De oitocentos em diante

7/21/2019 De oitocentos em diante

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Md bltbkdftbs di

mleftdfe `ltdreture pbrtuoudseNB[ JDQFEFMB OTLIEQD[


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Nbs Jdrfefmb Oulierds

Md bltbkdftbs

di mleftd

fe `ltdreture pbrtuoudse

5


3/169

Kdsrlb Zdrmd

d e ibmdrflmemd

1


4/169

B `lvrb md Kdsrlb Zdrmd(sdoulmb md eòuies pbdsles mlspdrses, dm. rdvlste

pbr Keare` mb Fesklidftb, dm. lfdrve, !lsabe, "#$%&, pua`lkemb di "'' pbr

)l`ve *brtb, ui efb ep+s e ibrtd mb pbdte, tdi ui fk`db kdftre` mbfmd

lrremlei vrlbs suatdies. es, et b pr+prlb fk`db kdftre` mb `lvrb kbftdi, di

sl idsib, vrles reil-lke/ds3 pere user ui kbfkdltb md Md`du5d d Ouetterl, B

`lvrb md Kdsrlb Zdrmd ui rl5bie. 1ue` , dftb, b tdie kdftre` mb `lvrb;

=rete4sd me bpbslb dftrd e klmemd d b keipb.

: klmemd, di Kdsrlb, eb kbftrrlb mb ?ud ekbftdkd di Nuf?udlrb d Obids

!de` (?ud -brei eb dfkbftrb md 7eumdèlrd, kbib Kdsrlb, e`ls, teiai b -bl3

er`ds 7eumdèlrd 8 )bf>bu d prdssdftlu fbs sdus md`0rlbs

ibrfbs9& fb k>doe e sdr b ie`. Fbltd jdkgeme(pp. ' s?.& d B sdftlidftb

mui bklmdfte`(pp. #$ s?.& sb pbdies me d fe klmemd. Fb prlidlrb, > uie

sdfseb ml-use md ie`4dster, md tmlb, sp`ddf (e pdfe mbs

ierefbs9& 2 ?ud b pessdlb fb keipb fb perdkd kbfsdoulr mdadèr3

ui seumbsb os eierdèmb 8 6 es ker0kles `dltbses mb ùer;9 2 dstd b lf0klb

mb pbdie ?ud tdrilfe essli3 e, 8 Es ker0kles `dltbses mb ùer, 8 Adkb`>dstd4

td, p`lme d sb5lf>e, 8 E oelbè mb tdu tdrkdlrb efmer9.*br sdu èmb, di B

sdftlidftb mui bklmdfte`, mdmlkemb e Oudrre Nuf?udlrb, b tbi iels vlareftd,

iels mlèkdremb3 te`

idèfkb`le, 8 1ud es sbiares, b au`0klb, b =dDb, e ierdsle, 8 Mdspdrtei ui

mdsdDb easurmb md sb-rdr.9. 6, `dfmb4sd dstd lf0klb me prlidlre mes ?uetrb

;


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sdk/ds mb pbdie (Evd Ierles, Fbltd jdkgeme, Eb os, Gbres ibrtes&,

`diareib4fbs md *dssbe 2 id`>br, md `verb md Keipbs, ?ud vel, elfme, sdr

eftdklpemb fbutrbs pbdies. =bmevle, di B sdftlidftb mui bklmdfte`> iels

eftdklpe/ds md *dssbe. :ssli, fe sdoufme sdkb3 bre4id b kbreb

?ud sd dfk>d d ?ud sd ealsie.9 dlrb feve` -briemb pbr O`esobG& bidi ?ud

resobu evdflmes e roue d ds?uemrb, et kbib -brie md pbmdr kbftdr rdad`l/ds

d aerrlkemes3 doer eb rde`lsib md ?ud B

=


6/169

`lvrb md Kdsrlb Zdrmdm kbfte; Md -ektb, b tdie mb rde`lsib sdiprd

lftrbmu5lmb md ibmb suatl` kbftre e e, di fbte

-lfe` e Kèrlmemds mb su`("'$& d di Mb feture`lsib fe pbdsle, fbte -lfe` e B

eftl-krlstbmd "''S4'U, ibstremb mlstIfkle di rdèb Q plfture md Kburadt 2

pbr?ud, ml5 d`d, b rde`lsib e dsttlke mb -dlb. 1ud b rde`lsib, md ?ud Kburadt

-bl b td+rlkb fes ertds vlsuels, trefs-brie bs dfbrids ?uemrbs me plfture md

ofdrb >lst+rlkb di dfbrids ?uemrbs sbard es odftds rurels (tdrre tdfdftds,

kekl?uds, keipbfdsds&, sbard e rure`lmemd (b ?ud et pbmle kepter b lftdrdssd

md Oudrre Nuf?udlrb&, ` lssb vdrmemd. 6 ?ud e rure`lmemd dsteve e-esteme

mbs lftdrdssds ert0stlkbs md Obids !de`, teiai vdrmemd. 6 pere Kdsrlb

Zdrmd; ?ud slofl-lke b keipb pere Kdsrlb Zdrmd;

keipb fb fdi b adi (kbib di Nuf?udlrb& fdi b ie`. :`ls, Kdsrlb

dst pbukb prdbkupemb kbi dste mue`lmemd mbs ve`brds. Hie ?ud butre vd5

rd-drd4sd ebs mdsprbtdolmbs me klmemd. es, kbi pdfe, kbi kbilsdreb 2

sdDe b ùipdfbu b vd`>b prb-dssbr md ètli. Ad-drd4sd4`>ds fe lftdfslmemd me

mdskrlb. Md -ektb, e lftdfslmemd me mdskrlb, ?ud sd mdsmbare pbr mlvdrsbs

pèfbs, ?ud krlei dftrd sl vrles lftdrsdk/ds, uie mes ierkes lfmlskut0vdls

me pbdsle md Kdsrlb 2 ?ud b -e5 sdr prdkursbr mb lftdrsdkklbflsib md *dssbe.

utre ierke e sue kbfmlb md j`fdur. )d b j`fdur, kbib dskrdvd

7eumdèlrd di @d pdlftrd md è vld ibmdrfd, e dfkerfeb mb sp`ddf, mb

tmlb, me idèfkb`le ies, teiai, me sb`lmb mes d fes orefmds klmemds, mb

keilf>er sb5lf>b fes erkemes d fbs bu`dverms, Kdsrlb , fe pbdsle

4


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pbrtuoudse md bltbkdftbs, ui kesb flkb md j`fdur. E 7eumdèlrd. 6,

-ufmeidfteìdftd, Q *bd. *br lssb, e kbfsteftd drrIfkle mb du (sdiprd

mdsdspdremb fb usb me lftdrDdlb, mb vbketlvb, me lftdrpdèb3 d du, d tu, d

f+s& uie ierke mlstlftlve me sue pbtlke.

Zb`tefmb eb pepd` mb keipb fe bare md Kdsrlb Zdrmd. Mlssd etrs ?ud b

keipb fb dre b adi (kbib di Nuf?udlrb& fdi b ie` 2 d ?ud dsse mlkbtbile

ve`bretlve `>d dre ?uesd lfml-drdftd. !dle4sd, pbr dLdip`b, dssd pbdie

prdtdfseidftd eutbalbor-lkb, F!s (pp. ""U s?.&. Fb >, e0, kbib fbutrb

pbdie ?ue`?udr, taue md ve`brds eòuie. Kbib, sua`lf>d4sd, fb > fe

pbtlke md Kdsrlb ?ue`?udr rd-dr@fkle eb pbsltlvlsib (kbib di Nuf?udlrb bu

Obids !de`&. =umb sd pesse kbf-brid e feturd5e d es `dls mb idrkemb. :pdser

md ml5dr3


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drds lfekdss0vdls me klmemd (e pbard ab`se, eibrte`>bu4sd e

lmdle 8 Md v@4è eprbLlier, sdftemb fe pètdle, 8 Md t@4è fui alf+ku`b

ibrme59, p. S& 4 bu bs dsabbs me lfo`dse, me e`di, me lrèfmdse, dssd


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Kem)fkles trlstds, mdmlkemb e Nbb md Mdus, dsse ibrmeklmemd dsaetd4sd di

B `lvrb md Kdsrlb Zdrmd. Fb >, e0, stlre. Krud5e, ?uefmb iultb3 bDd

dstbu krud`, -rdftlkb, dLlodftd9 (p. $&. :5dmuid, butres vd5ds3 er 8 =umb tdi ui kdrtb dsp0rltb sdkrdtb9 (p. ""&


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6ftrd Oudrre Nuf?udlrb d Obids !de`


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E ibrtd md M* +b"b md "'S. prlidlrb B eftl-Krlstb md "''S4'U. Oudrre

Nuf?udlrb epb`0fdb. Obids !de` mlbfls0ekb. Hi ui od+idtre. butrb

b lf-brid. :pdser md tumb, > lmdels?ud bs ufdi. pbsltlvlsib3 uiefe3 bemb d md Krlstb rdfesklmb (?ud

lip`lke b Dustb, b abi, b -d`l5 4 sd suastltu0ssdibs -d`l5 pbr ad`b t0f>eibs e

taue md ve`brds md *`etb& e-este Oudrre Nuf?udlrb md Obids !de`. :ssli

kbib e kr0tlke eb rbieftlsib3


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mbdftle mb rbieftlsib mdsordf>emb d pldoes;9 (p. \^\& d eb rbieftlsib

termlb3 b M. Nbb 4 ibrtb e

tlrb (dr+l rbiIftlkb. 1ud, pbr sue vd5, fufke pbmdrle ibrrdr essli3


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orefltb.9 (p. "&, essli kbide b pbdie.


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Obids !de`3

uie pbtlke mb ilstrlb

5;


15/169

drid md )efte Alte, pua`lkemb di "'#. 6 te`vd5 sdDe mbs

tdLtbs iels lipbrteftds md Obids !de` sbard e sue pr+prle bare. ultb iels

mb ?ud e fbte me prlidlre dmlb md Kèrlmemds mb su` ("'$&, lftltuème

Eòuies peèvres2 ?ud -bl, fe sdoufme dmlb, ekrdskdfteme kbi ui `bfob

perore-b. B fdste dmlb, prdklseidftd, ?ud Obids !de` dskrdvd3

b3 4 df-li md tbme e

lmlbsslfkresle mdstes rdol/ds suevds d iuslkels mb klmdftd (...&9 (k-. b

prlidlrb mbs tr@s tbibs md Kèrlmemds mb su`, dmlb md *dtrus, p. '#, kuDe

ore-le ektue`l5dl&. )ua`lf>d4sd, mdsmd D, ?ud e ?udstb me iuslke`lmemd

kdftre` fe pbdsle md Obids !de`. es, di es, dm. Ab`li, !lsabe, s8m, pp. "" s?.& vel iels `bfod3 dklmb, e `dvefter uie pbfte mb vu mb

ôfbremb, d mes kblses lfdspdremeidftd lfs+`ltes, seturemes md prdst0olb.

:?ul`b ?ud bs >bidfs, di kl@fkle bu di -l`bsb-le, pbmdi rdpd`lr, b ertlste pbmd

ekb`>dr d ibmdèr, kbi ui e`vb supdrlbr md 6sttlke pure.9 (p. ""& 4 dls bs


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7drtrefm, !lsabe, %W dm., s8m ["#$], pp. ""$4U& pbmd4sd `dr3 dl e d`bmle.9 7eumdèlrd, dfkbftre b--ieff. 6, dfkbftrefmb 7eumdèlrd, dfkbftre

*bd. :`ls, b pbdie di ?udstb tdrilfe essli3 b ds-rlkb, pb`lmb, 8 :bfmd kb`bs fus ù5di pe`lmeidftd. 8

54


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7dè kbib b sdftlr e sdme mui vdstlmb 8 :rrester, kbib erreste e keume me

sdrpdftd. 88 (...&9 (pp. "%"4%&. 6 te`vd5 tdf>eibs e?ul, eb `bfob mdstd pbdie,

uie pbtlke 4 e pbtlke md Obids !de`3 uie pbtlke mb ilstrlb.

pbdie tdrilfe essli3 e mb idu areb3 8 6 ?udrb, fe tdfe5 slflstre mb

Mdsobstb, 8 Je5@4è rdsse`ter kbib uie ibè md eb9. Fdstd pbdie dst

?uesd tumb. :s dr 2 e

?ud sd >4md `dr diE iu`gdr md ùtb ("#%&. -emb 2 b mdstlfb md Kei/ds (E

jbid md Kei%ds4 "''&, md 7bkeod (Ieterei-td; =bkeod 4 "#U&, mb pr+prlb

Obids !de`. 6 )etefs 2 b ?ud sd >4md `dr fe prlidlre vdrsb md B eftl-

Krlstb("''S&. Md -bre -lkei eòufs pbdies me kbfvdrsb rd`lolbse, kesb me

sdoufme vdrsb md B eftl-Krlstb ("#'&, e ?ud ekrdskdftbu 4dsds sd`veodfs

("#'&, ,drdfemes md Gl`rlb fb k&u (s8m, "'#U&, Glst!rle md +dsus ("''& d

,dfgbre me idèfkb`le("#"&.

1ue` b pepd` me iu`>dr fe pbtlke md Obids !de`; pbdie Fdvrbsd

fbkturfem4fbs aesteftds plstes. :b kbftrrlb mb ?ud dskrdvd Kdk0`le 7errdlre

fe eftb`bole etrs rd-drlme 2 dr adè, ?uesd sdiprd di sltueb md fpkles

(...& [e]sslfeè4sd (...& [f]b `dltb, pbr dLkd`@fkle b e`ter kbfseoremb e uie

dLpleb bu e ui sekrl-0klb mlvlfb9 (p. "$& 2 b sefoud -dilflfb, fe pbtlke

md Obids !de`, feme tdi e vdr kbi dLpleb bu sekrl-0klb, ies, sli, kbi

vlme, kbi broesib, slf+flib md vlme, md broesib. 7este `dr e `tlie dstrb-d

md Fdvrbsd fbkturfe3 e mb idu areb3 8 6 ?udrb, fe tdfe5 slflstre mb Mdsobstb, 8

5:


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Je5@4è rdsse`ter kbib uie ibè md eb9. Hi broesib ?ud lip`lke e dr, fe pbtlke md Obids !de`, e kbider pdè lri d pdè id, iels mb

?ud b ilstrlb 2 b li4pbss0vd`3 lstdrle, eìes ?ud ulvei md tmlb, 8 =reob ui +`db

kbi ?ud ufDb es p`pdares mbrlmes 8 Mbs preftbs sdi rdimlb.9 (: idi!rle

md ilfge lri", p. %"&. Kbib dsteibs `bfod mb aeumdèlrdefb dr -rle d eflie`dske 4 kbib sd -bssd uie -dltlkdlre.

es, epdser md tumb3 dr4lri fdi e iu`>dr4id (dr4

eieftd, e ?ud prbplkle dr4eieftd ?ud `0rlb

d rbse fbutrbs pbdies.


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(pp. ""4'&. 6 fb -lfe` md Kerte ? iu`gdr md `utb b tbi md treolkbimle3


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prlidlrb eftl4Krlstb md Obids !de`3

ui tdetrb md abfl-retds

5


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: lmdle fb dre fbve fbs -lfels mb sku`b \^\3 kbiaetdr, etrevs me kl@fkle, b

mboietlsib me lordDe. K, Oudrre Nuf?udlrb m kbfte mlssb di E vd`glkd mb

pemrd dtdrfb("''$& 2 bfmd, fe fbte ?ud sdrvd md pbs-klb Q dmlb, sd rd-drd

e iels mbls `lvrbs kbip`didfterds3 Ibrtd mb pemrd dtdrfb d 7rbidtdu

`ldrtemb, prbDdktb ?ud fufke `dvbu e keab. 6 dLp`lke b p`efb essli3


22/169

ertieff (b kbfkdltb md lfkbfskldftd&, e ?udi mdmlke b pbdie, dtk. sb di

sdoufme bu tdrkdlre ib 4 bu iels, elfme. *br butrb `emb, fe prbmub pbtlke

md Obids !de`, e per md iulte aefe`lmemd perfeslefe d8bu rbiIftlke, >

resobs odflels fe -brie kbib kbfstr+l b pbdie, vdrmemdlrb prd`mlb mb

ibmdrflsib. 1ud b ?ud sukdmd kbi b prlidlrb B eftl-Krlstb, b md "''S4'U.

B eftl-Krlstbmd "''S4'U perdkd tdetrb md abfl-retds 2 Obids !de` ?udr ?ud

sdDe ui pbdie dftrd b plkb d b trolkb (iels b trolkb, et3


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tdipb bs -lte, eieroe d dfloietlkeidftd, fe pdfuiare, d ?ud 3 4 e vls"b

dfsefoudfteme me Kbfskl)fkle Guiefe.9 (p. S%$& 4 d tdrilfe, essli, b

pbdie.

6i Mb feture`lsib fe pbdsle, e te` fbte -lfe` mb pbdie, Obids !de` rd-drd ?ud

tdftbu


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Feme mlstb ekbftdkd fb prlidlrb B eftl-Krlstbmd Obids !de`. Kb`>lmb di

7eumdèlrd (bidi tdu lrib, ibfstrb, tdu sdid`>eftd9, ml5 b eftl4

Krlstb (p. "#&& d Obdt>d (Jeustb&, b ?ud lftdrdsse e Obids !de` lstb3 uiefe.9 (p. S$&. 6

ekrdskdfte3 bf, d kbib dskrdvd Obids !de` fb suat0tu`b mb pbdie,

bidi, dfkbftre ui ve`br3 sdr b adi; Kbib dsteibs `bfod md

Fldt5sk>d... es kbib dsteibs pdrtb md E kefe`ge ("'&, md B trlutb md

sefoud("'&, mdE jbid md Kei%ds("''&, md Ieterei-td; =bkeod("#U&.

u, elfme, kbib dskrdvd Fdislb (lalm., p. S#&, mb pbdie Bs mdusds ibrtbs

md Kèrlmemds mb su`("'$&3 eudr

te`vd5. 4 Mdsprd5es e u`>dr.9 (p. "S&. 6ls, dvdftueìdftd, uie rdspbste3

brrbr sdiprd sdftlr... 1ud >brrbr sdiprd pdfser...9 (p. '$&. 6 ` vel

Obids !de` eb dfkbftrb md *dssbe, mb *dssbe brt+flib d mb >dtdr+flib. u,

?udi sead, dste3 dlrbs ?ud rdstei ekdfmdi aerrlkes md e`ketrb

pere mdslf-dkter b aerkb mes dLeè/ds dplmilkes. =bmb b fevlb eobre

lùilfemb, fb idlb me fbltd tdfdarbse, kru5e b iribrd fdorb d `0?ulmb mb

ier, kbib ui pdlLd dLkdpklbfe`, bu ui ibfstrb kbr md -bob, Q -`br mes oues,

1;


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pd`b sl`@fklb bpekb me fbltd.9 (p. "US&. 6 ` vel Obids !de` eb dfkbftrb mb

surrde`lsib. =df>e `lmb bu fb 7eumd`elrd d )k>bpdf>eudr di prlidlre ib...

1=


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*btlkes mb mdkemdftlsib d mb sliab`lsib

di *brtuoe`

14


27/169

,eoreibr("'#$& md 6uoflb md Kestrb ui `bfob pbdie mdkemlste. ?ud

kurlbsb fb pbdte ?ud lftrbmu5lu b sliab lsib di *brtuoe`, kbi Berlstbs

("'#&. Gbres("'#"& d ,l`ve("'#S& kbftlfuei e pbtlke sliab`lste. lmes d mbs rdkursbs dstl`0stlkbs usembs,

ui mds4suaDdktlver e suaDdktlvlmemd pbtlke, bu sdDe, ui treae`>er e `lfoueodi

pbtlke md ibmb e lr eb dfkbftrb mb kbfkdltb md @lvrb di e``eri. *br butres

pe`evres3 fb sliab`lsib fb > uie rdjdrdfkle`lmemd ies, sli, uie

trefsltlvlmemd,


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bu, id`>br, lfmdtdrilfeb slofl-lketlve mes peèvres, d e mb sliab`lsib mbs

sbfs, ?uefmb e?udè trefsltlvlmemd bkbrrd fb pèfb mbs pr+prlbs slofl-lkeftds,

kbib ekbftdkd fb kesb md e`ltdre/ds, rlies lftdrfes, pere`d`lsibs -rslkb4

r0tilkbs, dtk.9 (Jdrfefmb Oulierds, 7b&tlke mb slib`lsib di 7brtuoe`, kb`.

=dies pbrtuoudsds, îprdfse Feklbfe` 2 Kese me bdme, !lsabe, "##, p.

SU&. 6, kbi dLtrdie pdrtlf@fkle, Jdrfefmb Oulierds ekrdskdfte3 fb tdrib veob e eadrture pere mbls keilf>bs3 ui

dspdkleìdftd vb`temb pere b èmb slofl-lketlvb me peèvre pbtlke, b ?ue`

prlvl`dolerle, kbib 7eumdèlrd ml5, b sliab`lsib uflvdrse` butrb pere b èmb mb

slofl-lkeftd, b ?ue` prlvl`dolerle b ?ud pbmdr0eibs mdslofer pbr sliab`lsib

tdLtue`. Mer0eibs, fui mbs kesbs, rde`kd Q rdèb efe`+olke dftrd

slofl-lkembs fb butrb, Q rdèb efe`+olke dftrd slofl-lkeftds. 6 b baDdktlvb e

etlfolr sdrle, fb prlidlrb kesb, ui kbip`dLb d lieolfbsb seadr, b mdkljremb fb

sdoufmb, b kljremb, e vb5 dfloitlke ?ud -lkerle lsbème md tumb9 (p. %"&.

1udr b prlidlrb B eftl-Krlstb bu E iu`gdr md ùtb md Obids !de`, ?udr

,eoreibrmd 6uoflb md Kestrb bpdrei iels eb f0vd` mb slofl-lkemb mb ?ud mb

slofl-lkeftd, iels eb f0vd` mb


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!u0s ^^ me 7evldre, 7eumdèlrd& b keftb stlib md ,eoreibr, bfmd, ?uesd fb

-li, sd pbmd `dr dstd dLkdrtb me -eè md )eoreibr3

Fe vd`>e ketdmre`, 8 : !uLrle ml5le e ilsse, 8Zdstlme md pbftl-lke` 8 6, pdès

rues, efmevei fues 8 !lfmes iu`>drds, vdfmdfmb adlDbs 8 Mbkds d fues,

perklei ùes, 8 !ues ebs adlDbs

6, pbukb iels emleftd3

*drouftdl4`>d3 4 6udi &s; 2ud essli pemdkds; C Irtlr sdi peìe C 6 e trlstd

rdspbfmdu3 4 7bls 2u); ' f"b kbfgdkds C E tue pr!prle eìe

tdetrb md abfl-retds slofl-lke, essli, b bpdrer eb f0vd` mb slofl-lkemb, mb

mdkl-remb. 6, sdfmb essli, dssd dre b tdrrdfb me pbtlke mdkemlste, fb me

pbtlke sliab`lste.

Md -ektb, e`èri eftdvlu e pbdsle kbib bare md ertd tbte`. Mb idsib ibmb

?ud Reofdr, ?ueftb Q +pdre. Kbfsd?udftdidftd, ui d butrb ekeaei pbr sd

sltuer di tdrrlt+rlb idte-0slkb 2 ui tdrrlt+rlb idte-0slkb ?ud le md )k>bpdf>eudr

e Fldt5sk>d, pd`b idfbs b Fldt5sk>d me prlidlre -esd, b md "'%. Fldt5sk>d

?ud dskrdvd3 uiefb D fb ertlste, tbrfbu4sd bare md ertd3 b pbmdr

ert0stlkb me feturd5e lftdlre, pere setls-eb vbùptubse mb Hfb brlolfrlb,

rdvdè4sd e?ul sba bs errdplbs mb @Ltesd9 (B fesklidftb me treo&mle, trem.

=drdse A. Kemdtd, kb`. ares dskb`>lmes, vb`. ^, Ad`+olb moue dm., !lsabe,

"##, p. %'&. ^stb 3 b sdr >uiefb kbf-louremb pbr Mlbflsbs d pd`b


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ilstrlbs d`duslfbs9, bidi dst edrtbQ ùte prlibrmle` dftrd Mlbflsbs d :pb`b, dftrd @Ltesd d

sbf>b, dftrd )dr d :per@fkle.

:kbftdkd ?ud b mdkemdftlsib puofe pbr `ladrter b >bidi mb tmlb, me

fdvrbsd, b ie` -lflssdkuèr, fdi ?ud sdDe etrevs mb >brrbr. els3 fb `liltd, b

mdkemdftlsib tdfte dsaber uie fbve taue md ve`brds 2 kbib b Fldt5sk>d

iels termlb, b mdE vbftemd md pbmdr. ^ssb dvlmdftd di Obids !de` bu di

Aeu` 7refmb. , kbftumb, fe ertd mdkemlste, ui pdsslilsib pesslvb, pere

user uie dLprdssb md Fldt5sk>d, uie tdftetlve md efuèr b ?ud > md trolkb

fe vlme. 6Ldip`b mlssb b kbfsteftd mdsdDb md efuèb, uie efuèb

rdmdftbre, mb du fe ibrtd 2 md ?ud b kbrpb mdkbipbfmb4sd pdè ekb mbs

vdrids fes re05ds mes rvbrds, bs ds?ul-ds, es sdpu`tures, es -`brds d rvbrds

mbs kdiltrlbs sb e idt-bre lmde`. :krdskd e lstb tbme uie tditlke ùfer

?ud -eftesies, sbardfeture` d eì, b dklmb, b ^fmd-lflmb9

(kbib dskrdvd Obids !de` fb pbs-klb e E iu`gdr md ùtb&, idtdipslkbsd,

dsplrltlsib d bku`tlsib prddfk>di. *br lssb, e ertd mdkemlste uie ertd mb

sbf>b, me eper@fkle. Kbib b kesb dLdipèr md E iu`gdr md ùtb bu md

,eoreibr. Fdstd, e pdrmlb d-dktlve4sd fb ùLb (efls, burb&, fes vleodfs (b

rldftd&, fb seadr (Q sdid`>efe mb Jeustb md Obdt>d&. Fe?ud`d, e pdrmlb

d-dktlve4sd fui eibr tbrfemb lipbss0vd` pbr keuse md ui ektb trefsordssbr d

trolkb3 b lfkdstb.

6i kbftrepertlme, b sliab`lsib, epdser me tditlke krdpuskuèr d butbfe`,

dvlmdfkle, iels uie vd5 fes peèvres md Fldt5sk>d, ui pdsslilsib ektlvb,

1


31/169

uie dLe`teb trolke me vlme. 6uoflb md Kestrb, di


32/169

id lfvemd.9 (@lrlsib jrustd; dlb md

sb`9 (lalm.,


33/169

Zeskbfkd`bs (1`brds klf#dftes, "'#&, Mb `lvrb:ìe, md Abadrtb ds?ulte (Bs

Fbvbs, fc %, Kbliare, "'#&, mbls pbdies md Nbb !klb, E sbire d

,dfse$%ds mdskbfgdklmes (Mdskdfmb, "#"&, d mbls pbdies md :ft+flb

*etr0klb, E rdmdf$"b d ,drdflmemd. 6stds pbdies idrdkdi sdr `lmbs

lftdoreìdftd. *br lssb, adi bu ie`, dskb`>b, et pbr keuse me mete, b md

:àdrtb s+rlb md Kestrb3

T fdvrbsds mb pbdftd T sefoud ruarb d blrb 8 Mb sb` ibrrdfmb dtdrfeidftd

`blrb, 8 dèfkb`le e5u` ?ud bs kbre/ds embe 8 bre sb-rdftd di ?ud e ilf>e

eìe p`lme 8 )dftd eses e feskdr fui kbrpb md krls`lme, 8 6 e uie butre

^ùsb dsp`@fmlme rdibe 88 T remlbsb krdpsku`b mbdftlb, 8 ^fsteftds

vdspdrels muie vb`ple keìe 8 :ftds ?ud mdse e fbltd, eftds ?ud vdf>e b

Jrlb, 8 6f?ueftb e ù5 mdskefse elfme fe ibftef>eC 88 )drdfel pere sdiprd e

-dard me ilf>e eìe 8 :> mdsp`dfmbr ufol e ilf>e brte dstref>e

*btlke mb odstb suspdfsb, b sliab`lsib fui ?ud fbutrb pbdie, fuie ?ud

fbutre pbtlke, elfme vel tdfudidftd eb dfkbftrb mb mdkemdftlsib 2 e pbtlke

mb odstb dLdipèr. Fb b kesb mdstd dLkdrtb mb pbdie Ddmdf$"b md

:ft+flb *etr0klb (Bkdefb, "#$&3

Fb sdr lstb b lfstlftb, e prb-dkle, 8 md ?ud mds-dltbs d trefs-lourembs 8

vlvdrdibs fui s+, fuie >eribfle;... 88 )li, mdvd sdr3 eibr, sbf>b, dibb, 8

sb ds-brbs -darls m dfkerkdrembs 8 pere ?udi e Hflmemd e rdmdfb.

;1


34/169

6, iels uie vd5, b rdordssb Q tdrre, Q tdrre4id, kbib fe ertd mdkemlste, e

rdmdfb. :?ul, pbri, kbi butre fbte slofl-lketlve3 e Hflmemd. )dr ekesb

dste Hflmemd b Hfb brlolfrlb mb Fldt5sk>d md B fesklidftb me treo&mle;

*dssbeìdftd, krdlb ?ud sli. 6, fdste Hflmemd dfkbftre4sd, teiai, e

eadrture pere e pbtlke mb seumbslsib, kesb md *eskbeds, di pertlkuèr.

Hi butrb pbdie e ?ud id rd-drl etrs, d ?ud, pbr sdr iultb `bfob, sd tbrfe

lipretlkvd` trefskrdvdr fe 0ftdore, E ilsse fdore md dfrl?ud md

Zeskbfkd`bs. 6ls b lf0klb mb pbdie3

1udrb vdr4td rbDer dfsefoudfteme di k>brb, 8 6ftrd bs iurbs sdfls mui

kèustrb idmldve` 8 Krdftd di Mdus fdoers b sdu b`>er kbr mburb 8 *ere

adadr kbi -rle b Kgeipeofdmb e`.

6std pbdie pbmle sdr b `tlib md Eìe p!stuie, md M. Nbb md Kestrb 2 d

pbmd, et, sdr `lmb e per mb `tlib pbdie mdssd `lvrb. =bmevle, >, e?ul, uie

lieodi,


35/169

6 ?ud lipbrte ?ud b =mlb ep+s vdf>e d sd eaete 8 )bard f+s, eèroefmb es

eses kbr md trdve, 8 )d b Ob5b fui ibidftb es eìes errdaete 8 6 e ui

@Ltesd ? rdburs, mlea+`lkb es d`dve;

: rdburs, md "''S, b efb mb prlidlrb B eftl-Krlstbmd Obids !de`, ui `lvrb

md u_siefs, dia`ditlkb pere e ertd mdkemlste. :t pbr keuse me

sdLue`lmemd mb pdrsbfeodi mds 6ssdlftdsC

)d, uies vd5ds, b tmlb mdrlve md ui dLkdssb md ùLrle, kbib fb pbdie

kltemb md dfrl?ud md Zeskbfkd`bs, butres vd5ds, d vb`teibs e E iu`gdr md

ùtb md Obids !de`, b tmlb kbfkbilteftd kbi e lipbsslal`lmemd mb ektb

sdLue`, sdDe pbr eutb bu pbr >dtdrb lipbslb (kbib b kesb di E iu`gdr md

ùtb& 2 uie dspkld md sdLue`lmemd di suspdfsb, bfmd fb > fdi kestlmemd

fdi mdabk>d.

es, b ?ud lipbrte, md ibidftb, sua`lf>er di E iu`gdr md ùtb, ?ud tdi b

suat0tu`b 7rbkdssb rulmbsb d slfouèr, d mdmlkemb Q idi+rle me lri mb

pbdte, b sdu eutbr3 M. !defmrb md :oulèr ?ud, fb mdkbrrdr mb te` prbkdssb

rulmbsb d slfouèr, -bl se`vb


36/169

6speb 8 : oe`bpd e oe`bpd :b îprdvlstb :b îprbvvd`9, ,

dvlmdftdidftd, ui e`tdr4dob md Obids !de`.

6ste e`tdrlmemd, dstd dtdrbf0ile md *dssbe. Fb

kesb md Obids !de`, uie >dtdrbf0ile bku`tlste, pere4bku`tlste bu psdumb4

bku`tlste. Fb kesb md *dssbe, uie >dtdrbf0ile tdLtue`. els3 fb kesb md

Obids !de` d me ertd mdkemlste, b tdie eoùtlfembr b ilstrlb fbs

sliab`lstes, b tdie eoùtlfembr b veob. Kbi *dssbe, b tdie eoùtlfembr b

tdLtb, bs vrlbs tdLtbs 2 ?ud lip`lkei vrles iskeres, bs >dtdr+flibs. es,

*eskbeds, fui dfselb lftltuèmb ,eumbslsib d slib`lsib, pua lkemb fe

rdvlste E Joule (%W srld, fc "U, "#"&, dskrdvd3


37/169

mdkemlste eb sliab`lsib d eb p+s4sliab`lsib. 6stevei, essli, eadrtbs bs

keilf>bs mb ibmdrflsib. 6, D eobre, e pdrspdktlve md *eskbeds sbard

sliab`lsib d seumbslsib -bl pdrtlfdftd fe kbfstrub mdssds keilf>bsC

;:


38/169

Keil`b *dssef>e

bu b dspd`>b lftl`

;?


39/169

bs, pbr?ud fb vbs -lLels; (...&

88 (...& 2 *br?ud lmds sdi ili, fb id `dvels; 88 )di v+s b ?ud sb bs idus

b`>bs eadrtbs; 8 2 dspd`>b lftl`, idus b`>bs peobs (...&9.

, e?ul, fdstd dLkdrtb md ui pbdie md Keil`b *dssef>e (K`dpslmre d butrbs

pbdies, bro. Nbb md Kestrb s+rlb, kb`. *bdsle, dm. tlke, !lsabe, "#U#, p.

%&, "ietrle pere idmlter. 6i prlidlrb ùoer, ui tdie rdkbrrdftd fe sue

pbdsle3 es ?udst/ds di tbrfb mb b`>er. Mdpbls, e lipbsslal`lmemd me -lLeb

mes lieodfs, b ?ud `dve e ui butrb tdie rdkbrrdftd fe sue pbdsle3 bs b`>bs

eadrtbs d ibrtbs 4 bs b`>bs df?ueftb dspd`>bs lftdls.

lk>ed` Jrldm, di 4gd Ibidft bj Kereveoolb(*rlfkdtbf Hflvdrslt_ *rdss, FdG

Ndrsd_, %"&, use e rdspdltb me bare mb plftbr mbls kbfkdltbs ?ud tremu5di

mbls ibidftbs fb ektb md plfter3 uie

idre rdèb vlsue` bu +ptlke kbi e lieodi bu kbi e lieodi4ertd-ektb. *br

butres peèvres3 d kbftrest adtGddf t>d tGb ibidfts (...& ls adtGddf t>d

ertlstXs adlfo lf t>d pelftlfo (br et `dest kbftlfubus Glt> lt lf t>d bfoblfo

prbkdss a_ G>lk> t>d pelftdm lieod Ges èlm mbGf bf t>d kefves& efm -lfmlfo

>lisd`- butslmd t>d pelftlfo, b- mlskbvdrlfo t>et >d >es adkbid fbt Dust

mdtek>dm aut mlstefkdm -rbi lt, lf e rdètlbfs>lp b- iutue` -eklfo (e`sb iutue`

5Hsb dste dmlb di vd5 md uie iels rdkdftd, kbi ml-drdftd ore-le d broefl5eb

mbs pbdies. K-. Keil`b *dssef>e, K`dpsOmre, dm. kr0tlke md *eu`b Jrefk>dttl, Ad`+olbmXoue, !lsabe, "##$.

;7


40/169

jrdd#lfo& t>et -lrst dstea`ls>ds t>d pelftdm lieod esef lieod efm Glt> lt t>d

pelftlfo es e plkturd, es -ufmeidfte``_ emrdssdm tb e vldGdr 4 lf t>d -lrst

lfstefkd, tb t>d ertlst >lisd`- (...&.9 (p. #&. 6, fe `lf>e mdstds ibidftbs,

Jrldm kbfvbke b keftb "U md /druse`diid ldrete("$'"& md =br?uetb =essb d

Dlfe`mb d Erilme ("U"4%& md :fflae`d Kerrekkl,

?ud rdprdsdfte plktbrlkeidftd e?ud`d keftb mb pbdie plkb. :?ul, Alfe`mb

b`>e4sd fb b`>er md :rilme ?ud, fb dspd`>b ?ud d`d sdoure, sd b`>e d eb b`>er

mb eiemb 2 kbib sd Alfe`mb, lidrolfmb (ibidftb liidrslvd& fb b`>er me

iu`>dr eieme, etrevs mb dspd`>b rdkupdressd b sdu b`>er d b md :rilme

(ibidftb spdkuèr&. :ì mlssb, e kdfe basdrveme pbr mbls keve`dlrbs 4 D

pere fb -eèr mb dspdktembr (b prlidlrb mbs ?uels b plftbr&.

=e`vd5 b lf0klb mdstd pbdie md *dssef>e ("'U4"#%U&, =refkb d vdrid`gb, sd

lfskrdve fe ef`lsd -dlte pbr Jrldm sbard Kereveoolb3


41/169

e, b rdkb`>lidftb.

e e`ie `Ifoulme d lfdrid. 8 >

1udi pumdssd mds`l5er sdi ru0mb 8 Fb k>b suilr4sd, kbib -e5 ui vdrid...9

(p. "$#&.


42/169

b`>bs ?udrdi mdspbser4td, 8 Ad-`dktlr4td vlrodi e sdrdfe lieodi9 (p. "#"&

bs, ?ud ui ibidftb 8 *drskruterei fbs idus, kbib vb

trlstds9 (p. "#& er, 8 )d e`ouie mbr

id -drd, di auske md ui earlob9 (p. %""&. 6stds pbdies vb, e ls, md

dfkbftrb e Dlfe`mb d Erilmemd Kerrekkl.


43/169

G8iusmd Aeu` 7refmb

bu b kbftektb mb ilstrlb

=1


44/169

: dLprdssb e 2 mb pr+prlb Aeu`

7refmb. %es, b ?ud slofl-lke dste dLprdssb;

Mdftrd es iultes peèvres basdsslves di G8ius, uie mdès Dbob 2 d,

essbkleme e dè, ui dLkèietlvb ?ud lip`lke dster di Dbob, Dboer. Nboer b ?u@;

1ud Dbob; Hi Dbob dftrd vlme d ibrtd. 6, kbfsd?u@fkle mdstd Dbob dftrd vlme d

ibrtd, surodi fb pdrsbfeodfs ies -loures 2 e -loure mes -loures, kbib

dskrdvd 7refmb d surod ui dspeb3 e vlè.

B kurlbsb kbib es -loures md G8iusdvbkei b rbieftlsib md Jrldmrlk> d b

dLprdsslbflsib e`dib (kesb mb ibvlidftb Mld =rk9d&. es, teiai ui

prdkursbr mb dLprdsslbflsib e`dib3 ufk>. u b ibvlidftb ,dkdss"b

Zldfdfsd (eòui `lit, e md-brieb d e eflie`lmemd di )k>ld`d d

bbsk>e, pbr dLdip`b&. =eiai kurlbsb kbib e vlè lip`lke e plfture md

md K>lrlkb, e skubè idtejlslke. Fbtd4sd ?ud tbmbs dstds ibvlidftbs mes ertds

vlsuels sb eftdrlbrds Q pua lkeb md G8ius3 "#". )d Aeu` 7refmb

kbf>dkle eòuies mdstes bares bu fb, mdskbf>db.

*br butrb èmb, G8ius lip`lke lidmleteidftd tr@s fbids3 *bd, 7eumdèlrd,

Fldt5sk>d. =r@s fbids dssdfklels mb -lfe` md bltbkdftbs. Md -ektb, > di

G8iusb krlid, es -`brds mb ie`, e vlme. =bmevle, sd Aeu` 7refmb kbf>dkle

dstds eutbrds bu fb, mdskbf>db teiai.

1Aeu` 7refmb, G8ius, K0rku`b md !dltbrds, !lsabe, "#'U, p. ".

=;


45/169

ius slofl-lke -drtl`lmemd. Md ?ud -drtl lmemd sd trete fdste pdrdorlfeb

lftdrlbr, fdstd ?udstlbfer tb remlke` ?ud s+ mdlLe Q vlste e rvbrd (e `loeb me

tdrre eb ku& d e pdmre (dstruture, supbrtd&; : rdspbste dste3 e -drtl`lmemd mb

lfstlftb, e -drtl`lmemd me vlme df?ueftb lfstlftb. 6, e?ul, 7refmb tbke eb md `dvd

fb pdfseidftb md Fldt5sk>d. es, tdfmb bu fb `lmb Fldt5sk>d, vel iels

`bfod, kbftlfuefmb e ekbipef>4`b3 sd e -drtl`lmemd e vlme df?ueftb lfstlftb,

dftb fdkdssrle uie fbve taue md ve`brds. Kbib di Fldt5sk>d, b pefb md

-ufmb e ibrtd md Mdus. =bmevle, pere 7refmb, e eus@fkle md -, suaDekdftd

Q ibrtd md Mdus, lip`lke ui kbrtdDb md ibrtbs (e -loure mes -loures, kbib

dskrdvd&, sdid`>eftd eb epbke`lpsd 2 uie dspkld md epbke`lpsd prb-efb,

bfmd b >bidi (df?ueftb alk>b& sd dfkbftre kbi b >bidi (teiai df?ueftb

alk>b& fb iels prb-ufmb me sue mbr. fmd b >bidi, ?ud fb pbmd sdr Mdus,

sd essuid df?ueftb -loure mbs ibrtbs. *br lssb, ?ue`?udr rdmdfb , e?ul,

lipbss0vd`. Adste e mbr bu b -d` kbib b flkb pbftb md uflb dftrd b >bidi d

bs ibrtbs.

re, sd mbr bu -d` sb b flkb pbftb md uflb dftrd >bidi d ibrtbs, b lfstlftb

sbardp/d4sd Q `dl. Me0 b krlid, df?ueftb iefl-dsteb remlke` me >uieflmemd,

mb sdr4sd >uiefb. 6, eb ve5lb mes erkemes md *bd, bu eb ve5lb mes vlès (;&

md md K>lrlkb, kbftrep/d 7refmb b ve5lb me vlè 2 fufs d fbutrb, md ui

ve5lb md -eftesies ?ud sd trete. Kbib di 7eumdèlrd 2 bfmd vdibs mds-lèr

ui kbrtdDb md ilsdrvdls, kepe5ds mbs iels >brrdfmbs krlids. Md -ektb, di

7eumdèlrd d 7refmb es -`brds mb ie` dstb biflprdsdftds.

==


46/169

*btlke mb pdsslilsib, e md 7refmb, rdste4`>d kbib se0me b ealsib.

ealsib mbfmd sedi bs ibrtbs eb dfkbftrb mb >bidi. es, teiai, b

ealsib di ?ud e rvbrd tdfte e`kefer b ku, bu di ?ud e pdmre kbfsteftd

idteibr-bsd sdmlidfteme. ealsib md ui lfsteftd 2 ?ud, fb `liltd, b

>ius, b kbftektb mb ilstrlb. u sdDe3 e vlme. : vlme kbib e vlme mbs alk>bs.

: vlme df?ueftb lfstlftb. : vlme df?ueftb orltb. Kbib fe k`dard plfture md

ufk>.

=4


47/169

*btlke md *eskbeds

di ,diprd

=:


48/169

,diprd md =dlLdlre md *eskbeds -bl dmltemb, di vlme mb pbdte,

sukdsslveidftd di "'#', "#%, "#"$ d "#%. 6, kbib ekbftdkd kbi e sue

bare pbtlke suasd?udftd, sb-rdfmb sdiprd e`tdre/ds. :pdfes irl%ds

("'#$&, ?ud *eskbeds ekeae pbr rdkuser, =d`b ("'#U&, =d`b* Idmlte$%ds, ^^

pertd ("'#& d: ilfge e`ie("'#'&, ?ud du selae, fb sb-rdrei ibml-lke/ds.

Ml5le b pbdte ?ud bs sdus pbdies tlf>ei slmb pua`lkembs lftdipdstlveidftd,

b, ^ vb`., !lvrerle 7drtrefm, !lsabe, s8m, p. ""'&. =bmevle, dftrd e vdrsb

md-lfltlve md @ (pp. "4& d e me %W dmlb, prd-lrb dste d, ?ueftb E

emb b vu`tb me ilf>e lfsplreb, lstb , e

sdfslal`lmemd eb dfloie mes Kbuses, e etltumd lf?uldte, lftdrrboembre me e`ie,

b lfstlftb me )eumemd9 (p. ""'&. :vlsefmb, pbri3


49/169

sb-rdrei es pbdsles mb prdsdftd vb`uid di feme `>ds e`tdrerei e dss@fkle

dsplrltue` prliltlve9 (p. ""'&.

1ue` , dftb, di *eskbeds,


50/169

: sdmub mb ealsib, sbard b ?ue` e vdrtlodi dsvbee, uie >drefe mb

rbieftlsib 2 d, teiai, mb mdkemdftlsib d mb sliab`lsib (Nbb md Mdus, b

Oudrre Nuf?udlrb md Bs ,lip`ds, Fbard, di pertlku`er ui pbdie lfekeaemb

?ud -loure di Mdspdmlmes(*brtb, "#%&, B Mdsd'emb, Nbb !klb drei pbdtes

?ud emilreve&. =bmevle, fb rbieftlsib, mdkemdftlsib d sliab`lsib, b du

kbf-rbfte4sd epdfes kbfslob idsib. Fb essli, di *eskbeds. du, fd`d, b

tbmb 2 ui tbmb ?ud lfk`ul Mdus. du e


51/169

u sdDe3 kbib fuie ibdme, e kevdrfe dskure eadrte fe rbk>e b vdrsb md

?ud b br,

b ?ud krle dftrd d`ds uie tdfsb e )eumemd. : )eumemd br, orltb. 6 dstd orltb , e-lfe`, b du pbtlkb

df?ueftb tbmb3

uil`md d p`lme

kefb, 8 :fme Mdus e sbf>er e fbltd d e ù5 mb mle 8 :ssli fe ilf>e >uiefe

d k+silke d`dole, 8 1ud sd pdrkutd :ì, 8 :trevs mb sdu rltib dskurb, vdDb

eòui3 8 )bu du, fe ilf>e mbr, prdsdftd d vlvb.9 (p. "%%& 2 dskrdvd *eskbeds

di e, fvbe estre`, 8 1ulirlke -loure ietlfe`, 8 îeodi md eìe

di tdrre ibmdème. 88 )bu b >bidi md sl idsib -uoltlvb 8 Jeftesie e md`lrer,

ilstrlb vlvb, 8 : `bukure md Mdus, b sbf>b d b feme.9 (p. "%S&.

1udr pd`b lf0klb mb pbdie


52/169

b iufmb mes lmdles fb dst prbDdktemb -bre me kevdrfe 2 dst, kbib fb

eretustre md Fldt5sk>d, fb kbreb mb >bidi, sdDe df?ueftb vlsb mb )updr4

>bidi di Fldt5sk>d, sdDe df?ueftb eperl$"bmb du pbtlkb di *eskbeds. *br

lssb idsib, b per dtdrflmemd 8 tdipb mdkbrrd mb per vlme 8 dLlst@fkle (ibrtd

lfk`u0me&. brrbr 2 ?ud feme sbu di ili 8 6 du

sbu 6 du sbu, 8 Fdssd lfsteftd di ?ud vlvb d D pessbu, 8 Fb epdfes ?udi

sb-rd, ies e mbr, 8 : mbr md Mdus, 8 )dftlfmb4sd -eftesie, ` fbs kus9 (p.

"&.

*eftd0ste, *eskbeds; Fb b krdlb. Mdus, ?ud bs pbdies Zeob(pp. "U4"& d

6ulfte me pe# (pp. "US4"'%&, dstd mdmlkemb e Nuf?udlrb d kbi dvlmdftds

45


53/169

rd-`dLbs me pbtlke md Fbard, ekeaei pbr kbfvbker, Mdus , mdsmd ?uefmb 8 Zlvdibs; Kbib du slftb e

ilf>e vlme, 8 Fe prliltlve fbltd, D ekdfmlme, 8 N prb-ufme, erreloeme fe

idi+rle, 8 Aelefmb e `u5 mb eibr3 8 eibr, b dtdrfb sb` eftdrlbr 8 :b sb`, ?ud

e sue lieodi trefslt+rle.9 (p. "'S&.

u sdDe3 Mdus teftb b

dfkbadrtbC MdusC9 (p. "'"&, fb pbdie Zeob lmdftl-lke dstd tdrib kbi


54/169

"&, bfmd e lf-Ifkle 8 K`erlmemds ilstdrlbses, 8 Adkbrme/ds

seumbses, 8 =biei -loure 2 vdmd 2 fe mlstIfkleC9 (p. "%&. =bmevle,

*eskbeds ekrdskdfte, d dstd b -li mb pbdie3

e sbiare dskure.9 (p. "U"&. Kbib ?udi ml53 e d (idsib di tbrfb mb kbfkdltb md vlme, prdsdftd fdssd `lvrb

lfekeaemb d sdilfe` ?ud E vbftemd md pbmdr&. 6, eprbLliefmb4sd md

Fldt5sk>d tlf>e, -brbseidftd, ?ud bpdrer ui kurtb4klrkultb fe e`dobrle me

kevdrfe md *`etb. : pertlr me0 -lke e )eumemd kbib slf+flib md Mdus d md

lf-Ifkle rdsoeteme. : pertlr me0 -lke e )eumemd kbib slf+flib md vlvdr. : pertlr

me0 -lke e )eumemd kbib eperlb. : pertlr me0 -lke e )eumemd kbib mbr ?ud ,

teiai, e`dorle. 6 -lke, elfme, uie pdroufte +avle3 trete4sd md uie pbtlke bu

md ui slstdie -l`bs+-lkb; Zb`tdibs eb prlfk0plb mdstd tdLtb. !bob e0 sd -e`bu mb

iepe ?ud *eskbeds kbfstrulu pere e lftdrprdteb md ,diprd. es, teiai

e0 sd -e`bu mes verleftds md dmlb pere dmlb, mb `lier mb pbdie 2 vdDe4sd,

pbr dLdip`b, e pb`lssdile ?ud feskd me klsb mbs vdrsbs. re, dstd treae`>b

eb f0vd` me `lfoueodi, me lieolfeb d mb kbf>dklidftb (idsib -l`bs+-lkb&

pr+prlb me pbdsleC

4;


55/169

*eskbeds d e idi+rle

bu uie pbtlke mb seumbslsib

4=


56/169

:s idi+rles md *eskbeds ("W dm., "#% bu "#%'&fb sb adi idi+rles, fb

sdftlmb mbs idibrle lstes 2 sb, eftds, kbib e idi+rle bpdre, slip`dsjèsgds. :`ls, Aeu` 7refmb, di kerte e *eskbeds md "#%', dskrdvd, kdrtdlrb3

efmb fbs sdrds d fb iufmb 2 d elfme e

dskbrrdr. E vb`te muie ds?ulfe d ?uefmb idfbs sd dspdre, ob`pds etrs md

ob`pds, p/d4fbs kere e kere kbi sdrds d kblses ?ud surodi kbib rdÌipeobs

d `bob mdseperdkdi pere rdeperdkdrdi ?uefmb dsteibs mdsprdvdflmbs.9 (p.

"S&.

1èsgdsbu


57/169

rde`lmemd 2 fb `liltd, e vdrmemd. *br lssb, *eskbeds dskrdvd3 bs

surodi me fbsse kdoudlre. )urodi d mds-e5di4sd fes trdves.9 (p. U&.

Kbib pbmd b >bidi, pere *eskbeds, vb`ter e kbiufoer kbi e rde`lmemd;

?ud ?ud, fdstd iufmb md l`usb, pdriltd te` rddfkbftrb; 1ud `u5 pbmd

rdsoeter b >bidi mes sbiares; : rdspbste slip`ds3 e lf-Ifkle 2 id`>br, b

tdipb me lf-Ifkle3


58/169

, pere *eskbeds, fui prlidlrb ibidftb, ui epd`b mb lfml50vd`. Fb. B,

epdfes, uie eadrture eb )dr, ?ud b tdipb me lf-Ifkle kbide pbr kuiprlr. *br

butres peèvres3 fe kbfmlb md >evdr uie eadrture eb )dr ?ud, fb `liltd, sd

pbmd d-dktuer b epd`b mb lfml50vd` md ?ud e idi+rle, dsse er me lf-Ifkle, e eadrture eb )dr 2 d, me0, Q vdrmemd.

: vdrmemd ?ud eperdkd fui uflvdrsb dspdktre`, md -eftesies. 6 fb pbmle sdr

mbutre iefdlre. *eskbeds ml4`b vrles vd5ds d md vrles iefdlres. *br

dLdip`b3 bu, etrs md f+s, ?uefmb dftribs fdstd iufmb -lker mb èmb md -bre,

di p`dfb Zkub lf-lfltbC9 (p. $&. Fb `liltd, pelrer, pdtrl-lkemb. B sdr ui

-eftesie ?ud e idi+rle pdriltd, dkdi. Feskdi md ili

rvbrds, -`brds d bs ibrtbs lrrbipdi, vlvbs, mb idu sdr. Mdseperdb fuie

turae md -eftesies3 N fb sbu du sbu bs butrbs. 6ls b orltb md Mdus eb krler b

iufmb.9 (p. $"&.

Md -ektb, b b`>er me lf-Ifkle ui b`>er md mdilurob. re, e?ul,

prdklseidftd, ?ud *eskbeds ui fdb4pèt+flkb3


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e`ie, e pe`evre lfeuoure`3 seumemd.

uiefb D uie seumemd, e vd`>lkd mb fbssb

sdr mlvlfb.9 (p. '%&


60/169

vlrtumd, lftdoreibs di f+s b dspeb, b prdtrltb d b pbrvlr d, e`kefefmb bs

`liltds me kbfskl@fkle, mdskbrtlfeibs, ` md klie, uie fbve Ade`lmemd, iultb

diabre `bfo0f?ue d lfmdklseC *rdssdftlib4`e d dstd prdssdftlidftb b iels

e ?ud pbmdibs esplrer. B b slfe` >uiefb.9 (p. "#&. uiefb9 md ?ud

dstes idi+rles 2 ?ud fb sb idi+rles 2 sb pbrtembres. uiefb9

md


61/169

*eskbeds d e seumemd

bu b tdip`b mb ilstrlb

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62/169

)dfmb b t0tu`b mdstd dstumb 7eskbeds d e ,eumemd(d`d ore-e e peèvre kbi

ielskuè& d b suat0tu`b, bu b 4dip`b mb Ilst&rlb, uie dLprdssb ?ud surod

fui tdLtb mdE Joulebu fui pbdie, kb`bke4sd, ektb kbft0fub, uie ?udstb3 b

?ud e )eumemd pere *eskbeds;

*ere rdspbfmdr Q ?udstb, > mbls `lvrbs md pbdies eLlels3 Ierfus("#""& d

Ddordssb eb pere0sb ("#"%&. 6, elfme ?ud Ierfus tdf>e -bre pbtlke,

Ddordssb eb pere0sb;pbr?ud mdieslemb mbutrlfrlb, iels perdkd prbse pbtlke

2 kbi dkbs mlsteftds md Obids !de`, b Obids !de` md B eftl-Krlstb (b

prlidlrb B eftl-Krlstb md "''S4'U&. :ì mlssb, > bs ertlobs di E Joule(md

"#" di mleftd& d es kbf-dr@fkles (rduflmbs di =dlLdlre md *eskbeds, E

seumemd d b seumbslsib, :ss0rlb Y :`vli, !lsabe, "#''&. *br -li, > es

albore-les d e prbse rbiefdske. 6ls e ala`lbore-le ektlve 2 md ?ud vbu tdr di

`lf>e md kbfte, -ufmeidfteìdftd, e pbdsle d bs tdLtbs td+rlkbs.

?ud , dftb, e )eumemd pere *eskbeds; : rdspbste, eperdftdidftdslip`ds, rbme di tbrfb me !diarefe d mb MdsdDb, me brtd d me Zlme (fb

kbf-ufmlr kbi dLlst@fkle&, mb *essemb d mb Juturb 4 ui Juturb sdastlkb,

idsslIflkb (me0, dvdftueìdftd, Jdrfefmb *dssbe tdr kbèabremb di E Joule,

elfme ?ud fbs tdLtbs e0 pua`lkembs, kesb md E fbve pbdsle pbrtuoudse, sd

e-estd md *eskbeds, pdrspdktlvefmb b ibmdrflsib, eb kbfslmdrer b

pbdie kbib ui broeflsib, lstb , b tdLtb kbib ui di4sl4idsib, d fufke

:5


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rdidtdfmb pere b eutbr, d elfme, kbfsd?udftdidftd, mds4suaDdktlver b suDdltb

pbtlkb&, bfmd e Aee ùs0eme sd lip/d md fbvb, rd4feskd. Me0, Dusteidftd,

Ddfeskdf$e 7brtuoudsesdr b fbid mb ibvlidftb krlemb, dftrd butrbs, pbr

*eskbeds.

=bmevle, d pbr lssb -e`dl md Ierfusd md Ddordssb eb pere0sb, fe pbdsle, d

mbs tdLtbs td+rlkbs, *eskbeds rdordsse eb rbieftlsib e`dib di mues

mlrdk/ds3 e Aee, pbr ui èmb 4 vdDe4sd e pbdsle md `mdr`lf d b prlidlrb

Fldt5sk>d, b Fldt5sk>d rbiIftlkb, b md B fesklidftb me treo&mle("'%&, d b

sdoufmb Fldt5sk>d, b ?ud vel et kkd gbib("'''& pbr butrb èmb, e ibrtd md

Mdus (Ndbv, pere *eskbeds& 4 d e?ul dfkbftre b Essli jeève Leretustre

("''4'$&, md Fldt5sk>d (Fldt5sk>d vrles vd5ds rd-drlmb fe bare md

*eskbeds&, kbib pbftb md pertlme, pd`b idfbs. Me0 es -loures md * d md

Krlstb di Ddordssb eb pere0sbd es -loures md erIfus (s0il`d md eretustre&,

me Keipbfdse, me )eumemd di Ierfus.

=di4sd -eèmb (d *eskbeds teiai b -d5& mb peftd0sib me seumemd. =e`,

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Fldt5sk>d -lfe`, b mdE vbftemd mb pbmdr ("#"&, tdLtb p+stuib d sdilfe` ?ud

*eskbeds fdi sd?udr mdvle kbf>dkdr. Kbib > uie ierke dvlmdftd mb kefter

prbvdfe` 4 bfmd e eieftd, pdreftd e pertlme mb eiemb (eieftd d eiemb sb

peèvres basdsslves di Ierfus d diDdordssb eb pere0sb, e?ul etrevs md

:mb d 6ve&, suspdfmd b odstb dftrd e !diarefe d b MdsdDb, pere user mbls

:1


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kbfkdltbs md *eskbeds (suspdfsb mb odstb uie dLprdssb md Olbrolb

:oeiadf di ,tef#d&. re, dsse suspdfsb mb odstb fb kefter prbvdfe` d

oeèlkb4pbrtuou@s, kesb mes keftloes md eilob d md eibr, fdi iels fdi

idfbs e seumemd. Me0, prdklseidftd, e butre srld md eftlfbiles ?ud surod fb

*eskbeds mbs tdLtbs td+rlkbs d me pbdsle3 e sdrre d b ier, b du d e ekb, bs

-eftesies, b lsbèidftb, b 6sp0rltb (kbib *eskbeds ore-e& d b Kbrpb (teiai

kbib *eskbeds ore-e&, e ùte (di prb` md uie fbve ibre`, dvdftueìdftd

adalme fe feturd5e, ?ud e Aee ùs0eme eftdv@ (!diarefe, *essemb, :ibr&

efufkleme (MdsdDb, Juturb, Zlme& pd`b, d e peèvre md *eskbeds, supdr4

>bidi.

re, Dusteidftd fdstd dieref>emb ?ud vel md *ètb ebs fdb4pèt+flkbs, mbs

of+stlkbs e Fldt5sk>d, md 7drfermli Aladlrb e Kei/ds d ebs rbiefkdlrbs

pbpuèrds, md Zlrletb e M. )daestlb, kbi mdsprd5b bu lfml-drdfe pbr :-bfsb

dfrl?uds, Oerrdtt, drkuèfb, `lvdlre ertlfs, 6e (b prlidlrb pbr?ud `loemb e

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èmb, uie pbtlke (p+s4&rbiIftlke 2 *eskbeds, d d`d ?udi b ml5, v@4sd kbib

ui ieob. *br butrb èmb, d kbfsd?udftdidftd, uie pbtlke mb du 2 ui du

lftdrlbr, ealsiemb, ealsse`, kbib e sdrre kbi b fdvbdlrb d b ùer, butrb fbid

pere ds-lfod. Md -ektb, *eskbeds fufke mluturfb. *eskbeds sdiprd

fbkturfb, -eftesie bu sbiare md sl idsib, kbib d`d sd rd-drd e Mdus (ui

mbs sdus `lvrbs md pbdies, md "#, ui `lvrb fbtvd`, lftltuè4sd prdklseidftd

Es sbires&. 6 fb pbmle sdr md butre iefdlre. : seumemd , eì me

:;


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suspdfsb mb odstb, uie pdtrl-lkeb, Q lieodi md dmuse. *dtrl-lke e kese

di ru0fes, bs -eil`lerds ibrtbs, b kb teiai ibrtb, e -bftd mb tdrrdlrb, e

dLlst@fkle. 7di pbmd *eskbeds rd-drlr4sd eb ad`b (t0tu`b md ui `lvrb md pbdies

md "'#U4#&, eb Dustb, eb vdrmemdlrb md *ètb. 7di pbmd *eskbeds rd-drlr4sd

Q Zlme d eb :ibr, df?ueftb rd4feskdfe. 7di pbmd *eskbeds md-dfmdr uie

fbve ibre`, mds4vdème pbr ui eia0oub supdr4>bidi d pdès -reoes

fdvbdftes d dfùeremes, dfslidsiemes pd`bs alk>bs. 7di pbmd *eskbeds

md-dfmdr e Aee ùs0eme, kbf?ulstembre (pere sdiprd pdrmlme, mlob du& rd4

fesklme, biflpbtdftd d biflprdsdftd (kbib b Ndbv ?ud b pbdte, dftrdteftb,

ml5 tdr ibrrlmb&. 7di pbmd *eskbeds fdoer b pbsltlvlsib d b prbordssb

lfmustrle`, fdoeb dsse ?ud vlf>e D mb mdkemdftlsib d mb sliab`lsib.

Kbftes -dltes, -lke ui td+rlkb basdsslvb (b kru5eidftb md * d md Krlstb, me

Zlme d me brtd, mb MdsdDb d me !diarefe 2 di suie, me )eumemd&, md ?ud

e pbìlke kbi :ft+flb )rolb d es kbf-dr@fkles mb adi kbfte, d ui pbdte

kbi resobs -uòureftds, kesb md ,diprd ("'#'&,Es sbires, Ierfus 2 bu

mdsse fbtvd` `dole me sb`lm"b, di `doles("#"%&.

:=


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J`brad`e

d b fb ?udrdr

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67/169

es èfes uie e

uie 88 *drml ilf>es oe`dres dftrd bs od`bs 8 1ud sd e-ufmerei sbard ui ier

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se`vdl fdf>uie 88 *drml e ilf>e tee, b idu efd`, 8 : ilf>e kbte md eb, b

idu kbrkd`, 8 *drml idu dìb md blrb d pdmrerles... 88 )badi4id ebs àlbs

sp lkes dstref>es... 8 )bard b idu kbreb pdsei ibftef>es... 8 `>b

essbiareme es ilf>es ibs ve5les...9. S

6std b ^\ mbs \ sbfdtbs ?ud t@i pbr t0tu`b dstd vdrsb md Kei/ds3 e mdpbls md

ibrte. Hi fb ?udrdr kbib b mbs tr@s keseidftbs. Hi fb ?udrdr (?ud,

e-lfe`, ui ?udrdr kerrdoemb md eialoulmemds& fe rdèb kbi b lrib. Hi

fb ?udrdr ?ud e sue ibrtd 4 sulk0mlb bu bvdrmbsd. 6 pbr e0 -bre.

=J`bradè 6spefke, ,bfdtbs, dmlb lftdore`, ""W dm., !lvrerle =everds ertlfs, *brtb, "#U$, p.

"S$.

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Fb fdob dste eabrmeodi albor-lke, ?ud bs pbdies d bs kbftbs sustdftei.

=bmevle, b ?ud id lftdrdsse di J`brad`e e suspdfsb mb odstb 4 fb e sue

efu`eb. Hi fb ?udrdr di suspdfsb. 6i ?ud e suspdfsb mb odstb b

pr+prlb pbdie, id`>br, b essbiarb pdreftd b pbdie, pdreftd es ibs

ve5les ?ud b pbdie mdlLe.

:?


69/169

*dssbe, vlslte md Fldt5sk>d,

bu bs *r0fklpds mb Orefmd 6L0`lb

!dlb kbib ?udi pesse. 6 fbs k`sslkbs, fbs keìbs, fbs ?ud, sd sb-rdi, b fb ml5di, ?ud

id slftb seoremb trefsduftd, ufolmb pdrdorlfb, kbftdipèmbr sdi re5b mb iufmb sdi

prbp+sltb, *r0fklpd mb Orefmd 6L0`lb, ?ud mdu, pertlfmb4sd, eb `tlib idfmlob, e dsibè

dLtrdie me sue mdsbèb.$

*dssbe47drfermb )berds

4@lvrb mb mdsessbssdob, vb`. ^^, broefl5eb d -lLeb md lfmltbs md =drdse )bare`

Kuf>e, dm. *rdsdfe, !lsabe, "##", p. '. Ad-drlr4fbs4dibs e dste bare, mbreveftd,kbib !M.

:7


70/169

".

ibs?ultb md Fldt5sk>d

1uefmb Fldt5sk>d dskrdvd fdssd `lvrb sdilfe` ?ud E vbftemd md pbmdrN3

er uflvdrse` d d?ultetlvb; )+ b pbmdrs tdr mdpbls md

pesser pbr ui orefmd fidrb md lfmlvlmue`lmemds, md te` -brie ?ud e tue

`tlie lfmlvlmue`lmemd tdf>e fdkdsslmemd md tbmes es butres, di -ufb mdè

idsie9 ("''"4"''%&, `bob fbs bkbrrd dstd -reoidftb md "''$3 bs. : ds-lfod teiai tdi b`>bs >, pbr kbfsdoulftd, mlvdrses

dspklds md vdrmemd9.

6std vdrmemd9 , kbib sd sead, b mlfeilter me idte-0slke bklmdfte`,

me idte-0slke ?ud vlf>e mdsmd *ètb. 6 b -uib d b k>dlrb me mlfeiltd dstb

`bob fes prlidlres `lf>es md Ekdrke me vdrmemd d me idftlre di sdftlmb

d.treibre`,' kbib b tbrfe dvlmdftd e -auè, ibmb md dLprdssb e`>dlb Q

-l`bsb-le.

:Fldt5sk>d, @e vb`bft& md pulssefkd, t. ^^, tdLtd tea`l per Jrldmrlk> Rnr5aek>, trem.Odfdvlhvd 7lef?uls, Oe``lierm, *erls, %%, p. '#, V # mb !lvrb ^Z,Idlb-mle ddtdrflmemd. Ad-drlr4fbs4dibs e dste bare, mbreveftd, kbib Z*. :s tremu/ds md Z*sb ilf>es.

?Z*, t. ^, p. ', V %" mb !lvrb prlidlrb; Kr0tlke mbs ve`brds supdrlbrds rdèklbfembskbi e vlme*

7Fldt5sk>d, Bres dskb`glmes, vb`. ^, trem. dòe bbk 1uemremb, Ad`+olb Moue dm., !lsabe,

"##. Ad-drlr4fbs4dibs e dste bare, mbreveftd, kbib :Z.

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B kbi b -li mb Fldt5sk>d rbiIftlkb, b md B fesklidftb me treo&mle, sdDe fe

dmlb md "'% (kbi b suat0tu`b e pertlr mb dsp0rltb me i8slke&, sdDe fe dmlb

md "'' (kbi b suat0tu`b bu iufmb ordob d pdsslilsib&, ?ud sd kbide e

md`lfder b Fldt5sk>d -uturb. re, lstb ekbftdkd kbiEkdrke me vdrmemd d me

idftlre fb sdftlmb d.treibre`, mb vdrb md "'. =dr dstd tdLtb slmb ui

mdsdfvb`vlidftb md ui eut+ore-b b-drdklmb e Kbslie Reofdr fb fete` md

"'%;

Fes polfes md Ekdrke me vdrmemd d me idftlre fb sdftlmb d.treibre`dst, Q

dLkdpb mb 6tdrfb Adtbrfb mb dsib, tbmb b Fldt5sk>d -uturb3 e rdkuse mb

>uieflsib d mb lftd`dktue`lsib (Fldt5sk>d fufke pbmdrle suaskrdvdr dste

essdrb md :feLobres3 dklidftb, bfmd sd lfste`e

`ltdre`idftd b ibs?ultb md Fldt5sk>d, ?ud >4md `dver eb kbfkdltb md

pdrspdktlvlsib e ef`lsd mb pepd` me `lfoueodi (es


72/169

?uesd feme iels lfkbfkda0vd` mb ?ud b eperdklidftb

fbs >bidfs md ui lipu`sb >bfdstb d purb pere e vdrmemd9 (p. %"U&. 6ls uie

mes kr0tlkes ?ud -briuè Q sbkldmemd md -lfels md bltbkdftbs. *ere ekrdskdfter3

dlrb me mlfeiltd lip/di4sd, remlkeìdftd. Nustb, ad`b d

vdrmemdlrb, bs kbfkdltbs eLlels me idte-0slke bklmdfte` mdsmd *ètb, mb ùoer

e ui flkb kbfkdltb3 vlme. 6 b kbfkdltb vlme lip`lke ?ud b )dr teftb b )dr

l``lpd Kermlfe`l, Mdrdkgdj, lf Fldt5sk>d, Z&rlt& dt idfsbfod eusdfs d.tre-ibre`, :ktds )um, :r`ds, "##.

53Z*, t. ^, p. %U, V %#% mb !lvrb ^^, Ibrjb`bole d dvbù$"b me vbftemd md pbmdr.

?5


73/169

kbib e :per@fkle. :`ls, fe lftrbmub eb sdoufmb kep0tu`b (E vbftemd md

dfkbftrer Hb vdrmemdlrb& mb !lvrb prlidlrb mdE vbftemd md pbmdr, Fldt5sk>d

adi k`erb e dstd rdspdltb fb V 'U3 dlrb me

mlfeiltd sd -e5di sdftlr3 dLpu`se me idte-0slke, e idt-bre ?ud lip`lke bs

kbfkdltbs, d fb, kbib fe idte-0slke bklmdfte`,"%b kbftrrlb. *br lssb,


74/169

)dfmb e `lfoueodi b >uiefb mb >bidi, dè mdvd, pbri, lip`lker4sd fb

dLkdssb, sdr trbplke` d e-rlkefe, Fldt5sk>d ?udi b ml5, dLpdrlidftefmb sdi

kdsser b `liltd mes sues pbsslal`lmemds. Me?ul mdkbrrd ?udEkdrke me vdrmemd

d me idftlre fb sdftlmb d.treibre`, prdklseidftd pbr sdr vdrmemd. Fes sues ierodfs (etdfb eb ibs?ultbC&, > mbls tlpbs md

>bidi. *br ui èmb, mdvlmb eb iltb d prlfklpeìdftd Q ertd, b >bidi

lftultlvb, b ?ud e9, b ?ud bidi reklbfe`, bidi mlrlolmb pbr kbfkdltbs d eastrek/ds9, b >bidi

dst+lkb,


75/169

%.

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76/169

)berds3 bidfs d es kblses

2 uie mdslofeb loueìdftd lfml-drdftd fe òdare mb ilstrlb9."$

bidfs d kblses, lstb , b rde`, dstb, essli, suspdfsbs me b5,

Kbipef>le Nbs :oulèr dm., Alb md Nefdlrb, W dm., "#U#, pp. "'4"#. Ad-drlr4fbs4dibs e

dste bare, mbreveftd, kbib *.

?4


77/169

Me0 b te` vdrsb md d, fb

di ?ue`?udr sdftlmb dplstdib`+olkb, ies, di dstrltb sdftlmb md mmlve, b

ilstrlb fb sdu tbmb 2 id`>br, b Hfb prlibrmle` (Fldt5sk>d& df?ueftb lstrlb.

Md -ektb, fb >, di *dssbe, :pb`b e`oui ?ud b pbsse rdsoeter, idsib fe

:per@fkle. Kbib fb >buvd fb Fldt5sk>d rbiIftlkb. flkb ?ud b pbmd, fb

rdsoeter, ies, kbf-rbfter 2 d, sbardtumb, e-rbfter 2 b rde`3 iufmb (*dssbe&

bu vlme (Fldt5sk>d&, teftb -e5. Me0 Dusteidftd e bpbslb dftrd sdftlr d pdfser3


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lftdr`mlb9 sdrdi


79/169

kbftrepertlme, b sdoufmb vdktbr dstd3 ealtemb pbr `verb md Keipbs d *dssbe brt+flib.

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80/169

bC 6 butre vd5 rdordsse 8 : ù5 d e kbr mb iufmb kèrb d ektue`, 8 6 fe lftdrlbr

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e bpbslb dftrd sdftlr d pdfser, bfmd sdftlr lip`lke e lfeutdftlklmemd %U(


81/169

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.

-lfolidftb di *dssbe

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)dfb, `dle4sd b pbdie


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86/169

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87/169

du.9.$u, elfme3 flstb

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88/169

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eus@fkle md trlstd5e mb


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:t, e?ul, tumb perdkd epbfter, fb pere Fldt5sk>d, ies pere e e`dobrle me

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7


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-lfe` mdEkdrke me vdrmemd d me idftlre fb sdftlmb d.treibre`, b ?ud kbib ?ud

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eudr.


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4::mb`-b Kesels bftdlrb, ba. klt., p. %S$.

4?:mb`-b Kesels bftdlrb, ba. klt., p. %%.


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1eustbmd *dssbe

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eie ektbrds. (C& tlpb slfttlkb mb mreie etlfod e sue p`dfltumd fb

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=drdse )bare` Kuf>e iels d-lke5.


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.

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103/169

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