IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FL June 24-28, 2007 Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de Energia...
Transcript of IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FL June 24-28, 2007 Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de Energia...
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
1
Chapter 3Harmonic Modeling of Networks
Chapter 3Harmonic Modeling of Networks
Contributors: T. Ortmyer, C. Hatziadoniu, and P. Ribeiro
Tutorial on Harmonics Modeling and Simulation
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
2
Distribution System Modeling Distribution System Modeling
The initial decisions:
- Three phase or single phase modeling
- The extent of the primary model
- Secondary distribution modeling
The NATURE of the issue and the GOAL of thestudy constrain these decisions.
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
3
A Typical Primary Distribution SystemA Typical Primary Distribution System
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
4
Things to noteThings to note
• Any large or unique loads
• Capacitor banks/ cables(?)
• Transmission supply
• Any unusual operating conditions?
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
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Decision 1: Per phase versus Three Phase Modeling
Decision 1: Per phase versus Three Phase Modeling
The three phase model is required when: Single phase or unbalanced capacitors are present Ground or residual currents are important in the study
Significant unbalanced loading is present A combination of wye-wye and/or delta-wye transformers leads to harmonic cancellation*
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
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The typical instances where a single phase model may be sufficient are:
The typical instances where a single phase model may be sufficient are:
A single large three phase harmonic source is the cause of the study
The remaining system is well balanced
Ground currents are not an issue
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
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Decision 2: The extent of the system model
Decision 2: The extent of the system model
Model the entire primary system
Transmission source can be modeled by the 60 Hertz short circuit impedance if no significant transmission capacitance is nearby– but check that the transmission system is not a source of harmonics
Power factor capacitors and any distributed generation should be modeled in detail
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
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Decision 3: Load and harmonic source modeling
Decision 3: Load and harmonic source modeling
Identify and model all significant harmonic sources
Determine present levels through measurements- also determine if harmonic levels peak at full or light load conditions
Develop aggregate load models based on measurements and load distribution
Validate with measurements taken as harmonic sources/capacitor banks are switched in and out
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
9
Representative secondary distribution systemRepresentative secondary distribution system
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
10
Characteristics of secondary studiesCharacteristics of secondary studies
Different voltage levels
Fewer capacitors, and more with tuning coils
Load data is more accessible- and more important
Measurements can be more economical
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
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Modeling transformersModeling transformers
• Model the transformer connection
• Neglect the transformer magnetizing branch (usually ignore the transformer magnetizing harmonics)
• Model the harmonic reactance as the product of short circuit leakage reactance and harmonic number
• Model the harmonic resistance as the short circuit resistance. Correct for skin effect if data or model available.
• Include stray capacitance for frequencies above the low khertz range.
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
12
Line ModelsLine Models
• Distribution lines and cables should be represented by an equivalent pi. An estimated correction factor for skin effect can be included
• Model ground path for zero sequence harmonics
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
13
CapacitorsCapacitors
• Capacitors– model as capacitive reactance– 60 hertz reactance divided by the harmonic number.
• Be sure to note those single phase capacitors, and model as such.
• Model the capacitor as either grounded wye, or ungrounded wye or delta.
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
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Load ModelsLoad Models
• Linear Loads
• Induction and Synchronous Machines
• Non-linear Loads
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
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Linear Passive LoadsLinear Passive Loads
• TYPES: Incandescent lamps, resistive heater, electric range, water heater, space heater, etc.
• CHARACTERISTICS: RL type loads with RL values independent of frequency.
R
jwhL=jhXL
Per Phase Model
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
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Line Connected MOTOR/GENERATOR LOADS
Line Connected MOTOR/GENERATOR LOADS
Induction Motor Fundamental Frequency Per Phase Equivalent Circuit
synch
rotorsynch
n
nns
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
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IM Per Phase Harmonic ModelIM Per Phase Harmonic Model
0.1
synch
rotorsynchh hn
nhns
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
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• For synchronous generators, the per phase model of the synchronous generator is similar– use a series combination of stator resistance and substransient reactance in the model.
• On all direct connected machines, make sure and account for the ground connection (or lack of one) in studies with zero sequence harmonics.
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
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Nonlinear LoadsNonlinear Loads
• Adjustable speed drives
• fluorescent lamps, computers and other electronic loads
• arc furnaces and welders
• These loads generate harmonic currents, and are modeled as sources at the harmonic frequencies
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
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Load Model 1: Series Passive LoadLoad Model 1: Series Passive Load
2
2 2
2
2 2
VR P
P Q
VX Q
P Q
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
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Load Model 2: Parallel Passive LoadLoad Model 2: Parallel Passive Load
2
2
VR
P
VX
Q
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
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Load Model 3. Skin Effect Parallel Load Model
Load Model 3. Skin Effect Parallel Load Model
2
2
( )( )
( )( )
( ) 0.1 0.9
VR h
m h P
VX h
m h Q
m h h
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
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Load Model 4. Induction Motor plus Resistive
Load Model 4. Induction Motor plus Resistive
2
1
2
11
1
(1 )
Install Factor ( 1.2)
Severity Factor ( 8)
fraction of motor load
m
m
VR
K P
VX
K K K P
K
K
K
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
24
Load Model 5. CIGRE/EDFLoad Model 5. CIGRE/EDF
2
2
2 22
1
(1 )
0.073
(6.7 tan 0.74)
tan
fraction of motor load
VR
K P
X R
VX
K P
QP
K
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
25
Load Model 6. Inclusion of Load Transformer and Motor DampingLoad Model 6. Inclusion of Load Transformer and Motor Damping
1 1
2 2
11
3
3
X and as in Model 4
X 0.1
is the effective quality factor
of the motor circuit.
R
R
XR K
K
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
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I. Case Study 1: Load Impedance Frequency Study
I. Case Study 1: Load Impedance Frequency Study
0.001
0.0107H
11 kVSystemSource
HarmonicSource
Load
PFC
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
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Case Study 1 ParametersCase Study 1 Parameters
• Linear Load=743 kW.
• PF Cap.=741kVAr, (C=5.4F).
• Injected Harmonic Currents (A):
• I5 = 0.840 I7 = 0.601
• I11=0.382 I13=0.323
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
28
Case Study 1: Load Model 1, 2, and 3 results
Case Study 1: Load Model 1, 2, and 3 results
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
29
Case Study 1: Load Model 4, 5, and 6 Results
Case Study 1: Load Model 4, 5, and 6 Results
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
30
Sensitivity of Impedance to Motor Penetration Level (Load Model 6, fixed PFC)
Sensitivity of Impedance to Motor Penetration Level (Load Model 6, fixed PFC)
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
31
Sensitivity of Impedance to IM Penetration– w/changing PFCSensitivity of Impedance to IM Penetration– w/changing PFC
IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa FLJune 24-28, 2007
Conferência Brasileira de Qualidade de EnergiaSantos, São Paulo, Agosto 5-8, 2007
32
SummarySummary
• Define study needs
• Determine the modeling needs
• Get the data
• Validate the data
• Produce good results!!