Geologia aplicada.desbloqueado.docx

8/18/2019 Geologia aplicada.desbloqueado.docx

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7.1. DEFINICIÓN ...................................................................................................................... 47

ÍNDICE

1. GEOLOGÍA APLICADA A LA INGENERÍA ........................................................................... 5

FUNDAMENTOS ............................................................................................................................ 5 APLICACIONES ............................................................................................................................. 5

FENÓMENOS NATURALES. RIEGOS GEOLÓGICOS ................................................................. 5CAMPOS DE APLICACIÓN DE LA GEOLOGÍA............................................................................. 5

2. GEOLOGÍA ............................................................................................................................. 7

2.1. ENERGÍAS PRESENTES EN LA SUPERFICIE TERRESTRE ...........................................2.2. ORIGEN DE LA TIERRA......................................................................................................2.3. DIFICULTAD PARA SU ESTUDIO ...................................................................................... 72.4. PRINCIPIOS BÁSICOS DE LA GEOLOGÍA ........................................................................2.5. CONSTITUCI N DEL GLOBO TERRESTRE .....................................................................2.6. TIPOS DE ONDAS...............................................................................................................2.7. TEORÍAS ISOSTÁTICAS..................................................................................................... 9

3. MINERALOGÍA .....................................................................................................................

3.1. MINERAL ...........................................................................................................................3.2. FINALIDAD DE LA MINERALOG A ...................................................................................3.3. DI!ISI N DE LA MINERALOG A ......................................................................................3.4. AGREGADOS CRISTALINOS ........................................................................................... 113.5. ROCA................................................................................................................................. 113.6. MACI"O ROCOSO ............................................................................................................ 113.7. PROPIEDADES DE LOS MINERALES ............................................................................. 11

4. PETROLOGÍA .......................................................................................................................

4.1. DEFINICIONES ................................................................................................................. 214.2. CLASIFICACI N DE LAS ROCAS ....................................................................................4.3. CLASIFICACIÓN DE LAS ROCAS EN INGENIERÍA.........................................................4.4. RESISTENCIA ...................................................................................................................

4.4.1. Resistencia a compresión .......................................................................................... 244.6. METEORI"ACIÓN ............................................................................................................. 26

4.6.1. Tratamiento de rocas alteradas .................................................................................. 27 4.6.2. Influencia de las rocas alteradas en ingeniería civil ................................................... 28

4.7. !ELOCIDAD DE ONDAS ELÁSTICAS .............................................................................. 284.8. RELACIÓN ENTRE ALGUNOS PARÁMETROS DE LAS ROCAS.................................... 294.9. CLASIFICACIONES GEOMECÁNICAS ............................................................................ 3

4.1. ANÁLISIS DEL COMPORTAMIENTO DEL MACI"O ROCOSO ....................................3

5. DISCONTINUIDADES DEL MACIZO ................................................................................... 32

5.1. TECTÓNICA # GEOLOGÍA ESTRUCTURAL.................................................................... 325.2. TEORÍAS OROG$NICAS .................................................................................................. 32

5.3. LA DEFORMACIÓN DEL MATERIAL DE LA CORTE"A TERRESTRE ............................33

5..1. !iaclasas .................................................................................................................... 45..2. "allas .......................................................................................................................... 6 5... "allas # terremotos ..................................................................................................... 7 5..4. $liegues ...................................................................................................................... 4% 5..5. &lasificación geom'trica de los pliegues.................................................................... 4%

6. AGUA EN EL MACIZO ......................................................................................................... 43

6.1. INTRODUCCIÓN ...............................................................................................................6.2. EL CICLO DEL AGUA. BALANCE % DRICO. ACU FEROS ..............................................6.3. PERMEABILIDAD. TRANSMISIBILIDAD ..........................................................................

6.4. MEDIDA DE LA PERMEABILIDAD ....................................................................................6.4.1. (edida de la permea)ilidad en el la)oratorio ............................................................ 45 6.4.2. *nsa#os +in situ, de la permea)ilidad......................................................................... 45


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7.1. DEFINICIÓN ...................................................................................................................... 47

7. ROCAS ÍGNEAS ................................................................................................................... 47


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7.3 MINERALOGÍA ..................................................................................................................

1%..1. !ocumentación previa ............................................................................................

1.3. LOS MEDIOS DE LA IN!ESTIGACIÓN .........................................................................71


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1.4. IN!ESTIGACIONES PROFUNDAS ............................................................................... 721%.4.1. Investigaciones directas.......................................................................................... 72 1%.4.2. Investigaciones indirectas ....................................................................................... 7

11. ESTRATIGRAFÍA ................................................................................................................. 74

11.1. CONCEPTOS GENERALES.......................................................................................... 74

12. GEOLOGÍA !ISTÓRICA ...................................................................................................... 75

12.1. ERA ARCAICA ............................................................................................................... 7512.1.1. 0rcaico .................................................................................................................... 75 12.1.2. $recm)rico ............................................................................................................ 75

12.2. ERA PRIMARIA O PALEO"OICA .................................................................................. 7512.2.1. &m)rico ................................................................................................................. 76 12.2.2. rdovícico ............................................................................................................... 76 12.2.. il=rico .................................................................................................................... 76 12.2.4. !evónico ................................................................................................................. 76 12.2.5. &ar)onífero ............................................................................................................. 76 12.2.6. $'rmico ................................................................................................................... 77 12.2.7. Terrenos primarios en *spa>a................................................................................ 77

12.3. ERA SECUNDARIA O MESO"OICA ............................................................................. 77

12..1. Trisico.................................................................................................................... 77 12..2. ?ursico ...................................................................................................................78

12... &retcico ................................................................................................................. 78 12.4. ERA TERCIARIA O CENO"OICA .................................................................................. 78

12.4.1. !istri)ución del terciario en *spa>a ....................................................................... 7/12.5. ERA CUATERNARIA O NEO"OICO.............................................................................. 79


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P().5

1. GEOLOGÍA APLICADA A LA INGENERÍA

E* +, -/0/ + -/-+/* )+,)-* +,-/* -/ , /)+/+: +* +-: ,*;,--/+* +, ++/: * /,+ +/*/, ?+ +/+ ; ,* @*+, ,* =+/+/* /,+* ?+ ;++/ =+-,*.

FUNDAMENTOS

• M+-(/- + *+,*

• M+-(/- + -*

• %)+,)

• I/+*)-/+* / *

• M;* )+-/-*

APLICACIONES• C+/-/+*

• T,+*

• T/+,+*

• P+**

• E*-,,+*

• T+;,+/+*

FENÓMENOS NATURALES. RIEGOS GEOLÓGICOS

• D+*, *@*+/-*• F,,*

• T++*

• R+*)* **-*

CAMPOS DE APLICACIÓN DE LA GEOLOGÍA

• E** + @, + ;>+-*

• E** + ++/

• E** + -+/-* =,,+*

• O@* *@+ --+* =,,+*

• O@* *


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• C+--/ > +0* +, ++/

• C+/-/+*

• E--/+* *@+(/+*• C/+*

• I;- +@+/,

• R+*)* )+,)-*

• P++/-/: +;,-/ > -/*+-/ + @*


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2. GEOLOGÍA

L )+,) +* , -;*-/ > -/*-/ + , -+ ,* ,+>+* =*-* > ?-* ; ,* ?+ *+ )+/.

L )+,) /+*) , * > +,-/ + ,* -+* + , + +*+ ,* +;* (*+* * +, +/ -,: , -;*-/: *;*-/ > )+/ + ,* -* > ,* /+,+*?+ =/ , -+ ,* ;-+** ?+ / ,) * ;+*+/+ +*-.

2.1. ENERGÍAS PRESENTES EN LA SUPERFICIE TERRESTRE

• M)/+*

• G+

• E/+) *,

• E/+) ?-• E/+) /+/

2.2. ORIGEN DE LA TIERRA

L + +/+ / + + 4.5 ,,/+* + H*.

L* +* -*,)-* */

• "#$%&'($. A-+-/ ; + ;-,* =*

• E)*'+, -)*'#,('/#,. C+-/ + + -//

• F/'$-(*, #('(+-)-(*- +- (' -)*/-'

2.3. DIFICULTAD PARA SU ESTUDIO

• M*,+,) +#/-*,) */+* J16 K +/ , P. OLA

• M*,+,) #(+#/-*,) +** + ,* =+/+/* =*-* JP+*/: T+;+:

2.4. PRINCIPIOS BÁSICOS DE LA GEOLOGÍA

• U(#,/#),. L* ,+>+* =*-* */ /@,+* > /+*,+*

• A*'#),. L* ** -** ;-+/ ,* ** +=+-*. L* ,+>+* / / -/ +,+;: *, * /+/* > ;+-.

• C#, $-,$#,. L + +*( +/ -/*/+ +,-/ +@

F-(-(,) $-,+#(#,) #(*-/(,). D*=* J+=-/ + , -+


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• S-), $-,$#,. C,?+ -/ + , + -/*>+ / *-+* )+,)-. S+;-+ / =+/+/ )+,)- -,?+ +/ / +;: +/ / +*;- -/ / @+/+++/ > -/ / -/* + +/+).

E, +; +/ )+,). L / + +; */ ,,/+* + H* +@ ?+ ,* ;-+** */,+/*: +-+; ,)/*.

• C/,(,,$' '&),*'. I/- +, +; /*- +*+ ?+ *+ ;-+ / *-+* * +,+/ ?+ *+ +.

• C/,(,,$' /-'*#'. E*@,+-+ +, +/ -/,)- +/ +, ?+ *+ ;-+/ ,* ;-+**:@** +/

- P/-; + *;+;*-/ /,. % /+ ,* / =+-* ; ,.

- S-+*/ =/*-.

- F*, --+*- J@//+: )/ *;+*/ > +,-/ (;.

2.5. CONSTITUCIÓN DEL GLOBO TERRESTRE

E*- A) 13Q.

-

L*=+. SIAL > DIMA. D+ 4 . D+/* 28 3 )-

3

.• M'(*, );-/#,/ . D*-// + MO%ORO!ICIC.

- D+ 4 9 . D+/* 3 4 )-3.

• M'(*, #(-/#,/ . D*-// + BULLEN.

- D+ 9 2.9 . D+/* 4 6 )-3.

• N


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2.6. TIPOS DE ONDAS

E/ , +--/ +, > **-

L/)/,+* ;+ P M> +,-

P+* +/ ,,+) , *;+=-+

P,/ /, , > **-

T/*+*,+* *+-/+ S M(* ,+/* ?+ ,* ,/)/,+*

S+)/* +/ ,,+) , *;+=-+

L +,- + ,* /* P > S +// -/=+ +/ , +/*. %> ?+ +/+ +/-+/ ?+ ,* -* S / *+ /*+/ +/ +, /-,+.

2.7. TEORÍAS ISOSTÁTICAS

• P/-)#( #*,)**#'. D+;+/+ + , +/* > +*;+* + ,* -;*.

• S;-/##- +- -=##&/#, #),)**#,. A 1 2 .

• !#;*-)#) +- A#/>. L -;+/*-/ *+ +, +, +,)


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3. MINERALOGÍA

C+/- ?+ +* ,* +,+*.• O)+/.

• C;*-/.

• F.

• P;++*.

• #-+/.

A+(*

- M+ -*,/.

- G+?- + ,* +,++/*.

- D*@-/ +/ , +.

3.1. MINERAL

E* / -+; /,: )/+: /)(/-* -/ / -;*-/ ?- +=/: -/ /*;*-/ - +/ > ?+ = ;+ + , -++* ?+ ,* )+/.

• G/+**.

• #-+/*.

• A;,--/+*.

3.3. DI!ISIÓN DE LA MINERALOGÍA

• F*- /+, > -*,)=.

• W- /+, > -*,?-.

• G/+** > >-+/*.

• M/+,+-/.


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3.4. AGREGADOS CRISTALINOS

D/+ +, ;-+* + =-/: ,* -*,+* +/+/ /*+ =/ '$/-$'+,) /#)*'#(,).

• !,,$(-,). U/ *, +*;+-+ /+,.

- R+),+*. U/(-*: ;,+,* > ,,*.

- I+),+*. G+* > **.

• !-*-/,$(-,). M(* + / +*;+-+ JROCAS

3.5. ROCA

A)+) + (* + / +*;+-+ /+, ?+ ;+*+/ ,* ** --++* + -/0/ +/ /-+ (+ + -+ ++/*/ + , -+


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- R-/'#(. / =*+/ Y

= /-+ + +=--/. 12 Z / Z 3. E* / -(-+ ;- + -*+/ Y

/+,.

R+=,+G46/

R+=78--46/

C*, *;/ -+.

C@- +),

C*, /*;/ ≠ -+.

U/(-*J1 +0+ ;-

%+)/, JE6

T+)/, JE4

T)/, JE3

B(-*J2 +0+* ;-*

R@- J3E2

- "/#,. R+=,+/ +=--/ + , ,< +/ +, -*,.

M+(,-. / ≥ 3.

S@+(,-. 3 Z / Z 2. A/ 2 Z / Z 13.

!+. 13 Z / Z 19.

C+. M/+,+* =*.

N-+ J>+* ,/.

- C,,/ > /'>'. L/)+* + / / @*@. N+) -/ @*@+ *.

L#(#)-(#'. E*/ + ,< + / /+,.

F,/-)-(#'. P -/ -/ >* ,,+.

F,),/-)-(#'. D+*;* + , -/.


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T-/,#(#)-(#' . P -,+/+/.

P;++* )/-*

- M/+,+* * ; +, (/.

- M)/-* ;)/-* )/-*.

P;++* +,--*

- C,(+*,/-). E/,-+ +(,- J+,++/* +(,-* > *,=*.

- N, ,(+*,/-). E/,-+ -,+/+*.

- P#/,-*/#,). P -,+/+/ J,/.

- P#-:,-*/#,). P ;+*/ J-


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- C/-/+* + >-+/.

S+ -/-+/ +, +/ + 3. +*;+-+* + /+,+* > *+ +*-@+/ 25 ; H.

L* /@+* + ,* /+,+* +/ + ,* -+* )+)* ,/*.

L* /+,+* *+ +/ +/ 8 -,*+*

C')- I. E,++/* /*.C')- II. S,=*.C')- III. Ó* + *.C')- I. %,)+/*.C')- . C@/*: /*: @* > >*.C')- I. S,=*: -*: ,@* > ,=*.C')- II. F*=*: *+/* > /*.

C')- III. S,-*

CLASE I. ELEMENTOS NATI!OS

S+ ;+*+// *,*. T+/+/ ;- =/ ?- *+,+/ *+ + , +/* > +/+/ +/,-++(,-: / +(,-.

• E,++/* +(,-* J-@-.

A: A): P: C: %) > F+

• E,++/* / +(,-*

S: A*: S@: B: G= > /+.

G= -@/ ; J+)/,D/+ -@/ ; J-@-: > : =(), > @+/ -/-.

@ CLASE II. SULFUROS

C@/-/+* / )+/* + / +,+*. S/ ;-*: + *;+-+(,- > ;+* +*;+-=- +,+.

BLENDA JS"/. M+/ + "/-: -, -+, JA** > G,-.GALENA JSP@. M+/ + ;,: -, )* JL/+* > C)+/.PIRITA JS2F+. F+: C: A): S > A JR/.CALCOPIRITA JS2CF+. SO4%2 /* ?-.

CINABRIO JSM). M+/ + M)/+*.

- CLASE III. Ó&IDOS E %IDRÓ&IDOS

C@/-/+* )+/* ?+ / +/+/ -(-+ *,/. M+/* + F+: A,: S > S/.

Ó*

• M)/+ JF+3O4.

• O,)* JF+2O3.

• C// JA,2O3.


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• R, JTO2.

• C*+ JS/O2.

%*

• B.

• L+.

• L/.

CLASE I!. %ALOGENUROS

C@/-/+* + ,* ,)+/* JF: C,: B: I -/ * +,++/* ,-,/* ,-,/+* JN:: M): C. E/,-+ /-: *;+- ,;+ > )+/+,+/+ *,@,+*.

S )/+** ; +;-/ + ,)* *,+* ; *@,-/ +/ ;- *.

3

3

3


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• S,=* JSOXX

B/ JSO4B A/),+* JSO4P@ C+,+*/ JSO4S A/ JSO4C X %2O +/ 6Q * ,+/ #+* JSO4C[2%2O. S,@,+ +/ ) --,/+: - , AC3

• C* JCO

C- JCO4P@

• M,@* JMO

,=+/ JMO4P@

• ,=* JO

S++, JO4C ,= JO2: CF+: M/ A@* =/ +, -@ + \,= IDIA.

) CLASE !II. FOSFATOS: ARSENIATOS # !ANADATOS

F* ; ++*.

• F*=* JPO

M/- JPO4C A; JPO43JC,: F: O%

• A*+/* JA*O

• !/* J!O

CLASE !II. SILICATOS

M/+,+* =* ; +, ); SOX

,* -+*.+/ = + ++*: -> -+/ , -; +, S > +, O +/

- T++* *,* );*. S/ / +-+ ;+ + ,* +,++/* -/-*.

- E, 95Q + ,* +,+* + , -+ A, J8Q.

- S/ -;/+/+* ?-* -;,+0*. S+ -,*=-/ ; , +*- + ,* +/,-+* OS. S// =++* ?+ ;/ , = + ++* J+ * ;+/+/- +/ , -+


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C,*=--/ + ,* *,-*

1 NEOSILICATOS 4 INOSILICATOS

2 SOROSILICATOS 5 FILOSILICATOS

3 CICLOSILICATOS 6 TECTOSILICATOS

1 NEOSILICATOS

JN+** *,. E, S > O *+ +/-+// ++* *,*.

- S+ /+/ +/+ * ; -/+* ?+ */ ** ,+/-*.

- N *+ **>+ +, S ; A,.

- N -/+/+/ -/+* ,-,/*.

- F/ -*,+* +?+/*/,+* +/+* > + )/ + ,@(*-*: - @*, > ;+-,*.

- A/,- *,,/ *+/. S++ ;,=-.

R-* +=-* J; ;+


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- 4 T++*. A/. S:O12 JM/: F+: C: B. E*-*.

- 6 T++*. B+,. S6O8JB+: A,. G/ > ;+)*.

4 INOSILICATOS

JI/ ,. T++* =/ -+/* *;,+* J;+/ @,+* J/=@,+*.

• C+/* *;,+*. P+/* > ;+/+*.

- R@-.

- M/-,/-.

- T-,/-

F/ -* @(*-* > ,@(*-*: )@*: @*,* > ;+*.• C+/ @,+. A/=@,+*

- R@-

- M/-,/-.

5 FILOSILICATOS

JF, -;. L* ++* *+ +/-+// +/-0* =/ -;* ;*++)/,+*-;+/ +* + - )+/* -/ * ++*.

- E*- +/ ,(/* -+/* @,+* ;,/)* +/ * +/*/+*. E=,-/.

- S+ +*/ -/ -*-; +,+-/-: >* & > /(,** =++/-,.

• M/+,+* + , -,,

- M/+,+* +*@,+* -,?+ +;+.

- A-,, +, +* + )/ =/ ?+ *+ +,+ ;,(*- -/ +, %2O.

- S/ ,/*,-* -;,+0* * -/ F+: M): C: N.

- P-++/ + , ++


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- G; + , +-,

A,+-/ + ,* -*: +=,@,+*. T+/+/ ,- > */ *,/+*.

G; + ,* -*

C/ ,(/* > =/* > +=,@,+*.

- M-* /+)* B

- M-* @,/-* M*-.

- M-* ,/=+* -;+** ; ,.

+ G; +, ,-.

S/ -* ,@(*-*.

= G; + , -,

A,+-/ + , @

6 TECTOSILICATOS

JT+- + +* );* + , *,-+: =+,+*;* > =+,+*;+*.

G; + , *,-+

- C *++/*.

- G; + ,* =+,+*;+*.

3


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T+/+/ / +*- > -;*-/ ; ,* =+,+*;*. T+/+/ / =- + -


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4. PETROLOGÍA

4.1. DEFINICIONES

L -+ +, +,.

R,' , '*/#: /,,)' ;++ +=/*+ - )+) + (* + / +*;+-+ /+,: ?+;+*+/ ,* ** --++* + -/0/ +/ / (+ + -+ ++/*/ + , -+*.

E*+/ -+- + 2. +*;+-+* + /+,+* -/-*. E/ ,* -* ,* (* ;/+* */ 5> *, 3 */ ,* (* @,+*. L* (* @//+* */ *,-* J95Q: -@/*: *,=*.

L* /+,+* *+ -/*+/ +*+/-,+* * =/ (* +, 5Q > --+** * =/ +/* +,5Q.

T-*/' +* , ;+/- =*- + , < -*: *;+-* )+-* > ,* +,-/+* +/+ ,*;-,* -*,+* ?+ , -;/+/.

E)*/*/' +* +, *;+- +)*-;- +, -


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• R,') -*'/#'). S+ =/ ; + * -* - +*, + -@*+*-,+*: ?-* > /+,)-* +@ ,* --/+* + ;+*/: -,: +-. -*+/ *;+=-+.

L* -* )/+* X +=-* -;/ +, 95Q +, ,+/ + , -+ ,+,-/ , +,(*- /)+/-, , + P**/.

• L'' > '*@/#. L -,*=--/ *+ @* +/ +**+/- -;+*/ /,.

L* ;;++* +* +/ / +;,


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4.3. CLASIFICACIÓN DE LAS ROCAS EN INGENIERÍA

L* -,*=--/+* ;+)(=-* -+/=-* / +/+/ +/ -+/ ,* ;;++* +-(/-*

/)+/+,+*. S+ +-+/ + ,* ;;++* + , < -* ++/* / * +/ +,,@ *@+ +** +-*.

E()'>, -( '&,/'*,/#,. T+/+ / -*+ +- > , ;*@, + -+ -* +**;/,+* ?+ ;+/ /,)/ +/ +,,*.

E()'>, #( )#*. S+ +/*> +/ ++/ ;;++* ,)* , -,) -( '&,/'*,/#, E()'>,) B#( )#*

C*+ +- P*@, + +/*>


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• A/*;

C/ ** -/-+ , +**+/- > +=@, + , -.

• O* ;;++*

D+/*: ;*: -/+/ + ): + =)-/. D-,**: 0/*: =-*: =,,*:+*, *+ +, +;+/+/ +

- E, ,* *;+=-+* + , +*.

- L )++ + , +*.

- L +,- + ;;)-/ + , -).

- E, @+/+ J+;+ > +.

C/ +, +/*> + +**+/- -;+*/ *+ + , +=-/ + , -: +/+ ,* -*+ +/*/ +=-/. A ; + ** -* *+ ;++/ ++/

- E, -+=-+/+ + P**/ ν =+=-/ ⋅ /*+*,

+=-/ ⋅ ,/)/,

- E, , +,(*- +*(- E = T+/*/+=-/ ⋅ /

C,*=--/ + D+++ > M,,+ J1966C,*+* + -* *+)/ * +**+/- -;+*/

C,*+ D+*-;-/ σ-J) -2 M

A R+**+/- > , 2.25B R+**+/- , 1.12 2.25C R+**+/- + 56 1.12D R+**+/- @0 28 56E R+**+/- > @0 28


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4.4.2. R+**+/- --/

E/ +, +/*> --/: , / ISRM /* /- ,* * ; ++/ , +**+/-

--/ + / -.

- M* +-*. C/**+ +/ *++ / +* -,/- --/ ; ** ++*.N *+,+ *+ , @*,+H. E/ +, -, *+ *++ , ;@+ -,/- / -) +, * ,.

P

%

2R

σ = 2 ⋅ P=π ⋅ D ⋅ %

P

π ⋅ R ⋅

%

A +-+* *+ , + -) ;/, +/*> + F/K,/ ?+ *+ ;++ +,


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N +@+ -/=/*+ -/ , +*-: ?+ +* +, *;+- +)*-;- + / - +0 +,- /+*; , /)+/+ -,: > ?+ * /=,+/- *@+ / @ ;++ *+ > )/+.

4.6. METEORI"ACIÓN

E* , ,+-/ ?+ *=+/ ,* -* , +* +;+** , --/ + ,* )+/+* *=-*.E*-+/+ * ,* -* ;+*+// ,+-/ +/ > +/ ): ;+ -+ ?+ +/,)/* -** *+ ,,+) / +* + +?,@ ?+ + +, /-+ +, ;-+* ++)-/.

R+,+/+ , ++


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• C, J;+-;-/ > +;+.

• T+; + +;*-/ , ++


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• R-,()*#*#(

o % + @.o D + *,-.o I;+)/-/ J*,-/* ; -++/] ;++@,

+*/* +;-*.

• S)*#*#( +- ' ;#-+/' '*-/'+'

o C/ @,?+*: *,,+* *+ ;*@,+ + , * -/+.

4.6.2. I/=,+/- + ,* -* ,+* +/ /)+/+ -,

L ;+*+/- + ,+-/ ;++ @,) ;=/ +--/: +/ ,+/ + - > > * -/*)+/+ /*;+ +++: /

;*@,+ /+-+* + **+/+/ +, +- @+ > / > )* + , ;; -+/-/ ,+/+ ?+ , ++*+/* +/* + ) > +** +/ ,+0+--/. E/ / -/+ , ;+*+/- + ,+-/ ;++ ,,+) /,,: +/+ ?+-@ +, +*?+ + +;,-/ /+-+* / +/ +, +, @+/ ;+,/ , - ,+.

E/ +--/+* *;+=-,+* ;++ ,) +*, @,) **+/+/* ?++/-+ -* + +--/ > +;;-/+*.

4.7. !ELOCIDAD DE ONDAS ELÁSTICASE* - * +*(*+* , /**/ + / ++ +/ +, +,.

• O(+') ,($#*+#('-) P ;/#'-. E, +*;,


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E/ =/-/ + , +,- + ,* /* ;+* +=/ +, , +,(*- +, *+, +,-+=-+/+ + P**/

2⎛ ! ⎞ 1

⎜ P ⎟ =− ν

⎜ ! ⎟ 5 − ν ⎝ S ⎠

!P +,- + / ,/)/,!S +,- + / /*+*,ν -+=-+/+ + P**/

C/-+ +, , +,(*- /(- +/+ ; +, -+=-+/+ + P**/ > , +,- + ,/ ,/)/,

E = !P⋅ ρ ⋅ (1+ ν)⋅ (1− 2ν) (1− ν)

ρ +/* + , -E , +,(*- /(-

4.8. RELACIÓN ENTRE ALGUNOS PARÁMETROS DE LAS ROCAS

L +-()#+'+ +* , +,-/ +/+ , * > +, ,+/.

U

L +/* *+ ;++ ,, ; +, +, ;-/+.

P+* +*;+-=- γ = P+*

!,+/

P* / =!!

[1!

Í/-+ + +-* + =!!!S

G + *-/ S =!

[1

C/+/ +/ ) =M

[1MS

2

D+/* ;+/+ ρ =M

S

!

MS * +, *,M * +, ) + ,* +-*! !,+/ ,!S !,+/ +, *,!! !,+/ + +-*! !,+/ + +-* --+*@,+*!I !,+/ + +-* /--+*@,+* -/+/ + ) +/ Q

D+/* ++ Mρ = S!S + !I

D+/* @*,ρ =

MSS

!S

D+/* + ρ =MS + MU

!

D+/* * ρ =MS + ! ⋅

*!


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4.9. CLASIFICACIONES GEOMECÁNICAS

4.9.1. C,*=--/ + D+++ > M,,+

E* -,*=--/ +*( +, , +**+/- -;+*/.

4.9.2. C,*=--/ + TK > D+/

R+**+/- , -;+*/ *;,+ > , +,-/ +/+ +, , +,(*- /)+/-, > +, , +P**/.

4.9.3. C,*=--/+* )+/(-* (* ,


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• C;- ;/+

• E*@,• P*0+ > =,)

U** (* =+-+/+*

- G/+* @,?+* +*-,,+*: ;+;,+/+*: ;+*.

- B,?+* +/* *,,+*: ;+/+*: +=--/.

- B,?+* ;+?+H* ?/+*: @,*: )/: =,*: +


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5. DISCONTINUIDADES DEL MACI"O

5.1. TECTÓNICA # GEOLOGÍA ESTRUCTURAL

L *-*(#' +* ,* ;-+** + /*,-/ > +=-/ + ,* +,+* + , -+ -+-/-.

L* :,(') ,/,$(#') */ ,* . L,/,$-(#' +* +, -/0/ + =+/+/* +-/-* ?+ / ,) / -+/ /H*.

L* -)+,) /'*,(-) */ +=-*. F/ )/+*,,/*.

E, #, ,/,$(#, +* , * +, + ,* +=-/+* *=* ; / , ,) + , * )+,)-.

• P+-(@-

o %//o C+,/

• P,+ / ,,+ +/+ +,,*.

o E;/*/ +, =/ -+(/- J%+** 196

A , ,) + ,* ,,+* +, R= *,+ +, )(-.


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o P,-* ,+*=-*

L* @+* ;++/ *+

C/*-* D*,+*.

P** =,,* /*=/+*.

D+*-* "/* + B+/==.

L :,(' +- )#( +* /+ , -+


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• D-,/'#( /$#. S+ ;-+ / =- -/ - =-,.

o F''). N,+*: /+**: /*=/+*.o D#'')'). D+ -/--/ > *+/*/. T+/*/+* -;+*@,+*.

• D-,/'#( /$# > + )*.L,+/ -/*) / +* +**-. D+--/+* ;/-;,+* + =--/ J* + ):+--/.

L* -,** / *+,+/ ;+*+/*+ *,* */ );* -/ +--/+* > @ ,* ;,+)+*.

U/ **+ + =-* ;++/ +/+ )/ /=,+/- +/ +, ?+;+*+/ / -/*- -/-+ , (* =/ ;*@,+,* --+*-* + ,* =,* + *.

L* --+*-* ;/-;,+* ?+ +=/+/ / =- */ ,* *)+/+* +/-/:+*;-+/: -//: =: ;+: +,,+/ > )*. P +* / =- *+ ,*+,+ *, / ;,/: /?+ +/ , +, +* / +* +/ -* -** -+: ;+*;+*+// *;+=-+* > ,@+*.

L ,/#-(*'#( +* , *-/ + , =- +/ +, +*;- > *+ +;+* +/+ , +--/ @ > +, @


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L ,/' (* )+/+, ?+ ;+*+// ,* -,** +* , + / *;+=-+ ; / ;,/:/?+ / +* +H ?+ ;+ ?+ ;+*-/ + ,* -** +*;+-,+* > *;/+ ;,/*.

L ';-/*/' +* , */- +*+/+ +/+ ,* ;+* *+;* ; +, ;,/ + =-.

E/ /+** -*/+* ,* =-* +*/ / /--(, + /,+ *+ ;?+ >/ * ** ,, ; ,* )*

L /$,)#+'+ +, ;,/ + +/+ / /=,+/- +-* +/ +, +*=+ ?+ *+;+ +-)+ ,* =-* , ,.

C/ , /+*)-/ + / @ *@+(/+ / *+ ,,+ ,* +)-/ + ,* ;;++*)++-(/-* *+ ;-+ * + ,* =-* +@ ,* )* ?+ --,/ ; +,,*. A*:,* ,+-/.

P , @--/ + / @: +*;+-,+/+ * +* *@+(/+: *+ +@+/ + + ;/-; ,* +, ): -+ , ;+ + ,* -/,+*:+*;+-,+/+ +/ ,* -*: )/+* ;++*. E** (* -/ ;+/* /*=-/+* ;*++*. S/ +@)

;+*+// )/+* ;@,+* +@ * /+*@,: ; , @--/ + +*-*:+*;+-,+/+ + -(-+ ,/+, -> ;* ; +** (+* +/+ @,) +/ -* -** ; +,


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-+/+*. E/ -*/+* +* ;+-* -+ /+* +/ /+, ; + +,;* ; ,+* =-/+*: +(/,*: ; *;+* +/ ,* +@?,,+*.

5.3.2. F,,*

U/ '' +* , + , - , ,) + , -, *+ ;-+/ +/* +,*. E/ /=,, > ?+ -/*+ ,* +,++/* *)+/+*

E, ;'(, +- '' ?+ +* +, ;,/ + > *+ +=/+ ; * +--/ > @ ;*@,+ +,,+/] ,* @+* + ,* @,?+* *+;* ;+*+// * +** >,+-/: * , ;/ ?+ ;++ @+ +*;+- * + +*- )+,)-.S+)/ /* * ,+0/ + , =,,: +0 ;,/+/+ +, +* + , -. P +,,: +/-*/+*: (* ?+ @, + =,, ;,/ + =,, @ ?+ -/*+ / :,(' +- ''.

E/ -* -*/+* ,* =,,* -/ *, )/+ *+,+/ -;H* + * +/+*;,+,* +,,*.

E, -/0/ = ; , =,, ;/-;,: ,* *-*: ,* =-* +,-/* -/ +,-,,+/ > ,* ;*@,+* +,,+/* -/*>+/ , :,(' +- '': ?+ ;++ *+ > +- ,-/ @+*+ ;- +/ +;**/*. S +* *+ /+ , --/ +* ?+ +/+ /=- , *;+=-+: *+ -;+/+ ?+*+ > =-, +/-/ ;/* -> *-/ /+* > +*;* +, +/ *+ -/-. P +,, +*, ;@,+(- + +, *, + / =,,. E/ , ;(--: ,* ,+* ?+ *+,+/ *+

- *, +* , *+;-/: + +/ , /+*+--/ +, ;,/ + =,, -/ ?+, +/ +, -, *++*( +*/ , *-//.

L /=,+/- + / =,, *@+ / +*- ;++ -/*+*+ @,+ / +-: + +* ;+*+/- +/ +, +;, /+- +*,/+ + , --/ + ++* )+/+*+/ / =,, -.

E/ /* )+/+,+* / =,, +;+*+/ / , -, > )/ /- *+ + + / ;> ;/,: / *+,+ ;,- / ;@,+

)+.


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M> /-+/- +/+ , ;+*+/- + / =,, +/ / +--/ + / , ,* +*@* +/ ;+*: > ?+ ;++ ,) -H* /+*@,+* ?+ /+-+*(/ -+* -+--/+* @*++ /-,0+*: -@-/ -/ )/ /-,* +,/-/.

E/ / @ *@+(/+: * * +* / =,, ,* ;@,+* ?+ *+ ;+/ *@+/+ , = + - +, +0+ + , +*-. L @+- > ,*,@* (* +/* =-* +;+*+// +@, ?+ +?+(/ /+/ + +--/ (* +,- ?+ * * > ++/++/+ ++*+/*+*;+-,+*. S+,+ *+ -+/+ +, * + -+-* > ?+ ,* @,/+* ;++/ @0 , * +,+,,+/ +* > @+-- + +, -,, +/*.

P , )+/+, +, --+ + / =,, @,) / *+--/ ,) > ?+ , /+-+*: / ;-,- ,* ++*+/* - ; ;++ ,* =++* -/+)+/-* ?+ ;++/ ;-*+*/>+/ /@,++/+ , *+--/ +-. L* ;-++/* ; +* , *,+* -/ )/+*+*,


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+*

SALTO +*

*;+=-+ .74


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!+-, D+- N, JD*+/*/ I/+*/ J-;+*/

C@,)+/ D+, S/*, T/*=/+≤ 1V D+*)+

E/ 0+ C,/- C/-


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5.3.4. P,+)+*

U/ ;#-$- +* , +*;+* + / - / -;++/+ /+* ,* +*=+ /-,+ ;+-+/ ,* ++/* (* /)*J/H: > )#(#(' , = -> /-,+ +*( -/* ; ,* +=-/+* (* +/*J,,+.

E* /, ?+ / +*- *+ *+/+ *@+ +, =,/- + / ;,+)+ > ?+ +*+ =,/- * +<;+*+/+ /,-/+* (* +/* -+/*. L ?+ / *+,+ *+ / -+/+ +* ?+ ,= -;,+ +, ;,+)+ =+-+ +/ * , , +*-.

E+/++/+ ,* =--/ > ,* +/*/+* ?+ +*(/ *+* -+ ?+ *+ + + ;/* + +/ +**+/- > > ;*@, + =,-/+*. E/ @* + -(-+ ,/+, -/+/+ +,*,,+,* , , +, +0+ +, ;,+)+ ; ,* +/-/* - ;/+: ;+* ;++/ ;, @,) , -?+ ?+ +/-+-+/ ,-/*--/.

L @--/ + / +*- )+/+,+/+: -/+/+ *, + = ?+ * +0+ +/*/> *+ , (* /, , +--/ + ,* +**: ; / +* +-+/@,+ + ,*;*-/+* , , + ,* -;*.

5.3.5. C,*=--/ )+- + ,* ;,+)+*


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G+-. ! I/-,/. ! _ 45V A-**. ! > 45V

E/-/=* @,+ M/-,/, / +=/


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5.3.6. M/* + -+/

L -/0/-/ + / ;,+)+ > / =,, ,) / ;,+)+ -/- - ;,+)+ =,,. S

+, @ +, +/ ;/+: / ;+ +, ;,+)+ +*-/**@+ , : + , = ?+ ++/* (* /)* *+ ;>/ *@+ ,* (* +/*. E*+*- +-@+ +, /@+ + '&'$'#-(*,. C/ +, -@,)+/ +/+ / )/ ;,JK,+* *+ ,+ +, /@+ + / + -+/.


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6. AGUA EN EL MACI"O

6.1. INTRODUCCIÓN

E/ +, - , =--/: > ?+ -/*+ +,++/ +,) ?+ ,,+/ ,* +-*. S +, ) ?+ +;; +, - +/ -** )/* ; *,-/ J;* *+-/.D+/ +, ++/ +, ) @/ ;++ +*+ J+*-+/ *@+(/+ *,+/ ,*;+=-+ @0 / / + ) +/ *: ,)* +, .

L + / '-/, -> +-: ?+ +*( , ;+*/*=-: *+ -/-+ - (#- /-*#,. P +/- +, /+, =+(- *+,+ +* / =/0+ ++/ * ; -;, -> +*;+* +;+/+ + , =/ + ,* ;-,* ?+-/*>+/ +, ++/.


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E/ / - +- +* +, /+, =+(- *+ +// '-/, #&/-: +/* ?+ +,

* +/+ -;* ;++@,+* *+ ,+ +, /@+ + '-/, ,(#('+,.

E/ ,)/* -**: +/ ;+@*/ , @- +, ; > , , ,/) +/++,,*.

E, -+=-+/+ + ;++@, *+( ; /

K =

%> ?+ *+H, ?+ , +,- -/ ?+ *+ ++ +, ) +/ +, ++/ +* @,+ > +;+/++, H > +/-/ + ,* ;* J;* +=- */ , +,- + =,0 J,+,- +, +* >: +,-/(/*+ *+)/ , =,

!+


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48/83

; )+ ; @@+: *,/ , +*- +/+ ;/,,*: -/)+,/ +, ++/ >(/, ; -+, ;++@,+.


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7. ROCAS ÍGNEAS

7.1. DEFINICIÓN

S/ -* ?+ *+ / = ; -*, =** -+- + , *;+=-+.

• E$-(') -)#').

o !,-(/-*. %;+,-(/-*. S@+*. S@/*.

7.2. MINERALOGÍA

S/ *,-* > *+ -,*=-/ +/ =/-/ + * -,

M#(-/'-) ,;,(-(*-) +- ') /,') $(-')

M#(-/'-) -,/'*,) '/,) M#(-/'-) -'(,/'*,) ,&)/,)E*+/-,+* C


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7.3.2. C+;* @,+*

L* -/;,) *&'/-) *+ / = ; , />+--/ + +,+* )(-* +/ =-* /+,+-* + -* *++/* +=-*. S+)/ * = *+ / +/ ?+*:=-,*: ,-,* > ,;,*.

E, +#=- +* / * @, *-/+ -/ ,* -* +/-0/+* ?+ - ,* +*-*;/-;,+*. P++ +/+ -,?+ +/*/: +*+ /* -+/+* * -+/* + +* +/-: > +*+ * +* * K,+* + ,/). S* @+* *+,+/ *+ -* ;,+,*.

E, #( +* / /*/ +/+ +** > ;,+, +,,*. S +/*/ +* @,+ , ), ?+ ,- /+* ; ,* ?+*.

E, ',#*, +* / /*/ +/ ;,+)+*: ?+/ , - ?+ ** ;+*+/+/.

L',#*,). S/ /*/+* -/-/+* -/ , @- +/-0/+: -> -/- *;+ +/+= + : +@ , =,+/ ?+ *+ ;- +/ ,* -;* *;>-+/+* ; , ;+*/+ , />+--/. E, -/- /=+ +* -* ;,/.

L,;,#*,). S/ /*/+* -> +- +* ;,/ > ;+*+// / -/- /=+ - - @0.S/ , -/*+-+/- + , />+--/ + )* (=-*.

7.3.3. C+/+*

S+ + /*/+* *-/+*: +,+/+ ;+?+H* > + =* -,/-*: /?+;++/ ;+*+/ =--/+*.

L* */* -,*=--/+* +*+/+* */

• N,@,+. B* +/ ,* /+,+* //+*.• S*/-@-#))-(. Á-* > @(*-*.• C')##'#( ,((*' +- ') /,') $(-').

7.4. MATERIALES # ESTRUCTURAS !OLCÁNICAS

U/ ,( +* / /H = ; +,+* ;-++/+* +, /+ + , + J):=/* ?+ *,+/ ; / (* -/-* +/ = + ,: )*+* ;-,**.

L* $')-) +*(/ =/+/,+/+ =* ; ).

L* ;#/,')*,) */ =)+/* + +, =/ ?+ */ ,/ *+)/ * H + +/ > *+ +/// -+/ +*-* J> + 3 -.

S ,* ;-,** , +;**+ +*(/ =/*: ;++/ ),+*+ =/ / - -;--/- - @ ,-(/-. E*+ * ;-+* ;++ +/+ ,) -/ * + +**;-,** *+,* --, / =, ?+ ,* -++/.

L '' */ ,* +,+* =/* ?+ -+/ ; , *;+=-+: -,* *+ -,/ +/ +,;/ + +;-/.

L'' #+' +* , ?+ -/+/+ SO2. E* > *-* > / =,>+. F ;/+* > */ =+-+/+*,* +;,*/+*.

L'' &)#' +* , ?+ +/+ ;- / + SO2. E* =, > *+ ++/+ +/ )/+* ++/*/+*.


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7.4.1. T;* + +;-/+* ,-(/-*

E, ; ?''#'(, +* > @(*- -/ , > =, +/ , ?+ > ++/** -,* > +/ , ?+/ > ;+/* +;,*/+* ;?+ ,* )*+* *+ ,@+/ =(-,+/+. S+ =/ ,)* + ,+/+. B*,*.

E/ +, S*/,&,#'(, , +* @(*- -/ ,) + SO2. L , +* (* +*;+* ?+ +/ +, \/ >,* )*+* ;>+-/ , , +*;-: ,)/* @@* > ,;,,. S+ ;-+/ +;,*/+*;+?+H* -/ -,* +-*.

E/ +, &-)'(, , , +* (- *-*: / =,>+ > *+ *,=- ;/ =/ -**. S+;-+/ +;,*/+* + )*+* > /@+* + -+/ @(*- > =, ?+ *,+ * + )+* =**: +-+* + * K,+*. C@+/ +/+* ++/*/+* -/ -,* @*(,-*.

E/ ,* /-*#,) , , *+ + ,*. L* +;/*/+* */ +@,+*.

L* )&'/#(,) *+ ;-+/ +/ ,* *,+* -+(/-* /+ *,+ , -/*/++/+ >;-+ , +;/*/ +, =/ /. E/),@ , > ;+ + ,* *,* +, ;-=- > *-/*. E, +/=+/ +* (; -/ ,* ,,,* ;- -*, G+*++*.

L* '/,') *+ -,*=-/ ; * +;+ > -;*-/.

• C,*. 8 4 VC.• Á-*. 4 2 VC.• A,-,/*. 2 1 VC.• S,=*. 1 5 VC.• M=+*. < 5 VC.

L* $-#)-/-) -/**+/ +/ , *, + ) > ; + ) +,+ +;+ J38 VC. S++/-+// +/ ,* ;+* + ,-/+* ;)* ;**.

E/ , -, > ;+/+ /* 5 ,-/+* +/ - +/ =+- *-. S+,-,-/ ,* +**. R+,+/+ -/ *+ @, + )/: , ;,@+/),@ / *++ + -* -* +/ *,-+: (-*: ?+ ,* ;+)=* / +// + =*+**: ;+ -> -;+/ > ,; , / *+ -/*+/ - ,+*.


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7.5.1. C;*-/ /+,)-

L* /+,+* +*+/-,+* */ '/:,H -+-);'*,H ,/*,)' > ,*#*'. E, ;+ *+ ;+*+//-,: *;+- + *, ;+ -/ @,, )*. L * ;+*+/ -,-/ @,+: @,/- *: > ;++ *+ @,,/+ +. L - @ ;+-+ +/ ,(/* -/ @,, + -, /+).S+,+ +/+ + )/- -)/- -/ -*,+* *@,+* *;,+ *. S+,+ *+ -+/+ , ;+*+/- + /-,*/+* + /+,+* (* *-*: + + --)/- > += +/+: -/-* -/+/+ - )@*.

7.5.2. A,+-/ + ,* -* )/-*

L ,+-/ (* ;/+ ?+ *=+/ +* , =#'. L* /+,+* +*+/-,+* *//*=* +/ > +/ ). E, - =- =(-,+/+ *)+)@,+ J '&/-.L ,+-/ *+ ) ,+/.

L ;+*+/- + )/ ,+ +/ / - -H*: +*;+)* ; ,* =-* +,,+/* + -,,* * +,+* + ,+-/.

E/ -/+* , ,+-/ ;+ + * + +, +- -/ @+/ ++/- -/

+, -++/. D+@+ +*+ +, )/- )/+*- ; , +/+/- =)+/* ,0**.


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E, )/ ,)++/+ ,+ ;++ ,) ;+*+/- + - > ,) + -,/: ?+ @,), , + +,. D+@+ +*-/=*+ + ,* +/* /,+* ;-++/+* + )/: ;+**+,+/ +/+ +-+* + -,/.

Aalasto # macadam

T/ ; @,* - ; =+ + -++ ,* )/ / / @+/ +*,: ;+ ; +,;+ * *+ +@+/ +;,+ -)*. E, +*)*+ +, )/ -/ +*( */ +* /:;+ ;++ ,,+) *+ +,+ -/ +*( ,+.

*scolleras

L +/* +,+ +, )/: * , +**+/- , +*)*+: * - , ;*@, + @+/+ @,?+* + )/ H , -+ / +, + , ; ? + * + ; + . L)-+/+ +@++- + ,* @,?+* +/ ?+ *+ =)+/ +, - -*+ -/ ; + =+-- / : /?+ -/ /)* ;+-@,+ + +;,**. S/ +@): / *+;+ +* / - =@,+ ; , +),+* >,+/+ ;+*@,+* ?+ */ ,* */ ** /+,+* +*+/-,+*+, - *-.

S ,+-/ +* *, , +, )/ /-,* +/ > ): / ,) @/ 0@+*:/?+ * +*-* ++/*/ -+ ?+ * +;+-*/ *+ - +/ ?+ , + ,* )/*.

S - ; +/ +/ / ) +/+ -, +* ,+/+ ), , )/ .

7.5.5. U, -;+/ + , ;+)

S* /+,+* +*+/-,+* */ +, - -: ;+*+// , *- +/ ,(/*)/+*: -/-+/ +/ -+* +/-,+* - --+*. S + , -+ > ,/+@,+ ,


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++ +, )/. I/+- ; , ,, +*,,+*: @,,*: ,**: +-: > ; ( + )/+*: @,*: - > +*-,,+*;*. P , )+/+, +* / - + +*-* ,< - / > - ; +/ /+) : * , +/

-+/ - / + * .

7.5.6. U, -;+/ + , *+/: > )@

S+ =++/-/ +, )/ , =,,+* - ;- > ; , > @//- +/+,+* =+)/+*/*.

E** +* -* +/+/ /* --+*-* > *,+* ,* )/*: /?+ ; , )+/+, *+ +**+/- , @*/ *+,+ *+ +/ > * =-, + ,+-/ ,) >.

D/ @+/ * +*, * - ( ; ) / +* : @, * > - : + *-,,+: - + /- / :+-. E/ )+/+, +/+ ,* ** +/0* + /-/+/+/+* ?+ ,* )/*: -/ , *,++- +/ +, ;(= /+.

7.5.7. U, -;+/ + , @* ,+

E* / - + > @+/ -,: + , +/* ?+ , -+ / + ; + * -,, + * +;+ * > + -+* +/+ ;+* ; +*- * +/ , < . S+ +;,+/ +/ ?/+*:@,,*: ( ; )/: @,* > +*-,,+*. E* @+/* - ; - +/- / : *)/ +**+/-: ;++@, > @+/ **+/+/ +/ +--/+*. E/ -++* *+ , =-, * +;,- / .

7.5.8. U, -;+/ +, ;=

A ;+* + ?+ * ,@ +* -**: +*+ > /) ,* ;=* / +/ +;,+(/*+ ;+--/ + -,/*: =//+*: ?/+*. %/ * > ,+/ ( * ; ) / + * .

S+,+/ *+ (* +**+/+* , +*/ ?- > +-(/- ?+ ** -* +/-0/+* J)/:)/+*: ; ++/+/ +, ) .

S ;, /-/+/+/+: - -+ -/ * ,* -* =,//*: +* * = +-+/-: ?+ @,) @ ,* -/+* ;(/,* , = +, ?+.

7.6. UTILI"ACIÓN # COMPORTAMIENTO DE LAS ROCAS !OLCÁNICAS

L , > +*/) +/, ;+//*,.

7.6.1. U, -;+/ + ,* -+/ @* @,/*

S+ + +,+* ;- +/**: > ,+@,+*: ?+ ?++/ ;,*- +/ ;+*+/- +). S ,+-/ ,) -,,* +;/**.

E/ -+/-/+* ;+ + / ; - *+ * +/ * * , -; *@+ , ?+ *+ ;> / @*@+ ,*-)* ;,-* > ,* /*+ ,* /+,+* + -+/-+/+*. L* @* *+ , +/ , =@-- / + -++/ * ;


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7.6.2. U, +*-*

S/ ,+@,+* =/ -,,*. E* @+/ + , ; + ;,+/ + * : ;+ +@+ -,-*+ +/

/)* / *;++* 3 -. S -;--/ +@+ *+ > ?+ , ?+ *+ ;,- +/ *+,+* )/,+* ; ;- , ; + ,* ;/* ?+ ;+*+// ,* =)+/*:-/*)+/ * +, *+/ +=/ /+* + * , + ** + / + : +* * ; +**--+*-* +/ -/*--/. D / ( /),*: ;+ ;+*+/ @0 + + / - -/ +, -+ + / . E* - ; + +@,+ > * ,+-/ ,) -,,*. L @*/ > , ; */;* + ,.

7.6.4. U, -;+/ + , /+*

E/ @+/ +* *+,+ , - -: - * @@ *+ + -++ * . E*;+ +@ ,+ : * - ,* ;-* + * ++ /;+ / : ) + /+ ,+/+ ) . P++ +/+ , / / . C, /+) =+*- > ++ *-:-*H *- 0*>/-/ -,/ ; +/=+/.

E/ -* + +/+ ?+ -+/ *@+ +** +,+*: > ?+ /+*) -/ +,,+ **;*-/: ;+* ** +* *+ / - * * / > =++ / + * . E-+,+/+ - ( ; * *;+=-+

)* -/ ++/- )/=- ; +, -+ + / > +, * =, . C ?/ +* +**+/+:;+ ,)/* ;* + ;,+/ +-+*+/+ > / ,) *;+=-+* +*@, +*- * @ * -/ : +* / +, + @+/ * +/-++*: / - +, + @ *+: *@ @ *+ - +*-,, + * > +,,+/ * .

E/ =+-,+* +* ,


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8. ROCAS SEDIMENTARIAS

S/ ,* -* ?+ ;-++/ + * -* ;++*+/+* J;,/-*: =,//*: ,-(/-*:+=-* *++/* *+* ;-+** -;,+0* + ,+-/ > *)+)-/.

E, ;-+* *+ + +/ +*/: /*;+ > *++/-/. L* -* *++/* *;/+/ /75Q + ,* =,+/* > -/*>+/ +, 5Q + , -+ ;-++/- + , - +.

• M,+'#+'+ +- */'();,/*-.

o A). C,*=--/: +/+*.o %+,. N -,*=--/: /),**.o !+/. P-,* =/*: /=+*

• D/'#(. D+*)*+: +/+


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7.1.1. A@+/+* *++/* -//+/,+*

• G'#'/ . L* +;** +0* ; / ),- */ ;/-;,+/+ , +/ =/, > ,+/ + =/] ,* +,+* +-* ;-++/ + , ++ / / *= +/ /+ +, /*;+: *+/ +;** * , *+;. R+*,/ *++/* */ +*=--/: -/ -,** /),** > */ //)/ *+,+--/.

• D-)/*#,. L* -,** ;-++/ + , ++;+*+// +*=--/+* - ;'(*'(,),. P+*+// *++/* +-* /+-,* -/ * + -(-+ ?-] +/ ,* ;//* ;++ @+ / -,-/ + +** +)+,+* ?+ )/+/@+*.

• A&-/'. S+ =/ +(* + ,* @* + +/ -/** ; +, ,+0+: -/ ?+/ ;-/ +, *,] / @*/+: , + ;+/+ +/ +,,* ; -/,+* @+* +/ ,@ + +/: > +,+ *, ; +,,*. E** -+/+* ;/ +/* > ,* ?+ *++;*/ +/ +, =/ + , ,@=+.

• D-*'#,. E* / @+/+ : -/ --++* + ,* @+/+* =,,: ,-*+ > ;//*.E/ , -/ -+/+* + ): +/ > +, ,+0+. L* *++/* /-,>+/ -,** )+** >=/*: ;+-;* ?-* > + )(/-

7.1.2. A@+/+* *++/* /*

S/ (* ++/** > -//* ?+ ,* -//+/,+*: +;+/+/ ** --+*-* + ,

*/- , -* > + , ;=/] *+ +/-+// / *++/* +-* - ?-*> )(/-*.

• N-/*#,. S *@+ , ;,= -//+/,: * /* 2 +* + ;=/] *+-,/ *++/* +-* > +* =+-+/+ +/-/ =*,+* /*.

• "'*#'. S@+ +, , -//+/, +/+ 2 > 2. +* + ;=/: +/ /+ -/-+/+* + @+< > -+/+* + =/. S+ *++// ,*: -,,* > -/-* +)/** ;,/-/-* - ,* =/+*.

• A)'. S +/ ,* =/* ,+0* + , -*: +/ /+ *+ -,/ @* )(/-* +-;*-/ *,-+.

E/ , +/+ )/ /=,+/- +, *,.

L* @+/+* *++/* /* *+ ;-+/ +/ +/* *,*.

8.2. LITIFICACIÓN DE SEDIMENTOS

L* *++/* @,/* > +*;/0** *+ +/+-+/ ;

• C,;'*'#(. C/**+ +/ , +--/ + , ;* > +;,*/ + ,* =,*/+*-,+*: - +*, + , +)/ +/ ,* *++/* + )/ =/ ?++/ ,* + ) )+*: ; , ?+ * -;--/ +* >.


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• C--(*'#(. E* , ;+-;-/ + ,)/ +,: ; )* ?+ ,,+/ **/-**+,*: +/+ ,* /+*-* + / *++/: ?+/ * /* ,* )/* +,

*++/.

• D#'$(-)#). E* +, -/0/ + +--/+* ?+ +/+/ ,) +/ +, *++/ J,)+/:+/+ ** /+,+* -/ ,* =,* --,/+*: +*,/ , =-/ + /+,+*/+*J/)+/* )+/-*.

• M-*'),'*#),. E* +, ++;, -/ + ,+/. L* (* + C ;++/ ++;, +/*

S/ -* ?+ / * /*;* +/ **;+/*/ ; ,* ): +, +/ > +, +, *@+ ,*=/* + ,* *: +, : ,)*: > +/ ,)/* -** / *= +*-* /*;+ > */ +@* , --/ +, +, , ),;+ ,* -* > ,* ,* *@+ ,* -/,+* -**.

L* +/* > )* +*(/ -/**: +/ / ;-+/0+ > +,+: +*;+-,+/+ +/*: ; - ; / +, (* -;< + ,-/ ,)*: +/ ,* +;** ),-+* > ;+),-+*. T@/ +*+/ +;** -,+*+/ ,* * > + ;+*+/ ,) + -+/-/.

L* )* > +/* */ +,+* ;-* ; , = @-- / + +* > ) / + * : *+;+> -/ / *+/ ,0**: +*/ ,;* / ;+*+// +,++/* -///+* - -,,*:+/)/ @+/ +**+/- > -+;@,+ ++/- -/ +, -++/ ,)/+.

T@/ +* @, +, + ;,+ + + /* > ) * ; - : + -+@ * > @,* * : *+;+?+ +/)/ ,* -/-/+* +)* ; ,+* , + / + * . L* =,* +/ + / ; @0+ + - , +, - + =,0 > + , )- /+ =/*: ? + ;+ +/ ,,+) -, , * + / + * > ,* + + *+ / * + , * ; < * .

L - ; - ;/+ + ,* )* > +/*: +/ -* -*/+* +*=-* -/ ,* >-,,*: +* + * -* > ,* *+/* ?+ *+ ;-+/ ;++/ *+ + , )/ ?+ ;?+ ,+*--/ + , +*-. %> ?+ +- - + / - / +* + * ; + - ,+* - ;, - * + + ; :

?+ / * + / -) * / * .

O* * -/**+/ +/ +0 ,* --+*-* )+-/-* +, ++/ +/+ --/+*- , -/*,-/ -;--/ /(-: ; @=,-/: />+--/ *, />+--/+*+ -++/ ?-*.

L* /+,+* > @* *@+(/+* */ + +--/ =-, +/ ++/* -/** ; )* >+/*: * ,* /-/+/+/+* ?+ ;+*+// =, + * *+/ + /: +/ * + ): ++ )+ / + +/ , ; +=- / : +-. A * =, + -+*/: ?+ ;-+ -/*/+*+@+/*: > ?+ / * )/ ;+ +@, : ?+ ;+( +, /-+ +/


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A+/* > ;*: -/** +/ * , +/ , ;-+/0+ ; - H + )/ *-, +/+ 116 > 1 2 56 . E*(/ -;+** ; - + )(/-. A+/+/ * , *+*+,+/ +/ )(/-* + /)(/-*.

L* ,* /)(/-* *+,+/ +/+ / , +*- * ;,* - : *+/ > **- + ;@, + * ,,-+= - - / : *+ -;-/ -/ =-, > *+,+/ +/+ / + =@, + : *+/*+/*@,+* , --/ + @-/+*.

S+,+/ +/-/*+ +/ ,* ** =-/+* ?+ ,* +/* + ; * * +, - * : =,,+*: ),- + *: , -* + * > / * . E* @, ?+ +*/ + -,,*: /?+

- (* +,/+ *+ +( */ +,+* > =++/+*. P *;+*: (, ),( ';*,) ;'/',/*-/,).

E/ - + /- / + * *+,+/ +?+: , ), ?+ ,* +/*: ; - + +/ * +* ; +- , + * ,** ++;: ;,0+*: +-. S+ />+-/ - / =-, > ; +,, */ /+-+**: ; , )+/+,:;-* ?-*. S -; +/ +* ; + - / *+ + / -+/ / @ 0 /+, =+( - : ; ,-, +* +-+/@,+: -/ > ?+ @0 +/ +,,*: +@0 ;++/+ ?,.

E/ +--/+* *;+=-,+* + ? + +/ , + * > +/ * * *+/ +/* - / * >;/,, * .

E/ +--/+* *@+(/+* *+ -;/ ,: ;+* /+-+*/ =++* **+/ +/ * > ,*=-, +* + /-+ */ )/+*: -+-+/* -/ *+ @0 @0 /+, =+(-.

8.3.3. A-,,*

S/ -* *++/* -/ H /=+ 1256 . S* ;/-;,+* -/*>+/+* *//+,+* -,,** J*,-* ,/-* *: ?+ ;+*+// =* 0**. L*;/-;,+* ;++/+-+/ +* );*

• C',#(#*': )/ ; , ,+-/ + =+,+*;*: -* > ;+/*: @*/+ +*@,+* +/;+*+/- + ).

• I#*': )/ ; , ,+-/ + +,+* -/ -/ +- + ;* > ->- , ) +* /++ +/+ , -,/ > , /,,/.

• M,(*,/#,(#*': )/ ; , +*-;*-/ + ,/] + +* +, /+, -;/+/+ ;/-;, + ,* -,,* +;/**.

O -,*=--/ ?+ @,+/+ *+ -+ + ,* -,,* +* , *)+/+

• A/#') #;/').

o M)*. A-,, X CO3Co D+*. A,)* +* J*,-+.o L+*. D+;** +,-*.

• A/#') /-)#+'-)

o T+ ** + F+.o T+ =*- + F+ > + )(/-.


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o L+* > @* CF+ X A,.

• R,') #*'). C, ,* : +/ ,* *++/* =,,+*: ,-*+*: ),-+* >/*: *+/ ;- +*,/+ + , ,+-/ + ,* -* (-* > (=-*: * - + ,*-, +* , - *+ + / ( * - / .

S ;++@, ;+ , +*+/- + =+/+*: /?+ ,* ; +0* ; +-@+/ */ * -/*-*?+ *+ , /-,+ -/ )/ /+ + +-*: ?+ *+ - (,)+ / ; -++*: *@@*+*: - ; +=--/ > =@--/ + )/+* ,)+*, > , * +/ +, + ; : /-,*-/ , +*- +* > +/ > +/ *. P , )+/+, > ?+ +- -+/-/+*+*;+-,+* - ;,+*.

L* -,,* *+ ,/ +* *+* > + , ;+*+/- + ). C/ +*(/ *+ - * *+ + - /@+/: > @/ *+ * * + /+/ */ ) / +* ;@, + * . S/ +@): * * ; + +/ ,,+) - ; *+ - =, * + / * * ?+ ; + * / / +, + - + - ; * * * , * . L *+ - - /

+ /+, (* -/ + /+/+ ; +*+ ; + ++/* +* , - - , .E/ +--/+* *;+=-,+* ;++ +-*+ , * ? + + , * * @+(/ + * ?+ **--+*-* > , ;+*+/- + ) ++// * -;+/.

L +/+ / - +*, *+ -: -++-+/@,+ + * +/ ,* +* ,+* -,,** +/ -++*: =+-,+* > *@+ +/ -/,+* ;+* * @+ =,- /+* * / ,* -,,* ? + + 0+-+/ / ;+* / +/,* @ + * ; , -, / / * *+H * .

L -,, / , -, < : *+* ++/* ;-+** + +,@-/ > ---/ *++;,+ ; , =@-- / +, -+ +/ .

L* '/#') -/-* - -;'()#'): ?+ +/+/ , / ,,/ - /+, +*+ / - ,:;*++/ --+*-* ?+ /=,>+/ /+)+/+ *@+ ,* +*-* @-* +/ +,,*. L* +/ * > */ - / + * + ,+/ ? + *=+/ +/ ,* ;-+** + + - - / > *+- /


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,) ;+* /+* * +/ * - ; -+* + H *+ +/+ , + * - . L* --+*-* + ,*-,,* +;/** @,) ++/* ;+--/+* , + -+/ *@+ +,,*.

E/ @ * ,+ * : , ;+*+/- + -,,* +;/** =+- ,* ,+* > +;,+/+*: * - ,-;- ;/+. U/ / )+/+, +* , + -/ -/ / @ +/ + + +/0 + .

E/ /+,+* ,* ;+* / + * *@+ ,* + + *+/ * : > *+H,* +/ ,* -,,* / +;/**: *++/ +/ * + / +*+ -* : ;,+/+ -/ *+ + @* (,-*.

8.3.4. C/),+*

S/ ,* -* =* ; =)+/* -**: -,**: *; + +* 2 : /* ; /),+/+ ?+ ;++ *+ + -(-+ +- + /,++-*+ @+/.

E/ +=--/ *+,+ , *+,*. P * ++)+/+ / * /+-+/@,+* ; , , -,.

T;- *+,+ , -.

C - + / +* / - -+; @, + : /-,* + )/ -, -/ -,** > -++/ / ,) / - +**+/+.

I;++@,+* > @+/ -+--/ + =)* .

S -;+/ +/ +--/+* -+, @+ +/+ ++/ ; * /,+ 116 ),+* ; /-++/ + /,+ ?+ @0 +* +=/-/ *+ -)+/ -* >*/* ?+ / +*+ , --: > > +**+/+: , -*: +/ -*/+* +,+ -+ ;@+/+ *,,+* @,?+*.

D * ) / + * * + / - , + * / > , + - / : *+,+ *+ / @//+ -;/+/+ + ,*)* /,+*: ?+ *+ , ;- @ * - / . C/ > ?+ -/*+) +, ( ; -?+: * )/ +**+/- -+


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?+ +, ;-+* *+ - * * : ;+* +, +*)*+ + , ?/ +* +,+: > , ,) +* >-: +*;+-,+/+ -/ *+ +@+/ @+/+ +/*.

E* / - /- ; @, * > - : ;+ / ; - ; * + : > ?+ +/+/ ;,*+ > *;+=-+* +*@, ,* ;*@,+*+*; + / + /* *+ ;-(/ = + = - * . A, *+ / - ; + + @, + : ,* =,-/+*+*(/ ,)* ,* *-//+* > / *+(/ +-+**. C /-/+/+/+ ;+*+/ +, ,

-* + ;+=-/.

E/ +--/+* *@+(/+* *+ /+/+ @+/ > / /+-+* ; , )+/+, **+/+/. E,) ?+ ;++ @+ / +* > @//+ > +*( ,) ,* *-//+*. A, ), ?+ ,-+/ +/ +, ;(= /+: * -*+ + + - - / +* , > *+ -+-+/ ; , /+-+* + +,/ ;+=+-+/+ +, ;, ?+ *+ ; -+ : + )/ )+* > ; / > ;+,)*.

8.3.5.2. A-*

E* / +/*- =+,+*;(-: -/* ;/-;,+/+ ; - =+,+*; ;(*-. S)+/ ;+-+ *+ , +*-;*-/ ,+-/ + -* - +, )/: )/+* > +*?**.

R- -/ @+/* --+*-* +-(/-*: +/ ,+* +-,+*: ;+ -@

-,+/+ , 0*+: -//*+ +/ / +, ;** ?+ ;+*+/ )/+* ;@,+* +//)+/+ -,.

N +* =-@,+ ,+/* / - +*-,,+.

C -+/: +@ ,* -@* ?+ +;++/ , 0*+: / +* -/*+0@,+: ;+* +*=-, *+) ?+ ** / ,,+)+/ +/+ ) +/ ,)/ +/.

P *;+* -,?+ ; + @ +*( ;*- +/ +,, > +/ ,* ** + ;+* ;++ ,) +*,


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E/ +--/+* *;+=-,+* + ,+* +-,+* + )/ ,: ;+ *+ ;++/ ;- +*;+/+/* = + =-*.

8.3.5.4. G-

A+/*- -/ < +- *;+ , 15Q ?+ -/+/+ =)+/* + -* , *=-*:)/* + - =+,+*;* > -++/ )+/+,+/+ -,,*. E* / - ;-,+/++= -++/-/ + ,* ,*. L - ; ,* ,* +*

;,-@,+ ; , ,/. L -;--/ > -++/-/ + ,* ,* +0 ,* --+*-*+ ,* ,*: , -, +@+ +/+*+ +/ -+/.

8.3.7. A-,,

S+ + / - -;+* ; -,,* -;-* > -++/*. P++ ;,-*+ ? ,- ; , ,/. L +0 + ,* --+*-* + , - ; , -++/-/ ,) /-;+/ +0 ?+ +, + ,* -,,* *+,*.

8.4. ROCAS SEDIMENTARIAS INTERMEDIAS

S/ ,* =* ; ,*: +/* > -, @//- + +* , -. S+,+ */)*+ + ,* -,,*;*: +(* + ; / +/ ;,*-: ; ,) + +=++*-+/- +/ =/-/ +,-/+/ + -, *+ -/ )/ * *+ + -+* +-,+* /-,/*: -/ +/ +/ -* + ;+* *,+* ,* + ,* -,,* > , ), ?+ +,,* *+*-* +**+/- > * =(-, +*/@, ,* -+/ /+-* ; (*: ; )/:@,* > -. I),+/+ / ;++/ +;,+*+ +/ +*-,,+* + ;+: ;+* *+/=(-,+/+ +*@,+* ; , --/ + ,* )*.

L* +--/+* *@+(/+* > *;+=-,+* *+ -/ @+/ > *+ /+/+/ */ /+-+* +)/+* **+/+/*: +*;+-,+/+ -/ (* -,-(+* */. %@( ?+ +/+ - +-@ , +--/ ; + +, +/+.

A, ), ?+ *+ - +/ +, -* + ,* -,,*: @/ > +/+/- ;-*++*, -+* +*,/ +*/-*.


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Q CARBONATO JCALI"A 5 15 25 35 65 75 85 95 1

1 95 85 75 65 35 25 15 5 Q ARCILLA

8.5. ROCAS SEDIMENTARIAS NO DETRÍTICAS

8.5.1. R-* -@/*

C/ +*+ /@+ *+ );/ / *++ + -* *++/* -/** ; -@/* +-,-: -,- )/+*: +-. +/ (* +, 5Q. A+(* + ,* -@/*: +/ * -/*-/=)/ - )/+* CO3M) */*+-/*.

L* * -* -@/(-* (* -/+* */ , -, , ,: ->* /+,+* ;/-;,+**/ , -,- CO3C > , , JCO32CM): ;+/ ;+*+/ -/+* +/+ +,,*.

8.5.1.1. C, ;. P++/ *+ + )+/ +-:)(/- >=* ; ;+-;-/.

W -/0/ *+ -/-+ -/ +, /@+ + K*. E* =,) K(*- +/+ )/ /=,+/- +//)+/+ -,: - ++* (* +,/+.

E/ ,* -,


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L -, +;,+ +/ ;*+ > *,,+: > ?+ *+ - > @0=(-,+/+: *+/ +**+/+ ,* )+/+* *=-*: -/ +-+;-/ + ,* @+/+*-)* + ,)/ ; + (-: - -+ +/ ++/- ; +, -++/ > ,* ,)/+**=(,-*: *+ +;,+ - +/ )/+*.

E, +;,+ + , -, +**+/-. A -//-/ *+ +;/+/,)/* + ,* ;* + ;+--/+* ; ,+*.

• M,,* +,(*-*.

• R++* + -@,+*.

• M,,* += )/+* ;>+-*.

• A/-,0+*


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• P/,,* +*(-*.

• P/,,* /(-* + +=-/.E/ +--/+* *@+(/+* @/ ,* -, *+ @+/+ @+/ , *+--/ +-. E,;@,+ , +;+*+// ,* =-/+* K(*-* ?+ ;++/ ;+-+ +/ , +--/. E,,;,- , +*+/- + -* ,+*: +,+* +*,+* -,,**: + --+*-* >*/* , -,+ +, +, + +,,+/:-,+* +/(/+* ?+ ;++/ ;+ , -// + ,* @0*: , ?+ @,) +,


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8.5.2.1. #+*

E, >+* +* *,= -(,-- JSO4%2O. L + + ,* >+** +* @,+: ;++ +/+ *;+- =@*: -*, -/ , H: ;+ > ,)/* ++* > -;-* ?+ *,*+ ;++/ > -/ / /0.

C/ *+ ;+*+/ * ;++ *: ;++ ,) =,)* K(*-*.

W+*: +*+ +, ;/ + , /)+/+ -,: *+ * (;*,@,: ?+ ;++ -+*+ /: -/+/+ , ?+ -+ +/ , -,+** +* > (;: ;+ +/* / ?+ +/ ,* -*-@/*: *, -** +-+;-/,+*: > ?+ , +/ +**+/- +, +, -+ ?+ ,*+*-* +*,/+* + ,* *,-/+* *+ // > +*;+ + -**.

E, >+* > ,* )* *+,+/** -/ +, ,/ -(,-- +, -++/: / ,) ?+ ,*)/+* *+ +*/+)+/. E*+ ;@,+ *+ *,-/ -/ +, +;,+ + -++/* +*;+-,+*:+**+/+* +*+ ?+: - +, -++/ ,/*: +, -, +0 +/ * -/ ,/ ,@+> / -,: - -+ -/ +, -++/ P,/. E* -, +--/ -/ +, *,= / ,) *,=,/ -(,--: ?+ +/ + ,+/ -+/ +/*/+* ?+ ;++/ ,,+) ;- )+* +/ ,* +*-* + )/.

S@+ , @*+ + * )+* - +, -++/: * , *,@, > +*-* +**+/- ,

+*)*+: +, >+* +*( ,+/+ ;*- - ( ; )/+* +*.

S (; *,@, ;+ * * - @,* > * +- +**+/-: ; -. A@* --+*-* /=,>+/ /+)+/+ ; * +;,+ +/ +*-,,+.

C -+/ +/+ / +**+/- -+;@,+] +, ;@,+ +* , ;+*+/- + ): ; , -, , -+/-/ @0 /+, =+(- / +@+ +, +/+ @+/ /+/+/: ?+ / *+ + ,+ ; , ;+*+/-

+ ) , *+ + / - =+-, / *+,+/ /+-+* ++*+/.

L ? +;+* ;/+ + +,++ ?+ +, -+*=+: > *+ )/+ ++*=+* -+ -* ;*@,+ +,*. P +,, +@+ +/+*+ +/ -+/ * --/ )+* ;,* -++/*: + , ;+*+/- + ): +*;+-,+/+ * +*( +/ +/.


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8.5.3. ROCAS ORGANÓGENAS

S/ ,* -@*@,+* =*,+* -@/+* > ;+,+.

• C'/&,(-)

o A/-. 95 1Q + -@/: ;- ,(, > )/ ;+ -,=-.

o L)/. 55 7Q + -@/: *;+- ,+H*: )/ -/+/ +/ ;++@,: ;++ -/+/+ ;+,+:/?+ / *+ > = +/ +,,.

E, ;+,+ *+ = +/ , - + > ) , - ,-/ /+ ;++ *+ +;,.

P ?+ ?++ = / >-+/ ;+,=+ +* /+-+* ?+ , - ,-/ +* -@+; / - ;++@,+: + /+ ?+ +, ;+,+ / ;+ +*-; * , *;+=-+: >+(*: ?+ , *;*-/ + ,* -* / ;+ +* )-/. A - *;*-/ *+ ,+-/-+ -/ +, /@+ + */';') ;-*/,-/').


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9. ROCAS METAMÓRFICAS

L,* -*',/#), , ;-+* +/+ +, -, ,* -* *,* =-/ * +:+*- > -;*-/ /+,)-: ; -@* + ;+*/ > +;+ > ,) ,=-/ + -* /+* J-* +=-*.

L ;+*/ +* -/- - ;/-)#( #*,)**#' +- ,(#('#-(*, > +* +@ ,* -**;>-+/+*: -+-+ -/ , ;=/. A ,* 4 K + ;=/ ,,+) ,* 1 . A/?+,* ,+* +;+/+/ + , +/* > +*;+* + ,* +,+* *;>-+/+*.

E/ -/ , +;+: , + +/+ / )+/+ )+-: +* +-: ?+ +/ -/ ,;=/ +, +/ + 3V C ; K. T@/ ;/ +;+* ,* ,* /*/+*)(-* > ,* - -/*+-+/- + +,,* *+ -/*)+

;+ + +,+* > ; + )*+* > +,++/* ,(,+*.

E, ;-+* *+) -/ , ;+*/ > , +;+ +* ?+ , - *+ +,+ ;,(*- ;-/;,+)+/* J+/ , +/* > */>+ +, ,+/.

L* -/*+-+/-* */ +=-/+* + , + -*,/: -*,+* 0**: ,)* --,+*] ;++/ =+- -,?+ -: /-,* + / +/ - -@* /+,)-*. S+)/ ,* )+/+* ?+ >/ /++//+ +, +=* ;++/ */)*+ * ;*

9.1.1. M+=* /(-

N *+ ;-+/ -@* ?-* / +-*,


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E, =* ;+) *+ +/ -* ?+ *, */ +*@,+* ,* +;+* -/@0/.

9.2. TE&TURA # ESTRUCTURA

D/+ +, ;-+* + +=* *+ +*,,/ /+* -*,+*: -*,@,** ?+ / ,**)+/+* +*-*

• G/@,(*-*. G/* *-*: --: (,.

• L+;@,(*-*. E/ = + +*-*: +=,@,+*: --.

• N+@,(*-*. E/ = + ,*: )*/*: )/+*.

• D@,(*-*. C*,+* /+;+/+* -/ *: =+,+*;*.

• P=@,(*-*. C*,+* )/+* +/+ * (* ;+?+H*: )/+* )/,.

• P?,@,(*-*. C*,+* *.

• %+,(-*. C*,+* ?+ ;+*+// )* +,-,+*.

L* +*-* (* =+-+/+* */ +*=--/+*: +*?**: ; -;,+)+*.

9.3. MINERALES DE LAS ROCAS METAMÓRFICAS

L* ;-+** +=-* ;++/ ,) /+,+* /+* / /-++/ /@,+ +,)/ > +*+/+: +/ , ?+ *+ -/-+ - -*, +*+/+: -/-/*+ +//-+* - +-*,


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% +* *+ =++* +=-/+* ; , ?+ +/+ / - 0* ?+ -+?+ +/)/ )/ *@,: --+*- ?+ *+ ;+- ; ,)/ + ,* ,+*, ?+ @+/+ @,?+* + )/ H > = -/ +/+/- -@- +* -* ;*@,+.

E/ , +=--/ , ; -@-/+*.

L ; + +*?** -/ ,* +*-* ?++, ) + +=* + , - +** -;+/* > *,-/+* + **+/+/:?+ ;++/ ++/+*+ +*+ +, )/ /,,* + )/ .

E/ +--/+* *;+=-,+* , *-/ +* > ;+- , ?+ *+ ;-+ +/ ,**@+(/+*.

L ;*@, + +*,


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S , -;+/ +* *, , + ,* -* =,* ?+ *+ / /+*:/?+ * > ) + +=* -+ ?+ *+/ (* +-* ?+ ?+,,* ;-+* +;,+*: * +/ +*-,,+*. L +/+/- ,* +*,+.

9.4.6. G/+*

L* )/+* */ -* +=-* +)/,+* + , ) + +=* -> )+/ */ ,*-@* *=* ; -* )/+* +/** -*-*. L* /+,+* (* -/+* */ +,- -*.

L* )/+* */ *,+* +/ * *;+- , )/: ;+*+// / ,+-/ *, *+-,/ -/ + ,* -*: -/ =-/ + 0@+ > +/*)+**.

E/ , , -;+/ +, -+ +, ?+ *+ *+ --+ ),/,. E/ +, ;+: , +*?** (* - -+ ?+ +, * *+ (* +*/).

P (* + )/: +, )/+* ),/, */ ;++ +;,+*+ -/ / +* =(-, ++/-/ +, > *+;+ ?+ -;, ,* +*;+-=--/+* + , E%E. P++ ,--, =* ,)* > -/+/ + -: -> +,/-/ +?+( +, , ++,. E, -(-+ +*( ,+/+ ;*-.

P @,*: +, )/+* +* / + ,* -* +-+/* ; , N.R.!. 34..: *+;+ ?+ +**/ ,+.

E/ +--/+* *;+=-,+* > ?+ +/+ +/ -+/ , *-/ +*;-, + , =,-/ -/+*;+- , ;,/ + -+. %> > +/+/- , +*, =-, ++/ *)+/ -/-+.

S* /+,+* ;/-;,+* */ /@,+/ > ;,)-,*: *+/ +*-* +, -+ @* +*. N *+/ - (* + )/: +/ )+/+,: / ; @,** / =+* +-++. P++/ *+ -/*+*+ ;++@,+*.


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1. IN!ESTIGACIÓN DEL MACI"O

1.1. INTRODUCCIÓN

E* + * /+* +, -/-+/ *, + - / + ,* +,++/* -/*>+/+* +,- *-//+*] , +* +/ > ) +) , +*;+* +,-/0/ /+ , *,--/+* ?+ *+ ,+ -+/: ?+ / +* , * + ,* +*;+** *,* +- -;/+/+.

L /+*)-/ +, -*/+-+**: *-(/,+* +, ( ;+-.

1.2. OB'ETI!OS DE LA IN!ESTIGACIÓN

T /+*)-/ +/+ / @0+ )+/+, ?+ +* -/-+ ,* --+*-* +, - ) ;++/ =+- +*+ =+-* ; , +,+/ +, - ** -@* +*-/,+* /-* ; , -/*--/.

• C/-//+* ;+,)** ,+* - ,+* /+*@,+*: =,,* -* ;+/-,+/+-*.

• R+*;+* +, ++/ ,* -@* + ,* -/-/+* /,+*.

• !,+< + ,* +,+* ; * +* * +/ @: (*: /-,+* ;++@,+*: =,*:+-.

L* =-+* + , /+*)-/ *+,+/ *+ +* -*: ++/*/ > ;=/. N *+;+ >/ +,-/ +- -*+ H */ (* @+/ -*+ -;,+0 +, - /(,** + , -+/-/ +*+/+ *@+ +, +


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*;+-* )+)(=-*: , +*)=: ;+)=: +-/-: * )+,)-: /+ > -/+*:)+,) > ;,+/,) J/ *+;+ > *+ /-,>+/ /+** =)=*.

1.3.2. L+/+/ )+,)-

T /=-/ ;-++/+ /* *+ ; +/+ / +/-/ ;+: / (* ;=/-/ (* ;, *+ ?,,: ?+ ( ?+ +, ;,/++/ + ,* @*+-/+* *+ +,,> ;+-*: , ?+ *;/( / +/+ + +;: =- *+ / +*;+-@,+: ;+ ?+/ +/ - > * +-+/+ +/ +, ++/.

P*++/+: +, ;,/ )+,)-: +*, +, ,+/+/: +@+( /-; , *-/ +* ,* /+*)-/+* ?+ *+ )/ ,-*: */+*: ),+*: )+=*-: +-.

1.4. IN!ESTIGACIONES PROFUNDAS

1.4.1. I/+*)-/+* +-*

E/+/+* ; , ,* /+*)-/+* +=+-* +-+/+ , ++/ +*>/,: -,* @*/+ (;: *+;+ > -/ +, ,) *+--+*@,+: -* ?+ ;++ / *-++. L* -,-* > /-+* */ +*;+-,+/+ /-* +/-* @,/*: -> +--/ / +?+ , , +/ + ,* -** > *, ;( , ?+ ;++ ,-/ +,* ?+ /*+=/+/ ,* --+*-* +, - +/ ;=/.

N +@+ ,*+ ?+ +, */+ ;;-/ / /=-/ ;/,: -/-/ / ; +,;; - ; , -, -/ ?+ *+ -+ +, @0] ; +*+ , /=-/+*( +/ =/-/ + +** * =-+*.

E/ +*+/-: / +?; + */+* +*( -;+* ; , */: +, ?+ , ++: ; ,)+/+, / +,,: / @@: +, -*,,++ + + */+ > +, +, + -+ > *;+ +,*. L* * +*+/-,+* + +,-/.


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ondeos de percusión

C/**+ +/ , /- + / -,/ + @*: -,/ + +/@-/: + ;+ )+*: +

,/) +/+ 1 > 3 +*. L /- +, @ *+ +=+- +/+ / +- ) +/ ,;+=-/ =/ + +=)+ , -/ > +,/ +, +] +, -*,,++ + ;++ ,+--/ + , @+: -/ > ?+ *- +, +*) -/ > ?+ H @+ ;;,/) , ;+=-/.

L ,/,(' * , ++ + , -,/ + @*: ,,0+: ;++ *+ + * ;* + \ >+ /+. L* + \ +*(/ =* ; -@ + \,= -/ / 1Q + -@,: +*(/-/** ; / -,/ + -+ +/ +, ?+ *+ +/)*/.

L* -/* + /+* +*( +-* -/ /+* /*,+*: ?+,,* ?+ / ;++/,+ ; ** ;+=+--/+*.

L* -/* + \ *+,+/ ,


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11. ESTRATIGRAFÍA

E* , -+/- ?+ +* ,* +** +*+ * )+/: ;-+** +,*: /*=-/+* >-+,-/ + ,* -* *++/* , ,) +, +;.

I/+;+-/ + * > @*+-/+* ; -/-+/ +, ;*. S* ;,--/+*+-/-* */ , /)+/+: , /+: >-+/* + ;+,+ > -@/ > )* *@+(/+*.

11.1. CONCEPTOS GENERALES

L,* -)*/'*, , +, + )+/ *++/ , ; * ;,/* ?+ , /, ,* -/-/+* + + ,**++* *.

L,* '#-) ,* --+*-* , > @,)-* /+ * =-/ ?+ ;++/=++/- /* ++/* + *.

• L#*,'#-). B** +/ --++* ,,)-*.

• "#,'#-). B** +/ --++* @,)-* J=*,+*.

U/ (#+'+ -)*/'*#$/#' +* / ,+/ + -* *++/* ++// ?+ *+ ;++/, +, ', -/,)#,(' +* +,+*;- -+*;/+/+ , +, +*/. L,* ?#'*, )-+#-(*'/#, , +*;- ++; +/ +, ?+ / @ +;*.

L,* */'()$/-)#( , /-+ +, ) + *@+ , -;* ;,+,* *//+;-/ +#),/+'(#' * ,* -;* / */ ;,+,*.

L /,(,,$' ,* -/+-+/* )+,)-* , ,) +, +;.


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12. GEOLOGÍA %ISTÓRICA

L ;+*+/- + =*,+* *+/: +/+ * -**: ; ,* ++/* + / = +,+*;+- + * /++* ;*++*] ;+ +, ;@,+ *+ -;,- -/ *+ ;++/++*@,+-+ / -/,) @*,.

D+ * ,* * +*: +, (* +- +* +, ?+ *+ @* +/ ,* +--/+* ++*/+)-/ + ,* +,++/* -* + ,* ?+ ?+/ %+, > P, * *@;-*.E, %+, *+ +*;+/+ ;+ +, P, ;+/+-+ +/ +, ,) + )+/. L +,-/ +*+/+ +/++, ;, = > +, +, - */ +*/+): -/-+/ +, ;+ + *+: /*;++ +) +, +; /*- +*+ ?+ *+ = , - +/ -+*/.

L* * ; ++/ , + @*, + / - */ /+** > *.

12.1. ERA ARCAICA

C+*;/+ ,* +,+* (* /)* + , -+C'/-#'(,) ?+ / )+/ ,* ;+* -+/* /H**. S+ /- / /+/* -,-(/- > *+ ;-+ @/ / /+/* +*/.

A;+-+/ ,* A*,.

P+// ,* -* +/*-*: --*: ;/)* */* > +*?** -,,**. E/+ ,*-* ,-(/-* ;+-+/ @*,*: @** > ;=*.

A;+-+/ > ,)/* +** =*,+*: > +*-** > , -/*+*: +/+ ,* ?+ +*-/,)* -,-(+*: +=-+* + -,: ,* > =,)+,*.

E/ E*;H +, P+-(@- =, +/ G,-: M/+* + T,+ > E+ > +*( = ; -* +=-* )/+*: --* > )*.

12.2. ERA PRIMARIA O PALEO"OICA

E/ +* + ;+// ,* *++/* /* -/ +** =*,+*. S+ + +/ *+* ;+*C&/#,H O/+,#,H S#


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D+*+ +, C(@- , S,- +/+ ,) , )+/ C'-+,(#'(' > +, D+/- , P/#, *++*,, , )+/ !-/#(#'(': ?+ =+- ;=/+/+ E; > > ;-,+/+ ,P+//*, I@-.

12.2.1. C(@-

• N > =+/+/* )/-* ;/+*.

• E/ +, +*=+ N+ +*+/ > * -//+/+* +, S#&-/#'(, > +, N,/'*(*#,. D +/* /-,+* A$(#, > E)'(+#(',. E/ +, +*=+ S ,* +* ++)* +/+/-//* ;+-**.

• P+// ,* ; @?;*. S/ ;/+* ,*?+-(-*.

12.2.2. O--

• S+ /- , =-/ + , -+/ /H* C,+//.• S, +*+ ++*/ + +*: , *@-/ + +* > +* +* , *.

• P+// ,* ; ,)/* --*.

• E/+ ,* );* =*,+* +*-/ );,+*: C/+*: N,+* > T,@+*.

12.2.3. S,-

E* / ;+ > ;+- , /+ -/ @//- + ; --*. L* =*,+* (*@//+* *)+/ *+/ G;,+* > T,@+*.

12.2.4. D+/-

• N > //)/ --+/+ )/- +*;+-,. E/ +*+ ;+ > +/ +, *)+/+ *+ = +,)/ )+*/-,/, ?+ ( ,) , )/ C'+-(' !-/#(#'('.

• L *@-/ )+)(=- + +* > +* / .

• P+// ,* ; +/*-* 0*: ,,* /)*.

• A@// ,* T+-,* > ;+-+/ ,* ;+* A//+* -/ +, G/+*. A+(**+ +/-+// A/=@* > P+-+* A-/+ +, ;+ *)+/+ +/+/ , ( /+/* ,* P,+)+/* %+-//*.

• L + ?+ +, +/ +* -//+/+* N,(/-: C/S@+/ > +, G/\/:-/ / )/ /+ ,, M+*)+ M + T+>*.

• P+// ,* ; -, ;/+* ,* >-+/*+ C@/+* /+,+*: ?+ *+ =/ /+ ,* ;+* + =-+* -//+/,.


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• A,-/ ,* G/*;+*. D+*,, + ,* A/=@*> +-+/ ,* T,@+*.

12.2.6. P-

• E, )/ ;,+)+/ +-// =+- , C+/ > N+ + E; > , P+//*, [email protected]),+/+ =+- +/*-* 0*: -,,*-/ +; *+ -/-+/- -* ;+(*-*.

• A;+-+/ ,* +;,+*. D+*;+-+/ ,* ,@+*. A;+-+/ ,* -/=+*.

D+, C(@- , S,- +/+ ,) , )+/ C,+// > *+ )// -,,+* +/ E*--:E*-//: L* A+/*: B+ > M: L@+: G+/,/ > +, N+ + A-.

D+, D+/- , P- +/+ ,) , )+/ %+-// > *+ )// -+/* /H** +/, ;+//*, @-: ,* U,+*: A, +/ A* > ,* M/+* A;,-+* +/ A- +, N+.

12.2.7. T++/* ;* +/ E*;H

S+ +/-+// ++/* ;* +/ +, +/ , -,C@/=+.

S+ +/-+// /+** >-+/* =*,=+* +*;+-,+/+ +/ A?+-(*: T,@+*:G;,+* > F*,/*.

L )+/ %+-// =+- , P+//*, I@- =/ / *++ + ;,+)+* + +--/NOSE: ?+ / / -/=)-/ +*;-, , ;*0+ ;+/;,/ *


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• A@// ,* -* *)+/+* +/*-*: -, ,*: 0/ -/ -,,* + -,+** -/ >+*: 0-/* + C;*+, > )/*.

• S+ -/*+/ ? ,)/* =* =*,+* +, ;+ /+ /=@* > )/+*. A;+-+/,* ;+ /+*: @+,+/+* > -/// * +*,, ,* A/=@* > R+;,+*.

E, (*- -;+/+ ++/* + =-+* / > =-+* -//+/,.

E/ , P+//*, I@- *+ +/-+/ ;,+/+ +*,, +/ ,* C,,+* B-*: +/ ,C,,+ I@- > , C,,+ C/(@-.

12.3.2. '(*-

• N *+ ;-+/ =+/+/* + ;/-.

• %> / )/ /*)+*/ / > E; ?+ -/+ +/ / )/ -;,). E,-/+/+/+ + G/)\/ *+ +*-/+ +/ * A=-B*,+H > +, A*,/I/M,-+:+, ?+ ,+) *+ *+; A*,: , I/ > , I*, + M)*-.

• P+// ,* -* -, B+,+/+*. %> / )/ +*,, + ,* +;,+* J/** > ;+-+/ ,*;+* +*: /*+-* > ;+-+* +,+*+*.

12.3.3. C+(--

• %- , + +*+ ;+ +/+ ,) , )/ T/*)+*/ C+//+/*+: +/ + ,-, -* E;: /-, , M+*+ I@-: ?+ @0 ,* )* * * + ; + + / +)+*/ ?+ +/+ ,) , =/, + , E S+-/.

• S+ *+; , I/ +, @,?+ I/,-+ > +;+ -,,* -/ ,)/*.

• A;+-+/ > +*;+-+/ +/ +*+ ;+ ,* R**. S+ +/-+// +/ +-+/- >+*;+-+/ , =/, +, ;+ ,* A/+* # B+,+/+*. T@/ +*;+-+/ ,* )/+*+;,+*. S/ =*,+* ;/+* ,* O@,/* > ,* +?/+*. S+ +*,,/ ,* A/)*;+* F/+)*.

12.4. ERA TERCIARIA O CENO"OICA

E, ,+ /=+ + , E T+-: +/+ /- ; / -@ ;/+ + , =/ +,C+(--: * - ; / -@ +, +/ ,* ;* + -* *++/* )/* +/ +*+;+.

M+/* ?+ +/ +, ;+ C+(-- > '(*- ;+// ,* *++/* -@/*:/+ +, T+- ;+// ,* *++/* + -(-+ +- -,,*: +/*-* >-/),+*: -,


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E, ,+ *;+: +/+ , E T+- > , C+/: +/+ +=/ ; , ;+*+/- +*++/* + )+/ ),- +/ +, -+/ > ; , ;-/ + +** =*,+* + /*.

L E T+- *+ + +/ P,+)+/ JP,-+/ > M-+/ > N+)+/ JO,)-+/ > E-+/.

D+*+ / ;/ + * ,,)- ,* ++/* +-*: )+,)-+/+ +-+/+*: +*(/=* ; -* ?+ =+-+/++/+ / +*(/ -/*,* +, -,,*: +/*: )*:/?+ @/ */ @//+* -* -/*,* ,+* - -,-/),+*] @/ @// -* +; >+**.

U/ --+*- ;/+ +* +, > +*,, + ,* *++/* +/ -;-/ -/ , ES+-/. E* *+ +@+ * -**.

D+*;+-+/ ,* A//+*: B+,+/+*: R** > R+;,+* ))/+* JD/** > P**.

S+ +*,,/ ;,+/+ N/,+*: E?/*: P+,+-;*: G*+;* > /+**+*;+-+* + F/=+* JG,@)+/*: A,+,/*.,* =+* ;,-+/* +;++//@/ / )/ +*,,.

E/ -/ , =, +-: > / )/ ;+/ + ,* ;,/* F/+)*. T@/@// ,* A,)* > ,* C,+*.

D/+ , E T+- > / )/ - )/-. T+/+ ,) , )/ O)+/ A,;/:

?+ ,) , > ;+ + ,* )/+* -,,+* -,+*.

12.4.1. D*@-/ +, +- +/ E*;H

$aleógeno

A=,/ +** ++/* !++/+ S +, P/+ JM *+;+//, + , -+/- +, E@ *, C,,+ C*+C,/. T@/ +/ ,* -+/-* +-* -//+/,+* + ,* -+/-* +,D+ > +, E@ > +/ ,* -,,+* B-*.

eógeno

E/ , +)/ L+//: A,@-++: '/: !,,+ +, G,? > +/ ,* +;** + =-+* /.

E/ ,* -+/-* -//+/,+* +*-/ ,* * *@+*+* -*+,,/*: ,,+ +, +@: -+/- +, A,: T++,.

12.5. ERA CUATERNARIA O NEO"OICO

E* E @- +*+ , E T+- , -,. S ,+ /=+ +/+ +=/ ; ,;-/ + ),--/+*: ?+ / @/ +/ ,) /+ +, P,-+/. E/ E; +*+ ,++/+ *+H, ; , ;-/ + /+* =+* ,+* - E?* > E,+;*.

T@/ +, -+ +-/- ;++ +, +, ,+ T+-C+/ ?+ +/ , +-+/ +* -;,++/+ /- +*+ +, ;/ + * )/-: +/ -;-/ -/ ,*=++* ;,+)+/* + , + ;+-++/+.


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D+*+ +, ;/ + * -/,)- +, C+/ *+ + +/ * /+*

• P-#)*,-(,. C;+/+ +, ;+ + +; /*- +*+ +, /- +, -+/

* +, =/, + , , )--/.

• !,,-(,. C;+/+ +, +; /*- +*+ , , ),--/ * , -,. L*

*++/* --+*-* */ + ; -//+/,. D+/ + +** *++/* -//+/,+**+ ;++/ */) ,* *)+/+*

• M,//-(') $'#'/-). C@+/ )/+* +/-/ +/ =/-/+, +/.

• D-;)#*,) +- -'). E*(/ -/** ; -, +*,)*.D+/ + ,* *++/* /* ;+* *+H, ,* +;** + ;,>* ,+/*:+ ,* A+=-+* -*+*.

L* +** =*,+* +, -+/: /,+* > +)+,+*: */ -* + ,* * );* @,)-*+*+/+* +/ , -, >: @/: ;+-* ,* +, P,-+/.

S/ ;/+* ,* )*+;* -//+/,+*: ?+ / @+/* =*,+* + =-+*. L* =+*?++/ / )/ ;/- > ?+ */ , /+*.

U/ ); *+/+ ;/+ +* +, + /*: ?+ -;+/+ +*+ ,* +** (*/)* , % S;+/*.

A* * *+ */ - * + , -/,) +, * ,* +** ;-++/+* + ,/* ,-: ;; + , - / +/ ,* +;* ;+*-*.

L* ),--/+* -/*>+/ +, *) (* --+*- + , E C+/. E+/***;+=-+* + , T+ ?+/ -@+* ; +, * +-+* -/*+-* /+ +,

C+/. C / + +** +;* ),-+* +*( *+; + , *)+/+ ; / ;+/+),-: ; +/ + ,* +;+*.

S+ / *+H, - )/+* ;+* ),-+*: ),--/+*: /+ +, -+/. D+ (*/) (* +/ +-@+/ ,* *)+/+* /@+* G/ .

L* -** + +** )/+* ),--/+* / *+ +-/-+/ ; -;,+. P+-+ ?+ /- =-+* *: /-,* , * +;.


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ERA ARCAICA A--

P+-(@-

ERA PRIMARIA O PALEO"OICA

C(@-O--

S,-D+/-

C@/=+P-

ERA SECUNDARIA O MESO"IOCAT(*-'(*-C+(--

ERA TERCIERIA O CENO"OICA

P,-+/M-+/

O,)-+/

E-+/ERA CUATERNARIA O NEO"OICA

P,+*-+/%,-+/

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