GQI-00042 & GQI-00048 Aula 04
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Transcript of GQI-00042 & GQI-00048 Aula 04
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QUÍMICA GERAL
Escola de Engenharia Industrial Metalúrgica Universidade Federal Fluminense
Volta Redonda - RJ
Prof. Dr. Ednilsom Orestes 25/04/2016 – 06/08/2016 AULA 04
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PROPRIEDADES PERIÓDICAS
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PERIODICIDADE e PROPRIEDADES
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Ex.: r(Cl2) = 99 pm
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Raios de van der Waals: ½ distância entre dois centros de átomos vizinhos em uma amostra de gás solidificada.
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RAIO IÔNICO r(O2-) = 140 pm
Se r(MgO) = 212 pm então r(Mg2+) = 72 pm
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Raio iônico geralmente diminui dentro de séries isoeletrônica.
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Arranje cada um dos seguintes pares de íons na ordem crescente do raio iônico:
a) Mg2+ e Ca2+
b) O2- e F- c) Mg2+ e Al3+
d) O2- e S2-
e) Ca2+ e K+
f) S2- e Cl-
Resp. c): r(Al3+) < r(Mg2+) Resp. d): r(O2-) < r(S2-)
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X(g) → X+(g) + e- I = E(X+) – E(X) Cu(g) → Cu+(g) + e- I1 = 7,73 eV Cu+(g) → Cu2+(g) + e- I2 = 20,29 eV EN
ERG
IA D
E IO
NIZ
AÇ
ÃO
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X(g) + e- → X-(g) Eae = E(X) – E(X-) Cl(g) + e- → Cl-(g) Eae = 3,62 eV A
FIN
IDA
DE
ELET
RÔ
NIC
A
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A afinidade eletrônica do carbono é maior que a do nitrogênio. Na verdade, a afinidade eletrônica do nitrogênio é negativa. Sugira um explicação para isso.
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EFEITO DO PAR INERTE
3
4
5
6
13/III 14/IV 15/V 16/VI 17/VII 18/VIII
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LIGAÇÕES QUÍMICAS
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PORQUE OCORREM AS LIGAÇÕES QUÍMICAS?
O QUE LEVA UM ÁTOMO A SE LIGAR A OUTRO?
PORQUE ÁTOMOS PREFEREM FICAR JUNTOS E NÃO
SEPARADOS?
ABAIXAMENTO DA ENERGIA TOTAL.
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LIGAÇÕES IÔNICAS
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Busca pela configuração de
gases nobres.
ns2np6
Completar o Octeto!
Como ficam H, Li e Be?
Metais do bloco p, como Ga
[Ar]3d104s24p1?
Bloco d:
Energia dos orbitais (n-1)d
estão abaixo da energia dos
ns.
Fe = [Ar]3d64s2
Fe3+ = [Ar]3d5
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𝑵𝒂 𝒈 ⟶ 𝑵𝒂+ 𝒈 + 𝒆−
requer 𝟒𝟗𝟒 𝒌𝑱 ∙ 𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏
𝑪𝒍 𝒈 + 𝒆− ⟶ 𝑪𝒍− 𝒈
fornece 𝟑𝟒𝟗 𝒌𝑱 ∙ 𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏
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LIGAÇÃO IÔNICA TEM CARÁTER GLOBAL
(ENERGIA DE REDE)
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LIGAÇÕES COVALENTES
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SÍMBOLOS DE LEWIS
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Regra do Octeto
LIGAÇÕES COVALENTES