GQI-00042 & GQI-00048 Aula 03
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Transcript of GQI-00042 & GQI-00048 Aula 03
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QUÍMICA GERAL
Escola de Engenharia Industrial Metalúrgica Universidade Federal Fluminense
Volta Redonda - RJ
Prof. Dr. Ednilsom Orestes 25/04/2016 – 06/08/2016 AULA 03
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May 1st, 1897
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REPLAY
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Ernest Rutherford
Modelo Atômico Planetário -1911
REPLAY
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-
-
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- REPLAY
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𝑐
𝜆= 𝜈 = ℛ
1
𝑛12 −
1
𝑛22 𝑛1 = 1,2, … 𝑛2 = 𝑛1 + 1, 𝑛1 + 2, …
Calcule o comprimento de onda da radiação emitida por um átomo para n1=2 e n2=3. Dado: cte de Rydberg = 3,29x1015 Hz. Resp.: 657 nm Repita para n1=2 e n2=4 (Resp.: 486 nm) e para n1=2 e n2=5.
REPLAY
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Wien: Correto em altas frequências.
Rayleigh: Correto em baixas frequências.
1900: Emissão/absorção de energia dá-se em quanta.
Contraria Mec. Clássica.
𝐸 = 𝑛ℎ𝜈 E=nhν com n = 1,2,3,...
h = 6,626x10-34 J.s
ν = freqüência.
Calcule a energia (n=1) para uma radiação com ν = 6,4x1014 Hz.
Repita para n=1 mol.
REPLAY
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Albert Einstein
REPLAY
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Esperado
• Intensidade da radiação é proporcional com máxima Ke.
• Efeito fotoelétrico ocorre para qualquer freq. e compr. onda.
• Deveria haver um delay entre radiação e emissão dos elétrons.
Observado
• Intensidade luz não altera a Ke máxima dos elétrons.
• Frequência de “corte” para fotoemissão.
• Não há delay significativo entre radiação e emissão.
1905: Efeito fotoelétrico REPLAY
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𝐸𝐾 = ℎ𝜈 − Φ 𝑚𝑒𝑣2
2= ℎ 𝜈 − 𝜈0
REPLAY
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+
Modelo Rutherford: elegante e instável.
- -
Niels Bohr
-
Série do
Hidrgênio
H, He+, Li2+, ...
Explicava propriedades física e químicas.
Órbitas explicavam propriedades na TP.
REPLAY
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2
0
2
4 r
ZeFe
r
mFc
2v
-
r +
v
1. Elétron possui órbita circular em torno do núcleo.
2. Momento angular quantizado.
3. Absorve/emite energia quando muda de estado. ce FF
2
42
v
0
22
UE
r
ZemE
UTE
TE
TU
T
2
2
0
2
2
0
22
4
4v
r
ZeF
mr
rZe
c
-
+
2v
hnmrprL
r
p
r
Zem
0
22
4v
.
.
00
2
22
a42
2
n
eZE
UE
n
2
0
22
Zme
hnr
FF
n
ce
REPLAY
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hEE nn 12
Substituindo En tem-se:
2
2
2
100
22
00
2
1
22
00
2
2
22
11
a8
a42a42
nn
eZh
n
eZ
n
eZh
Fazendo ν = c/λ chegamos a Equação proposta por Balmer.
2
2
2
1
11
nnRH
00
22
a8hc
eZRH
REPLAY
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hEE nn 12
REPLAY
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REPLAY
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Louis de Broglie
1925: Ondas de matéria.
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f
f
hp
hmcE
2
Lnh
rm
m
nhnr
2v
v2
vm
h
p
h
e
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Davidson-Germer
de Broglie - Einstein
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Uma automóvel de 2000 Kg viaja a uma velocidade de 100 m/s.
Qual o comprimento de onda λ do automóvel? h = 6,60 x 10-34 J.s
a) 3,30 x 10-39 m
b) 3,30 x 10-42 m
c) 2,37 x 10-39 m
d) 2,37 x 10-42 m
e) 3,30 x 10-36 m
m1030,3
ms100Kg 2000
J.s1060,6
39
1-
34
vm
h
Unidades!!!
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Franck-Hertz
Hg
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Estrutura Fina do Hidrogênio
Michelson-Morley, 1887
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Efeito Zeeman e Stark
Zeeman (campo magnético), 1896
Stark (campo elétrico), 1913
00 B
01 B
02 B
210 BBB
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Arnold Sommerfeld
1s 2s 2px
2py
2py
n = 1,2,3,..., ∞
l = 0,1,2,...,n-1
m = -l,-l+1,…,0,…,l-1,l
E(n,l,m) ORBITAIS
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Stern-Gerlach
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Wolfgang Pauli
1925: Princípio da Construção:
• Cada elétron tem 4 nos. quânticos.
• Ocupação em ordem crescente de energia.
• Regra de Hund
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VEm
h
VEmh
p
h
VEmp
Vm
pE
VmvVTE
2
2
Broglie, de de mas
2
2
2
1
22
2
2
2
2
2
partícula
Erwin Schrödinger MECÂNICA QUÂNTICA ONDULATÓRIA
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xd
dxx
xdx
xd
xA
dx
xd
xA
dx
xd
xAx
2
222
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
42sin
22cos
2sin
onda
VEm
h
2
22 xHxE ˆ
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xHxE ˆ
Em 3D...
Vzyxm
hzyxE
zyxVzyxm
hzyxE
,,8
,,
,,8
,,
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
cos
sinsin
cossin
rz
ry
rx
02
sin
1sin
sin
1122222
2
2
VE
m
rrrr
r
rRr
rzyx
,,
,,,,
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,...2,1,0
:é solução 01 2
2
2
m
Aemd
d im
m
rRr ,,
m
lm
nlRrR
,,rnlm
lm
mlm
lld
d
d
d
,...,3,2,1,0
:solução 0sin
1sinsin
12
2
1,...,3,2,1,0
1 :que é solução 02
1122
22
2
nl
lnRErm
hllV
dr
dr
dr
d
r
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iaZr
aZr
aZr
iaZr
aZr
aZr
aZr
eea
Zr
a
Zr
a
Z
ea
Zr
a
Zr
a
Z
ea
rZ
a
Zr
a
Z
eea
Zr
a
Z
ea
Zr
a
Z
ea
Zr
a
Z
ea
Z
sin681
1
cos681
2
21827381
1
sin8
1
cos24
1
224
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
00
23
0
131
3
00
23
0
310
3
2
0
22
0
23
0
300
2
0
23
0
121
2
0
23
0
210
2
0
23
0
200
23
0
100
yx pp 33 e
zp3
s3
yx pp 22 e
zp2
s2
s1
≡
≡
≡
≡
≡
≡
≡
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Números Quânticos Número de estados quânticos
n l m na subcamada na camada
1 0 (s) 0 2 2
2 0 (s)
1 (p)
0
-1,0,+1
2
6 8
3
0 (s)
1 (p)
2 (d)
0
-1,0,+1
-2,-1,0,+1,+2
2
6
10
18
4
0 (s)
1 (p)
2 (d)
3 (f)
0
-1,0,+1
-2,-1,0,+1,+2
-3,-2,-1,0,+1,+2,+3
2
6
10
14
32
n = 1, 2, 3, ...
l = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... , n-1.
m = 0, ± 1, ±2, ±3, … , ±l.
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7p6 7d10
6f14
8s2 7p6
5gX
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Tabela Periódica estendida (+ bloco “g”)
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Qual é o número máximo de elétrons que podem ser identificados
para (n=3; l=2; m=+3) e (n=4;l=1;m=0;s=-1/2), respectivamente?
a) 2 e 1
b) 18 e 1
c) Nenhum e 0
d) Nenhum e 1
e) 1 e 1
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Prediga a configuração eletrônica do estado fundamental de: (a) um átomo de vanádio (b) um átomo de chumbo (c) um átomo de bismuto (d) um átomo de arsênio. Resp. (a): [Ar]3d34s2. Resp. (b): [Xe]4f145d106s26p6. Resp. (c): [Xe]4f145d106s26p3.
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