Fundamentos da teoria dos semicondutores Faixas de energia no cristal semicondutor. Estatística de...
Transcript of Fundamentos da teoria dos semicondutores Faixas de energia no cristal semicondutor. Estatística de...
Fundamentos da teoria dos semicondutores
• Faixas de energia no cristal semicondutor.• Estatística de portadores em equilíbrio.• Transporte de portadores.• Processos de geração e recombinação de
portadores.
Faixas de energia no cristal semicondutor
Periodic potentials
Modelo de Kronig-Penney
Zonas de Brillouin
superfícies de energia constante
Massa efetiva
Superfícies de energia constante e massa efetiva
Simple energy band diagram of a semiconductor
Figure : A simplified energy band diagram used to describe semiconductors. Shown are the valence and conduction band as indicated by the valence band edge, Ev, and the conduction band edge, Ec. The vacuum level, Evacuum, and the electron affinity, c, are also indicated on the figure.
Dependência da largura da banda proibida com a temperatura
Densidade de estados
densidade de estados
The density of states in a semiconductor equals the density per unit volume and energy of the number of solutions to Schrödinger's equation. We will assume that the semiconductor can be modeled as an infinite quantum well in which electrons with effective mass, m*, are free to move.
densidade de estados
Distribuição de Fermi-Dirac
Other distribution functions and comparison
Maxwell-Boltzmann Bose-Einstein
Carrier densities
The carrier density in a semiconductor, is obtained by integrating the product of the density of states and the probability density function over all possible states. For electrons in the conduction band the integral is taken from the bottom of the conduction band, labeled, Ec, to the top of the conduction band:
The actual location of the top of the conduction band does not need to be known as the Fermi function goes to zero at higher energies. The upper limit can therefore be replaced by infinity. We also relabeled the carrier density as no to indicate that the carrier density is the carrier density in thermal equilibrium.
Semicondutor não degenerado
Non-degenerate semiconductors are defined as semiconductors for which the Fermi energy is at least 3kT away from either band edge. The reason we restrict ourselves to non-degenerate semiconductors is that this definition allows the Fermi function to be replaced with a simple exponential function, i.e. the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution function.
Effective densities of states
Mass action law
Nível de Fermi intrinseco
Densidade de portadores de carga intrínsecos
Doped semiconductors
Non-equilibrium carrier densities
1. Injeção de portadores
2. Quase nível de Fermi
Condutividade
Geração e recombinação de portadores
Exemplos e Exercícios