GUERRA FRIA
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GUERRA FRIA
Prof° João Claudio Alcantara dos Santos
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FINAL DA SEGUNDA GUERRA:
- enfraquecimento das grandes potências européias- emergência de duas grandes potências
(Bipolaridade):
EUA/Capitalista X URSS/Comunista
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CONFERÊNCIAS:
→ YALTA = EUA (Roosevelt) – URSS (Stalin) – Inglaterra (Churchill)- consolidação do domínio da URSS sobre o leste europeu
→ POTSDAM = divisão da Alemanha e de Berlim em quatro zonas de ocupação (URSS, EUA, França, Inglaterra)
→ SÃO FRANCISCO = Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) substitui a fracassada Liga das Nações, visando garantir a paz mundial e lutar pelo fim das misérias do mundo...
(FMI, FAO, UNICEF, BIRD, OTI, UNESCO)
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• FMI = Fundo Monetário Internacional• FAO = Food and Agriculture Organization • UNICEF = Fundo das nações unidas para a
infância• BIRD = Banco Internacional para Reconstrução e
Desenvolvimento • OIT = Organização Internacional do Trabalho• UNESCO = Organização das N.U. para a
Educação, a ciência e a Cultura
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ANOS 1940 – 1950 – “Guerra Fria Clássica”
→ Plano Marshall = reconstrução da Europa e Japão, barrar o avanço comunista
→ Doutrina Truman = EUA como defensores do “mundo livre” – OTAN 1949
→ Pacto de Varsóvia = URSS
→ URSS destruída, com sérias dificuldades internas + pressão das potências capitalistas = fechamento da URSS ao mundo capitalista (isolamento)
→ “Estado de Bem Estar Social” no mundo capitalista, principalmente na Europa
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CORRIDA ARMAMENTISTA
1949 – URSS = bomba atômica
1952 – EUA = bomba de Hidrogênio
1953 – URSS = bomba de Hidrogênio
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CORRIDA ESPACIAL
• 1957 – URSS = 1° satélite artificial no espaço (Sputnik), 1° ser vivo (Laika)
• 1958 – EUA = E X P L O R E R I• 1961 – URSS = 1° homem no espaço (Yuri
Gagarin)• 1969 – EUA = chegada do homem à lua (Apolo XI)
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→ MacCarthysmo nos EUA = “Caça às Bruxas” – anos 50...
→ Guerra da Coréia = divisão do país (Norte comunista, Sul capitalista) – 1950/53...
→ 1953 = morte de Stálin, ascensão ao poder de NIKITA KRUSCHEV, que passou a atacar o período stalinista, levando a URSS a um processo de “desestalinização” e aproximação diplomática com os EUA
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ANOS 1960 – 1970 = “Coexistência Pacífica” (Distensão / Détente)
→ possibilidade de auto-aniquilação...
1961 – Construção do Muro de Berlim...
1962 – Crise dos Mísseis (Cuba)
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→ Guerra do Vietnã (1964-1975) – vitória do Norte Comunista
→ Protestos contra a Guerra, contra-cultura (EUA)
→ Protestos nas repúblicas da URSS, reprimidos
→ Questão Racial nos EUA
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ANOS 1980 – CRISE DO BLOCO SOVIÉTICO - REFORMAS
1985 – chega ao poder Mikhail Gorbatchev
→ PERESTROIKA – abertura econômica→ GLASNOST – “transparência de atitudes”,
reforma política→ movimentos reformistas e separatistas em diversos países
1989 – queda do Muro de Berlim1990/91 – regimes pluripartidários, eleições livres,
desmembramento, fim da URSS
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Fim..?
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