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Utilizando-se dos vernáculos lingüísticos, a exegese tem a função de dar clareza ao texto,analisando o seu significado de forma objetiva e profunda, sendo que essa especificidade pode-sedar tanto a um texto, quanto a uma frase, ou a uma palavra !sso denota extrair do texto aquilo queele significa de forma literal

" hermenêutica já tem uma ess#ncia mais ampla, pois abrange outros aspectos, tanto $sgeneralidades quanto $s especificidades !sso significa dizer que a %ermen#utica analisa nãosomente o texto, mas tamb&m o contexto, tornando-se imprescindíveis elementos como fator%ist'rico, momento político em que o texto ou livro fora escrito , fator social, cultura, econ(mico,etc " %ermen#utica tamb&m tem entre seus principais aspectos a sem)ntica, algo que &imprescindível $ exegese, logo, podemos dizer que a exegese & extremamente relevante paraexecução da %ermen#utica

%ttp*++en i ipedia org+ i i+.ermeneutics

Aristotle and Plato[ edit ]In De Interpretatione , Aristotle ofers a theory which lays the groundwork or many latertheories o interpretation and semiotics :

/ 0ords spo en are s1mbols or signs 2 symbola 3 of affections or impressions 2 pathemata 3 of t%esoul 2 psyche 34 ritten ords are t%e signs of ords spo en

"s riting, so also is speec% not t%e same for all races of men

5ut t%e mental affections t%emselves, of %ic% t%ese ords are primaril1 signs 2 semeia 3, are t%esame for t%e %ole of man ind, as are also t%e objects 2 pragmata 3 of %ic% t%ose affections arerepresentations or li enesses, images, copies 2 homoiomata 3 6 De Interpretatione , 7 78a9:

Talmudic hermeneutics[ edit ]Main article: Talmudic hermeneutics

•

A common use o the word hermeneutics re ers to a process o scriptural interpretation. Itsearliest e ample is, howe!er, ound not in the written te ts "ut in the #ewish $ral

Tradition [dated to the %econd Temple era, &'& ()* + - )*] that later "ecame the Talmud .

%ummaries o the principles "y which Torah can "e interpreted date "ack to, at least, illel the*lder , although the thirteen principles set orth in the (araita o /a""i Ishmael are perhaps the"est known. These principles ranged rom standard rules o logic 0e.g., afortiori argument [known in e"rew as וחומ ; kal v'chomer ]1 to more e pansi!e ones, such

as the rule that a passage could "e interpreted "y re erence to another passage in which thesame word appears 0 2e3erah %ha!ah 1. The ra""is did not ascri"e e4ual persuasi!e power tothe !arious principles. ['']

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Traditional #ewish hermeneutics difered rom the 2reek method in that the rabbis consideredthe Tanakh (the Jewish bibilical canon) to be without error . Any apparentinconsistencies had to be understood by means of careful examination of a given text withinthe context of other texts . There were diferent le!els o interpretation: some were used toarri!e at the plain meaning o the te t, some e pounded the law gi!en in the te t, and others

ound secret or mystical le!els o understanding.

Sociology[ edit ]

In sociology , hermeneutics is the interpretation and understanding o social e!ents throughanalysis o their meanings or the human participants in the e!ents. It en5oyed prominenceduring the '67-s and '6 -s, and difers rom other interpreti!e schools o sociology in that itemphasi3es the importance o "oth conte t [89] and orm within any gi!en social "eha!iour.

The central principle o sociological hermeneutics is that it is only possi"le to know themeaning o an act or statement within the conte t o the discourse or world !iew rom which it

originates. or instance, putting a piece o paper into a "o might "e considered a meaninglessact unless it is put into the conte t o democratic elections 0the act o putting a "allotpaper into a "o 1. $ne can ;nd re4uent re erences to the < hermeneutic circle <: that is, relatingthe whole to the part and the part to the whole. ermeneutics in sociology was most hea!ilyin=uenced "y 2erman philosopher ans>2eorg 2adamer .[8&]

?odern period[ edit ] The discipline o hermeneutics emerged with the new humanist education o the '&th centuryas a historical and critical methodology or analy3ing te ts. In a triumph o early modernhermeneutics, the Italian humanist @oren3o alla pro!ed in '99- that the Donation ofConstantine was a orgery. This was done through intrinsic e!idence o the te t itsel . Thushermeneutics e panded rom its medie!al role o e plaining the true meaning o the (i"le.

owe!er, "i"lical hermeneutics did not die of. or e ample, the Protestant/e ormation "rought a"out a renewed interest in the interpretation o the (i"le, which took astep away rom the interpreti!e tradition de!eloped during the ?iddle Ages "ack to the te tsthemsel!es. ?artin @uther and #ohn )al!in emphasi3ed scriptura sui ipsius interpres . )al!inused brevitas et facilitas as an aspect o theological hermeneutics.

The rationalist *nlightenment led hermeneutists, especially Protestant e egetists, to !iew

%criptural te ts as secular classical te ts. They interpreted %cripture as responses to historicalor social orces so that, or e ample, apparent contradictions and diBcult passages in the Cew Testament might "e clari;ed "y comparing their possi"le meanings with contemporary)hristian practices.

Schleiermacher (1768 18!")[ edit ]riedrich %chleiermacher e plored the nature o understanding in relation not 5ust to the

pro"lem o deciphering sacred te ts "ut to all human te ts and modes o communication.

The interpretation o a te t must proceed "y raming its content in terms o the o!erallorgani3ation o the work. %chleiermacher distinguished "etween grammatical interpretationand psychological interpretation. The ormer studies how a work is composed rom general

ideasD the latter studies the peculiar com"inations that characteri3e the work as a whole. esaid that e!ery pro"lem o interpretation is a pro"lem o understanding and e!en de;nedhermeneutics as the art o a!oiding misunderstanding. ?isunderstanding was to "e a!oided "y

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means o knowledge o grammatical and psychological laws.

Euring %chleiermacherFs time, a undamental shi t occurred rom understanding not merely thee act words and their o"5ecti!e meaning, to an understanding o the writerFs distincti!echaracter and point o !iew. ['7] ['-]

#ilthey (18!! 1$11)[ edit ]Gilhelm Eilthey "roadened hermeneutics e!en more "y relating interpretation to historicalo"5ecti;cation. Hnderstanding mo!es rom the outer mani estations o human action andproducti!ity to the e ploration o their inner meaning. In his last important essay, <TheHnderstanding o $ther Persons and Their ?ani estations o @i e< 0'6'-1, Eilthey made clearthat this mo!e rom outer to inner, rom e pression to what is e pressed, is not "asedon empathy . *mpathy in!ol!es a direct identi;cation with the $ther . Interpretation in!ol!es anindirect or mediated understanding that can only "e attained "y placing human e pressions intheir historical conte t. Thus, understanding is not a process o reconstructing the state o mindo the author, "ut one o articulating what is e pressed in his work.

Eilthey di!ided spiritual science into three structural le!els: e perience, e pression, and

comprehension.• * perience means to eel a situation or thing personally. Eilthey suggested that we can alwaysgrasp the meaning o unknown thought when we try to e perience it. is understanding oe perience is !ery similar to that o phenomenologist *dmund usserl .• * pression con!erts e perience into meaning "ecause the discourse has an appeal tosomeone outside o onesel . *!ery saying is an e pression. Eilthey suggested that one canalways return to an e pression, especially to its written orm, and this practice has the sameo"5ecti!e !alue as an e periment in science. The possi"ility o returning makes scienti;canalysis possi"le, and there ore the humanities may "e la"eled as science. ?oreo!er, heassumed that an e pression may "e sayingJ more than the speaker intends "ecause the

e pression "rings orward meanings which the indi!idual consciousness may not ullyunderstand.• The last structural le!el o spiritual science, according to Eilthey, is comprehension, which is ale!el that contains "oth comprehension and incomprehension. Incomprehension means, moreor less, wrong understanding . e assumed that comprehension produces coe istence: <he whounderstands, understands othersD he who does not understand stays alone.<%eidegger (188$ 1$76)[ edit ]%ince Eilthey, the discipline o hermeneutics has detached itsel rom spiritual science and has"roadened to include all te ts and multimedia .[' ] In the K-th century, ?artin eidegger Fsphilosophical hermeneutics shi ted the ocus rom interpretation to e istential understanding,

which was treated more as a direct, non>mediated L and thus more authentic L way o "eingin the world than merely as <a way o knowing.< ['M] or e ample, he called or a <specialhermeneutic o empathy< to dissol!e the classic philosophic issue o <other minds< "y puttingthe issue in the conte t o the "eing>with o human relatedness. 0Although eidegger himseldid not complete this in4uiry.1 ['6]

Ad!ocates o this approach claim that some te ts, and the people who produce them, cannot"e studied "y means o using the same scienti;c methods that are used in the naturalsciences , thus drawing upon arguments similar to those o antipositi!ism . ?oreo!er, they claimthat such te ts are con!entionali3ed e pressions o the e perience o the author. Thus, theinterpretation o such te ts will re!eal something a"out the social conte t in which they were

ormed, and, more signi;cantly, will pro!ide the reader with a means o sharing thee periences o the author.

The reciprocity "etween te t and conte t is part o what eidegger called the hermeneutic

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circle . Among the key thinkers who ela"orated this idea was the sociologist ?a Ge"er .

&adamer (1$'' '' ) et al [ edit ]ans>2eorg 2adamer Fs hermeneutics is a de!elopment o the hermeneutics o his teacher,eidegger. 2adamer asserted that methodical contemplation is opposite to e perience and

re=ection. Ge can reach the truth only "y understanding or mastering our e perience.

According to 2adamer, our understanding is not ; ed "ut rather is changing and alwaysindicating new perspecti!es. The most important thing is to un old the nature o indi!idualunderstanding.

2adamer pointed out that pre5udice is an element o our understanding and is not perse without !alue. Indeed, pre5udices, in the sense o pre>5udgements o the thing we want tounderstand, are una!oida"le. (eing alien to a particular tradition is a condition o ourunderstanding. e said that we can ne!er step outside o our tradition L all we can do is try tounderstand it. This urther ela"orates the idea o the hermeneutic circle .

(ernard @onergan Fs 0'6-9+'6M91 hermeneutics is less well known, "ut a case or consideringhis work as the culmination o the postmodern hermeneutical re!olution that "egan with

eidegger was made in se!eral articles "y @onergan specialist rederick 2. @awrence .[K-]

Paul /icoeur 0'6'8+K--&1 de!eloped a hermeneutics that is "ased upon eideggerFs concepts.is work difers in many ways rom that o 2adamer.

Narl>$tto Apel 0". '6KK1 ela"orated a hermeneutics "ased on American semiotics . e appliedhis model to discourse ethics with political moti!ations akin to those o critical theory .

#Orgen a"ermas 0". '6K61 critici3ed the conser!atism o pre!ious hermeneutists, especially2adamer, "ecause their ocus on tradition seemed to undermine possi"ilities or social criticismand trans ormation. e also critici3ed ?ar ism and pre!ious mem"ers o the rank urt%chool or missing the hermeneutical dimension o critical theory .

a"ermas incorporated the notion o the li eworld and emphasi3ed the importance or socialtheory o interaction, communication, la"or, and production. e !iewed hermeneutics as adimension o critical social theory.

Andr s $rtQ3>$s s 0". '6981 has de!eloped his sym"olic hermeneutics asthe ?editerranean response to Corthern *uropean hermeneutics. is main statement regardingsym"olic understanding o the world is that meaning is a sym"olic healing o in5ury.

Two other important hermeneutic scholars are #ean 2rondin 0". '6&&1 and ?auri3io erraris 0".'6&71.

?auricio (euchot coined the term and discipline o analogic hermeneutics , which is a type o

hermeneutics that is "ased upon interpretation and takes into account the plurality o aspectso meaning. e drew categories "oth rom analytic and continental philosophy, as well as romthe history o thought .

Two scholars who ha!e pu"lished criticism o 2adamerFs hermeneutics are the Italian 5urist *milio (etti and the American literary theorist *. E. irsch .

*b+ecti,e hermeneutics[ edit ]In '66K, the Association or $"5ecti!e ermeneutics 0Ar"eitsgemeinscha t o"5ekti!e

ermeneutik , A2$ 1 was ounded in rank urt am ?ain "y scholars o !arious disciplines in thehumanities and social sciences. Its goal is to pro!ide all scholars who use the methodology o

o"5ecti!e hermeneutics with a means o e changing in ormation.In one o the ew translated te ts o this 2erman school o hermeneutics, its ounders declared:

/ <ur approac% %as gro n out of t%e empirical stud1 of famil1 interactions as ell as reflection

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upon t%e procedures of interpretation emplo1ed in our researc% =or t%e time being e s%all referto it as objective %ermeneutics in order to distinguis% it clearl1 from traditional %ermeneutictec%niques and orientations >%e general significance for sociological anal1sis of objective%ermeneutics issues from t%e fact t%at, in t%e social sciences, interpretive met%ods constitute t%efundamental procedures of measurement and of t%e generation of researc% data relevant to t%eor1=rom our perspective, t%e standard, non%ermeneutic met%ods of quantitative social researc% can

onl1 be justified because t%e1 permit a s%ortcut in generating data 2and researc% ?econom1?comes about under specific conditions3 0%ereas t%e conventional met%odological attitude in t%esocial sciences justifies qualitative approac%es as explorator1 or preparator1 activities, to besucceeded b1 standardized approac%es and tec%niques as t%e actual scientific procedures2assuring precision, validit1, and objectivit13, e regard %ermeneutic procedures as t%e basicmet%od for gaining precise and valid no ledge in t%e social sciences .o ever, e do notsimpl1 reject alternative approac%es dogmaticall1 >%e1 are in fact useful %erever t%e loss in

precision and objectivit1 necessitated b1 t%e requirement of researc% econom1 can be condonedand tolerated in t%e lig%t of prior %ermeneuticall1 elucidated researc% experiences 6@7:

http://www.istheory.yorku.ca/hermeneutics.htm

Hermeneutic theory is a member of the social subjectivist paradigm where meaning is inter-subjectively created in contrast to the empirical universe of assumed scientific realism!"erthon et al. #$$#%. &ther approaches within this paradigm are social phenomenology andethnography. 's part of the interpretative research family hermeneutics focuses on thesignificance that an aspect of reality takes on for the people under study. Hermeneuticsfocuses on defining shared linguistic meaning for a representation or symbol.

(n order to reach shared understanding as proposed in hermeneutic theory subjects musthave access to shared linguistic and interpretative resources !)arshall et al. #$$*%. Howeverhermeneutic theory also posits that linguistic meaning is likely open to infinite interpretationand reinterpretation due to the interpretative ambiguity coming from presuppositions to theconditions of usage different from authorial intention and to the evolution of words !)arshallet al. #$$*%.

+ue to its interpretive nature hermeneutics cannot be approached using a pre-determined setof criteria that is applied in a mechanical fashion !,lein et al. * %. However a meta-principal known as the hermeneutic circle guides the hermeneutic approach where theprocess of understanding moves from parts of a whole to a global understanding of the wholeand back to individual parts in an iterative manner !,lein et al. * %. his meta-principalallows the development of a complex whole of shared meanings between subjects or betweenresearchers and their subjects !,lein et al. * %.Other co-existing principles that may help assure rigorous interpretiveanalysis involve: a) understanding the subject according to its social andhistorical context, b) assessing the historical social construction between theresearcher and the subject, c) relating ideographic details to generaltheoretical concepts through abstraction and generalization, d) beingsensitive to potential pre-conceptual theoretical contradictions betweenresearch design and actual findings, e) being aware of possible multipleinterpretations among participants for a given sequence of events, and f)

being conscious of potential biases or systematic distortions in the subject snarratives !"lein et al# $%%%)#

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&ources:

'erthon, (#, (itt, #, *wing, +#, and arr, #, # (otential research space in+.&: / framewor0 for envisioning and evaluating research replication,extension, and generation, .nformation &ystems 1esearch !$2:3) 4554, p3$6#

"lein, 7#"#, and +yers, +#8# / set of principles for conducting andevaluating interpretive field studies in information systems, +.& 9uarterly!42:$) $%%%, p 6 #

+arshall, ;#, and 'rady, <# "nowledge management and the politics of0nowledge: .llustrations from complex products and systems, *uropean=ournal of .nformation &ystems !$5:4) 455$, p %%#

http://www. ualitative-research.net/index.php/f s/article/view/*01/2*

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hermeneutics/