CV Artur Victoria

8/9/2019 CV Artur Victoria

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Pgina 1/ 4- Curriculum vitae deVitria, Artur

Para mais informaes sobre o Europass, consulte http://europass.cedefop.europa.eu Comunidades Europeias, 2003 20060628

Europass-CurriculumVitae

Informao pessoal

Apelido(s) / Nome(s) prprio(s) Feio de Victoria Candeias, Artur Alexandre

Morada(s) Instituto para a Cultura e Ciencia Jurdica Luso Brasileira.

Rua de Figueiredo 240 44215 - Pedroso, - Portugal

Telefone(s) 933304213Sexo Masculino

Formao acadmica eprofissional

Datas 2005-2005

Designao da qualificao atribuda Especializao em Strategic Coruption Control. (Carga Horria: 120h).

Principais disciplinas/competnciasprofissionais

Ttulo:Good governance - preventing corruption.Bolsista do(a):Open Society Institute, OSI, Hungria

Nome e tipo da organizao deensino ou formao

DatasDesignao da qualificao atribuda




Nome e tipo da organizao de

ensino ou formao




Central European University, CEU, Hungria

1998-1999Mestrado em Curso de Defesa Nacional

Ttulo:Cidadania, Ano de Obteno: 1999.Orientador: Fernanda Mestre.Instituto de Defesa Nacional, IDN, Portugal.

1992Curso de Preparao pedaggica de formadores.Concluiu com bom aproveitamento.Ordem dos Advogados

1969 1974Graduao em Direito.

Ttulo: A responsabilidade Civil extra contratual.Orientador: Fernando Pessoa Jorge.

Faculdade de Direito de Lisboa, FDL, Portugal.


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Experincia profissional

Datas 2008-2015

Funo ou cargo ocupado Actividades de participao em Projecto

Principais actividades e

responsabilidadesNome e morada do empregador

DatasFuno ou cargo ocupado

Nome e morada do empregado

DatasFuno ou cargo ocupado

Nome e morada do empregado

Projectos de pesquisa: Sistema de Governana dos Recursos Naturais Energticos

CEPEN - Centro de Estudos de Politicas e Estratgias Nacionais

2008Colaborador, Enquadramento Funcional: Coordenao, Carga horria: 45

CEPEN - Centro de Estudos de Politicas e Estratgias Nacionais - General CarlosMEI, CEPEN, Portugal.

1989-1991Coordenador dos Formadores no Centro de Estgio da Ordem dos AdvogadosCentro de Estgio da Ordem dos Advogados

Aptides e competnciaspessoais

Lngua(s) materna(s) Portugus

Outra(s) lngua(s) Alemo, Francs, Espanhol e Ingls

Auto-avaliao Compreenso Conversao Escrita

Nvel europeu (*) Compreenso oral Leitura Interaco oral Produo oral

Francs B1 B1 B1 B1 B1Ingls B1 B1 B1 B1 B1

(*) Nvel do Quadro Europeu Comum de Referncia (CECR)

Livros publicados/organizadosou edies

1. Novo inquilinato: manual prtico. 3. ed. Porto: Porto Editora, 1996. V. 1. 270 p.2. A Nova Lei do Arrendamento Urbano. 2. ed. Porto: Porto Editora, 1990. V. 1. 156

p.3. Manual Prtico do Inquilinato. 3. ed. Porto: Porto Editora, 1988. V. 1. 220 p.4. Lei dos Subsdios da Rendas Habitacionais. 1. ed. Porto: Porto Editora, 1987. V.

1. 164 p5. Lei do Aumento das Rendas Habitacionais. 6. ed. Porto: Porto Editora, 1986. V.

1. 130 p.

reas de actuao 1. Grande rea: Cincias Sociais Aplicadas / rea: Direito / Subrea: DireitoPrivado.

2. Grande rea: Cincias Sociais Aplicadas / rea: Direito / Subrea: DireitoPblico.

3. Grande rea: Cincias Sociais Aplicadas / rea: Administrao / Subrea:Administrao Pblica.

4. Grande rea: Cincias Humanas / rea: Educao / Subrea: AdministraoEducacional / Especialidade: Administrao de Sistemas Educacionais.

5. Grande rea: Cincias Humanas / rea: Educao / Subrea: AdministraoEducacional / Especialidade: Administrao de Unidades Educativas

6. Grande rea: Cincias Humanas / rea: Educao / Subrea: Planeamento e

Avaliao Educacional / Especialidade: Avaliao de Sistemas, Instituies,Planos e Programas Educacionais


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Produo tcnica 1. Artur Victoria. Sistemas de Integridade. 2007. (Desenvolvimento de materialdidctico ou instrucional - Curso de ensino distncia).

2. Artur Victoria. Cidadania Estratgica. 2006. (Desenvolvimento de materialdidctico ou instrucional - Curso de ensino distncia).

Outras informaes relevantes

Artigos publicados

Jornalista em 1972 a 1974 do Dirio da Tarde. Professor do ensino oficial de 1975 a1977. Advogado a partir de 1977 - cdula profissional 1507. Consultor de 1986 a 1987da Exponor. Jurista desde 1982 a 1989 da Associao dos Proprietrios e Agricultores

do Norte de Portugal. Em 1989 assumiu as funes de membro do conselho distrital doPorto da Ordem dos Advogados Portugueses. Em 1990 foi Fundador do Colgio LusoInternacional do Porto. Artur Victoria de 1990 a 1992 foi Delegado da Direco daAssociao dos Auditores dos Cursos de Defesa Nacional no Porto. Em 1992 eleitoPresidente do Instituto para a Cultura e Cincia Jurdica Luso Brasileira. Aps 1992dedicou-se ao estudo e investigao do fenmeno da corrupo poltica e em geral dacorrupo, seu enquadramento legal e social. Depois de ser Delegado em Portugal daTransparncia Internacional pediu a sua demisso para passar a integrar a instituioTIRI em 2003. Actualmente o coordenador do projecto PIEN - Public IntegrityEducational Network (Lusophone) (em portugus, literalmente: rede lusfona deeducao em integridade pblica) da TIRI.

Ethical Infrastructure of Law Firms[Business: Ethics] Ethical infrastructure of law firms may have at least asmuch to do with causing and avoiding unjustified harm as do the individualvalues and practice skills of individual lawyers. Firms must involve their staffs ina collective and educational process of determining the ethical dilemmas,challenges and temptations that arise and determining the norms, sanctionsand institutional supports required to minimize the dilemmas and temptations.

Shareholder Ethical Values[Business: Ethics] The first problem is that it is very difficult to know what willmaximize long-term shareholder value. Although the end may be measured in abeguilingly simple way, the means to achieve it are highly complicated.

Rules About Individual Conduct[Business: Ethics] It is seen as negative (telling people what they should notdo), impractical (because they have to do it to get along), unenforceable(because it is seen as backed only by conscious), more likely to catch theinnocent than the craftily guilty, pedantic yet terminally contestable, purist,religiously based and a set of rules about individual conduct that do not takenote of the 'real world'. The ethics is positive (about the values we shouldpursue), practical (because it suggests how we may further them), andultimately backed by sanctions and institutional reforms. Ethics.

Teaching Ethical Conflict - Provoking Cases[Reference-and-Education: Future-Concepts] The major reason for aborting

a case-in-process is that it lacks conflict. Controversy is the essence of a goodcase discussion: it engages people; it forces them to think through and defendtheir position; and it demonstrates to them that while there are generally no rightanswers, there are certain questions.

About a Reform Process Plan[News-and-Society: Politics] Any reform process (whether in a scandal andstrife ridden government or one that is seeking to get a new start) should startwith values - and keep coming back to them. The start of the process shouldinvolve the articulation of the values that the reform is intended to promote andthose values should inform the rest of the reform.
http://ezinearticles.com/?Ethical-Infrastructure-of-Law-Firms&id=3649066http://ezinearticles.com/?Shareholder-Ethical-Values&id=3648918http://ezinearticles.com/?Rules-About-Individual-Conduct&id=3644976http://ezinearticles.com/?Teaching-Ethical-Conflict---Provoking-Cases&id=3644636http://ezinearticles.com/?About-a-Reform-Process-Plan&id=3645045http://ezinearticles.com/?About-a-Reform-Process-Plan&id=3645045http://ezinearticles.com/?Teaching-Ethical-Conflict---Provoking-Cases&id=3644636http://ezinearticles.com/?Rules-About-Individual-Conduct&id=3644976http://ezinearticles.com/?Shareholder-Ethical-Values&id=3648918http://ezinearticles.com/?Ethical-Infrastructure-of-Law-Firms&id=3649066


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Artigos publicados Ethical Risk Control[Business: Ethics] The priorities, the working assumptions, and the cultures oforganizations can make risk control difficult. Risk control operations may run upagainst built-in assumptions of trust performance in meaningful and persuasiveways.

Ethical Risk Mitigation[Business: Ethics] Those who have worked hardest and longest at risk-

mitigation say that they experience this work as analytically and intellectuallydemanding, in ways they could not have predicted going in. Meanwhile, otherssee no need for anything new, claiming that risk-control work, where it really isnecessary, should simply be delegated through existing line-managementstructures, with each functional manager or process owner being required toidentify and handle the risks within his or her own areas.

Society, Courts and Ethics - Three Solutions[News-and-Society: Politics] Prosecutions do have a cathartic effect and mayhelp to mobilize reform. Laws can support other reforms. But they are not thekey part of the answer. Prosecutions take a long time and are frequentlyinconclusive.

Regulating States Conflict[News-and-Society: Politics] One of the greatest problems with the UNSC(United Nations Security Council) role in regulating conflict and in resolvingdisputes such as those that arose over the Kosovo bombing lies in the natureand origins of the Security Council. Established at the end of the Second WorldWar, it was an extension and refinement of the meetings of the 'big three' inTeheran, Yalta and Potsdam.

Legitimacy of the Intervention in a Country's Sovereignty[News-and-Society: Politics] It is interesting that the revolutions of 1688 to1789 did not place much emphasis on courts. The Bills of Rights were notintended to be enforced by the courts against legislatures. The grievances towhich the revolutions were directed were the excesses of an overweening

domestic sovereign power.

Ethics in Public Services[Business: Ethics] As public body managers, you are tasked to deliver yourservices to the public and hence you have the responsibility to ensure that theservices you provide are not only effective, efficient, reliable but also that theirdelivery is free from corruption and malpractice. People must get a clearunderstanding of the important functions of public bodies and the obligations ofyour organization and yourselves as stipulated in the law.

Disputes of Peacekeeping Forces During the War[News-and-Society: Politics] If a belligerent becomes a peacekeeper, they

are more likely to be targets of those who had been on the opposing side of theconflict. It is obviously the kind of demand that is likely to be rejected by thosewho are independent minded, let alone those who are suspicious of NATOmotives. It is bound to be resisted by those on the other side of the conflictwhich will naturally see this as an army of occupation.

Exterior Interventions in Sovereign States[News-and-Society: Politics] Governments represents only those whoseconsent they have sought, action to prevent them from oppressing those whoseconsent they have not sought ceases to be seen as 'intervention' in thetraditional sense. Those who try to protect the oppressed would not beinterfering in the internal workings of a sovereign territory or trying to breakdown the walls around a sovereign state.
http://ezinearticles.com/?Ethical-Risk-Control&id=3644584http://ezinearticles.com/?Ethical-Risk-Mitigation&id=3644552http://ezinearticles.com/?Society,-Courts-and-Ethics---Three-Solutions&id=3644904http://ezinearticles.com/?Regulating-States-Conflict&id=3638340http://ezinearticles.com/?Legitimacy-of-the-Intervention-in-a-Countrys-Sovereignty&id=3638292http://ezinearticles.com/?Ethics-in-Public-Services&id=3638242http://ezinearticles.com/?Disputes-of-Peacekeeping-Forces-During-the-War&id=3596524http://ezinearticles.com/?Exterior-Interventions-in-Sovereign-States&id=3596411http://ezinearticles.com/?Exterior-Interventions-in-Sovereign-States&id=3596411http://ezinearticles.com/?Disputes-of-Peacekeeping-Forces-During-the-War&id=3596524http://ezinearticles.com/?Ethics-in-Public-Services&id=3638242http://ezinearticles.com/?Legitimacy-of-the-Intervention-in-a-Countrys-Sovereignty&id=3638292http://ezinearticles.com/?Regulating-States-Conflict&id=3638340http://ezinearticles.com/?Society,-Courts-and-Ethics---Three-Solutions&id=3644904http://ezinearticles.com/?Ethical-Risk-Mitigation&id=3644552http://ezinearticles.com/?Ethical-Risk-Control&id=3644584


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Artigos publicados Sovereignty and Conflicts[News-and-Society: Politics] Once governments are seen as representativesof those whose consent they have obtained, an entirely new question arises:What powers have the people consented to delegate to their representatives?To a constitutional lawyer, this issue is strangely absent from much internationallaw.

Armed Intervention in States' Sovereignty

[News-and-Society: Politics] The UN Charter seeks to establish the TheUnited Nations Security Council (UNSC) as the supreme body for the regulationof international peace and security with what seems to appear as the sole rightto authorize armed intervention. There are limitations on the right to sanctionintervention.

Enforcing International Law[News-and-Society: International] Where actions involve the use of forceagainst others, we not only deprive those against whom we strike the protectionof the law, we also deprive ourselves of the protection of that law. We become,literally, outlaws.

Ethical Values in the Globalization Process[News-and-Society: Pure-Opinion] The challenges of globalization will be metwith new values that inform new institutions that can civilize a world of weakerstates -just as the North Atlantic Enlightenment contributed to civilizing theabsolutist sovereign states of post-Westphalia Europe. However, this is by nomeans guaranteed. If the forces of globalization lead to destabilization suchbenign results are unlikely.

State Intervention on Humanitarian Areas[News-and-Society: Politics] The limited but growing recognition of thepossibility of intervention on humanitarian grounds is the first crack in thearguments used to support the principle of non-intervention. In addition, asmore and more nations formally embrace democratic ideals, the first two factorslisted above are losing much of their force.

State Supervision[News-and-Society: Politics] At present, international legal personalityinvolves the right of those in power to contract on behalf of the state and thepeople who are within its territory. Even when a contract is beyond the legalpower of the rulers, even if it is corruptly entered into and the benefits arecorrupt appropriated; its provisions bind the successors to those rulers.

The Constitutional Value of Sovereignty[News-and-Society: Politics] The constitutional value that is most under threatis, of course, sovereignty itself. Sovereignty is being weakened as the forces ofglobalization ensure that forces outside the walls of the state fundamentally

affect, and sometimes determine, what goes on within them.

Searching the Ethical Values, Ideals and Concepts[News-and-Society: Politics] The global search for answers will draw on theattempts of different cultures to seek answers to problems of the humancondition. Within each culture, the process will begin with an exploration of itsown culturally specific values, ideals, concepts and stories as the way that theirculture has dealt with those problems.

Ethics as the State Theory of Democracy[News-and-Society: Politics] Ethics is founded on the view that the values ofliberal democracy should be rethought rather than abandoned on the excuse ofglobalization, or defended by an attempt to recreate the strong states of the

recent past. People would, however, argue for the protection and preservationof state-based institutions wherever possible pending the emergence of newinstitutions.
http://ezinearticles.com/?Sovereignty-and-Conflicts&id=3596401http://ezinearticles.com/?Armed-Intervention-in-States-Sovereignty&id=3596439http://ezinearticles.com/?Enforcing-International-Law&id=3596431http://ezinearticles.com/?Ethical-Values-in-the-Globalization-Process&id=3591123http://ezinearticles.com/?State-Intervention-on-Humanitarian-Areas&id=3591152http://ezinearticles.com/?State-Supervision&id=3591164http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Constitutional-Value-of-Sovereignty&id=3591141http://ezinearticles.com/?Searching-the-Ethical-Values,-Ideals-and-Concepts&id=3591094http://ezinearticles.com/?Ethics-as-the-State-Theory-of-Democracy&id=3587285http://ezinearticles.com/?Ethics-as-the-State-Theory-of-Democracy&id=3587285http://ezinearticles.com/?Searching-the-Ethical-Values,-Ideals-and-Concepts&id=3591094http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Constitutional-Value-of-Sovereignty&id=3591141http://ezinearticles.com/?State-Supervision&id=3591164http://ezinearticles.com/?State-Intervention-on-Humanitarian-Areas&id=3591152http://ezinearticles.com/?Ethical-Values-in-the-Globalization-Process&id=3591123http://ezinearticles.com/?Enforcing-International-Law&id=3596431http://ezinearticles.com/?Armed-Intervention-in-States-Sovereignty&id=3596439http://ezinearticles.com/?Sovereignty-and-Conflicts&id=3596401


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Artigos publicados The Ethical Globalized State[Business: Ethics] The process of preconceiving liberal democratic values andre-institutionalizing them for a global world calls for nothing less than a newenlightenment. Such a global enlightenment should aim to civilize theincreasingly brutal world of global economics, just as the eighteenth centuryEnlightenment began the process of civilizing the absolutist post-Westphaliastates.

Ethical Origins of Public Administration[Business: Ethics] The ethics will be seen as partly self generated (though infact self interpreted) rather than handed down from on high -in drafting specificcodes it is possible to take into account the various other duties which bindofficials of the relevant public sector agency under criminal, employment andother law. This kind of integration allows for better administration of the publicsector agency and better understanding by the relevant officials -interpretationof the primary obligation are likely to be more relevant and workable.

The Ethical Relationship in the Corporate and Public Sector[Business: Ethics] Those who draw a strong distinction between "public" and"private" might also seek to distinguish the ethics of their operatives. However,the distinction is often - criticized and the similarities between large government

organizations and large no government organizations are frequently moreilluminating than their differences.

Disputes of Peacekeeping Forces During the War[News-and-Society: Politics] If a belligerent becomes a peacekeeper, theyare more likely to be targets of those who had been on the opposing side of theconflict. It is obviously the kind of demand that is likely to be rejected by thosewho are independent minded, let alone those who are suspicious of NATOmotives. It is bound to be resisted by those on the other side of the conflictwhich will naturally see this as an army of occupation.

Exterior Interventions in Sovereign States[News-and-Society: Politics] Governments represents only those whoseconsent they have sought, action to prevent them from oppressing those whoseconsent they have not sought ceases to be seen as 'intervention' in thetraditional sense. Those who try to protect the oppressed would not beinterfering in the internal workings of a sovereign territory or trying to breakdown the walls around a sovereign state.

Sovereignty and Conflicts[News-and-Society: Politics] Once governments are seen as representativesof those whose consent they have obtained, an entirely new question arises:What powers have the people consented to delegate to their representatives?To a constitutional lawyer, this issue is strangely absent from much internationallaw.

Armed Intervention in States' Sovereignty[News-and-Society: Politics] The UN Charter seeks to establish the TheUnited Nations Security Council (UNSC) as the supreme body for the regulationof international peace and security with what seems to appear as the sole rightto authorize armed intervention. There are limitations on the right to sanctionintervention.

Enforcing International Law[News-and-Society: International] Where actions involve the use of forceagainst others, we not only deprive those against whom we strike the protectionof the law, we also deprive ourselves of the protection of that law. We become,literally, outlaws.
http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Ethical-Globalized-State&id=3587277http://ezinearticles.com/?Ethical-Origins-of-Public-Administration&id=3587271http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Ethical-Relationship-in-the-Corporate-and-Public-Sector&id=3587268http://ezinearticles.com/?Disputes-of-Peacekeeping-Forces-During-the-War&id=3596524http://ezinearticles.com/?Exterior-Interventions-in-Sovereign-States&id=3596411http://ezinearticles.com/?Sovereignty-and-Conflicts&id=3596401http://ezinearticles.com/?Armed-Intervention-in-States-Sovereignty&id=3596439http://ezinearticles.com/?Enforcing-International-Law&id=3596431http://ezinearticles.com/?Enforcing-International-Law&id=3596431http://ezinearticles.com/?Armed-Intervention-in-States-Sovereignty&id=3596439http://ezinearticles.com/?Sovereignty-and-Conflicts&id=3596401http://ezinearticles.com/?Exterior-Interventions-in-Sovereign-States&id=3596411http://ezinearticles.com/?Disputes-of-Peacekeeping-Forces-During-the-War&id=3596524http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Ethical-Relationship-in-the-Corporate-and-Public-Sector&id=3587268http://ezinearticles.com/?Ethical-Origins-of-Public-Administration&id=3587271http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Ethical-Globalized-State&id=3587277


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Artigos publicados Ethical Values in the Globalization Process[News-and-Society: Pure-Opinion] The challenges of globalization will be metwith new values that inform new institutions that can civilize a world of weakerstates -just as the North Atlantic Enlightenment contributed to civilizing theabsolutist sovereign states of post-Westphalia Europe. However, this is by nomeans guaranteed. If the forces of globalization lead to destabilization suchbenign results are unlikely.

State Intervention on Humanitarian Areas[News-and-Society: Politics] The limited but growing recognition of thepossibility of intervention on humanitarian grounds is the first crack in thearguments used to support the principle of non-intervention. In addition, asmore and more nations formally embrace democratic ideals, the first two factorslisted above are losing much of their force.

State Supervision[News-and-Society: Politics] At present, international legal personalityinvolves the right of those in power to contract on behalf of the state and thepeople who are within its territory. Even when a contract is beyond the legalpower of the rulers, even if it is corruptly entered into and the benefits arecorrupt appropriated; its provisions bind the successors to those rulers.

The Constitutional Value of Sovereignty[News-and-Society: Politics] The constitutional value that is most under threatis, of course, sovereignty itself. Sovereignty is being weakened as the forces ofglobalization ensure that forces outside the walls of the state fundamentallyaffect, and sometimes determine, what goes on within them.

Searching the Ethical Values, Ideals and Concepts[News-and-Society: Politics] The global search for answers will draw on theattempts of different cultures to seek answers to problems of the humancondition. Within each culture, the process will begin with an exploration of itsown culturally specific values, ideals, concepts and stories as the way that theirculture has dealt with those problems.

Ethics as the State Theory of Democracy[News-and-Society: Politics] Ethics is founded on the view that the values ofliberal democracy should be rethought rather than abandoned on the excuse ofglobalization, or defended by an attempt to recreate the strong states of therecent past. People would, however, argue for the protection and preservationof state-based institutions wherever possible pending the emergence of newinstitutions.

The Ethical Globalized State[Business: Ethics] The process of preconceiving liberal democratic values andre-institutionalizing them for a global world calls for nothing less than a new

enlightenment. Such a global enlightenment should aim to civilize theincreasingly brutal world of global economics, just as the eighteenth centuryEnlightenment began the process of civilizing the absolutist post-Westphaliastates.

Ethical Origins of Public Administration[Business: Ethics] The ethics will be seen as partly self generated (though infact self interpreted) rather than handed down from on high -in drafting specificcodes it is possible to take into account the various other duties which bindofficials of the relevant public sector agency under criminal, employment andother law. This kind of integration allows for better administration of the publicsector agency and better understanding by the relevant officials -interpretationof the primary obligation are likely to be more relevant and workable.
http://ezinearticles.com/?Ethical-Values-in-the-Globalization-Process&id=3591123http://ezinearticles.com/?State-Intervention-on-Humanitarian-Areas&id=3591152http://ezinearticles.com/?State-Supervision&id=3591164http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Constitutional-Value-of-Sovereignty&id=3591141http://ezinearticles.com/?Searching-the-Ethical-Values,-Ideals-and-Concepts&id=3591094http://ezinearticles.com/?Ethics-as-the-State-Theory-of-Democracy&id=3587285http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Ethical-Globalized-State&id=3587277http://ezinearticles.com/?Ethical-Origins-of-Public-Administration&id=3587271http://ezinearticles.com/?Ethical-Origins-of-Public-Administration&id=3587271http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Ethical-Globalized-State&id=3587277http://ezinearticles.com/?Ethics-as-the-State-Theory-of-Democracy&id=3587285http://ezinearticles.com/?Searching-the-Ethical-Values,-Ideals-and-Concepts&id=3591094http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Constitutional-Value-of-Sovereignty&id=3591141http://ezinearticles.com/?State-Supervision&id=3591164http://ezinearticles.com/?State-Intervention-on-Humanitarian-Areas&id=3591152http://ezinearticles.com/?Ethical-Values-in-the-Globalization-Process&id=3591123


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Artigos publicados The Ethical Relationship in the Corporate and Public Sector[Business: Ethics] Those who draw a strong distinction between "public" and"private" might also seek to distinguish the ethics of their operatives. However,the distinction is often - criticized and the similarities between large governmentorganizations and large no government organizations are frequently moreilluminating than their differences.

Ethical Justification on the Public Administration

[Business: Ethics] The justification of a public sector institution can providethe basis for the ethics of its administrators. This can help indicate whatindividuals should refrain from doing.

Ethical Behavior As a Solution For the Public Interest[Business: Ethics] The thrust of the report and its recommendations were totry to change institutions so as to emphasize and reinforce ethical behavior, topromote rather than discourage those who would be ethical, to make unethicalbehavior more difficult to perform and easier to detect. As always, the trick is tomake institutions work to the benefit of individuals not to pretend that all theproblems are individual ones.

Ethical Circles

[Business: Ethics] The ethical problems of the organization are the problemsof the staff, whereas many members of staff will, rightly or wrongly, see the rootof the ethical problems in senior management. If "top down" codes areresented, they will be ignored when possible and, otherwise, treated like anunwelcome legal rule.

Ethical Integrative Functions[Business: Ethics] It is to be expected that there will be competingjustifications for many institutions and that all will be subject to dispute. Some ofthe alternative justifications would be as follows.

Inspirational Ethics Code[Business: Ethics] Bureaucracies suggest some answers and to propose a

possible framework by which we may seek answers. The questions, and theframework for answering them, follow the same lines as the model that hasalready been developed in relation to business ethics.

General Guidelines of Inspirational Ethical Codes[Business: Ethics] Accordingly internalized ethical values become the centreof gravity (or, less mechanistically, the "heart") of any public sector ethicsregime. Some take this to mean an emphasis on the "positive morality" ofadministrators -the current standards of conduct which administrators considerto be appropriate.

Preserving a Self-Image As an Ethical Professional[Business: Ethics] For the legal profession, perhaps the biggest problem isthat the justification of the profession is in terms of public values but thefinancial rewards come from clients. The (perceived) conflict between thelawyer role as zealous advocate for his or her client and the lawyer broaderduties to legal institutions, the rule of law and serving justice in the communityare commonplace.

Professional Minimum Standards[Business: Career-Advice] At each stage of the behavioral continuum it isnecessary to look at the means by which values are articulated, enforced andreinforced. It is emphasized the latter because praise and rewards are the mostimportant means of promoting and realizing values.
http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Ethical-Relationship-in-the-Corporate-and-Public-Sector&id=3587268http://ezinearticles.com/?Ethical-Justification-on-the-Public-Administration&id=3583681http://ezinearticles.com/?Ethical-Behavior-As-a-Solution-For-the-Public-Interest&id=3583673http://ezinearticles.com/?Ethical-Circles&id=3571691http://ezinearticles.com/?Ethical-Integrative-Functions&id=3571676http://ezinearticles.com/?Inspirational-Ethics-Code&id=3571742http://ezinearticles.com/?General-Guidelines-of-Inspirational-Ethical-Codes&id=3571710http://ezinearticles.com/?Preserving-a-Self-Image-As-an-Ethical-Professional&id=3571763http://ezinearticles.com/?Professional-Minimum-Standards&id=3539181http://ezinearticles.com/?Professional-Minimum-Standards&id=3539181http://ezinearticles.com/?Preserving-a-Self-Image-As-an-Ethical-Professional&id=3571763http://ezinearticles.com/?General-Guidelines-of-Inspirational-Ethical-Codes&id=3571710http://ezinearticles.com/?Inspirational-Ethics-Code&id=3571742http://ezinearticles.com/?Ethical-Integrative-Functions&id=3571676http://ezinearticles.com/?Ethical-Circles&id=3571691http://ezinearticles.com/?Ethical-Behavior-As-a-Solution-For-the-Public-Interest&id=3583673http://ezinearticles.com/?Ethical-Justification-on-the-Public-Administration&id=3583681http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Ethical-Relationship-in-the-Corporate-and-Public-Sector&id=3587268


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Artigos publicados Justification and Principle of Ethics and Law[Legal] Every new law, every new institutional reform, and every new sectorwide policy should be sent to the ethics office for advice on whether it posesany ethical risk and if it could be varied in a way that is supportive of raisingstandards or reducing corruption. Many new policy proposals are regimesrather than impose their own ideas of ethics on the agency. Ethics is one areathat just cannot be imposed from process should review administrative lawprinciples in the light of the ethical codes that are adopted.

Embracing a Critical Morality in a Profession[Business: Ethics] People view crime by professionals as particularlyabhorrent, particularly heinous. When an accountant steals from a client, alawyer perverts justice and a doctor murders a patient, these crimes seem evenmore offensive. An examination of what it means to be a professional providesan insight into society's reaction to professional criminality.

Ethics Regimes and Integrity Systems[News-and-Society: Politics] The first requirement is to remember the criticalrole of the legislature in the integrity system. People put too much faith in thecapacity of a democratic legislature to prevent wrong-doing, we should nevermake the opposite mistake of rubbishing the integrity potential of democratic

legislatures and put all our faith in independent or civil society 'watchdog'bodies. The essential insight of 'ethics regimes' and 'integrity systems' is that nosingle institution can provide the answer and that each must support the other.

Ethics - Law and Citizenship[News-and-Society: Politics] Laws are not self-enforcing. Those to whom theyare directed need to understand what they mean to them. Parliament generallyjust passes laws and then expects others to communicate their content -generally through the media, specifically when individuals seek legal advice,and diffusely through word of mouth.

The Ethical Behavioral Range of Values[Business: Ethics] Participation in crime, as an example, can be viewed as the

worst failure of the professional in terms of behavior antithetical to the publicvalues of his or her profession. However, crime represents only the tip of theiceberg of activities that fail to further the public values that justify a particularprofession.

Improving Professional Or Institutional Behavior[Business: Career-Advice] Improving professional or institutional behavior(and avoiding misbehavior) requires a coordinated approach based on a 'trinity'of ethical standard setting, legal regulation and institutional reform. Such anapproach recognizes that professional behavior falls into a normative continuumfrom the highest professional standards, through good work, sub-par work,misconduct and criminality.

Ethical Codes of Conduct[Business: Ethics] Institutionalizing of ethics is not done by the passage oflegislation, regulation, or by any executive fiat. Building ethics into theconsciousness, reasoning, and action of a public sector not only takes time butinvolves an extensive process.

Characteristics of a Profession[Business: Career-Advice] In a profession, autonomy and self-regulation stillhold true or are even desirable in the modem corporate and bureaucratic world.A profession's right to exist, along with the power and privileges its membersenjoy, rests upon the professions upholding of public values through thedevelopment, transmission and application of a body of knowledge.
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10/23



Artigos publicados How to Improve the Business Environment[Business] The concept of social legitimacy is based on the premise thatbusiness relationships between a company and a particular stakeholder will notirresponsibly damage the legitimate interests of other stakeholders. Legitimateis used in a broader sense than legal. It implies an entitlement which isrecognized by others as correct.

Ethical Leadership Role[Self-Improvement: Leadership] The role of leaders and leadership wasacknowledged. This has long been emphasized in business and theprofessions. It is common for older ethical practitioners to cite individuals whotaught them how to think ethically. Many jurisdictions are emphasizingleadership as the key factor in values based ethical governance.

Governance in Natural Resources[News-and-Society: Environmental] Global demand and prices for oil, gasand minerals have increased dramatically in recent years, not least driven bythe economic successes of a number of emerging economies. Thesedevelopments could provide an opportunity for mineral-rich countries to push

economic and social development.

Crime Situation in Africa[News-and-Society: Politics] Nigeria is a country that dominates the WestAfrican region due to its large population (125 million) and the importance of itsmineral and oil resources (the sixth largest oil producer in the world). Politicalinstability, poverty and endemic corruption force many native people to leavetheir places of origin to the European Union countries in search of a better life.

Institutional Theories About Governance Policies on Natural Resources[News-and-Society: Politics] To explain institutional change institutions needto be conceptualized as a dependent rather than an independent variable. Thesocial science literature on institutional change is too large to be dealt with

comprehensively.

Form Versus Function in Rich Countries' Resources Governance[News-and-Society: Environmental] The fact in order to deliver the sameinstitutional function it does not require a particular institutional form. Likewise aparticular institutional form can deliver very different functions in differentcountry contexts. This challenge suggests that appearance can be deceptive.

Institutional Theory and Definitions About Natural Resources[News-and-Society: Environmental] Why institutions matter to achievingeconomic and social development is certainly not a question that has arisenonly in the context of mineral-rich countries. Social scientists have long pointedto institutions as well as institutional change to explain economic and socialtransformations.

Explaining Differences in Outcomes of Governance in Countries Rich in MineralResources[News-and-Society: International] Some observers have challenged thisnegative policy outlook by pointing to mineral-rich countries that haveperformed relatively well. Commonly singled out are Botswana, Chile,Indonesia, Malaysia, the United Arab Emirates and mineral-rich OECDcountries.
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11/23



Artigos publicados Drug Trafficking in West African Criminal Networks[News-and-Society: Crime] Poor countries are a source of production ortransportation of illegal goods or as transit points for trafficking, while developedcountries offer clear opportunities for the sale and acquisition. These countrieshave more interest for criminal groups as a base for their activities.

West African Criminal Networks of Illegal Immigration[News-and-Society] Each year tens of thousands of people from West African

countries are transported by road to North Africa, mainly Morocco, from wherethey to Spain across the Strait of Gibraltar, whether hidden in trucks, whichmake the journey aboard ferries, or rafts. In some cases there is also thesmuggling of illegal immigrants by sea directly to France and Italy from NorthAfrican countries.

Terrorist Methods of Subversive Groups - Acting and Recruiting[News-and-Society: Politics] Usually the study is directed toward the criminalaspects of terrorism, which are present in all areas, and into the criminalaspects of illegal immigration. Clearly, migration (regular or not) and criminalactivity that may fall under illegal immigration, have a general and widerdimensions than the pure criminal dimension of terrorism.

Terrorism and Drug Trafficking in Afghanistan[News-and-Society: International] Afghanistan was the world largest producerof opiates. While throughout the war against illicit crops communists hadcontinued to develop in areas controlled by Moujaidines. When soviets wereprepared to withdraw from Afghanistan the Afghan resistance was linked toopium production and trafficking of heroin.

Links Between Terrorism and Drug Trafficking[News-and-Society: Politics] The links between terrorism and drug traffickingare real and are growing, according to officials and former officials whoparticipated in the special symposium at the headquarters of the DrugEnforcement Agency of America (DEA). A good approach that can be done;about the gains from drug trafficking that are funneled to terrorist organizations,

like the Taliban regime, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)and the Islamic Jihad.

Linkages Between Terrorism and Drug Trafficking in North Africa[News-and-Society: Politics] Until the moment when 16 terrorist attacked inCasablanca and caused the killing of 44 people, the Moroccan regime had beentaking a low profile in the treatment of cannabis crop growing and trafficking. Inthe 90s, the former king Hassan II formed an agency for the development ofnorthern Morocco under the auspices of the Ministry of Interior.

The Challenge of Citizenship Empowerment[News-and-Society: Politics] Local governments face a rapidly changingsociety, both in terms of speed and dimension. Some of today's most strikingissues are: (i) the economic restructuring as the former socialist industriescollapsed; (ii) the impact that high rates of unemployment have on families andcommunities; (iii) the continuous growth of vulnerable groups, as division anddifferentiation within the society grows, and; (iv) a growing environmentalconcern, which is often related to the "wild" urbanization process.

The Legal and Organized Political Power[News-and-Society: Politics] The components of national power of the state,qualitative and quantitative factors of economic, political, social and militarypower are needed to interpret the same state as a dynamic social relationship,which necessarily interacts with all facets of social behavior. The combination ofthese optical multidisciplinary appreciate the history and present of nations, as

part of social and institutional contents of the country, under the deposit of statepowers in the government figure, defines the policies to follow.
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12/23



Artigos publicados The Concept of Power[News-and-Society: Politics] The conditions of domination and subordinationof power have always been a constant in the history of human relations and itsforms of social organization. For that reason, analyze the nature and dynamicsof power is one of the most important elements of policy analysis and todevelop prospective scenarios.

The Dynamics and Results of Intelligence and Security

[News-and-Society: Politics] Defense will improve with the addition ofepistemological and methodological advances and technological developmentsthat occur within the field of knowledge management, and being laid in recentyears the foundations for the formation and development of a new andautonomous scientific discipline of the same name. Continued progress inproduction methods of intelligence and knowledge that characterize theseservices, particularly in technology, integrated into the disciplinary framework ofknowledge management, promoting acceptance by other areas such as thebusiness, industry, finance and public administration.

Behavior Rules to Assume Responsibilities - The Public Servant Responsibility[Business: Career-Advice] Personal commitments and capacity become evenmore important when public officials take on leadership. Range of responsibility

and discretion increases, and the roles of vision, action, personal judgment andinitiative become at a minimum, maintaining personal integrity and responsibilityin the office means that individuals cannot deny responsibility for their actions.They cannot place blame on institutional structures or on others the rubric ofpublic integrity, all commitments are personal commitments. No rules or strictorders totally exonerate people from respond for immoral, illegal, or wastefuloutcomes to which they contribute. Public officials should be subject to shameor satisfaction for such actions.

Personal Integrity - A Career Rule[Business: Career-Advice] No matter how strictly written the mandates or howclearly the hierarchy, at some point commitments prescribed will come intoconflict. High officials regularly feel cross-cutting tensions amid the

requirements of protecting an institution, building support for a policy, andaccounting to superiors.

Career - Behavior Models[Business: Careers-Employment] Every elected, appointed, and careerofficial must exercise judgment and discretion in carrying out the duties andresponsibilities of office. Society depends upon their conscientious judgmentand skill to provide the foundations of public order. A theory of public integritycan guide these public officials in exercising judgment and discretion.

Different Conceptions of Power[News-and-Society: Politics] The respect that American democracy gives toits constitution and generally the rule of law that emanates from it forms thebackbone of his power and authority in the internal. The powers are legally andlegitimately founded by the sovereign will of the American people and theirdivision keeps its balance date and ensures the system of checks and balancesthat since its genesis, constituted the basic contours of American democracy.

Policies and Interventionism[News-and-Society: Politics] Foreign policy is clearly defined their goals andpermanent is the synthesis of the exercise of power of the state in the field ofinternational relations. This applies to all nations and is, as noted in theprevious chapter, the guidance of national interest for all States.
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13/23



Artigos publicados Guide to National Security and Foreign Policy - Policy Analysis[News-and-Society: Politics] In defining the state policy, national security andforeign policy, the starting point is the national interest. If we take as a referencepoint that only one state is able to give your business a sense of politicalsecurity, global and comprehensive objectives and national interests are thebasic parameters of its overall activity of the state.

Summarizing Power

[News-and-Society: Politics] Summarizing power relativity imposes socialdynamics, explained by the concepts of relativity and comprehensiveness ofpower. Social mobility encourages internal and external procedures tocontinuously review and evaluate information, taking as long as the referencepoint which is the permanent strategic interests and objectives.

The Review of the Concepts of Safety and Capacity[News-and-Society: Politics] States quickly learn 'the game' or they should doto ensure their survival and make the appropriate security measures. Thisapproach also reinforces the Center for Strategic and International StudiesGeorgetown one of the most influential think tanks (or academic and researchactivities related to American power) of the previous decade and the present,noting that "foreign policies in several respects returned to the family lines

particularly the control of its process by the main international actor, the States.

The Paradigms Review[News-and-Society: Politics] The state and its sovereignty are the face of newpoles of power. In the realm of theory, revision of interpretive studies of theinternational scene has led to such divergent responses ranging from theconservative behaviorists to postmodern iconoclasts.

The Reality of Insecurity[News-and-Society: Politics] In this multidimensional dimension of insecurity,we are witnessing a moment of fatal confluence of crises that generate suchfeedback, and many devastating impacts on vast quantities of human beings,particularly the most vulnerable regions and sectors of this inequitable

globalization and compulsive. In this confluence of crises, the food ismonopolizing the attention of everyone, by the vastness and depth of it.

Multidimensional Security[News-and-Society: Politics] This concept runs through the current debate oninternational relations, the role of government and not-state actors and thescope of the rights of individuals, both at intra-state and internationally. That iswhy there are different definitions of Safety: freedom from war, common good,preserving the sovereignty and national interests, protection of fundamentalvalues, survivability of the group, resistance to aggression, improved quality oflife, strengthening the rule, removal of threats, human emancipation, and so on.

African Bureaucracies[News-and-Society: International] The context in many African countries(among others) is not conducive to successful bureaucracies. For example:Information and evaluation are scarce and expensive, which inhibits internaland external controls.

Polices Against Corruption[News-and-Society: Pure-Opinion] Development strategies are shifting frompolicy reform to institutional reform, including the control of corruption. As welearn that economic policy reforms aren't enough for economic success, thatmulti-party democracy is not enough for political success, we focus on theinstitutions through which economic and political activity are carried out andmediated.
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14/23



Artigos publicados Organizing Workshops to Design Anti-Corruption Strategies[News-and-Society: Politics] High-level participatory diagnoses have provedremarkably fruitful in generating frank analysis of sensitive policy issues,leading to suggestions for remedial measures. But sometimes there is no carrotor stick to keep that momentum moving.

Fight Against Corruption - After Deterrence Comes the Structural Changes[News-and-Society: Pure-Opinion] Therefore, after frying a few big fish, we

must turn to the reform of institutions. In the case of government corruption,experience shows that public officials should be involved in the solutions. Weshould begin with the positive. In particular, work with line officials to defineways to measure public sector success, and then link part of the officials'compensation to the achievement of results.

Anti-Corruption Strategies[News-and-Society: Pure-Opinion] Anti-corruption strategies must go beyondblanket condemnations. Privately, at least, one must be very shrewd aboutwhere to begin and how. One must involve local people in the analysis of thecosts and benefits of various kinds of corruption in international businesstransactions in the country in question. When deciding what to do first, onemust keep in mind the need to begin with a quick success, and then attack

areas with highest benefit-cost ratios.

Different Corruptions Cases[News-and-Society: Economics] Not all kinds of corruption are equallyharmful or equally easy to prevent. It is important to combine economic analysiswith political assessment and ask, what kinds of corruption hurt the most, andwhom? What ways of fighting corruption are most effective, and what are thedirect and indirect costs?

Applications to Country Programs Against Corruption[News-and-Society: Pure-Opinion] A campaign against corruption must gobeyond words, indeed beyond new laws. Institutional adjustment is needed tolimit the scope of corruption (and more generally, to enhance efficiency). A

rough formula holds: we will tend to have corruption when there is monopolyplus discretion minus accountability.

The Politics of Anti-Corruption Endeavors[News-and-Society: Politics] After the first participatory diagnosis,government might sponsor further workshops at several levels (includinggovernment officials, international businesses, local businesses, and aiddonors). Studies can also play a catalytic role.

School Management[Reference-and-Education: Future-Concepts] Each school must be dividedinto work units. The pupils within each work unit are divided into classes andalso, for their everyday work, into groups of various sizes.

OECD Anti Corruption Unit[News-and-Society: International] The good will that accompanied the 1997Bribery Convention will not last ad infinitum. Perceptions that countries are notliving up to their obligations under the Conventions will inevitability weaken theagreement and lead to erosion of public confidence. Recuperating themomentum and enthusiasm of that initial accomplishment will go far to ensuringthat it is not yet the end of the honeymoon.
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15/23



Artigos publicados Commercial Transactions - Money Laundering[News-and-Society: International] One heartening development on the globalfinancial scene is that it is being shown that coordinated international pressureon countries which fail to regulate against financial malpractice can have animpact. Although to be highly effective it does seem to need be backed up bysome form of economic sanction or threat of sanctions.

Export Guarantee Insurance

[Insurance] As a result of campaigning by anti-corruption groups, attention hasrecently focused on the Export Guarantee Agencies of a number of Westerncountries. These agencies provide taxpayer backed insurance for domesticcompanies undertaking business in high-risk areas abroad. In the total contractfee insured hidden bribes or semi legal fees and commission are covered.

Spying and Bribery[News-and-Society: International] Attitudes in the West are changing. Nolonger is it deemed acceptable to bribe your way into a contract as long as youand your company are not caught. Such publicity and the increasing weight oflegalisation is having a perceptible impact on the private sector.

Bribery of Foreign Officials

[News-and-Society: International] In the past the extent of bribery bycompanies from Western Europe and North America of foreign officials forcontracts has been a matter of pure speculation. Little or no empirical evidencewas available. But, over the last year or so that has begun to change. In thatperiod we have seen the emergence of evidence from variety of sources thatgives some hint of the sheer scale of the bribery by companies headquarteredin countries in the region.

Political Parties Funding Recent History[News-and-Society: International] Parties seek more money from thetaxpayer but there will always be tight constraints on this source of funding. Theobvious source of big money is rich donors and corporations. But such donorsare not usually motivated by generosity.

Political Donations and Corruption[News-and-Society: Politics] In one case Spanish anti-corruption publicprosecutors began the investigation last March into the allegedly fraudulent saleof the Spanish telephone installation company Sintel to the Cuban entrepreneurJorge Mas Canosa. The action was taken after unions alleged the formermanagement of the company had plundered millions of pesetas from the sale ofthe company.

Privatizing - A Way to Make Illicit Profits With Bribery and Corruption[News-and-Society: International] For more than a year it has been France'sturn to fall under the microscope of the international media over bribery andcorruption allegations, as it had been Britain's turn in the mid 1990s over sleazein the Conservative Government. Recent events in the USA, Canada, France,Germany, Austria, Britain, Ireland, Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, Italy,Greece, Turkey, Denmark, Cyprus, Malta, Luxembourg, Switzerland,Liechtenstein, Norway, Sweden and Finland. Between them these countries areresponsible for around 70% of world's exports and 61.6% of the world'scombined GNPs.

Money, Arms and Much More[News-and-Society: International] If one person in the West symbolizes thegrowing resistance to corruption it is Eva Jolly, the Paris based investigatingmagistrate in the Elf Aquitaine affair. With its allegations of bribes andsuspicious arms deals involving those at the highest levels of French political

life the case have rocked France over the last eighteen months.
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Artigos publicados Organizational Learning[Reference-and-Education] The learning curve for implementing effectivereforms is steep. To better understand one of the important dimensions oforganizational learning, we find the distinction between tacit and codifiedknowledge to be a useful one.

Approach to Knowledge and Learning Integrity[News-and-Society: Politics] The resources required to 'deliver' high levels ofpublic integrity are huge though, even if it were possible; arguably greater thanthe resources one could imagine being available. This is due to the high costsof achieving. All these play a significant role in the application of pro-integrityreforms and are hard to overcome when applying a top-down, internationallydriven approach to public integrity reform, such as has characterized muchpolicy to date.

The Need of a Reform on Integrity Education[Reference-and-Education: Future-Concepts] Over the last 25 years a

compelling body of evidence has been accumulated concerning the harm andwaste caused by corruption and low levels of public integrity. The sumsestimated are vast. The impact fails disproportionately on developing countriesand on the poor within these countries. Flows of aid and structural lendingremains significant to many developing countries are significant in terms ofGNP.

Educational Sustainability and Measure[Reference-and-Education] The first metric of sustainability is demand, bothby the university lecturers, as well as by students, career professionals, andgovernments. If demand is high and is seen to be usefully met, the institutional,human and financial resources needed to meet it are more likely to bemobilized over time. The capacities to sustain such efforts are fostered by

involving the institutions and key staff in the knowledge creation andorganizational learning process from the outset. Interventions in capacity raisingare nonetheless often costly.

Camp School Activities[Reference-and-Education] Residential camp school activities lasting for acouple of days or, more commonly, for about a week, provides pupils with anopportunity of studying the natural environment and people's life and activitiesaway from the locality where their school is situated. Thus these activities arean integral part of regular teaching and provide a valuable supplement toordinary school work.

Pupil's Achievements at School[Reference-and-Education] Each mark is a summary of the pupil'sachievements in a particular subject or group of subjects. In this respect theteacher should be guided by the scope and emphasis allotted by the syllabi tothe various teaching items. Shortcomings in a field of minor importance shouldnot entail the follow-up activities incumbent on school same reduction of a markas would be prompted by more critical deficiencies.

School Syllabus Goals[Reference-and-Education] A syllabus consist of goals and main teachingitems. The goals define the focus of the subject and the central concepts withindifferent fields of subject matter which have to be mastered by the pupils, aswell as the skills they have to practice.
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Artigos publicados Pupil's Responsibilities[Reference-and-Education] Pupil's responsibilities have been trained,achieving the greatest possible impact. It is also important as a means ofindividualizing working methods within different pupils groups and carrying outproject studies or integrated projects. Co-operation in working teams alsoprovides teachers with an opportunity of supporting and assisting one another.

Developing a Pupil's Capacity at School

[Reference-and-Education] Schools must develop the pupil's capacity forcritical and independent appraisal and their ability to resist tendentiousinfluence. This aim should be constantly pursued in, not least in addressed toclasses or groups and in practical vocational orientation.

School Work Procedures[Reference-and-Education] The production of school magazines teachespupils a great deal about co-operation. Sometimes these magazines are of arelatively modest kind, being primarily a manifestation of the energy of anindividual pupil or friends, or else they may have resulted from assignmentswithin a teaching subject. In other cases they are edited by a class or a pupilassociation. Sometimes a magazine can represent the entire school.

Foreign Languages At School[Reference-and-Education: Languages] English language practice isprovided for pre-school children in preschool. This practice must be continuedin compulsory school in the form of home language lessons. The main criterionmust be the needs of the pupils concerned. Instruction must be arranged forpupils having a minority language as their home language, i.e. both immigrantpupils and pupils belonging to other minorities.

Dealing With Pupil's Difficulties At School[Reference-and-Education] Pupils may also be laboring under difficulties -intellectual and physical handicaps, emotional and social disturbances -whichare so great that they have to attend a special teaching group for all lessons. Incertain cases, however, they can also attend leisure activities and school

lunches together with the main group.

Special Needs[Reference-and-Education: Future-Concepts] To preparedness to adjustsubject matter and working methods and the consistent practice ofIndividualized work skills, is the allocation of resources in response to currentneeds. School difficulties are connected with the social situation of school andpupils.

Preventing Pupils Difficulties[Reference-and-Education: Future-Concepts] Schools must try to preventpupils from running into difficulties in the course of their school work. Content,working methods and organization must therefore be designed so as to bereadily adjustable to the individuality of different pupils. Local decision-makingpowers, vested in the individual school, the work unit and the class, concerningsubject matter, working methods and work procedures, are therefore essentialin order for a school to discharge its duties successfully.

Motivating the Pupils[Reference-and-Education: Future-Concepts] In order to feel motivated fortheir work, pupils must have the opportunity of seeing it produce concreteresults. They must have immediate and clearly defined interim objectives towork for. For this reason, lessons must not lapse into a succession of exercisesor collections of material; instead there must be clear objectives which teacherand pupils have tried to agree on for a series of lessons.
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Artigos publicados School - Value Judgments[Reference-and-Education] In all school subjects, teachers and pupils mustestablish what questions are concerned with values in the sense that they canonly be answered by means of value judgments. Any person about to adopt astandpoint concerning values needs a proper fund of knowledge to draw on.

Pupil Knowledge and Experience at School

[Reference-and-Education] The central position given to communicative skillsdoes not in any way imply that they are to be practiced in isolation and apartfrom motivating contacts during lessons. Needless to say, writing practiceshould not deal with things in which the pupils are not interested.

School Subjects' Goals[Reference-and-Education] The goals defined for different subjects or groupsof subjects indicate the focus of studies and the concepts with which every pupilis to be made familiarly, together with the essential skills which the pupil mustlearn to employ. The various main teaching items indicate subject mattershedding light on the concepts and to be dealt with by the pupils, as well asvarious ways of practicing skills.

Optional Courses at School[Reference-and-Education] With exception of language courses, optionalcourses are to comprise an in-depth study or amplification of certain teachingitems in two or more subjects. They can be given a heavy practical focus bybeing based, for example, on teaching items from handicraft, technology anddomestic science.

Compulsory School Syllabi[Reference-and-Education: Future-Concepts] The content of the compulsoryschool syllabi is grouped into subjects. General subjects are grouped into twoblocks, namely social subjects and science subjects. Each subject or subjectblock is allotted a particular amount of time in the compulsory school timeschedule to ensure that different types of subject matter are equally taken into

account in the Portuguese compulsory system.

School Free Activities[Reference-and-Education: Future-Concepts] Organizing groups for freeactivities can actively support the work done by teachers and pupils to improvethe school environment. Voluntary organizations and associations play animportant part.

Organising the School Management[Reference-and-Education] The school management must actively endeavorto establish the broadest possible partnership. In this way many persons withspecial qualifications and with occupational experience of different workingenvironments can be made to participate in instruction.

Partnership Between School and Homes[Home-and-Family] Partnership between schools and homes it is theresponsibility of headmasters and preschool staff to ensure that all children andtheir parents are put in touch with the schools where the children are to begintheir school careers. When children start school, contact between their homesand school should be established in collaboration with preschool.
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Artigos publicados Teaching Pupils to Assume Responsibilities[Reference-and-Education: Future-Concepts] Different pupil groups shouldbe allowed to assume responsibility for certain curricula during the school day.Schools should also enlist the services of parents, associations andrepresentatives of social authorities and cultural and recreational authorities, forexample.

Human Relations at School

[Reference-and-Education: Future-Concepts] Human relations in ademocratic society must be shaped by free and independent individuals.Schools must therefore work to promote the equality of men and women.Schools must endeavor to lay the foundations of solidarity with disadvantagedgroups in this country and abroad. They must actively promote the inclusion ofimmigrants in this country in the community.

Adoption Activities[Reference-and-Education: Future-Concepts] Adoption activities are anotherway of developing a sense of social responsibility and strengthening communitysense in a school. Senior pupils can help younger ones at pre-school level,during lessons, in the school library or as part of an induction process seniorpupils should be allowed to lead various group activities.

School Legal Guidelines[Reference-and-Education: Home-Schooling] Basic provisions concerningactivities in private schools are contained in a special enactment, the EducationLaw. Implementing a new international school has to accomplish thoserequirements. Legislation concerning conditions in the labor market and workinglife is also applicable to schools.

Pupils' Individual Values[Reference-and-Education] Children are different when they come to school,and schools should not try to make them all alike. When pupils leave schoolthey should do so with their individuality and personality intact and with adeveloped capacity for respecting the individuality of others.

Environment - CO2 Issue Zero And Eco Efficiency[News-and-Society: Environmental] In 1994 as part of the Program on Eco-Restructuring for Sustainable Development of the Institute of Advanced Studies,the Initiative for Research on Zero Emission was launched United NationsUniversity. The "Zero" came in as a result of the convergence of three streamsof thought that dominated the world scene in the last 60 years: a developingprogram, focused on economic growth and expansion of industrial production;the social, experiments for the human well-being either individual and collectiveand ecological, defending the natural systems and quality of the environment.

Building an Information System[Business] An information system (IS) can be defined as "a set of inter-relatedcomponents working together to collect, retrieve, process, store and distributeinformation in order to facilitate the planning, control, coordination, analysis anddecision making in companies and other organizations." The IS containsinformation about people, places, and those facts that help managers to makedecisions, analyze and visualize complex issues and solve other problems.

The True Entrepreneur[Business: Entrepreneurialism] Ten key behaviors for entrepreneurial people,grouped into three sets: Implementation, Planning and Power. Theentrepreneur seizes opportunities outside of the ordinary to get a new business,obtain financing, equipment, place of work or assistance.
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Artigos publicados Environmental Social Perception[News-and-Society: Environmental] The care essential with Earth is theethics of a sustainable world. Ethics of care applies to both the internationallevel as a national and individual, no nation is self-sufficient and all benefit tothe sustainability world and all will be threatened if we achieve it.

Security and Information

[Business: Security] With the argument that society needs to have certainproducts or services, the government creates a public that is structured to act ina particular industry, such as education, health, safety and welfare. IT presentsit as the basic components of data processing and/or information andcommunication through integrated electronic equipment for that.

Organizational Entrepreneurship[Business: Entrepreneurialism] Entrepreneurship has been approached indifferent ways by different authors throughout its history. This is because theissue has been the subject of study of several areas of social sciences:Economics, Management, Psychology, Sociology, among others.

Reform of the State and Public Programs

[Legal: National-State-Local] Historically, there is the concern of evaluatingpublic programs in general and social programs in particular. For years, theproduction of technical knowledge in the pursuit of improved standards ofmanagement in the public sector has always been much more oriented to theprocesses of formulation of programs than those related to its implementationand evaluation.

Environment - Sustainable Development[News-and-Society: Environmental] In literature there is an official set ofconcepts or meanings that are often mutually contradictory. There arereferences to development, sustainable development, sustainability andcapacity to support, among others.

Economic Development and Environmental Awareness[News-and-Society: Environmental] Companies began to cooperate tominimize negative effects of pollution and require environmental responsibility.Agreements and international cooperative action have been able to police andprosecute offenders of reasonable standards of emissions.

Leadership - An Ability[Self-Improvement: Leadership] Taking into account the expectations relatedto leadership, the superior, to their peers and the organization can say thatthese are variables that affect the position that the leader will take. One conceptbeing considered is the first of Taylor in the twentieth century. Later PeterDrucker (1999), followed the theme.

Regional Development[News-and-Society: Economics] Expressions such as "vertical disintegration"and "social division of labor" are on the agenda of the researchers. However,this contradiction between the subjective business and social cohesion must beregulated in some way.

The Male Administrator[Business] The behavioral theory (or theory behavior) appears at the end ofthe 1940s. The organization is seen as a system of decisions in whi

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