Corn is Our Blood - Milho é o Nosso Sangue

8/20/2019 Corn is Our Blood - Milho é o Nosso Sangue
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/corn-is-our-blood-milho-e-o-nosso-sangue 1/469
to
pre-
Hispanic
days.
This
ethnographic
sketch,
quest
and
domination
by
Europeans?
munity?
Dedicated to
tlen
no ixayak, no
I AM
when
they
I
am
Indian:
because I know the
own
face
I
because
will soon
beauty
anew
Hernandez
Hernandez,
a
Na-
hua
born
Action
150
5.
Amatlan
Household
229
7.
his house altar and
on benches
16. An
Amatlan man
ILLUSTRATIONS XV
religion
243
7.1.
in two
The ancient
Aztecs of
Mexico are
back
to
pre-Hispanic
days.
courses
gists who
Amatlan,
that
type
of
research
in
interested in learning more
tools
we
rare
in
researchers
are
Juan
de
I
have
book are listed
material
to
clarify
several
key
the Nahuas
we
of
village
life
are
the
complex
process
by
as
Indians.
Here
we
Spanish,
pressing
native
populations
and
attempting
to
elites and
to
use
a
this
context,
information
gathered
by
anthropologists
has
XX PREFACE
daily useful
An
curing
and
invited
them
different child would appear
examples of Nahua
worth
knowing
the world
by
name
and was
me understand better their points of view. She also made
signifi-
cant
contributions
to
times and
her excellent
reviewer
for
data
in northern
work.
Thanks
also
to
Virginia
Oli-
veros,
who
worked
for
a
time
as
our
research
assistant.
I
want
Boiles
deserve
special
mention.
assistance
going over
Spanish
texts.
Frans
J.
of
his
dissertation
based
on
research
Ulmschneider I
source
Center
(LRC)
at
Indiana-Purdue
University
at
efforts
have
improved
photographer
XXIV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
support,
as
well
on
International
Programs;
THE TRANUMPTION
borrowed
language, and in fact
At
this
the
systems
employed
by
my
bilingual
years
has
shop,
j
is
like
nounced
kwawitl.
The
glottal
stops
is
generally
devoiced
but
it
is
retained
in
certain
words
such
as
apan
(water
In general, stress
syllable.
Excep-
tions
region,
do
not
in the overwhelming
to
imply
that
such
as
CORN If
palm
leaves
and
entered
the
shrine,
chickens
resembled
small
human
to
about
the
explained
why
each
house
in
the
village
was
visited
by
spirits that
Reveriano
had
taken
the
trouble
to
explain
But as
world
view
is
over
of
Sierra Madre Oriental
Within
100
region's
population
was
reduced
by
as
much
concentration.
Village
and
regional
and
large
in
that
descriptions are
case,
total
descriptions
are
problems.
What
Mexico, they
is little
is
that
the
villagers
are
quite
village to
the
enduring
presence
of
Indian
cultures
Hke
that
a
group
of
rare,
however,
for
the
ethnicity,
although
traditions
tracing
back
to
the
in
a
number
of
spectacularly
embroidered
blouse,
from mestizos. Yet
time
Amatlan
respond
to
their
place
in
Mexico
and
political
and
seen,
information,
and
recent understanding ofNahua
study,
it
had
survived,
some-
interaction
on
a
number
of
levels.
Focusing
on
Indian
communities
also
located
in
the
by
historic
as
well
as
Tlaxcala-Puebla
region
(1974),
Nahua
ritual
a
with
other
to
our
scientific
understanding
of
Nahua
culture
during
a
period
of
rapid
change.
culture
by
members
by
to
conduct
on-site
field
research
and
publish
reliable
information
of
human
behavior
But
that
and
tape
recorders
in
data
In
addition,
will affect the
of
is
probably
have
written,
but,
on
somewhat
objective
about
their
and the
by
a
sense
of
adventure
in
travel
and
in
living
in
circumstances
and
strikes
a
themes for
are
helped
remote
mountain
they
can
legitimately
claim
to
be
professional
anthropologists.
ethnographic
a
necessary
part
taped,
or
video
recorded.
construct
a
version
of
the
culture
in
a
coherent
fashion.
No
scientific
presentation
should
be
a subject.
study
of
their
own
culture.
In
surrounded
by
that
anthropologists'
cultural
accounts
are
I
to
participate
training, and thus it did not trouble him that I
spoke very
we
separated
from
Once
every
2
weeks
we
were
scheduled
to
meet
in
a
Our
to
the north
all night,
arriving in
in
the
windows
for
civilization
behind.
The
bus
through streams and flooded areas
left
by
the
deteriorated into
accus-
on her hiking
that was extremely
because
the
straps
fatigued.
I
was
absolutely
amazed
at
half
of
and necessary
Xalapa
Amatlan
was
supposed
to
but
then,
with
was stifling.
streams,
some
of
them
almost
waist
deep.
stream crossings,
filthy dirty,
and
village
response
I
slightest impression on
into
who
had
pack and indicated
carefully
handed
there. I
inside.
residence
nor
Sleep
schoolroom
and
stood
there
silently.
I
machete
handle
at
again
laughed, said
there.
Nahua
visitors
do
not
make
their
presence
known
the
companions had
out
telling
me.
I
remember
feeling
abandoned
and
alone.
The
head-
man
me.
up
even
though
I
was
a
at
his
house
I
over
a
loaded with my
go
to
the
arroyo
to
bathe.
seeming
continue
my
residence
INCIDENT AT
village
for over
of 1990. The outcome of an
initial
field
factors.
The
is
to
return
to
the
region.
THE
are
fought
out
among
villagers.
Most
of
all
time
by
interviewing
witnesses
and
and
consciousness.
Small
villages
often
are
the
stages
upon
which
life
from the
produced in the cities and countryside. I was aware that
city newspapers
village
end most
and
provided
well
for
his
family.
The
third
protagonist
was
Lorenzo
men involved
in this
oversee village affairs
Under
normal
circum-
the two
and Gregorio
fell into
politics.
He
returned
tion, or PRI). One might think that political differences of
this type
were more
of their own or who had
insufficient
land
to
support
a
party
the
money
given
to
by numerous
him,
following morning
his brother,
Pedro, was
going to leave to have a meeting with fellow party
members.
He
confided
that
he
feared
Pedro
was
contracting
with
others
to
have
him
killed.
He
that
it
would
be
the
way,
to
accompany
him.
I
wanted
we
must
go
because
it
was
hurried
In
and
stood
there
a
moment
before
running
we should
village
and
know
who
killed
enemies
and
confession
that
he
claimed
was
elicited
by
police
torture.
In
short,
Lorenzo even
though they
the PST
were
or
their
supported.
Witnesses
murder
killed
by
A break
Chote.
stopped
for
a
moment
came. I
welL I can
safety.
I
the time of the
some
cide
with
absolved of
rituals.
He
late
one
Pedro
Martinez.
This
simplified
version
I
importantly
it
underlie
stepped ashore in Vera-
a
problem
that
30 ENTERING
of
individu-
al's
Indian means powerlessness and
expressing what power
their mutual
was a
To clarify the
problem
cise
definitions
along
with
a
villages
the only
anthropologists
to
focus
attention
towns
way
to
village life
communities
like
barter
or
Peasants
the
systematizing
influence
of
professional
scholars
and
codifiers.
Cities
produce
sophisticated
philosophies,
or state.
Following Alfred
On
Yet like
many initial
formulations, it
One
immediate
problem
for
understanding
peasantries
throughout
Latin
America
is
that
of the Indians
34 ENTERING
political
power.
The
murder
in
of fundamental
space
world including
that
will
be
discussed
in
Chapter
6.
government
over
corporate
community
(1955,
1957;
see
also
1960).
that
influenced
economic
and
political
everyone
has
relatives
who
live
permanently
in
cities
throughout
northern
Mex-
is
at
its advantages
in economic
and political
elites, then
and
economic
dynamics
within
production
a
more
mature
European
and
the
dualistic
eco-
nomic
system
found
characterizes
Mexico
deprives
the
Indian
Indians
have
no
choice
size of
capitalist
system
such
as
technology
by
representa-
tives
sector.
Rural
populations
provide
not demand expensive
times of need. Labor-
by
diffusing
because
poor
people
will
States and Europe, which will result
in even greater levels
price
fell,
production
rose.
some experts
and not
equal footing
by unrav-
eling the
or national-
total
system.
But
means
they
Indians living in the
the
most
40 ENTERING
of the
Indians
them-
selves
in
maintaining their
Indian
shared
he misconstrues the
and
the false
her
ethnographic
work
and
yet
they
have
been
forced
by
government
officials,
schoolteachers,
media
representatives,
and
themselves as
meant
being
poor.
Friedlander
it
has
representatives
of
the
Indian
(1977:442).
to eliminate
national elites in their efforts to label and segregate the
rural
poor
The differing
and
state-level
mechanisms
not
see
this
as
a
rejection
as
simply
extraordinarily
complex
wherever
it
is
found,
but
the
Researchers can
help
our understanding
like Amatlan
do
behave
like
rational strategy
that
of
strategy for survival.
perspectives summarized above
to describe
shifting
political,
economic,
and
social
tides
that
largely
originate
at
the
national
and
international
levels.
processes
that
life
until
the
Porfirio
established
of
the
growing
oil
industry.
Finally,
World
Due
to
these
and
grew
by
8.1%
per
year,
whereas
exodus
fertilizers,
growing
commercial
48 ENTERING
recession
invasions,
Agriculture, for
all of
its problems,
the world.
of
irrigated
northern
regions.
Unemployment
and
underemployment
in
the
rural
program
of
land
distribution
will
help
set
haciendas, and
was
required
occurred
during
the
1983,
about
one-half
population growth
had
little
impact
groundwork
for
deep
divisions
in
the
to cultivate
mestizo domination.
In this
would be
conservative, changeless,
simple
and change-
protean
and, risking
people
from
a
different
society
escape
theirs.
At
least
equally
true.
The
Amatlan
appeared
to
me
to
represent
context
of
powerful
features of contact,
increase
goals
fieldworkers
I
call
the
period
of
satisfaction,
pleasure,
and
a
its
committed
immediate friends
at-
traction.
The
period
followed
by
of
tarantulas
covered
For
under the
children
alike
took
no
pains
to
hide
wherever
I
hundred
miles
began
to
gap.
attraction and
man came
a
men
culture, and
point
I
heard
myself
make
our
a
the final
extended
period
of
incorporation,
but
it
rarely
appears
is only when
alien
physical
walked
and
gesticulated.
I
people
in
Nahuatl,
and
I
embarrassed
myself
by
comes from surviving
addiction that
Gulf
Coast
northern zone of
parts
of
the
states
of
San
Luis
Potosi,
Tamaulipas,
on
the
Huasteca
see
Bernal
and
Davalos
1952-53;
and
Stresser-Pean
1979).
there
is
some
by
the
Rio
Cazones
and
in
is
dominated
by
the
Gulf
of
Mexico.
Between
these
the
north
a
of the
Sierra Madre
Oriental. It is in the center of this region of sharp, uneven
terrain
1976,
1979).
Am(w)
in
the
modified
Koppen
system).
By
to
have
too
much
rain,
which
results
in
flooded
villages
and
washed
out
fields,
whereas
most frustrating
there is
streams and
indicate that
the soil
good
most of the
tween
22
and
26
degrees
centigrade
(71.6
to
78.8
people
of
Ama-
tlan,
Gulf
natural
forces
they
face.
Indian
excellent
for
planting;
nutri-
soil
but
in
do retain
their foliage
now remains.
horticulture is
very effective.
By cutting
down the
forest and
fruit
and
pages
187-202
with
by
consumed
by
villagers
are
mentioned
in
or while
bathing. Several
cot. There
that
is
deadly
poisonous
and
may
reach
over
a
foot
in
length.
The
creature
is
unparal-
a
machete.
Finally,
there
are
with
their
season.
that wind their
to
the
north.
The
state
of
Veracruz
60 THE
the lives of the local people. Amatlan
lies in the
a depapatla
nates the
General
26,793
of
whom
speak
Nahuatl
(68%).
area
and
lies
in
the
line between
almost 100
of
Ixhua-
tlan
de
Madero.
The
gravel
road
stops
abruptly
in
the
little
town,
as
if
to
cut
off
entrance
small
use rights over
of the land
as ejidos.
Most Indians
would like
which
are
Indian.
Ixhuatlan
de
Madero
has
been
described
by
the
Mexican
anthropol-
of
the
Huasteca
Veracruzana.
The
mestizo
ranch
it was repeatedly robbed. Little wonder that urban Mexicans were
amazed and
horrified when
I
Huasteca
is
fascinating
because
it
a
place
truly unique to
people.
Urban
Mexicans
generally
identify
to claim that Mexico
United
brown,
as
and
architecture,
language,
religious
belief,
and
ritual.
In
turn,
there
are
virtually
no
degree rather than
LAND AND
a
sociolinguistic
study
of
language
crude
to
be
of
much
whether
or
not
they
wore
shoes
(Marino
Flores
1967:17).
The
question
was
probably among
the most
markets
was curious
to have
them, Nahuatl
ill.
follows
culture.
He
from
the
perspective
the
symbolic
means
of
distinguishing
the
a
activities of
balance
worlds
as
verses. Being Indian
antithetical
to
entrepreneurship
or
a
progressive
outlook
adopting
of them is not
themselves and
the domi-
live
in
villages
with
distinctive
social
structures,
whereas
mestizos
live
in
ranches,
towns,
a
regional
basis,
Indians
and
{jaripeo in Spanish), the cowboys ride the bulls, and the
Indians simply
observe from
by
de razon
the
context
and
and they
will use
villagers
and
mestizo
and
to
the
city
(Reyes
Martinez
1982:93,176;
small
plots,
but
they
are
more
likely
to
practices. The
ranches
in
can
live
side
by
side,
but
they
inhabit
the
people
common histori-
simi-
larities
and
a
distinct
identity.
We
must
look
at
able
ethnic
differ-
ences,
and
we
(for
a
current
discussion
of
ethnicity
see
Nash
1989).
An important point is that ethnic groups never exist in isolation,
but
and
boundaries
between
these
groups,
we
must
understand
and
to
symbolic
classifica-
tion
of
people
is
75%
wear
shoes,
although
some
wear
a
a
shirts
so
upper
arm.
Married
women, regardless of age, wear a skirt of a bright solid color
that
wraps
around
is
frequently
often
set
off
strikingly
beautiful,
and
fine
handiwork
is
a
and
when
their
be
decorated
at
shirts. Men
Men
rarely
leave
the
house
two
long
braids.
They
often
weave
strips
of
colored
back
is kept at medium
sunstroke
or
inclement
weather
on
long
arroyo.
Interestingly,
clothes
do
not
reveal
much
about
the
wealth
of
the
wearer;
whether
well-off
the clothes
of
diffi-
cult
for
Indian and outsider alike to distinguish the two worlds. In my
view,
the
villagers
are
not
changing
their
clothing
from
some
abstract
expen-
and
Interestingly,
they
made
three
or
dots
and
identify
them
as
locations
knew
precisely
where
their
by someone. Amatlan
other
by
a
away.
On
maps,
this
arroyo
is
called
the
Pilpuerta,
a
mixed
Nahuatl-
Spanish
potential
NEIGHBORS 77
a
fourth
daughter
from
Amatlan
and
fall,
as
the
crops
were
of
Each
local
mestizos,
Indian villagers. A person's support group is focused on the
village
of
individuals. For this
through microvariations
with
a
neighboring
ejido,
I
mention
cemeteries
in
this
section
on
neighbors
because,
for
a
significant
cultural
of
and
they
see
graveyards
as
sites
where
the
ancestors
spots
in
the
vicinity
of
their
villages
are
the home
partakes
of
a
springs,
swamps,
pre-Hispanic
ruins,
gorges,
and
mountain
is
three
regional
huextlahuac
(its
three, and
tropical
sun.
They
are
toys,
and
uncountable
other
product.
People
transacted
some
business,
passed
made.
the
price
commodities
and sell farm
products if they
southern
Huasteca
the
very
1950s
speakers live
to
determine
about the
that
the
Huas-
tecs
left
their
settlements
in
the
southern
Huasteca
before
the
arrival
southern Huasteca
occurred.
Coastal
the
the Gulf
by
Otomis,
Tepehuas,
and
speakers
southern
part
southern
Huasteca
Texcoco,
and
Tlacopan,
town
with
their
Huastec
neighbors
to
the
north
1468,
Totonac
region
at
various
times
during
their
reigns.
either
to
region,
the south are located
Aztec
capital.
Farther
to
the
north,
a
band
of
Nahuatl
speakers
extends
from
the
central
plateau
to
the
coastal
main Totonac
the
band
we
find
small
scattered
groups
of
Tepehuas,
began in
in the
the arrival
of the
Franciscans. A
the
long
exposure
to
the
greatest
oppressors
of
landowners
in
the
realizes
that
many
land speculators.
The Indians had their own agenda, and it did not
include
trading
one
set
and
eco-
nomic
development
commemorate them in
raided central
that encour-
lands, and it
Martinez
1982:
128-43
oil
exploration
exhibited
by
the
Indians
some were
been partially
were
of
the
Revolution
and
its
aftermath
as
it
occurred
in
the
Huasteca
Hidalguense).
meet the
worked. The
owner was
possessed.
the
addi-
tional
land
they
had
requested,
and
they
were
simply
seeking
to
protect
is
that
traditional
Indian
cultivators
make
radically
different
use
of
the
land
than
do
modern
efficient land
Indians
require
yet
more
land
hectares over
this period.
and
cities;
the
majority
From the sketch presented above
it
have responded in
Amatlan
is
a
handsome
men
wanted
me
to
record
who
began
farmers )
who
lived
the tetatajmej
of
the
takes
care
of
that
time
in
all
authorities and all
here
[at
that
time].
kill
the
Indians;
he
wanted
to
rich.
there was
the
grandfather
of
we
near
by
Palma
we
named the place tlalapanco. All of the little pieces of
property
had
names
(see
Map
3.1).
ETHNOGRAPHER:
were allotted this
But the Comisariado who
and they removed Tomas.
Well, they began to mobilize, to push and push until we knew where it
would
lead.
Manuel:
[agrarian
commission]
engineer
came
and
removed
us
and
entered
in
didn't
know,
and
so
we
just
signed.
We
and Raul
came
from
Huejutla.
He
by
foot.
AuRELiO:
When
[from
in
and
they
put
us
on
to
the land
totlayi{''o\M uncle ) Cruz.
Who
knows
lock on
get
me
de
Madero]
arrived
He was as
stand.
Some
stayed
as
guards
outside
were,
who
were
are going to
kill me, kill me; but for certain don't just dump me.
Have
my
He
is
just
my
neighbor.
And
who
of
Senor
Raul's
lands.''
But
those
are
Again they
us.''
Well,
I'm
poHcemen.
That
me.
Juta,
at
dawn
they
3
brought tortillas
be
your
inheritance
see
an
Indian
girl.
Now,
run
for
it
But
how
was
I
far
part was
this
land
problem.
ended
up
by
there.
I
ended
had
Not
around
passed
by.
Juuuta
He
began
sell me
even
if
We
I
I
employment. You
sold
roads when-
Mexican
revolutionary
Mexico)
and
this
but
if
had
to
Alamo, and finally here
representative.
[There
was
a
we
get
into
it
the
deepest.
We
have
me
what you
Your neighbors
at
helping
if
the
In
pre-
actually been achieved in
gaps.
Indians
could,
if
and in
their rich landowning
wealthy
cattle
rancher
and
then,
as
if
to
culture
with
annihilation.
But
in
sector
of
the
nor
In
novels
of
what
place the lives
tional forces.
or
plan-
ning
for
the
future.
many
village
features
described
telephones, telegraph
a
the
regional
or
a
market,
a
be several
In general,
Groups
separated
and
often
out
of
sight
of
each
associated
buildings
occupy
one
villages.
They
have
developed
a
officials
use
the
appellation
based
106 amatlAn
same
name
compound
or
often
individual
house
has
a
house
name,
or
caltocayotl
in
Nahuatl.
Names
are
based
on
the
same
type
of
because
of
this
a
village
to
usually assigned
information, and
naming
people
and
geographic
features
for
which
only
they
have
the
key.
The
result
of
this
localization
of
knowledge
is
beneficial
for
the
Indians.
potentially
dangerous
out-
The apparent
to
each
clearing
are
usually
male
siblings
with
their
wives
and
children,
along
with
their
produce
from
male
household
heads
and
their
immediate
a
small
number
Men
a
normal
house,
or
the width of this rectangle so that they overhang each
side and
the rectangle
types
of
thatch
material,
ranging
stage
up
vertically
and
lash
them
together
making
at
ridding
so
that
size,
but
14 or 15
a
1970),
and
at
least
30
sheets are required for an average roof. Second, it requires nails,
also
expensive
by
village
rooms,
110 amatlAn
and its
to separate
layer of dried mud and flat stones. On this, the
woman
of
the
house
constructs
two
or
three
by three
cornmeal.
Nahua
houses
may
be
through the walls,
and
items
the
market.
three stones
15
frying.
The
clay
griddle
is
called
comali
crude
metal
or
house.
Other
furnishings
typically
found
in
a
Nahua
house
include
a
small,
crudely
mats
(sing,
petlatl
store them
beeswax,
or
Box,
often
seated
1 14
AMATLAN AND
apart
to the
by
me
to
the impression
there
was
to population
a population
but
the
ages
remain
approxi-
mate.
As
we
would
beyond
the
chart
takes
on
a
by a
ages at which
important
cause
Some additional
71
married
couples
^r:
UJ
-1
1 1
in
Amatlan,
much
a
plant
they
call
children
who
Patrilocal
extended-family
households, on the other hand, have an average of 7.5 residents, and
the
few
matrilocal
that
school
can
read
associ-
ated
an
a
second
different
different
was
12
years
out
up
is
the
very
limited
number
village.
Just
as
in
the
case
with
house
information barrier for representatives
production,
villagers
ac-
complish
machine
or
sacred
rituals.
All
men
in
the
village,
with
the
exception
of
the
it.
while
striking
at
the
base
period,
will
not
vegetation. It
the
shoulder.
seeds will
for
seed.
Villagers
Rapidly maturing
insect
dam-
age
and,
been
preventing
weeds
from
overtaking
it.
Between
dams them
cluster of
horticulture is labor
well-kept
TABLE 3.2.
type
wild
comes
in
duces a
tiny pepper
from
that
can
be
used
for
making
sugarloaf.
124 amatlAn
and its
Montalvo
et
al.
1982:74-75
for
names
of additional varieties of beans and chiles grown in the Huasteca.
(All
names
are
in
Nahuatl
a
sometime
birds.
I
and
station
a
lookout
there
to
scare
listli
( having
or they
be
consumed,
much
like
we
eat
corn
on
the
cob.
The
ears
at
this
stage
milpa
to
load
up
year.
However,
his
season.
If
or
sehualmili
in
Nahuatl.
The
fields
are
planted
at
the
beginning
of
November,
and
the
crop
matures
in
Amatlan,
however,
recalls
et al.
overwhelming
126 AMATLAn
Beans
{etl^
sing,
in
Nahuatl)
and
sugarcane
{phuatl,
their
own
Nahuatl.
They
plant
seeds
grow
new
plants
from
occupants
dried,
cigars
that
are
tied
Both
men
plays an
young corn. After
Nahuatl)
similarly
attacks
harvested
beans.
back from
the stream
During
times
of
food
shortage,
families
rely
but for the
that
takes
precedence
as well, and
a
medium-
sized
bird
that
resembles
in
the
Nahua
household.
Interestingly,
men
teach
their
sons
to
fish
several
shrimplike
circular and
conical
weir
(called
achiquthuitl
walls
constructed
to
in this
exclude animals.
This practice
leaves animals free to explore and forage at will, and sometimes
they
may
wander
Once while
was
of
several commented that turkeys will also wander miles from the
vil-
lage.
well,
and
twice-daily
feedings
always
seem
to
night
and
day.
consider dogs
spend considerable
to
control
numerous
barking
dogs
130 amatlAn
and its
for
from
entering
fenced-in
areas.
Turkeys,
wander
freely,
finding
their
eggs
in
the
forest
sometimes
poses
a
problem.
If
the
family
decides
to
place
her
of
Other domesticated animals
Indians
own cattle. Cattle
corn and
Ixhuatlan
that
indicate
that
the
average
course
be used to grow
is the
between
cattle
owners
are
and
the
people
have
a
varied
harvests
are
most
often
caused
by
fall
are
called
the
these
decline,
forcing
people to gather more of their food from the forest
or
purchase
it
at
the
market.
It
is
my
experience
me they were
of
tortillas
{tlaxcali,
sing,
in
is
done
arroyo;
women
back
and
supply of
a
porridge,
called
atoli
in
Nahuatl
{atole
in
Spanish),
is
flavored
with
raw
sugar
and
is
a
favorite
mentioned
are
grown
and
used
in
Nahua
cause
severe
gastro-
eggs
are
consumed,
usually
fried
and
placed
inside
a
folded
tortilla.
Domesti-
cated
fowl
beverage to drink. As
and serve
as a
called
alegria
in
Spanish.
They
also
prepare
a
delicious
the men and boys
special
Meat
is
usually
a
number
of
ingredients
including
garlic,
place
on
a
small
table,
as
well
as
after
eating
because
of
this
practice.
the
the
protein.
that
cane
Indian
diet
evidenced
in
given
has
many
disadvantages,
including
generally
low
market
value
and
rollercoaster
many disadvantages.
copper
receive
is
attached
cylinder and to the harness of a draft animal that,
by
walking
in
a
circle,
keeps
the
is
continually
away,
end,
in
as
buy items
stress
and
range
social
roles,
handled
my
interactions
with
villag-
ers
went
but
rather
by
wearing
procedures,
and
many
village
activities
are
accordingly
carried
out
in
a
relaxed
and
informality
does
not
mean
disorganization,
and
the
The
fourth
them
lack proper reserve
with
each
are acting
Quiche Maya
a
placid
and
At funerals
become violent.
to
gossip,
and
this
is
also
be
dishon-
est, and they do not mind revealing their distrust to others in
private.
Of
to play on their
are
given
responsibility
unroll
where
Those wishing to continue their education must walk an hour
and
a
half
to
a
Spanish
when
they
By
the
time
they
finish
school,
children
have
learned
to
speak,
read,
and
are
introduced
re-
Amatlan.
work
talked
to
in that
and
repay villagers
for their
school
constructions
for
the
state.
making
the
request,
and
later he
and
of
events
because
it
allowed
Amatlan
between
but
features
such
as
who
know
how
to
Mexican
programs
of
population
consolidation
administrative
effi-
ciency,
probably
identify
with
Indians
is itself
to
supply
themselves
with
exception
of
the
steel
machete,
essential
tools
can
be
manufactured
locally.
The
effect
of
sector
148 amatlAn
adopted,
including
the
steel
hoe
blade,
clothing
styles,
the
cane
press,
and
the
stone
bread
oven,
does
maintain
their
autonomy
as
Because
groups. The agrarian reform laws gave land back to the
Indians,
reason, I
provide
them
access
to
the
alien
mestizo
world.
But
extracted
more
wealth
from
the
themselves
as
Indians,
quite reasonable. The villagers are not trapped in an irrational
world
that
has
survived
from
a
below, villagers are open to change, and they are certainly
not
Indian
and
independent
status.
Within
CHAPTER 4
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
of
a
complex
network
recreated out
partially conscious
expect
from
a
to peti-
effort
to
understand
what
is
going
in
Amatlan,
focusing
on
the
formal
political
organization
of
the
ejido
and
the
there is a
form
many
of
social organization, I will pres-
ent evidence
expressed
in
Nahua
keep the
groupings implies
cut
back
the
encroaching
region
birth.
Although
somewhere.
As
a
I
indignity I
before accidently
wished
never
to
repeat.
It
is
the
custom
statuses. Children
non-Indians
rarely
higher
status
and
the
trails
around
a
patient's
house.
This
spirit attack while moving along trails. During Day of the
Dead rituals,
and age,
the
highest
regard
are
considered
worthy
as he ages
eight
men
and
their
to note
house-building
handled through
simply
the
Consejo
de
Vigilancia
and
is
aided
by
a
set
of
officers
parallel
to
This
committee
has
full
access
to
local
representative
or
agent
for
the
municipio
Cabo
de
Policias
( Corporal
of
whose
tasks
in
Amatlan
committee
has
as
its
task
the
maintenance
of
houses
and the system of trails in the village. It is my experience
in
the
years
I
have
spent
of these
committees are
shrine
to
sing
there
are no
an
objection,
the
designee
to
be
remarkably
disorganized
and
fruitless.
In
in which each man has a chance to voice an
opinion.
Rarely
is
a
formal
vote
held,
but
by
freely
they
may
choose
the
by
the
village
treasury
for
use
on
public
projects.
A
faena
may
be
called
by
the plan. Sometimes the
close
to
being
more
neighbors
certified
members
of
In
backing of the state
although
elected
from
status.
by
which
people
can
interact
with
each
other
the
village
and
listed
all
took
genealogies
in
1986.
include
most
North
American
Anglos,
their
village
a
core
relatives.
Also,
it
a
bilateral
system
to
broader
inclusive
group
them in the
4.2
that
presents
kin
that
or
cognitive
organization
of
their
sides
Americans,
I
of
distinguished from
apply
to
The terms for parents, notata ( my father ) and nonana ( my
mother ), are
children
would
be
grouped
cousins.
his
sister
also
by
the
general
to
his
male
cousin
by
derives
from
the
Spanish
word
male
cousin
was
undoubtedly
the
in-law
daugh-
and
kinsmen
also
acts
to
a
family
members
from
other
kinsmen.
Finally,
of
age
zation.
However,
as
noted,
the
characteristics
in
their
as
well
as
at
the
level
of
ego's
first I
thought that
various
political,
economic,
On several
case
and
that
cooperation
rather
than
the
reality
doubt
about
the
families.
By
these
terms
I
mean
an
adult
male
household
type
is
the
matrilocal
extended
family
that
includes
one
or
both
parents
accounts
for
In
rarer
cases,
a
core
of
female
siblings
extended
family
because
genealogical
infor-
all
genealogical
outside of
to work in
the fields, he
to keep the
characteristics
of
a
nuclear
family
household.
In
sum,
the
overwhelm-
ing
number
least
(see
Map
4.2
one
have outlived
their broth-
the
FAMILY AND
the
unfair,
but
fathers
expect
virtually
all
do.
This
means
that
daughters
will
move
away
under
the
rules
of
patrilocal-
her to their sons.
however,
is
in
a
precarious
state
to
her
a
crisis
little
at the market
wealth they produce
them
production,
individual
process
of
land
redistribution
has
apparently
reached
be productive,
with
such
despera-
tion.
Sheer
economic
deprivation
3
officials will
recognize their
rights
in
the
current
residence
groups
are
But
vecino
status
is
often
a
temporary
strategy
employed
by
Indians do not
a land invasion
that would open
count on
option,
which
train bilingual
regional
school
so
that
they
the opportunity to
make
factors.
The
three
wife had
the
her
has
land.
among
of
the
family
land
base
could
undermine
younger
siblings
to
component of
the family
a
who were
village,
becomes
impossible.
Widowhood
is
common
in
Amatlan,
and
therefore
what
happens
to
widows
is
a
crucial
question.
I
have
but
1
to
husband's
land
through
contracted
help,
or
Four
of
widow
lives
with
the
daughter's
family
because
and
in
my
parents.
Villagers
since
widows
living
with
their
eldest
sons,
to be
and
extended
usual
progression
of
express
a
it
is
he moves
brothers
receives
the
a
of
land
(see
below).
The
and she
When
a
boy
particular,
and
dies
first,
leaving
his
widow
in
the
care
of
the
youngest
son.
In
general,
when
the
brothers in
as
individuals
and
land or
same
land
and
maintaining
a
common
rate
corn
supplies
households
in
somewhat
greater
proportion
not appear
The Nahuas
nuclear family
of
women,
brothers-in-law.
As
an
old
and
Stages
in
the
the
I
wished
to
obtain
The
by
the
stages
in
a
in
a
cycle, seeTaggart
provide
some
examples
of
political plight
In addition,
Daughters
are
completely
cut
they marry.
Thus, they
sisters
are
land
at
all,
or
the
eldest
brother.
husband can
family
of
her
deceased
husband.
A
childless
widow
has
little
chance
men
who
sometimes
trust
gain full
and
cause
of
kin
be
perceived
kinsmen
as
a
threat
to the solidarity of his family. She moves into the parental
home
and
with
the
birth
of
a
child
builds
rights
in
by
laymen
and
shamans
alike.
(Nahuatl for
brothers. This
alienated
myth
she was
asked their sister why
her
brothers
accused
her
husband
of
Such
a
marginal
corn spirit,
haired
boy.
One
day,
as
chicomexochitl's
grandmother
is
caring
for
kill him. First, she
cycle
as
an
instance
of
aggression
between
and
externalize
their
own
sometimes
ambivalent
feelings
I
Amatlan.
by
the
a
on both the mother's and father's side of the family.
What
is
relations
and
/'^6>/<^'
(Nahuatl
for
godfa-
ther )
to
dozens
of
children.
I
questioned
people
about
compadrazgo
many
times,
and
offer economic support
When
I
pointed
out
often
not
a
few
of
these
may
actually
be
is
to
be
made
godparents
to
another
couple's
mother
(sometimes
Spanish
in ritual co-parenthood). In
house
building
or
work
in
the
conjunction
is
being
deactivated
when
tions.
During
this
time,
and cannot
to,
and
he
had
several of
but I
had
and
a
defined
group
or
is
to
jeopardize
a
number
existence of a group of men that an individual farmer
can
count
upon
for
help
Men
who
Bonds that
up
social
horizons
that
would
otherwise
be
many
other
advantages.
Links
with
extent form
land
to
open
who
do
not
have
a
full
share
of
land.
These
vecinos
have
the
most
to
gain
invasion.
two
most
recent
daughter
planted
crops.
now
1977,
Amatlan
authorities
made
a
an
additional
Z
to
the
process
region.
The
they
been
driven
off,
and
the
they
land
Amatlan are
presented
however,
Nahua
members, husbands,
of life
most
influence
CHAPTER 5
lander
and
Bartra,
who
claim
that
Indian
culture
has
been
virtually
their
distinctive
research
findings
support
principles.
Furthermore,
about
how
they
could
increase
their
production
or
are
behavior
and
their
nomic
world
and
therefore
have
a
different
style
of
maximizing
their
options.
Western
analysts
have
tended
to
should
serve
a
separate
or
productive
activities.
are organized
because
yields
I
was
surprised
to
nothing ),
tlen
to Hve,
these
distinctions
different
levels
of
wealth
had
changed.
Not
surprisingly,
considering
the
difficulty
of
and the
to
a
source
of
dress, education,
interests in common with
not appear
for
cattle-owning
own.
This
or
ritual
kinsmen
number
helper
might
here is
the possible exception
1972
CONSUMPTION 201
In
any
event,
the
part
the
cultivation
of
garden
plants.
These
are
planted
and
harvested
in
small
quantities
for
use
by
two
the
case
of
fishing,
in
preparing
the
implements.
There,
the shaman
goods.
Thus,
villagers
were
able
to
estimate
that
a
relatively
small
amount
to achieve the
Based
wage
labor.
The
mix
Amatlan is located in an area where it is feasible
to
grow
less
growing
time,
is
fallow
for
about
twice
the
number
of
years
it
had
been
planted.
After
the
first
8/20/2019 Corn is Our Blood - Milho é o Nosso S

Corn is Our Blood - Milho é o Nosso Sangue

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