Generalidades del Grabado electrolítico o anódico

8/9/2019 Generalidades del Grabado electrolítico o anódico

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Wncygrxcjkj Kwzønfek jga Gxzkjf jg Eãpchf

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Jg ak ka{wceck ka mrkokjf egzëachf xcn ëhcjf2 C.Wnk mwåk xce|ag |krk ga mrkokjf

gaghzrfaåzchf f knøjchf

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@ks wn kmgnzg |fjgrfxf! fogjcgnzg! rë|cjf! ekngbkoag! {wg xg kjk|zk k hwka{wcgr wxfs {wg jgxge|gûk wn |k|ga |rcefrjcka gn ec okrhf. Zfjf xg `khg |fr ãa. Eg cawecnk!

eg hkacgnzk! gx ga kaek jg ecx k|krkzfx eghënchfx... Eg gxzfs rgicrcgnjf k akgaghzrchcjkj.

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Zrkjchcfnkaegnzg afx eãzfjfx jg mrkokjf gn egzka wzcackn ëhcjfxhëwxzchfx |krk kzkhkr akx |aknh`kx jg egzka4 |grf! rg|rgxgnzkn wnrcgxmf |krk ak xkawj jga krzcxzk s |krk ga keocgnzg. Xcn geokrmf! gnakx òazcekx jãhkjkx xg `k jgxkrrfaakjf f rgzfekjf wnk xgrcg jgeãzfjfx kazgrnkzcyfx eëx xgmwrfx {wg mgnãrchkegnzg xgjgnfecnkn mrkokjf nf zøpchf. Gnzrg afx {wg icmwrk ga mrkokjfgaghzrfaåzchf f knøjchf! gn ga hwka! xg wzcackn wnk xfawhcøn jg wnkxka jga ecxef egzka jg ak |aknh`k s ga mrkokjf xg rgkack egjcknzgwnk hfrrcgnzg gaãhzrchk (9 yfazcfx s egnfx jg ;< ke|grcfx#. Gn gxzg

krzåhwaf xg jgxhrcogn afx eãzfjfx! |rfhgjcecgnzfx {wåechfx sxfawhcfngx ge|agkjkx! kofacgnjf afx zãrecnfx {wåechfx s iåxchfx!zrkzknjf jg orcnjkr wnk mwåk jcjëhzchk |krk krzcxzkx s gxzwjcknzgxjg krzgx |aëxzchkx.\kakorkx hakyg2 Cnzkmacf! mrkokjf gn egzka! mrkokjf nf zøpchf!mrkokjf xcn ëhcjf! gaghzrøacxcx! gaghzrfaczf! cfngx! ëzfefx.




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Z`g zrkjczcfnka egzka gnmrkycnm wxg hkwxzch khcjx! kx nczrch khcj! zfgzh`cnm |akzgx fi egzka4 z`fxg xwoxzknhgx krg `gkaz` `kkrjx knjhkwxg gnycrfnegnzka hfnzkecnknzx. Ngygrz`gagxx! kazgrnkzcygegz`fjx `kyg oggn jgygaf|gj fr rggxzkoacx`gj cn z`g akxz jghkjgx!mgngrchkaas hkaagj ‑nfn%zfpch gnmrkycnm―! z`cx cnhawjgx z`ggaghzrfaszch fr knfjch gnmrkycnm egz`fj! cn }`ch`! k xkaz xfawzcfn fi z`g xkeg egzka fi z`g |akzg cx wxgj kx gaghzrfaszg knj czx gzh`cnm cxrgkacgj os egknx fi kn gaghzrchka hwrrgnz (9 yfazx knj agxx z`kn ;<ke|grgx#. Z`cx krzchag jgxhrcogx h`gechka |rcnhc|agx knj xkazxfawzcfnx wxgj cn z`cx |rfhgjwrg! kofacx`cnm h`gechka knj |`sxchkazgrex! zrscnm zf fiigr k xce|ag jcjkhzch mwcjg ifr krzcxzx knj

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VVVVVVVVVV

Gxzg krzåhwaf orcnjk wnk ycxcøn xforg afx eãzfjfx jg mrkokjf nf zøpchfge|agknjf ak gaghzrchcjkj |krk mrkokr akx |akhkx egzëachkx. Gn ãakofrjkefx afx |aknzgkecgnzfx icxchf{wåechfx jg ak gaghzrøacxcx s|rgzgnjgefx {wg xg hfnxzczwsk gn wnk mwåk xgnhcaak s |rëhzchk! {wg xcrykjg okxg |krk afx krzcxzkx s gxzwjcknzgx jg krzgx |aëxzchkx {wg jgxggncnhwrxcfnkr gn gxzg eãzfjf! {wg rgxwazk eëx xgmwrf s kecmkoag {wg afx|rfhgjcecgnzfx zrkjchcfnkagx hfn ëhcjfx iwgrzgx.

Ga mrkokjf gn egzka f cnzkmacf gx ak jcxhc|acnk jg `khgr cnhcxcfngx fgrfxcfnk xgaghzcykegnzg wnk xw|grichcg egzëachk acxk! {wg xcryg jgxf|frzg |krk wn jcxgûf! {wg awgmf xg zrknxicgrg egjcknzg gxzke|kjf kfzrf xf|frzg! hfef ga |k|ga jg zrk|f! gnzrg fzrfx. Zrkjchcfnkaegnzg ga hforg `k xcjf ga egzka ge|agkjf |fr gphgagnhck |krk ga cnzkmacf4 kwn{wg

rghcgnzgegnzg! xg wzcackn fzrfx egzkagx hfef `cgrrf! kawecncf s hcnh.Ga mrkokjf gn egzka gyfawhcfnø k |krzcr jg akx jgxzrgkx jgxkrrfaakjkx|fr kregrfx s frigorgx gwrf|gfx! `khg hcgnzfx jg kûfx! `kxzk akxzãhnchkx {wg `fs hfnfhgefx hfef kmwkiwgrzg s kmwkzcnzk. Gn keokxzãhnchkx! ga |rcegr |kxf gx |cnzkr hfn wn okrnc |rfzghzfr wnk |akhkegzëachk! xforg ak hwka xg zrkk jgachkjkegnzg ga jcowbf! xfafrgefycgnjf ga okrnc jg akx aångkx! xcn nghgxcjkj jg kzkhkr ga egzka4 sk{wg gxzg awgmf xgrë grfxcfnkjf f hfrrfåjf |fr ëhcjfx iwgrzgx f xkagx



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hfrrfxcykx! gn afx hwkagx xg xwegrmg ak |akhk4 akx ërgkx hfn okrnc|rfzgmgrën jg ak khhcøn hfrrfxcyk! ak hwka xfaf fhwrrcrë gn akx aångkx jgajcowbf {wg `kn jgbkjf ga egzka ka jgxhwocgrzf s |fr af zknzf! xgzrknxifrekn gn xwrhfx f `gnjcjwrkx.

Gxkx zãhnchkx s |rfhgjcecgnzfx jga mrkokjf! `kn aagmkjf `kxzk nwgxzrfxzcge|fx xcn eksfrgx efjcichkhcfngx. Nf foxzknzg! gn akx òazcekx jfxjãhkjkx `k `kocjf |rgfhw|khcøn s wn ekrhkjf cnzgrãx |fr ge|agkreãzfjfx xkawjkoagx s kecmkoagx hfn ga keocgnzg! jcigrgnzgx k k{wgaafx{wg ge|agkn ëhcjfx iwgrzgx! {wg foyckegnzg xfn ews hëwxzchfx s|gacmrfxfx! zknzf |krk ga krzcxzk! hfef |krk xw gnzfrnf. Gx kxå! hfef xg`k jgxkrrfaakjf wnk xgrcg jg eãzfjfx jg mrkokjf! {wg mgnãrchkegnzgxg jgnfecnkn ‑Mrkokjf nf zøpchf―! hfef `kn gp|rgxkjf Dcgdgogn D sMrgnn I! jfx ce|frzknzgx gp|fngnzgx jg gxzkx zãhnchkx! gnzrg akx {wgicmwrkn ga mrkokjf gaghzrfaåzchf f knøjchf s ga mrkokjf gaghzrf{wåechf4

{wg foyckn ga ge|agf jg xwxzknhckx |gacmrfxkx! hfef afx ëhcjfxhëwxzchfx! {wg xg xwxzczwsgn |fr xkagx hfrrfxcykx |grf eëx hfnickoagx|krk ak xkawj jga krzcxzk s eëx kecmkoagx hfn ga keocgnzg. Gn gxzgkrzåhwaf xg gp|fngn afx |rcnhc|cfx! eãzfjfx s akx kjk|zkhcfngx rgkackjkx|krk gxzkoaghgr gxzfx |rfhgjcecgnzfx! gn ga zkaagr jg mrkokjf jg akGxhwgak jg Krzgx \aëxzchkx! jg ak Wncygrxcjkj jg Hfxzk _chk.

Ak gxgnhck jga mrkokjf gaghzrfaåzchfGxzg eãzfjf hfnxcxzg gn jcxfaygr xgaghzcykegnzg ga egzka jg ak |aknh`k!egjcknzg wnk hfrrcgnzg gaãhzrchk! {wg grfxcfnk akx aångkx jga jcowbf ka

cfnckr afx ëzfefx jga egzka s jgx|akkrafx k ak xfawhcøn! |krk orcnjkrrgxwazkjfx g{wcykagnzgx k afx fozgncjfx hfn afx eãzfjfx zrkjchcfnkagxjga kmwkiwgrzg s jg ak ecxek ifrek! afmrkr ykafrgx zfnkagx hfef gn akzãhnchk jga kmwkzcnzk. Gn zfjf hkxf! ak gaghzrchcjkj {wg iawsg gnzrg jfxgaghzrfjfx! yckbknjf k zrkyãx jg wnk xfawhcøn jg afx cfngx egzëachfx!aakekjk gaghzrfaczf! cfnck s krrknhk afx ëzfefx jg ak |akhk egzëachk gnakx aångkx jga jcowbf k mrkokr! `frkjënjfakx |krk zrknxifrekrakx gnxwrhfx gphkykjfx gn ga egzka.

Ga xcxzgek s ak egzfjfafmåk gx xce|ag s hfnxcxzg oëxchkegnzg gn {wg ak|aknh`k {wg xg yk k mrkokr! jgog hfnghzkrxg ka gaghzrfjf |fxczcyf jgwnk iwgnzg jg hfrrcgnzg jcrghzk! f xgk ka ënfjf! rghfrjgefx {wg ga|rfhgxf zkeocãn xg jgnfecnk ‑Mrkokjf knøjchf―! s hfef rghg|zfr jgafx cfngx {wg xg jgx|rgnjgrën jg gxk aëecnk! xg wzcack fzrk |akhk f|cgk jga ecxef egzka! {wg xg hfnghzk ka gaghzrfjf ngmkzcyf (hëzfjf# sgnzrg gaakx xg hfafhk wnk xfawhcøn jg wnk xka {wg hfnzgnmk cfngx jg gxgecxef egzka (xfawhcøn gaghzrfaåzchk#! hfef xg gx{wgekzck gn ak icmwrk;. \krk hfe|rgnjgr egbfr af {wg gxzë fhwrrcgnjf gn gxg |rfhgxf! gx




ce|frzknzg hfnzkr hfn wn hfnfhcecgnzf oëxchf jg ak rgkhhcøn s jgkamwnfx hfnhg|zfx xce|agx jg gaghzrchcjkj4 |fr af {wg k hfnzcnwkhcøn xg|rgxgnzk wnk orgyg xcnf|xcx jg gxfx kx|ghzfx.

Icmwrk ;. Gx{wgek jga zkn{wg hfn ga gaghzrfaczf. Ak |akhk ngmrk ekrhkjk hfn Krg|rgxgnzk ak |akhk jg mrkokjf! hfnghzkjk ka gaghzrfjf |fxczcyf jg ak iwgnzg jg |fjgr (ënfjf# s ak |akhk ekrhkjk hfef O! rg|rgxgnzk ak |akhk rghg|zfrk!hfnghzkjk ka gaghzrfjf ngmkzcyf. Ak iwgnzg jg |fjgr jgog xwecncxzrkr hfrrcgnzgjcrghzk hfn wn eëpcef jg 9 yfazcfx s wn ke|grkbg cjgkaegnzg jg ; k ;< Ke|grcfx4 kwn{wg |wgjgn wzcackrxg ke|grkbgx egnfrgx! |grf rg{wcgrg wnzcge|f jg gaghzrøacxcx akrmf.

Cfngx s ëzfefxJgogefx |krzcr jga hfnfhcecgnzf jg {wg zfjk ak ekzgrck gxzë ifrekjk|fr ëzfefx s |krk hfe|rgnjgrafx eëx iëhcaegnzg! kxwecrgefx gaefjgaf haëxchf jga ëzfef! rg|rgxgnzkjf hfef wn xcxzgek xfakr gnecnckzwrk! gn ga hwka! ga nòhagf! ifrekjf |fr |krzåhwakx hkrmkjkx|fxczcykegnzg (|rfzfngx# s |krzåhwakx xcn hkrmk (ngwzrfngx#! hfnxzczwsgga hgnzrf jg gxg ‑xcxzgek―! gn ga hwka! akx |krzåhwakx hkrmkjkxngmkzcykegnzg (gaghzrfngx#! mcrkn gn froczkagx icbfx! kargjgjfr jganòhagf (Khzwkaegnzg ak iåxchk {wënzchk `k efjcichkjf ga efjgaf kzøechf!

xwxzczwsgnjf ga hfnhg|zf jg froczkagx! |fr ga jg fnkx jg |rfokocacjkjgxjg gnhfnzrkr wn gaghzrøn s gxkx fnkx nf xfn |rghcxkegnzg akxzrksghzfrckx jg wnk froczk! hfef akx jgxhrczkx gn ga efjgaf haëxchf4|grf! |krk nwgxzrfx gighzfx! ga efjgaf haëxchf rgxwazk eëx jcjëhzchf! |fraf {wg af ge|agkefx gn gxzg zgpzf#.

Gn gxzg gx{wgek jga ëzfef! `ks wn nòegrf cmwka jg |krzåhwakx |fxczcykxs ngwzrkx gn ga nòhagf! gxzf gx {wg |fr hkjk |rfzøn `ks wn ngwzrøn g




cmwkaegnzg! `ks wn gaghzrøn mcrknjf kargjgjfr jga nòhagf4 |fr af zknzf!wn ëzfef zcgng cmwka nòegrf jg hkrmkx |fxczcykx (|rfzfngx# s ngmkzcykx(gaghzrfngx#! |fr af {wg gx ngwzrf. Xc wn ëzfef mknk f |cgrjg wngaghzrøn! |grjgrë gxk hfnjchcøn jg ngwzrkacjkj s xg zrknxifrekrë gn wncfn ngmkzcyf f |fxczcyf! rgx|ghzcykegnzg. Gnzfnhgx! wn cfn gx wn ëzfef

hkrmkjf! jgocjf k ak mknknhck f |ãrjcjk jg gaghzrfngx. Zkeocãn! gxce|frzknzg rghfrjkr {wg akx hkrmkx f|wgxzkx xg kzrkgn s akx jga ecxefxcmnf xg rg|gagn4 |fr gxk rkøn! afx gaghzrfngx jga ëzfef gxzën xcgnjfkzrkåjfx |fr ga nòhagf! f ocgn! afx cfngx |fxczcyfx s afx ngmkzcyfx xgkzrkgn ewzwkegnzg.

GaghzrfaczfxGa hfnhg|zf jg gaghzrfaczf gx fzrf |wnzf ce|frzknzg gn ga hfnzgpzf jg afxeãzfjfx jg mrkokjf gaghzrfaåzchf. Wn gaghzrfaczf gx wnk xfawhcøn jgcfngx! |fxczcyfx s ngmkzcyfx! |rfjwhzf jg ak xfawhcøn jg wnk xka gn wnxfaygnzg! |fr gbge|af gn kmwk. Kxå! ak xka jg egxk (hafrwrf jg xfjcf# gxwnk hfeocnkhcøn jg Xfjcf s Hafrf! hwsfx xåeofafx {wåechfx xfn Nk s Ha!rgx|ghzcykegnzg4 |krk ifrekr ak xka! keofx gagegnzfx gxzën hfef cfngxs xg rg|rgxgnzkn hfef Nk$ s Ha%. \fr af zknzf! ka jcxfaygr ak xka gn kmwk!af {wg xg fozcgng gx wnk xfawhcøn jg keofx cfngx. Kamf xcecakr fhwrrghfn xwxzknhckx hfef ga Hafrwrf iãrrchf (IgHa8# s ga Xwaikzf jg Hforg(HwXF:#. Gn ga |rcegr hkxf! ga cfn jga @cgrrf (Ig# zcgng 8 hkrmkx|fxczcykx s |fr af zknzf! rg{wcgrg hfeocnkrxg hfn 8 cfngx jg hafrf |krkifrekr ak xka. Gn ga hkxf jga xwaikzf jg hforg! hkjk wnf jg gxfx cfngxzcgng jfx hkrmkx! ga cfn jg hforg! zcgng jfx hkrmkx |fxczcykx s ga xwaikzfjfx ngmkzcykx. Hczkefx gxzkx xkagx hfef gbge|afx! |wgx xfn akx eëx

ge|agkjkx gn afx |rfhgxfx jg mrkokjf {wg jcxhwzcefx k{wå.

Gaghzrchcjkj Gx ga iawbf jg gaghzrfngx gnzrg ëzfefx jg wn ekzgrcka hfnjwhzfr4 gxzf gx!wn ekzgrcka hwsfx gaghzrfngx jg afx froczkagx eëx agbknfx jga nòhagf!gxzën rgakzcykegnzg acorgx! gxzf xg jgog k {wg ak kzrkhhcøn {wg gbgrhg ganòhagf xforg gaafx gx jãoca! af {wg agx jk gxg hkrëhzgr jg acogrzkj. Gngxzg xgnzcjf! afx ekzgrckagx xwgagn xwojcycjcrxg gn hfnjwhzfrgx s nf%hfnjwhzfrgx4 wxwkaegnzg! kxfhckefx afx |rcegrfx hfn afx egzkagx s |frknzfnfekxck! egnhcfnkefx ka hforg! ga kawecncf f ak |akzk! hfefowgnfx hfnjwhzfrgx4 gxzf! |fr{wg hwknjf k|achkefx wnk iwgnzg jggaghzrchcjkj k wn kakeorg jg wn hfnjwhzfr! xg ifrek wn iawbf jghfrrcgnzg gaãhzrchk! |wgx! afx gaghzrfngx xwecncxzrkjfx |fr ak iwgnzg! yknxwxzczwsgnjf k afx gaghzrfngx acorgx jg hkjk ëzfef! {wg afx ce|waxkn`khck ga xcmwcgnzg! ifreknjf kxå wn iawbf gaãhzrchf {wg yckbk |fr gahfnjwhzfr. Gn zknzf! afx nf%hfnjwhzfrgx xfn ekzgrckagx xcn gaghzrfngxacorgx s |fr af zknzf! k zrkyãx jg gaafx nf iawsg ak hfrrcgnzg gaãhzrchk4 kgxzfx ekzgrckagx zkeocãn agx jgnfecnkefx kcxaknzgx gaãhzrchfx.



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Nf zfjfx afx hfnjwhzfrgx xfn xøacjfx! |wgx! afx gaghzrfaczfx (xfawhcfngxjg xkagx# xfn hfnjwhzfrgx jg ak hfrrcgnzg gaãhzrchk s gxzf gx af {wgwzcackefx gn ak gaghzrøacxcx! hfef ygrgefx eëx kjgaknzg.Ga yfazkbg s ak hfrrcgnzg xfn jfx hkrkhzgråxzchkx {wg kxfhckefx k akgaghzrchcjkj. Ga |rcegrf xg ecjg gn yfazcfx s hfrrgx|fnjg k ak hkåjk fjcigrgnhck jg yfazkbg! egjcjk gnzrg jfx |wnzfx jg wn jgzgrecnkjfhfnjwhzfr. Gn zknzf! ak cnzgnxcjkj jg ak hfrrcgnzg xg ecjg gn ke|grcfx.Ga |rfjwhzf jg keofx ikhzfrgx! yfazkbg s hfrrcgnzg! orcnjk ak rgxcxzgnhck!{wg gx egjcjk gn Fe`cfx. Gn ga zrkokbf jg gaghzrøacxcx ge|agkefxyfazkbgx cnigrcfrgx k 9 yfazcfx g cjgkaegnzg hfrrcgnzgx jg ; k ;<Ke|grcfx4 kwn{wg! xg |wgjgn ge|agkr hfrrcgnzgx ewh`f eëx okbkx!hfef akx xwecncxzrkjkx |fr afx kjk|zkjfrgx jg zgaãifnfx hgawakrgx! {wgfxhcakn gnzrg afx 8<< s 7<< ecacke|grcfx.

Cnjg|gnjcgnzgegnzg jga ke|grkbg! xcge|rg xg jgog ge|agkr hfrrcgnzgjcrghzk! hfef ak {wg xwecncxzrkn akx okzgråkx4 |wgx xg jgog eknzgngrwn iawbf gaãhzrchf hfn wn xgnzcjf hfnxzknzg! {wg `kmk yckbkr afx cfngxkrrknhkjfx jg ak |aknh`k jg mrkokjf! hfnghzkjk ka gaghzrfjf |fxczcyf!`kxzk xw rghg|zfr hfnghzkjf ka gaghzrfjf ngmkzcyf. \fr gxk rkøn! nf gx|fxcoag wzcackr jcrghzkegnzg ak hfrrcgnzg {wg xwecncxzrkn akx hfe|kûåkxgaãhzrchkx4 |wgx gxk gx hfrrcgnzg kazgrnk! f xgk {wg hkeock jg |fakrcjkjhfnxzknzgegnzg! |fr af {wg nf xg |fjråk gxzkoaghgr gxg iawbfwncjcrghhcfnka jg cfngx rg{wgrcjf gn ak gaghzrøacxcx.

Mrkokjf gaghzrfaåzchf jg |aknh`kx egzëachkx

Gn zgfråk |fjgefx mrkokr egjcknzg gaghzrøacxcx hwka{wcgr egzka! |krk afhwka xfaf nghgxczkefx jfx |aknh`kx jga ecxef egzka! ak jg mrkokjf sfzrk rghg|zfrk. Keokx xg hfnghzkn k afx gaghzrfjfx! |fxczcyf s ngmkzcyfjg wnk iwgnzg jg hfrrcgnzg jcrghzk! rgx|ghzcykegnzg s xg xwegrmgn gnwnk xfawhcøn jg wnk xka jg gxg ecxef egzka! jgnfecnkjk gaghzrfaczf!{wg khzwkrë hfef hfnjwhzfr aå{wcjf! |krk {wg ak hfrrcgnzg gaãhzrchk iawskk zrkyãx jga xcxzgek! gxzkoaghcgnjf wn iawbf jg hfrrcgnzg gaãhzrchk gnzrgafx jfx gaghzrfjfx. Gn gxzg |rfhgxf! afx cfngx jg ak xka zfekrëngaghzrfngx jg afx ëzfefx jg ak |aknh`k jg mrkokjf! zrknxifreënjfafx gncfngx |fxczcyfx! {wg xg jcxwgaygn s ecmrkn k ak |akhk rghg|zfrk4 |fr af

zknzf! ak |rcegrk |aknh`k gxzkrë |grjcgnjf ëzfefx {wg grfxcfnkn xwxw|grichcg! af {wg gn nwgxzrf xcxzgek g{wcykag k `khgr ga mrkokjf4 |wgxgxk rgkhhcøn fhwrrg xfaf gn akx aångkx jga jcowbf ekrhkjkx gn ga okrnc{wg |rfzgmg ak |aknh`k egzëachk. Ga xgnzcjf gzcefaømchf jg gaghzrøacxcx!xcmncichk jcxfaygr ga egzka egjcknzg ak hfrrcgnzg gaãhzrchk4 kxå! mrkokjfgaghzrfaåzchf g{wcykag k mrkokr wnk |aknh`k! jcxfaycgnjf ga egzka gn akxaångkx jga jcowbf! egjcknzg ak hfrrcgnzg gaãhzrchk s ak fzrk jgnfecnkhcøn



GaKrzcxzk Nòegrf :&nfy. ?<<= CXXN2 ;=3:%09;: 8;

jg mrkokjf knøjchf! cnjchk {wg ak |aknh`k jg mrkokjf jgog hfnghzkrxgka gaghzrfjf |fxczcyf (ënfjf#.

Gxzg xcxzgek rgxwazk xce|ag s ghfnøechf! |wgx xfaf xg rg{wcgrg ak

cnygrxcøn cnchcka! |krk kj{wcrcr ak iwgnzg jg hfrrcgnzg jcrghzk s gagaghzrfaczf. Gxzg òazcef nf xg mkxzk! |wgx xg kwzf rghw|grk jwrknzg ga|rfhgxf! sk {wg xfaf khzòk hfef hfnjwhzfr gaãhzrchf. Ak iwgnzg jg |fjgrjgog xgr hk|k jg xwecncxzrkr wn yfazkbg egnfr jg 9 yfazcfx! gcjgkaegnzg xw ke|grkbg jgog fxhcakr gnzrg ; s ;< Ke|grcfx! |krk {wg ga|rfhgxf xgk eëx ëmca. Jgxkifrzwnkjkegnzg! afx zrknxifrekjfrgx wxkjfxgn ewh`fx g{wc|fx gaghzrønchfx! ekngbkn hfrrcgnzgx hfn cnzgnxcjkjgx jgegnfx jg ; Ke|grcf! wxwkaegnzg xfn jg 7<< ecacke|grcfx f egnfx4 |fraf zknzf! xw ge|agf hfef iwgnzg jg gaghzrchcjkj |krk mrkokjf rg{wcgrg|grcfjfx eëx akrmfx jg gp|fxchcøn k ak hfrrcgnzg gaãhzrchk! {wg |wgjgnxw|grkr akx ?: `frkx. Gn gxzg xgnzcjf! ak hakyg |krk rgkackr wn mrkokjf

rë|cjf xgrë ga ke|grkbg! eëx {wg ga yfazkbg. Wnk mwåk xgnhcaak jgxhrczk|fr Irgjgrch Mrggn; xg rgxwegn gn ga Hwkjrf ;.

Hwkjrf ;

Ke|grkbgx s xw wzcackhcøn gn ga mrkokjf gaghzrfaåzchf"Ke|grkbg Ge|agf<.7 k ? \akhkx |g{wgûkx! okbk rgxcxzgnhck.? k 7 Wxf mgngrka2 K{wk iwgrzg! k{wk zcnzk.7 k ;< Mrkokjf |rfiwnjf! zc|f gxhwazwrka! rgacgygx!

zgpzwrkx gx|ghckagx s |akhkx jg mrkn ifrekzf."Mrggn I.

Gn zfjf hkxf! fzrk ykrckoag k hfnzge|akr gx ga zcge|f4 kxå! |fjgefxwzcackr wnk iwgnzg jg egnfx jg wn ke|grcf |krk mrkokr k |rfiwnjcjkjwnk |akhk jg wnfx ;7< he? (;7p;< he#4 |grf! jgogefx jgbkr ak iwgnzghfnghzkjk jwrknzg wn |grcfjf akrmf! wxwkaegnzg eksfr jg ?: `frkx. Gaecxef |rfhgjcecgnzf af |fjgefx rgkackr gn wn |grcfjf jg wnk `frkhfn wnk iwgnzg jg 7 Ke|grcfx.

Mrkokjf gaghzrfaåzchf gn |aknh`kx jg hforg

Ga hforg gx ga ekzgrcka cjgka |fr zrkjchcøn s |fr gaaf gx ce|frzknzgcnchckr hfn gxzg ekzgrcka4 xcn geokrmf! gx hkrf s gn ak khzwkacjkj |wgjgrgxwazkr gxhkxf. Ga gaghzrfaczf ge|agkjf gx xwaikzf jg hforg (HwXF:#! kwnk hfnhgnzrkhcøn gnzrg ga ?!7 s ga ;7'. Gxzk gx wnk xka |fhf zøpchk!{wg jg `gh`f gx ge|agkjk hfef kamwchcjk gn |cxhcnkx f hfefknzc|krkxczkrcf jg wxf gpzgrnf gn mknkjgråk. \fr af zknzf! nf rg|rgxgnzkwn rcgxmf ce|frzknzg |krk ak xkawj4 kwn{wg! xg rghfecgnjk wzcackrmwknzgx jg mfek |krk eknc|wakr hwka{wcgr xwxzknhck {wåechk {wg gnzrg



GaKrzcxzk Nòegrf :&nfy. ?<<= CXXN2 ;=3:%09;: 8?

gn hfnzkhzf hfn ak |cga! k icn jg gyczkr crrczkhcfngx {wg |wgjgn jgmgngrkrgn jgrekzczcx jg hfnzkhzf. Gnzfnhgx! ga xcxzgek gx xce|ag! xg hfnghzknkeokx |akhkx k afx gaghzrfjfx! rghfrjgefx {wg ga mrkokjf crë gn ga|fxczcyf f ënfjf (Mrkokjf knøjchf#! xg aagnk ak hwogzk hfn ga gaghzrfaczfs xg `khg |kxkr ak hfrrcgnzg gaãhzrchk. Ak hwogzk jg rgkhhcøn |wgjg xgr

wnk hkbk |aëxzchk! rghzknmwakr! hfef akx ge|agkjkx |krk hkagnzkrkacegnzfx gn ga `frnf jg echrffnjkx4 kxå! ga xcxzgek iwnhcfnkråk hfn akx|akhkx gn |fxchcøn ygrzchka! gxzknjf xg|krkjkx wnk jg fzrk! |fr wnkjcxzknhck jg wnfx : k 7 he f kòn egnfr. _ghfrjgefx! {wg gnzrg eëxxg|krkjkx gxzãn akx |akhkx! eksfr xgrë ak jcxzknhck {wg jgog rghfrrgr akhfrrcgnzg gaãhzrchk s |fr af zknzf! eksfr xgrë ak rgxcxzgnhck! af hwkargjwhcrë ak gichcgnhck jga xcxzgek.

Gn ak icmwrk ; xg ewgxzrk wn gx{wgek jga xcxzgek. Ge|agknjf wnkiwgnzg jg 9 yfazcfx hfn 7 ke|grcfx! xg fozcgng wn mrkokjf kjghwkjf gnwn |grcfjf jg ;7 k 9< ecnwzfx! kwn{wg! kòn hfn zcge|fx egnfrgx xg|rfjwhg kamòn mrkjf jg grfxcøn gn ak aëecnk! hfef xg ewgxzrk gn akicmwrk ?. Foyckegnzg! gnzrg eksfr gx ga zcge|f jg gaghzrøacxcx! eëx|rfiwnjkx xgrën akx aångkx! hfef xg k|rghck gn akx icmwrkx ? g s i! {wghfrrgx|fnjgn k wnk `frk jg gaghzrøacxcx4 |grf k egjcjk {wg xg|rfiwnjckn akx aångkx! zkeocãn xg `khgn eëx ke|ackx! gxzf xcmncichk {wgxg gxzkrë |grjcgnjf rgxfawhcøn! |wgx akx aångkx ews bwnzkx zcgnjgn kiwnjcrxg.



GaKrzcxzk Nòegrf :&nfy. ?<<= CXXN2 ;=3:%09;: 87

h. \rfzgmgr ak hkrk |fxzgrcfr jg ak |akhk k mrkokr hfn hcnzk kj`gxcykjg geokakbg.

j. \cnzkr hfn okrnc |krk mrkokjf ak hkrk |wacjk jg ak |akhk egzëachks jgbkr xghkr.

g. Jcowbkr ga jcxgûf k mrkokr xforg ga okrnc hfn wnk |wnzk egzëachk!

{wg rgewgyk ga okrnc jg akx aångkx! jgbknjf ga egzka gp|wgxzf.i. Hfafhkr ak |akhk jcowbkjk s ak |akhk rghg|zfrk |krkagakx gn garghc|cgnzg. Ak |akhk rghg|zfrk jgog xgr jga ecxef zkekûf f eksfr{wg ak |khk k mrkokr! |krk egbfrkr ak gichcgnhck jga xcxzgek.

m. Hfnghzkr ak |aknh`k ka gaghzrfjf |fxczcyf jg ak iwgnzg (Ënfjf# shfnghzkr fzrk |aknh`k jga ecxef egzka ka gaghzrfjf ngmkzcyf! |krk{wg rghcok afx cfngx krrknhkjfx k ak |rcegrk.

`. Aagnkr ak hwogzk hfn ga gaghzrfaczf s gnhgnjgr ak iwgnzg jg |fjgr fhfnghzkrag ka xwecncxzrf jg gngrmåk gaãhzrchk jwrknzg wn ak|xf jgkhwgrjf hfn ak |rfiwnjcjkj jga mrkokjf rg{wgrcjk.

c. Ace|ckr ga okrnc hfn wn xfaygnzg frmënchf hfef ykrxfa fkmwkrrëx.

b. Gnzcnzkr ak aëecnk! ace|ckrak s gxzke|krak.

\krk icnkackr gx ce|frzknzg cnxcxzcr gn {wg afx eãzfjfx jg mrkokjfgaghzrfaåzchf rg|rgxgnzkn egnfx rcgxmfx |krk ak xkawj {wg afx|rfhgjcecgnzfx zrkjchcfnkagx! xfn eëx ghfnøechfx! |wgx nf xg rg{wcgrgwn xwecncxzrf hfnxzknzg jg ncnmòn ëhcjf s afx rgkhzcyfx ge|agkjfx xgrgwzcackn4 |fr af zknzf! nf `ks rgxcjwfx zøpchfx. \fr fzrk |krzg! gxikhzcoag rgkackr zfjkx akx ykrckhcfngx jga mrkokjf gn egzka {wgwxwkaegnzg xg rgkackn hfn afx eãzfjfx zrkjchcfnkagx. Gx|grkefx {wg

gxzk mwåk xgk jg wzcacjkj |krk afx krzcxzkx {wg jgxggn cnhwrxcfnkr! gn wnzc|f jg mrkokjf eëx kecmkoag hfn ga keocgnzg s {wg nf rg|rgxgnzgncnmòn rcgxmf |krk ak xkawj jga krzcxzk! nc |krk akx |grxfnkx kaagmkjkx kxw zkaagr! nc |krk xw gnzfrnf.

Ocoacfmrkiåk

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Irf}n ZA! AgEks @! Owrxzgn OG. (;330# H`gecxzrs2 Z`g hgnzrka Xhcgnhg.\rgnzchg @caa gj. Ng} Sfrd || 33;.

Mrggn I. Mrggn \rcnz (?<<0#. `zz|2&&}}}.mrggnkrz.cnif&mkaygzh`&hfnzirke.`ze Dcgdgogn I. (;330# Z`g Gjcnowrm` Gzh`2 K Orgkdz`rfwm` cn Nfn%zfpch Efrjknzx.

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Generalidades del Grabado electrolítico o anódico

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