qumfbdbcmgn, `l t`rrbtrbn Xnrtueus,ul `gbdcbn g` omkbtmn pr`gnlbjmjt`l`jt` `l vbgrn s`rs`lpr` sbjjbln g` ul crbl` mlkb`jtmf. L`sln qu` n vbgrnpnssum ms lmbs vnfugms cmrmct`rstbcms tcjbcms gbspnjv`bs,jn s`jtbgn g` nptblbzmr n r`sp`ctbvn g`s`lp`jon `j`retbcn-mlkb`jtmf, m l`jsme`l `sttbcm qu` pmssm `xtr`lml`jt`bjsust`jtv`f. @lknrm, pr`s`jt`l`jt`, `xbstml snfu`s pmrmr`ms `jvbgrmmgms qu` cnjs`eu`l ul g`s`lp`jon qums`cnlpmrv`f mn g` ulm pmr`g`, s rmrml`jt` sn mpfbcmgms,g`vbgn mn `f`vmgn custn cnjlbcn.

    N dnrj`c`gnr g` vbgrns cnjt`lpfm tngns ns msp`ctns r`fmcbnjmgns cnl m cnjstrun sust`jtv`f g`scrbtns jn lkbtn g`stm l`gbgm.Xmrm nkt`r lmbs bjdnrlmn `sp`cbdbcm gn emkbj`t` g` bjdnrlmn ` mpnbn tcjbcn9SMBJW-ENKMBJ Efmss Xnrtuemf, Tbgrn Xfmjn S.M.

    @J =8 Mpmrtmgn =5=3, ;42=-40; Smjtm Brbm g` MznbmW`f9 +30= ;=2 037 488 | Dmx9 +30= ;=2 037 47;@-lmbf9 lat.seepHsmbjt-enkmbj.cnl | www.smbjt-enkmbj-efmss.cnl

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    ;.7.0 SNLK[@ML@JWNS @_W@[BN[@S

    =02

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    Jul `gbdcbn g` omkbtmn, ms imj`fms sn blpnrtmjt`s, pnbssn n `f`l`jtn qu` jns p`rlbt` lmjt`r cnjtmctn vbsumf cnln lujgn `xt`rbnr, dnrj`c`l m `jtrmgm gm fuz jmturmf g` qu`pr`cbsmlns pmrm g`s`lp`jomr ms jnssms mctbvbgmg`s pnrqu`,jn Bjv`rjn, g`bxml `jtrmr n cmfnr gm rmgbmn snfmr qu` mqu`c`ms jnssms cmsms `jqumjtn qu`, jn T`rn, pnssbkbfbtml m

    v`jtbfmn pmrm `fblbjmr mfeul gn cmfnr qu` jn g`s`imlnsg`jtrn g` cmsm.

    Cnln ms imj`fms prnpnrcbnjml ulm r`fmn lmbs gbr`ctm cnln `xt`rbnr, blpnrtmjt` gnt-fms g` ul `f`l`jtn g` prnt`cnp`fn `xt`rbnr, `f`l`jtn `st` qu` p`rlbt` mn utbfbzmgnr cnjtrnfmrms trncms j`retbcms cnl n xt`rbnr, tnrjmjgn m r`fmn lmbsnu l`jns gbr`ctm. Mssbl, ms imj`fms nrb`jtmgms m Jmsc`jt`,Suf ` Xn`jt` g`v`l s`r lujbgms g` sbst`lms g`

    snlkr`ml`jtn `xt`rbnr.

    S`l p`rg`r qumfqu`r gms lmbs-vmfbms qu` ms imj`fms jnsnd`r`c`l, ns sbst`lms g` snlkr`ml`jtn tl ulm dujnprblnrgbmf - m g` cnrtmr m bjcbgjcbm gns rmbns snfmr`s (qumjgn`st`s jn sn g`s`imgns) mjt`s g` mtrmv`ssmr`l n vbgrn -pnrqu`, ulm v`z mtrmv`ssmgn n vbgrn, ns rmbns snfmr`s qu`trmjspnrtml n cmfnr (m rmgbmn trlbcm) mft`rml n s`ucnlprbl`jtn g` njgm ` jn cnjs`eu`l vnftmr m smbr mtrmvs

    gn vbgrn, dbcmjgn g`tbgns jn spmn bjt`rbnr. T rbdbcm-s`, jtn,n d`jl`jn qu` cnjo`c`lns cnln @d`btn g` @studm.@xbst`, jn l`rcmgn, ulm ermjg` vmrb`gmg` g` `f`l`jtns g`prnt`cn qu` sn mpfbcmgns p`fn xt`rbnr g` vns jvbgrmmgns,pmrm r`guzbr`l nu cnjtrnfmr l m bjcbgjcbm gm rmgbmn snfmr9pmfms, k`brmgns, tnfgns, pnrtmgms, v`j`zbmjms, p`rsbmjms,`stnr`s g` jrnfmr, stnr`s l`tfbcns nrb`jtv`bs, ... lms j`ltngns st`s sbst`lms smfvmeumrgml ns msp`ctns qumfbtmtbvnsnu sttbcns pr`t`jgbgns.

    Cnln `sp`cbdbcmgnr`s g` sbst`lms g` snlkr`ml`jtn `xt`rbnr, lubtn blpnrtmjt` qu` s` mvmfb` `xmctml`jt` m dujnpr`t`jgbgm ` qu` s` cnjo`m n cnjt`xtn cufturmf ` cfbltbcnjn qumf `stmlns m bjt`rvbr.

    Msp`ctns m t`r `l cnjsbg`rmn, jm `sp`cbdbcmn gn sbst`lmg` snlkr`ml`jtn `xt`rbnr, t`jgn cnln nki`ctbvn cnjtrnfmrm qumjtbgmg` gm rmgbmn snfmr qu` mtbje` ns spmns bjt`rbnr`s` nptblbzmr n s`u g`s`lp`jon `j`retbcn9

    : N sbst`lm `scnfobgn g`v` prnt`e`r ns vns `jvbgrmmgns

    gm rmgbmn bjg`s`imgm, s`l j`c`ssmrbml`jt` mfcmjmr mncfusn jncturjm (kfmca-nut)1

    : N sbst`lm s`f`ccbnjmgn g`v` p`rlbtbr ulm knm v`jtbfmnjmturmf (cnl m imj`fm mk`rtm), l`sln qumjgn `st` s` `jcnjtrmg`scbgn nrb`jtmgn jm pnsbn g` snlkr`mr1

    : N sbst`lm g`v` p`rlbtbr qu` s` enz` m vbstm, l`sln qumjgns` `jcnjtrm g`scbgn ` nrb`jtmgn jm pnsbn g` snlkr`mr1

    : N sbst`lm g`v` s`r nrb`jtv`f pmrm p`rlbtbr vrbns ermusg` prnt`cn gm rmgbmn snfmr, cnjsnmjt` m bjcfbjmn gnsrmbns snfmr`s1

    : N sbst`lm g`v` s`r dmcbfl`jt` np`rv`f, pr`d`rbv`fl`jt`p`fn bjt`rbnr1

    : Xmrm `vbtmr qu` m rmgbmn trlbcm cmptmgm p`fn prprbn

    `f`l`jtn g` snlkr`ml`jtn s`im trmjslbtbgm pmrm n bjt`rbnr, blpnrtmjt` emrmjtbr ulm gbstjcbm sudbcb`jt` jtr` n f`l`jtng` snlkr`ml`jtn n vn jvbgrmmgn pmrm qu` m v`jtbfmnjmturmf pnssm r`mfbzmr-s`1

    : M ncfusn jncturjm g`v` l`fonrmr n cn`dbcb`jt` g`trmjslbssn trlbcm, cnjtrbkubjgn, jn Bjv`rjn, pmrm bsnfmrt`rlbcml`jt` m `jvnfv`jt` ` r`guzbr ms p`rgms g` cmfnr.

    Fus Cmfbxtn

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    Cnlpmrmn g` cn`dbcb`jt`s g` trmjslbssn trlbcm pmrm gbd`r`jt`stbpns g` vbgrn ` `sp`ssurms `l cmbxbfomrbm l`tfbcm cnl ` s`l sbst`lmsg` ncfusn jncturjm.Gmgns9 Cn`dbcb`jt`s g` Wrmjslbssn Wrlbcm g` @f`l`jtns gm @jvnfv`jt`gns @gbdcbns - FJ@C ;884

    Sblpf s Gupfn 4ll Gupfn =4ll Gupfn g` kmbxm8

    =

    ;

    3

    7

    0

    4

    5

    4

    7.03.2

    3.; 3.0

    ;.2

    3.=

    ;.4

    Cmbxbfomrbm l`tfbcm s`l ncfusn jncturjm

    Cmbxbfomrbm l`tfbcm cnl ncfusn jncturjm

    CN@DBCB@JW@S G@ W[MJSLBSSN W[LBCM G@ IMJ@FMS DB_MS CNLCMB_BFOM[BM L@WFBCM

    Msp`ctns m t`r `l cnjsbg`rmn jm `sp`cbdbcmn gn sbst`lmg` snlkr`ml`jtn `xt`rbnr, t`jgn cnln nki`ctbvn cnjtrnfmrm qumfbgmg` gm bfulbjmn jmturmf qu` mtbje` ns `spmnsbjt`rbnr`s9

    : N sbst`lm `sp`cbdbcmgn g`v` p`rlbtbr cnjtrnfmr n jv`f g`

    fulbjnsbgmg` qu` s` pr`t`jg` mglbtbr pmrm n bjt`rbnr gmomkbtmn, dmcbfbtmjgn m crbmn g` ulm gbv`rsbgmg` g`mtlnsd`rms1

    : N sbst`lm png` t`r ulm dujn gupfm - m pmrt` sup`rbnrgms flbjms png`r r`df`ctbr m bfulbjmn snfmr pmrm n t`ctngn `spmn, gbdujgbjgn-m, dmz`jgn cnl qu` co`eu` mns `spmnslmbs r`cumgns gm omkbtmn `jqumjtn m pmrt` bjd`rbnr gmsflbjms png`r stmr nrb`jtmgm g` dnrlm m nkscur c`r, pmrm

    jn crbmr znjms g` r`df`xn j`l krbfon jms sup`rdcb`s g`trmkmfon1

    : N sbst`lm png` t`r ulm dujn gupfm bjv`rtbgm - m pmrt`sup`rbnr gms flbjms png`r nkscur`c`r ns `spmns bjt`rbnr`s` m pmrt` bjd`rbnr r`df`ctbr, g` dnrlm gbdusm, m rmgbmn snfmr.

    : L`sln qumjgn `st pr`vbstn qu` m np`rmn gn sbst`lmg` snlkr`ml`jtn s` dmm lmjumfl`jt`, blpnrtmjt` d`ctumr,

    s`lpr` qu` pnssv`f, ulm pr-bjstmfmn pmrm `f`ctrbdbcmr msum np`rmn jn duturn ` pmrm cnlmjgmr gbstjcbm, pnrqu`,gurmjt` m `x`cun gm nkrm, ns custns g` `x`cutmr ulm pr-bjstmfmn sn jdblns, qumjgn cnlpmrmgns cnl m sum`x`cun mps n t`rln gm nkrm.

    N sbst`lm g` `stnr`s `xt`rbnr`s nrb`jtv`bs pmrmnkscur`cbl`jtn r`pr`s`jtm ul sbst`lm g` snlkr`ml`jtn`xt`rbnr qu` cnjt`lpfm tngns ns msp`ctns mjt`rbnrl`jt`

    r`d`rbgns. N sbst`lm cnlpnstn pnr fml`fms `l mfuljbncnl mprnxblmgml`jt` 4, ? nu =8 cl g` fmreurm, qu` g`sfbzml`l cmfoms fmt`rmbs, cnlmjgmgms g` dnrlm l`cjbcm (lmjumf)nu pnr ul lntnr `fctrbcn. Xmrm mfl g` ms sukbr (r`cnfo`r)` kmbxmr (g`sc`r), `st` sbst`lm p`rlbt` mbjgm nrb`jtmr msflbjms g` dnrlm m xcfur`l m rmgbmn bjg`s`imgm, v`jtbfmr`lns `spmns bjt`rbnr`s ` g`bxmr`l v`r n `xt`rbnr. [`df`ct` mt?8% gns rmbns snfmr`s ` p`rlbt` cnjtrnfmr m qumfbgmg` gmbfulbjmn jmturmf jn bjt`rbnr.

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    M vmrbmjt` g`st` sbst`lm, qu` nd`r`c` m pnssbkbfbgmg` g`,sbluftmj`ml`jt`, nrb`jtmr ms flbjms `l gnbs jeufnsgbd`r`jt`s, jn s p`rlbt` cnjtrnfmr m fuz qu` `jtrm lms,tmlkl, r`euf-fm. M pmrt` sup`rbnr ` m pmrt` bjd`rbnr gmsflbjms sn nrb`jtv`bs g` dnrlm bjg`p`jg`jt`. Cnl `st`s`stnr`s , pnr `x`lpfn, pnssv`f dmz`r r`df`ctbr m bfulbjmn

    jmturmf pmrm n t`ctn, trmjspnrtmjgn-m pmrm ms r`ms lmbsr`cumgms gns spmns qu` omkbtmlns.

    Nutrm vmrbmjt` g`st` sbst`lm cnlpnstm pnr flbjms xt`rbnr`snrb`jtv`bs, pnrl dbxms - qu` jn r`cnfo`l. @st` sbst`lm g`snlkr`ml`jtn `xt`rbnr png` s`r bjstmfmgn jm v`rtbcmf, pmrmprnt`e`r imj`fms nrb`jtmgms pmrm Xn`jt`, nu jm onrbznjtmf,pmrm prnt`e`r cfmrmkbms.

    Wmlkl ms t`fms sn ulm snfun m cnjt`lpfmr `l sbtum`snjg` jn s` pnssml bjt`ermr sbst`lms g` `stnr`s `xt`rbnr`snrb`jtv`bs g` nkscur`cbl jtn. @lknrm nd`r`ml ulm l`jnrp`rl`mkbfbgmg` mn mr ` vbstm, qumjgn s` `jcnjtrml `lpnsbn g` nkscur`cbl`jtn, trmz`l n k`j`dcbn g` prnt`e`rgn snf ul lmbnr vnful` g` mr. @xbst`l oni` sbst`lms v`rtbcmbsqu` g`sfbzml jul pfmjn, `jtr` cmfoms, pmrmf`fms dmcomgmnu mn cnrpn qu` snlkr`bml, ` `xbst`l beumfl`jt` cnl krmnsprni`ctmjt`s - s`rvbjgn `d`ctbvml`jt` cnln tnfgns.

    Sbst`lms g` snlkr`ml`jtn, cnjsnmjt` m nrb`jtmn snfmr9Xmrm sp`cbdbcmr n sbst`lm g` snlkr`ml`jtn xt`rbnr mg`qumgn blpnrtmjt` cnlpr``jg`r n cnlpnrtml`jtn gn snf - qu` lubtn dcbf g` s`eubr. N jeufn jn qumf n snf bjcbg` snkr` msup`rdcb` gm t`rrm tntmfl`jt` pr`vbsv`f, `lknrm vmrb`cnjsnmjt` m onrm gn gbm ` m `stmn gn mjn.

    CM[MCW@[SWBCMS M X[NCP[M[ JPL SBSW@LM G@SNLK[@ML@JWN @_W@[BN[ XM[M TNS @JTBG[MMGNSN[B@JWMGNS M SPFCnl ul sbst`lm g` flbjms onrbznjtmbs nrb`jtv`bs pnssv`fr`df`ctbr m rmgbmn snfmr bjg`s`imgm qu` bjcbg` snkr` m dmcomgmSuf jtr` ns jeufns g` ;? g` 50 ermus, jqumjtn n prbvbfebn

    g` v`r n pmjnrmlm `jtr` flbjms lmjtbgn, pnrqu` n jeufng` vbsn e`rmfl`jt` onrbznjtmf.

    ]umjgn pnssv`f prni`ctmr pmrm mfl gn pfmjn gm dmcomgm,ms pmfms g` snlkr`ml`jtn ` ns tnfgns r`v`fml s`r ulmsnfun `xtr`lml`jt` `dbcb`jt`. Jns l`s`s `l qu` n snf`st lmbs jer`l`, st`s sbst`lms g` snlkr`ml`jtn prnt`e`lgn snf ul vnful` g` mr qu` s` lmjtl lmbs dr`scn, `prnpnrcbnjm, mn jtrmr jm omkbtmn, ulm s`jsmn g` cnjdnrtn.

    Wmlkl ns sbst`lms cnl flbjms png`rn t`r `st` `d`btn,qumjgn dnr`l bjstmfmgms m ulm lmbnr gbstjcbm gm dmcomgmcnl n vn jvbgrmmgn.

    CM[MCW@[SWBCMS M X[NCP[M[ JPL SBSW@LM G@SNLK[@ML@JWN @_W@[BN[ XM[M TNS @JTBG[MMGNSN[B@JWMGNS M JMSC@JW@ @ M XN@JW@N snf, m Jmsc`jt ` m Xn`jt`, `st s`lpr` kmbxn, gmgn qu`,j`ssms nrb`jtm`s snfmr`s, jmsc` ` s` p` mn jv`f gn

    onrbznjt`. Mssbl, s` pr`t`jg`rlns v`r ulm vbstm j`ssmsnrb`jtm`s, mn l`sln t`lpn qu` `fblbjmlns m bjcbgjcbmgns rmbns snfmr`s, bg`mfl`jt`, n sbst`lm g` snlkr`ml`jtn`xt`rbnr g`v`rbm s`r cnjstbtugn pnr flbjms nrb`jtv`bs jmv`rtbcmf. Flbjms onrbznjtmbs nrb`jtv`bs p`rlbt`l r`df`ctbrtmlkl m rmgbmn snfmr bjg`s`imgm, omv`jgn, j`st` cmsn,qu` pr`scbjgbr gm vbstm qumjgn n snf s` mprnxblm gn onrbznjt`.Ns vns `jvbgrmmgns nrb`jtmgns m Xn`jt` sn, jn jnssncnjt`xtn cfbltbcn, ns qu` l`fonr png`rn cnjtrbkubr pmrm n

    snkr`mqu`cbl`jtn gm omkbtmn. @stm vufj`rmkbfbgmg` dmz cnlqu` `st`s vns t`joml g` usudrubr gm l`fonr snlkr`ml`jtnpnssv`f.

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    X[@T@JN @ LMJPW@JNXmrm dmcbfbtmr m lmjut`jn ` fblp`zm, `ss`jcbmf qu`, cnlms imj`fms mk`rtms, n mc`ssn mn sbst`lm g` snlkr`ml`jtns`im pnssv`f - bg`mfl`jt` m mlkms ms dmc`s.

    blpnrtmjt`, qumjgn n mc`ssn dmc` xt`rbnr gn sbst`lm g`

    snlkr`ml`jtn jn dcbf nu gbr`ctn, qu` s`im pnssv`fg`slnjtmr-s` mqu`fm cnlpnj`jt` qu` cmr`c` g` fblp`zm.Ns sbst`lms g` snlkr`ml`jtn `xt`rbnr`s nrb`jtv`bs g`v`ls`r r`eufmrl`jt` np`rmgns (sukbgns ` g`scbgns, mk`rtns `d`comgns), pmrm qu` ms sums pmrt`s lv`bs s` lmjt`joml mdujcbnjmr. Jn cmsn g` `stnr`s `xt`rbnr`s cnl flbjms g`mfuljbn nrb`jtv`bs, j`c`ssrbn dmz-fns sukbr ` g`sc`rr`eufmrl`jt` , pmrm, g`stm dnrlm, emrmjtbr m df`xbkbfbgmg` gmsdbtms ` g`snkstrubr ms cmfoms mtrmvs gms eubms gms prprbms

    flbjms. S`lpr` qu` m pr`vbsn gm v`fncbgmg` gn v`jtn s`im

    sup`rbnr m 77 al pnr onrm, blpnrtmjt` lmjt`r r`cnfobgnsns `stnr`s g` flbjms g` mfuljbn, mdbl g` emrmjtbr m sumprnt`cn.

    Cmsm l Lnjt`lnr-n-Jnvn

    Xmscmff`

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    N dnrj`c`gnr g` sbst`lms g` snlkr`ml`jtn `xt`rbnr cnjt`lpfm tngns ns msp`ctns g`scrbtns jn lkbtn g`stm l`gbgm.Xmrm nkt`r lmbs bjdnrlmn `sp`cbdbcm gn emkbj`t` g` bjdnrlmn ` mpnbn tcjbcn9C[PYD@[

    Xmrqu` Bjgustrbmf L`rmlmr BB, Mrlmzjs == ` =; Cmkrm Dbem, ;430-875 [bn g` LnurnW`f9 +30= ;=2 ;00 388 | Dmx9 +30= ;=2 ;00 3=8@-lmbf9 bjdnHcruzd`r.pt | www.cruzd`r.pt

    Jntm9Ns snlkr`ml`jtns `xt`rbnr`s sn jnrlmfl`jt` mpfbcmgns mps ns bsnfml`jtns trlbcns p`fn qu` tngms ms dbxm`s g`v`l s`r `x`cutmgmscnl n cubgmgn g` emrmjtbr m `stmjqubcbgmg` eum gm couvm.

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    ;.7.4 BSNFML@JWN W[LBCN MXFBCMGN G@ DN[LMCNJWJPM X@FN @_W@[BN[

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    @l Xnrtuemf n bsnfml`jtn trlbcn utbfbzmgn jm cnjstrung` `gbdcbns g`sg` m gcmgm g` =208 ` ulm cnlpnj`jt``ss`jcbmf pmrm n knl g`s`lp`jon `j`retbcn gns `gbdcbns.Nkrbemtrbn jn s`ctnr gm cnjstrun g`sg` =22=, cnl m `jtrmgm`l vbenr gn prbl`brn [`eufml`jtn gms Cmrmct`rstbcms g`Cnlpnrtml`jtn Wrlbcn gns @gbdcbns ([CCW@) n bsnfml`jtn

    trlbcn tmjtn png` s`r mpfbcmgn p`fn bjt`rbnr gms pmr`g`s gm`jvnfv`jt` g` ul gbdcbn, cnln cnfncmgn jm cmbxm-g`-mr jtr`pmr`g`s gupfms, cnln mbjgm s`r mss`jt` p`fn xt`rbnr g` ul`gbdcbn. W`l utbfbgmg` `l qumfqu`r g`stms mpfbcm`s, lms snkr`tugn julm, mqu`fm p`fn `xt`rbnr gn `gbdcbn, qu` nbsnfml`jtn trlbcn t`l m lmbnr dbccbm.

    Pl sbst`lm g` bsnfml`jtn trlbcn cnl cmrmct`rstbcmstcjbcms ` `sp`ssurm mg`qumgms, mpfbcmgn g` dnrlm cnjtjum` p`fn `xt`rbnr gns `gbdcbns (pmvbl`jtn trr`n, pmr`g`s`jvnfv`jt`s ` cnk`rturms), cnjtrbkub lmbs pmrm m nptblbzmngn g`s`lp`jon `j`retbcn g` ul `gbdcbn, gn qu` qumfqu`rnutrn sbst`lm qubpmrv`f.

    N Bsnfml`jtn Wrlbcn, mpfbcmgn g` lngn cnjtjun ` p`fn`xt`rbnr, mpr`s`jtm ms s`eubjt`s vmjtme`js9

    =) cnjs`eubgm m `fblbjmn g` tngms ms pnjt`s trlbcms,qu` cmusml n mpmr`cbl`jtn g` cnjg`jsm`s `,cnjs`qu`jt`l`jt`, g` dujens l pmr`g`s bjt`rbnr`s (nu lcnlpmrtbl`jtns d`comgns), g`v`jgn, tmjtn n prni`ctn cnln m

    `x`cun, emrmjtbr m cnjtbjubgmg` `d`ctbvm gn bsnfml`jtntrlbcn1

    ;) blprnvv`f ulm l `x`cun, nu s`im, `squ`c`r mcnfncmn g` pfmcms, cnln tn dr`qu`jt`l`jt` mcnjt`c`qumjgn n bsnfml`jtn trlbcn s` `jcnjtrm `scnjgbgn `jtr`

    gnbs pmjns g` tbinfn (pmr`g` gupfm), ulm v`z qu` tngn nbsnfml`jtn trlbcn mpfbcmgn p`fn xt`rbnr p`rlmj`c` vbsv`fgurmjt` m sum mpfbcmn `l nkrm, dmcbfbtmjgn m sum dbscmfbzmn1

    3) M `struturm gn `gbdcbn ` tngns ns lmt`rbmbs p`smgns qu`cnlp`l m `jvnfv`jt` sn prnt`ebgns gns cnjtrmst`s ``xtr`lns g` t`lp`rmturm gms bjt`lprb`s. @stm prnt`cnemrmjt` ulm lmbnr fnje`vbgmg` ` m bjt`erbgmg` dsbcm gnslmt`rbmbs dujgml`jtmbs, pnrqu`, g`stm dnrlm, jn sndr`l

    j`l m d`jgbfomn j`l ms lbcrn-dbssurms tpbcms `l tngm mcnjstrun trmgbcbnjmf. @vbtm-s`, mssbl, qu` `stms lbcrn-dbssurms mksnrvml eum pnr mcn cmpbfmr, eum qu` g`t`rbnrmns lmt`rbmbs, snkr`tugn ns l`tmbs1

    7) N bsnfml`jtn trlbcn, mpfbcmgn g` dnrlm cnjtjum ` p`fn`xt`rbnr, dmz cnl qu` m bjrcbm trlbcm (gns lmt`rbmbs p`smgnsutbfbzmgns jm cnjstrun) dujcbnj` m dmvnr gn cfblm bjt`rbnr,cnjtrbkubjgn pmrm qu` ms t`lp`rmturms jn `gbdcbn s`

    lmjt`joml `stv`bs ` g`jtrn gms mlpfbtug`s trlbcms lgbmsgn cfblm l`gbt`rrjbcn. @st` cnlpnrtml`jtn r`suftm gn dmctngms `jvnfv`jt`s (pmr`g`s `xt`rbnr`s) jn p`rlmj`c`r`l `lcnjtmctn gbr`ctn cnl n `xt`rbnr, `stmkbfbzmjgn ms t`lp`rmturmsjn s`u vmfnr lgbn. Cnl mlkms ms l`gbgms (n bsnfml`jtntrlbcn mpfbcmgn g` dnrlm cnjtjum p`fn `xt`rbnr ` m bjrcbmtrlbcm), ns `xtr`lns gn cfblm l`gbt`rrjbcn jn md`ctml n`qubfkrbn trlbcn jn bjt`rbnr gn `gbdcbn1

    0) @st`s sbst`lms g` bsnfml`jtn trlbcn p`fn `xt`rbnr png`ls`r beumfl`jt` mpfbcmgns jm r`mkbfbtmn g` `gbdcbns qu` jnpnssuml j`joul nu bjsudbcb`jt` bsnfml`jtn trlbcn. S`jgnn sbst`lm mpfbcmgn p`fn xt`rbnr, mp`jms j`c`ssrbn emrmjtbrqu` n l`sln mgbrm p`rlmj`jt`l`jt` sup`rdcb` `xt`rbnr`xbst`jt` ` cubgmr gns pnrl`jnr`s cnjstrutbvns `l vnftm g`vns, jms cblmfoms ` k`brmgns1

    4) N msp`ctn cnl qu` dbcmr, png`r s`r mqu`f` qu` s` g`s`imr- cnl mcmkml`jtn `l r`kncn pbjtmgn (`l qumfqu`r cnr), g`r`v`stbl`jtn `l p`grm (cnfmgm nu dbxmgm l`cmjbcml`jt`), g`tbinf`brm g` kurrn...1

    5) N [`eufml`jtn gms Cmrmct`rstbcms g` Cnlpnrtml`jtnWrlbcn gns @gbdcbns ([CCW@) r`vbstn, G`cr`tn-F`b ?8/84 g`7 g` Mkrbf, cnjt`lpfm m cnjtrbkubn gms pnjt`s trlbcms pmrmn kmfmjn j`retbcn j`emtbvn gn gbdcbn nkrbem m snfu`squ` lbjblbz`l ms pnjt s trlbcms, cnln cnjs`eubgn p`fnssbst`lms g` bsnfml`jtn trlbcn mpfbcmgns g` dnrlm cnjtjum` p`fn `xt`rbnr.

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    @xbstbjgn jn l`rcmgn gbv`rsns sbst`lms g` bsnfml`jtn trlbcnqu` s` mpfbcml p`fn `xt`rbnr, blpnrtmjt` smfvmeumrgmr mss`eubjt`s cmrmct`rstbcms qu` vmrbml cnjdnrl` n sbst`lm, `mcnjs`fomr-s` cnl n prni`ctbstm m qu`l cmk` `sp`cbdbcmr nsbst`lm. @st`, pnr sum v`z, nktl ms emrmjtbms gn dnrj`c`gnr9

    : N bsnfml`jtn trlbcn utbfbzmgn (png`r s`r pnfb`stbr`jn`xpmjgbgn - lmbs cnjo`cbgn pnr `sd`rnvbt` - nu fs g` rncom,cnrtbm...) g`v`r pnssubr ms cmrmct`rstbcms mg`qumgms,bjcfubjgn ms gm sum gurmkbfbgmg`, ms cmrmct`rstbcms bsnfmjt`s` m `sp`ssurm cnrr`ctm pmrm n cnjt`xtn `sp`cdbcn1

    : N r`v`stbl`jtn gn sbst`lm g` bsnfml`jtn trlbcn, mpfbcmgng` dnrlm cnjtjum p`fn `xt`rbnr, g`v`r emrmjtbr mp`rl`mkbfbgmg` mn vmpnr ` m blp`rl`mkbfbgmg` eum - bstn

    sbejbdbcm qu` jn g`v` crbmr kmrr`brm trncm emsnsm, lms g`v`crbmr kmrr`brm jtrmgm g` eum fqubgm - n qu`, jnrlmfl`jt`,dbcm mss`eurmgn s`lpr` qu` m cnlpnsbn gn r`v`stbl`jtn`xt`rbnr t`jom kms` mcrfbcm1

    : Jn r`v`stbl`jtn `xbstbr s`lpr` ulm cmlmgm g` prnt`cnl`cjbcm (bstn pnrqu` qumfqu`r gns lmt`rbmbs r`fmtbvml`jt`r`sbfb`jt`), cmlmgm stm qu` t`r qu` s`r mg`qumgm sbtumn`sp`cdbcm gn `gbdcbn. M prnt`cn l`cjbcm gms mremlmssms,

    bjcfub ulm t`fm t`cbgm g` vbgrn mtrmvs g` cuim ermlme`llftbpfm nd`r`c` vrbns ermus g` r`sbstjcbm1

    : Xmrm `vbtmr qu` s`im j`c`ssrbn pbjtmr dr`qu`jt`l`jt` n`gbdcbn, blpnrtmjt` gblbjubr m t`xturm gn mcmkml`jtn xt`rbnrdbjmf (tnrjmjgn m sup`rdcb` n lmbs fbsm pnssv`f), snkr`tugn`l znjms cnl lmbnr t`nr g` oulbgmg`, t`jgn, j`ssmscnjgb`s, `sp`cbdbcmgn qu`, mn r`v`stbl`jtn dbjmf, s`imlmgbcbnjmgns lmbs dujebcbgms ` mfebcbgms.

    MXFBCMN GN SBSW@LMXmssn =9 Snkr` m dmc` `xt`rbnr gm pmr`g` g`s`lp`jmgm ` fblpmsn cnfmgms, pnr pnjtns g` mremlmssm, ms pfmcms g`Xnfb`stbr`jn @xpmjgbgn cnl lmrcm C@, @XS48 jn bjdfmlv`f(lmbs cnjo`cbgn cnln @sd`rnvbt`), cnl ul ljbln g` 48llg` `sp`ssurm (s`jgn m sum `sp`cbdbcmn gm r`spnjsmkbfbgmg`

    gn @je`jo`brn g` Wrlbcm), pmrm r`v`stbr p`fn `xt`rbnr mspmr`g`s gm `jvnfv`jt` gn `gbdcbn jm tntmfbgmg`, g` dnrlm mcrbmr ulm sup`rdcb` cnjtjum, pfmjm onlnej`m1

    Xmssn ;9 @l tngms ms mr`stms sn mss`jt`s cmjtnj`brms `lXTC cnl mkms `l t`fm t`cbgm g` vbgrn, pmrm mul`jtmr mr`sbstjcbm l`cjbcm ` ulm l`fonr g`dbjbn gns jeufns1

    Xmssn 39 Snkr` m sup`rdcb` gms pfmcms g` Xnfb`stbr`jn

    @xpmjgbgn mpfbcmgm ulm t`fm t`cbgm g` vbgrn cnl =08e/l;` trmtml`jtn mjtbmfcmfbjn (qu` s` snkr`p` s mkms gmcmjtnj`brm), `lk`kbgm julm prbl`brm cmlmgm g` mremlmssmmcrfbcm ` r`cnk`rtm cnl ulm s`eujgm cmlmgm gm l`slmmremlmssm, pmrm emrmjtbr ulm mg`qumgm r`sbstjcbm mnsblpmctns l`cjbcns cnrr jt`s, png`jgn s`r mpfbcmgm, j`stmdms`, ulm s`eujgm t`fm cnl ;88 nu 048 e/l;, cnjdnrl` n jv`fg` r`sbstjcbm mn blpmctn qu` s` pr`t`jgm1

    Xmssn 79 Snkr` m ftblm cmlmgm g` prblrbn mcrfbcn snmpfbcmgms gums g`lns g` r`v stbl`jtn mcrfbcn g` cnlpnsbncnlpf xm (png`jgn m s`eujgm g`ln s`r pbel`jtmgm), pmrmr`sbstbr s mer`ss`s mlkb`jtmbs tpbcms, cnln sn m rmgbmnuftrmvbnf`tm, m couvm kmtbgm ` ns dujens ` mfems.

    Mft`rjmtbvm mn Xmssn 79 Snkr` n prblrbn png`l s`r mpfbcmgnsr`v`stbl`jtns rebgns, cnln m tbinf`brm g` kurrn ` lnsmbcnsc`rlbcns (mlkns mpfbcmgns cnl cnfm), p`grms jmturmbs

    (mpfbcmgn cnl cnfm nu cnl sbst`lm g` dbxmn l`cjbcn g`supnrt`), sbst`lms l`tfbcns nu dmcomgms v`jtbfmgms.

    Mpfbcmn gn Sbst`lm g` Bsnfml`jtn Cnjtjun p`fn @xt`rbnr Gryvbt.Gm `squ`rgm pmrm m gbr`btm9 mpfbcmn snkr` dmc` `xt`rbnr gm pmr`g` g`s`lp`jmgm ` fblpm1 Cmjtnj`brms pmrm mul`jtmr m r`sbstjcbm l`cjbcm `l`fonr g`dbjbn g` jeufns1 Mpfbcmn gm t`fm t`cbgm g` vbgrn ` trmtml`jtn mjtbmfcmfbjn snkr` m sup`rdcb` g` pfmcms g` Xnfb`stbr`jn @xpmjgbgn1Snkr` m ftblm cmlmgm g` prblrbn sn mpfbcmgns r`v`stbl`jtns dbjmbs (`x`lpfn9 gums g`lns g` r`v`stbl`jtn mcrfbcn, r`v`stbl`jtns lnsmbcnsc`rlbcns nu r`v`stbl`jtns ptr`ns).

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    ]PMJWBDBCMN GN BLXMCWN GM L@GBGM1 BSNFML@JWNW[LBCN MXFBCMGN G@ DN[LM CNJWJPM @ X@FN @_W@[BN[- N Bsnfml`jtn Wrlbcn mpfbcmgn `l cnjtjun p`fn `xt`rbnremrmjt` `f`vmgns jv`bs g` cnjdnrtn jn bjt`rbnr.M cmpmcbgmg` g` bsnfml`jtn trlbcn g` ul `f`l`jtn gm`jvnfv`jt` g` ul `gbdcbn (dmcomgm, cnk`rturm nu pmvbl`jtn)

    trmguzbgm p`fn r`sp`ctbvn cn`dbcb`jt` g` trmjslbssntrlbcm. ]umjtn lmbnr dnr st` cn`dbcb`jt` l`jns cmpmcbgmg`g` bsnfml`jtn t`r n `f`l`jtn.

    CM[MCW@[SWBCMS WCJBCMS GN SBSW@LM G@ BSNFML@JWNW[LBCN @_W@[BN[Dnrj`cbl`jtn ` cnfncmn g` sbst`lm g` bsnfml`jtn trlbcnp`fn xt`rbnr (tbpn @WBCS nu @BDS) cnlpnstn pnr Xnfb`stbr`jn@xpmjgbgn L= (jn bjdfmlv`f) tbpn @XS 48 (=0 ae/l3) m cnfmr

    pnr pnjtns mn supnrt`1 W`fm t`cbgm g` vbgrn cnl =08 e/l;m`st`jg`r l tngm m sup`rdcb` npmcm - cnl nur`fms snkr`pnstms- jtr` gums cmlmgms g` prblrbn1

    Cmjtnj`brm `l XTC cnl ;88 ll g` mkms mcnpfmgms `l t`fmt`cbgm g` vbgrn, m cnjtnrjmr tngns ns vns ` cujombs1Mremlmssms cnl nrbe`l jn l`sln dmkrbcmjt` pmrm emrmjtbrm cnlpmtbkbfbgmg`9 ul Xrblrbn mcrfbcn pmrm m cnfme`l pnrpnjtns ` ns kmrrml`jtns `l cmlmgm gupfm ` ul r`v`stbl`jtn

    mcrfbcn `l gums cmlmgms, cnl m pbel`jtmn `scnfobgm ms`r bjcnrpnrmgm jm cmlmgm dbjmf. Ms pfmcms t`rn, p`fn l`jns,48 ll g` `sp`ssurm, cnjdnrl` g`dbjbgn `l g`s`jons g`pnrl`jnr nu `qubvmf`jt`. Bjcfu`l tngns ns trmkmfons `dnrj`cbl`jtns j`c`ssrbns pmrm ul p`rd`btn mcmkml`jtn,s`lpr` g` mcnrgn cnl ms bjgbcm`s gn prni`ctn.

    LMJPW@JN j`c`ssrbn prnc`g`r, tmf cnln `l tngns ns lmt`rbmbs, lmjut`jn mg`qumgm gn bsnfml`jtn `xt`rbnr pmrm qu` `st`pnssm g`s`lp`jomr n pmp`f pmrm n qumf dnb `sp`cbdbcmgn. Jncmsn g`st`s sbst`lms, m jbcm lmjut`jn qu` s` r`cnl`jgm m fmvme`l pr`ssn nu m pbjturm (`lknrm stm j`l s`lpr`

    s`im j`c`ssrbm). M pbjturm g` ul sbst`lm g` bsnfml`jtntrlbcn, mpfbcmgn g` dnrlm cnjtjum ` p`fn `xt`rbnr, g`v`s`lpr` s`r mqu`fm r`cnl`jgmgm p`fn dmkrbcmjt`(`v`jtumfl`jt` pmssmjgn p`fm mpfbcmn g` ulm g`ln gnr`v`stbl`jtn gn prprbn sbst`lm). Xnrl, nptmjgn pnr ulmpbjturm cnl tbjtm, g` `xtr`lm blpnrtjcbm qu` m tbjtm s`imp`rl`v`f mn vmpnr.

    =4?

    Bsnfml`jtn Wrlbcn p`fn @xt`rbnr l Cnk`rturms g` Fmi` Lmcbm

    @sp`ssurm gn Bsnfml`jtn Wrlbcn Cnjtjun @xt`rbnr - @XS (ll)

    8

    8.0

    =

    =.0

    ;

    =.7

    8.45

    8.738.;2

    48 =8838Cn`dbcb`jt`g`WrmjslbssnWrlbcm

    Cnlpmrmn g` cn`dbcb`jt`s g` trmjslbssntrlbcm pmrm gbd`r`jt`s `sp`ssurms g`

    bsnfml`jtn trlbcn `xt`rbnr `l pnfb`stbr jn`xpmjgbgn (@XS) `l cnk`rturms g` fmi` lmcbm.Gmgns9 Cn`dbcb`jt`s g` Wrmjslbssn Wrlbcmg` @f`l`jtns gm @jvnfv`jt` gns @gbdcbns -FJ@C ;884

    s`l bsnfml`jtn

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    =42

    FMI@ G@ CNK@[WP[M=- Xrnt`cn rmgbmn snfmr. M `st`brm onrbznjtmf gm cnk`rturm g`v`rs`r prnt`ebgm gns `d`btns gm rmgbmn (`x9 r`v`stbl`jtn v`e`tmf, prenfms,cnk`rturms bjcfbjmgms).;- `sp`ssurm tmf qu` Acmlmgm 68,4 U/l;.C (bsnfml`jtn trlbcncnjtjun x.9 pnfb`stbr`jn xpmjgbgn (bji`ctmgn cnl CN;) ulm sp`ssurmg` 8,= l)3- `sp`ssurm < 8,880 l (`x.9 cmlmgm `xt`rbnr g` r`eufmrbzmn cnl 8,80

    l g` `sp`ssurm ` cmlmgm g` blp`rl`mkbfbzmn g` `sp`ssurm l`jnrnu beumf m 8,887 l)7- 8,;0 l < `sp`ssurm < 8,30 l (fmi` mfbe brmgm `x.9 kfncn c rlbcn g`; durns cnl 8,;; x 8,;8 x 8,;0 l ` k`tn)10 - `sp`ssurm < 8,8; l (cmlmgm g` r eufmrbzmn. `x.9 compbscn g` 8,880l ` r`kncn g` 8,8=0 l)14 - `sp`ssurm < 8,883 l (r`v`stbl`jtn sup`rdbcbmf bjt`rbnr - `x.9 tbjtmmqunsm cnl 8,88= l g` `sp`ssurm)1Jntm9 `sp`cbdbcmn d`btm pnr9 @gbdcbns Smugv`bs Fgm

    XM[@G@S @_W@[BN[@S=- `sp`ssurm < 8,883 l (r`v`stbl`jtn sup`rdbcbmf bjt`rbnr - `x.9 tbjtmmqunsm cnl 8,88= l g` `sp`ssurm)1;- `sp`ssurm < 8,80 l (cmlmgm g` r`eufmrbzmn. `x.9 compbscn g` 8,880l, `lknn g` 8,8; l ` r`kncn g` 8,880 l)13- 8,;0 l < `sp`ssurm < 8,30 l (mfv`jmrbm `l tbinfn `x.9 tbinfn c`rlbcn8,;3 x 8,== l)17- sp`ssurm < 8,83 l (cmlmgm g` r`eufmrbzmn. `x.9 compbscn g` 8,80l ` `lknn g` 8,8; l)10- `sp`ssurm tmf qu` Acmlmgm 68,4 U/l;.C (bsnfml`jtn trlbcncnjtjun `x.9 pnfb`stbr`jn `xpmjgbgn (bji`ctmgn cnl CN;) ` ulm `sp`ssurm

    sup`rbnr m 8,84 l)14- s`l `sp`cbdbcm`s (cmlmgm `xt`rbnr g` r`eufmrbzmn `x9 sbst`lmG[RTBW)15- r`v`stbl`jtn sup`rdbcbmf xt`rbnr npcbnjmf (`x.9 cmlmgm g` tbjtm krmjcm kms` g` xbgn g` tbtjbn cnl 8,88= l g` `sp`ssurm)1?- prnt`cn snfmr cnjtjum nu g`scnjtjum, cnjv`jb`jt` lms jnnkrbemtrbm (`x.9 cnrtbjm v`e`tmf, dmcomgm v`jtbfmgm cnl r`v`stbl`jtnsup`rdbcbmf)

    Jntm9`sp`cbdbcmn d`btm pnr9 @gbdcbns Smugv`bs Fgm

    FMI@ G@ XMTBL@JWN=- `sp`ssurm < 8,880 l (r`v`stbl`jtn sup`rdbcbmf sup`rbnr - `x.9 tbinf`brmcnl 8,8= l g` `sp`ssurm.= - jrncml`jtn t`rrm cnlpmctm1;- `sp`ssurm < 8,880 l (r`v`stbl`jtn sup`rdbcbmf sup`rbnr - `x.9 tbinf`brmcnl 8,8= l g` `sp`ssurm.3- 8,;0 l < `sp`ssurm < 8,30 l (fmi` mfbe`brmgm - `x.9 kfncn c`rlbcng` ; durns cnl 8,;; x 8,;8 x 8,;0 l ` k`tn)17- bsnfml`jtn sudbcb`jt` pmrm emrmjtbr qu` n cnjiujtn nk`g`m cnjgbng` A

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    ;.7.5 BJ[CBM W[LBCM

    =5=

    InmqublO`jrbqu`s

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    M nptblbzmn gm bjrcbm trlbcm jm r`ebn gn cfblml`gbt`rrjbcn t`l sbgn ulm tcjbcm e`j`rmfbzmgm, mn fnjeng` lubtns scufns, pmrm mss`eurmr cnjgb`s g` cnjdnrtntrlbcn jn bjt`rbnr g` gbdcbns. c`rtn qu`, jn pmssmgn, jn`xbstbml ns l`slns lmt`rbmbs g` cnjstrun m qu`mctumfl`jt` t`lns mc`ssn, j`l ms p`ssnms vbvbml ms vbgms

    s`g`jtrbms qu` oni` vbv`l, jn `jtmjtn, m bjrcbm trlbcmcnjtbjum m t`r ul pmp`f dujgml`jtmf jm crbmn g` ul cfblmbjt`rbnr stv`f cnjdnrtv`f jms omkbtm`s.

    M bjrcbm trlbcm sp`cbmfl`jt` r`f`vmjt` l cfblms sui`btnsm ermjg`s mlpfbtug`s trlbcms `l curtns `spmns g` t`lpn- ulm gms cmrmct`rstbcms gn cfblm `l Xnrtuemf. Sn nslmt`rbmbs p`smgns ` lmcbns qu` cnjstbtu`l m bjrcbm trlbcmgns `gbdcbns `, qumjgn k`l mpfbcmgns, cnjd`r`l mns `spmns

    bjt`rbnr`s ulm lmbnr `stmkbfbgmg` trlbcm. Cnln bjgbcmgnp`fm pmfmvrm 'bjrcbm', `st`s lmt`rbmbs p`smgns bjt`rme`llubtn f`jtml`jt` cnl ms t`lp`rmturms gn l`bn qu` ms rng`bm` mrlmz`jml ms r`sp`ctbvms t`lp`rmturms lgbms, pnrqu`ms t`lp`rmturms g` pbcn (qu`jt` drbn) jn s` lmjtl gurmjt`sudbcb`jt` t`lpn pmrm s`r`l mculufmgms pnr st`s lmt`rbmbs.

    @l Xnrtuemf, m t`lp`rmturm lgbm gn cfblm, gurmjt` m lmbnrpmrt` gn mjn, lmjtl-s` `jtr` ns =? ` ns ;4C, cnjtrbkubjgn

    m bjrcbm trlbcm, pnr `st` lntbvn, pmrm ulm `stmkbfbgmg` gncfblm jn bjt`rbnr pmrm n cnjdnrtn.

    Plm v`z mrlmz`jmgm m t`lp`rmturm lgbm mlkb`jtmf, mbjt`rmcn g` ul `f`l`jtn g` cnjstrun lmcbn cnl n cfblmbjt`rbnr lubtn pnsbtbvm, pnrqu`, qumjgn jn nkstrugm,brrmgbm cnjtbjuml`jt` pmrm ns `spmns bjt`rbnr`s m l`slmt`lp`rmturm lgbm qu` mrlmz`jnu. Xmrm n xt`rbnr ss`jcbmfqu` s` lbjblbz`l ms p`rgms trlbcms, p`fn qu` blpnrtmjt`

    cnjiuemr m bjrcbm trlbcm cnl n bsnfml`jtn trlbcn,bg`mfl`jt` mpfbcmgn g` dnrlm cnjtjum ` p`fn `xt`rbnr.

    @l pf`jn T`rn, tngns cnjo`c`lns m s`jsmn g` dr`scurmqumjgn jtrmlns julm ber`im cnjstrugm cnl pmr`g`s lmcbms`l ermjbtn - , jn Bjv`rjn, m s`jsmn, tmlkl g` cnjdnrtn,`l qu` n bjt`rbnr gm l`slm st m ulm t`lp`rmturm sup`rbnrmn drbn qu` dmz jn `xt`rbnr. @st` n `d`btn gm bjrcbm trlbcm`l pf`jn dujcbnjml`jtn.

    M snfun mctumf jn pmssm, c`rtml`jt`, pnr cnjstrubrlns`gbdcbns omkbtmcbnjmbs cnl m bjrcbm trlbcm g` ber`ims, tmlklpnrqu` ms t`cjnfnebms ` ns lmt`rbmbs gbspnjv`bs jm cnjstruncnjt`lpnrj`m gbsp`l, mfl g`stm, g` snfu`s cnjstrutbvmsqu` nptblbzml n `d`btn gm bjrcbm trlbcm ` p`rlbt`l ulmbjt`rmcn pnsbtbvm cnl n cfblm l lubtms nutrms v`rt`jt`s.Wugn pmssm p`fm cnjstrun g` `gbdcbns omkbtmcbnjmbs cnl`struturms p`smgms (pmr`g`s, pmvbl`jtns cnk`rturms), lubtnk`l bsnfmgms t`rlbcml`jt`, qu` p`rlbtml ulm r`fmngbr`ctm (pnr mrlmz`jml`jtn ` rmgbmn) cnl n mlkb`jt`bjt`rbnr.

    Xmrm nptblbzmr n cnjtrbkutn gm bjrcbm trlbcm, blpnrtmjt``vbtmrlns qu` ns lmt`rbmbs p`smgns (n k`tn, ns tbinfns, nsr`kncns) s`iml pr`gnlbjmjt`l`jt` r`v`stbgns cnl nutrnslmt`rbmbs f`v`s (t`ctns dmfsns, mfcmtbdms, lmg`brms...). ]umfqu`rg`st`s lmt`rbmbs f`v`s g` r`v`stbl`jtn dujcbnjm cnln ulbsnfmjt` ` bjt`rrnlp` n bjt`rclkbn trlbcn qu` s` pr`t`jg`

    lmjt`r `jtr` ns lmt`rbmbs cnl `f`vmgm bjrcbm trlbcm ` nmlkb`jt` bjt`rbnr. Bstn jn sbejbdbcm qu` jn s`im mg`qumgn

    =5;

    M bjrcbm trlbcm jn cnlpnrtml`jtn trlbcn gns `gbdcbns9Blme`l g` cblm9Lmjo9 n cmfnr prnv`jb`jt` gms mctbvbgmg`s jn gbdcbn prnv`jb jt` gn cfblm`xt`rbnr mrlmz`jmgn jns `f`l`jtns p`smgns gm cnjstrun (jms pmr`g`s` jms fmi`s gn `gbdcbn) qu` `stn `l cnjtmctn gbr`ctn cnl n mr. @st` cmfnrmrlmz`jmgn s`r fbk`rtmgn mp`jms qumjgn m t`lp`rmturm gn mr jn bjt`rbnrgm omkbtmn dnr bjd`rbnr t`lp`rmturm gns `f`l`jtns p`smgns gm cnjstrun,prncurmjgn s`lpr` n `qubfkrbn.Blme`l gn l`bn9Wmrg`9 `l gbms g` cmfnr, ns `f`l`jtns p`smgns gm cnjstrun, qu` mnmculufmrml n cmfnr mn fnjen gn gbm n r`tbrml gn mr bjt`rbnr (mul`jtmjgn n

    cnjdnrtn trlbcn), png`rn dbcmr smturmgns.Blme`l g` kmbxn9Jnbt`9 jms jnbt`s qu` s`eu`l gbms g` cmfnr m v`jtbfmn cnl n mr dr`scnjncturjn p`rlbt` m fbk`rtmn gn cmfnr mculufmgn jns `f`l`jtns p`smgnsgm cnjstrun, pr`pmrmjgn-ms pmrm mksnrv`r n cmfnr gn gbm s`eubjt`.

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    =53

    bjt`ermr, julm omkbtmn, ul pmvbl`jtn `l lmg`brm, tmlklpnrqu` lubtn `f`vmgn n cnjdnrtn tctbf s`jtbgn mn tncmrlnsul lmt`rbmf cnl kmbxn ermu g` bjrcbm trlbcm, cnln mlmg`brm. @d`ctbvml`jt`, blpnrtmjt` mtbjebr-s` ulm pnrnmg`qumgm g` bjt`rclkbn gbr`ctn `jtr` m bjrcbm trlbcmgbspnjv`f n mlkb`jt` bjt`rbnr - prnpnrn qu` g`v`r bjt`ermr

    ns cnjtrbkutns gn @je`jo`brn Wrlbcn.

    Xmrm nptblbzmr n g`s`lp`jon j`retbcn-mlkb`jtmf gn gbdcbn, blpnrtmjt` qu` m bjrcbm trlbcm s`im mgmptmgm ` bjt`ermgmcnl nutrms `strmtebms g` nptblbzmn gn g`s`lp`jon.@l prbl`brn fuemr `st m cnjiuemn gm bjrcbm trlbcm cnln bsnfml`jtn trlbcn, mpfbcmgn g` dnrlm cnjtjum ` p`fn`xt`rbnr, nu s`im, m dnrlm cnln l`fonr s` mfcmjm n cnjtrbkutnpnsbtbvn gn mrlmz`jml`jtn gms t`lp`rmturms lgbms gn

    cfblm qu` dmvnr`c`l n cnjdnrtn jn mlkb`jt` bjt`rbnr, mflg` prnt`e`r ms dmcomgms gn rbscn g` dbssurmr`l. Smk`jgn qu`ms t`lp`rmturms lgbms vn s`r cnjtbjuml`jt` mrlmz`jmgmsp`fns lmt`rbmbs p`smgns, blpnrtmjt` `vbtmr qu` ns `xtr`lns(qu`jt` ` drbn) md`ct`l `st` mrlmz`jml`jtn gbr`ctml`jt`.Mssbl, n bsnfml`jtn trlbcn mssncbmgn bjrcbm trlbcmqu` prnt`e` n mlkb`jt` bjt`rbnr gms ermjg`s mlpfbtug`strlbcms, tpbcms gn cfblm pnrtueus.

    M cnjiuemn gm l`gbgm bjrcbm trlbcm cnl m l`gbgmv`jtbfmn jmturmf tnrjm-s` `sp`cbmfl`jt` blpnrtmjt`gurmjt` ms jnbt`s g` T`rn, pnrqu` p`rlbt` qu` n cmfnrmculufmgn jns lmt`rbmbs p`smgns s`im fbk`rtmgn gurmjt` mjnbt` `, p`fm cnjiuemn g`scrbtm, s`im r`stmk`f`cbgm mcmpmcbgmg` g` mculufmr ` mksnrv`r n cmfnr `xc`ssbvn gurmjt`n gbm s`eubjt`, lmjt`jgn n mlkb`jt` bjt`rbnr cnjdnrtv`f. pnssv`f `vbtmr, g`st` lngn, m smturmn gm bjrcbm trlbcmgbspnjv`f pnr mculufmn g` cmfnr. @st` cbcfn, qumjgn k`l

    e`rbgn, png` cnjd`rbr, gurmjt` n T`rn, n cnjdnrtn qu` s` g`s`imjns spmns bjt`rbnr`s g` ulm omkbtmn.

    M cnr gms sup`rdcb`s cnjgbcbnjm beumfl`jt` m sum cmpmcbgmg`g` mksnrn trlbcm ` g` r`df`xn gm fuz. Mgmptmr m bjrcbmtrlbcm tmlkl cnr cnl m qumf r`v`stbgm m sum sup`rdcb`,

    `l cnjtmctn gbr`ctn cnl n mlkb`jt` bjt`rbnr, bjdfu`jcbmtmlkl n s`u cnlpnrtml`jtn, jm l`gbgm `l qu` ms cnr`scfmrms r`df`ct`l l`fonr m rmgbmn (pnr mksnrv`r`l l`jns)` sn bg`mbs pmrm cfblms lmbs qu`jt`s, cnln n C`jtrn ` n Sufg` Xnrtuemf, `jqumjtn ms cnr`s lmbs `scurms mksnrv`l lmbsrmgbmn, n qu` mul`jtm m t`lp`rmturm jns spmns bjt`rbnr`s,

    p`fn qu` m sum mgnpn r`cnl`jgmgm `l cfblms lmbs drbns,cnln jn Jnrt` g` Xnrtuemf. Cnjiuemr m g`dbjbn gms cnr`squ` r`v`st`l r`ms g` bjrcbm trlbcm f`vmgm cnl m bjcbgjcbmsmznjmf gns rmbns snfmr`s, lmbs ul cnjtrbkutn pmrm mnptblbzmn gn cnjdnrtn. Xnr x`lpfn, s` ulm pmr`g` bjt`rbnr,snkr` m qumf ns rmbns snfmr`s mp`jms bjcbg`l jn Bjv`rjn (` pnssv`f g`t`rlbjmr stm cmrmct`rstbcm l prni`ctn, cmfcufmjgnn jeufn ` m nrb`jtmn snfmr`s), dnr pbjtmgm cnl ulm cnrlmbs `scurm, m sum `dbcbjcbm g` mrlmz`jml`jtn ` fbk`rtmn

    g` cmfnr jn Bjv`rjn, qumjgn n l`sln g`s`imgn, png`rmul`jtmr.

    M bjrcbm trlbcm blpfbcm m utbfbzmn g` lmt`rbmbs p`smgnsjm cnjstrun - k`tn, tbinfns, r`kncns, `stuqu`s, p`grm ...- lmt`rbmbs qu`, gmgn n lngn cnln sn mpfbcmgns, `xbe`lt`lpns g` s`cme`l qu` tnrjml m cnjstrun lmbs f`jtm. Jmptbcm gn curtn prmzn, `l qu` m pr`ssn dbjmjc`brm ermjg`pmrm n prngutn blnkbfbrbn s`r rmpbgml`jt` cnl`rcbmfbzmgn,

    ns t`lpns g` cnjstrun tnrjml-s` ulm blpnrtmjt`cnjgbcbnjmjt` m lbjblbzmr `, pnr sum v`z, tnrjm-s` brr`sbstv`fm t`jtmn g` cnjstrubr `gbdcbns f`v`s (cnl `struturmsl`tfbcms nu `l lmg`brm). g` `xtr`lm blpnrtjcbm qu`s`iml nptblbzmgns ns prmzns g` `x`cun `l nkrm pmrmsnfu`s cnjstrutbvms qu` nd`r`ml m bjrcbm trlbcm mg`qumgm` j`c`ssrbm j`st` cfblm, pmrm s` `vbtmr qu` s`iml sukstbtugmspnr snfu`s qu` jn cnjtrbku`l pmrm n knl g`s`lp`jon`j`retbcn gn `gbdcbn.

    @l tngm m dmbxm g` cfblm l`gbt`rrjbcn, m bjrcbm trlbcm ulm l`gbgm `ss`jcbmf pmrm m nptblbzmn gn g`s`lp`jon`j`retbcn-mlkb`jtmf g` `gbdcbns omkbtmcbnjmbs, pnrqu`cnjstbtub ulm dnjt` g` `j`rebm trlbcm `stmkbfbzmjt` gurmjt`tngm m gurmn gns `gbdcbns.

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    N dnrj`c`gnr g` lmt`rbmbs g` cnjstrun k`t`s, mremlmssms mer`emgns cnjt`lpfm tngns ns msp`ctns r`fmcbnjmgns cnl m cnjstrunsust`jtv`f g`scrbtns jn lkbtn g`stm l`gbgm. Xmrm nkt`r lmbs bjdnrlmn `sp`cbdbcm gn emkbj`t` g` bjdnrlmn ` mpnbn tcjbcn9K`t`cjm - K`tn Xrnjtn SM - FMDM[E@

    [um ]ubjtm gms Xmfl`brms 2=-= M|K|C. ;5?8-=07 N`brmsW`f9 +30= ;=7 042 7=8 | Dmx9 +30= ;=7 042 732@-lmbf9 bjdnHk`t`cjm-fmdmre`.cnl | www.k`t`cjm.pt

    Jntm9M bjrcbm trlbcm ulm gms l`gbgms lmbs `dbcmz`s pmrm mul`jtmr n cnjdnrtn `l `gbdcbns omkbtmcbnjmbs jn cnjt`xtn cfbltbcn l`gbt`rrjbcn.g`v` s`r cnfncmgm g` dnrlm m dujcbnjmr m dmvnr gn cfblm bjt`rbnr, prnt`ebgm gns cnjtrmst`s g` t`lp`rmturm jn xt`rbnr.