ivóªZË¡ - Bangladesh Open University · weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg ivóªweÁvb-1 ivóªZË¡...

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weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg ivóªweÁvb-1 ivóªZË¡ †Kvm© †KvW : BPO - 2301 mvgvwRK weÁvb, gvbweK I fvlv ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq MvRxcyi-1705

Transcript of ivóªZË¡ - Bangladesh Open University · weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg ivóªweÁvb-1 ivóªZË¡...

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg

ivóªweÁvb-1

ivóªZË¡

†Kvm© †KvW : BPO - 2301

mvgvwRK weÁvb, gvbweK I fvlv ¯‹zj

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq MvRxcyi-1705

m~wPcÎ c„ôv BDwbU 1 : ivóªweÁvb 1 cvV - 1 : ivóªweÁv‡bi msÁv I cÖK…wZ 2 cvV - 2 : ivóªweÁv‡bi cwiwa ev welqe¯‘ 4 cvV - 3 : ivóªweÁvb wK weÁvb? 7 cvV - 4 : ivóªweÁvb cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv 10 cvV - 5 : ivóªZË¡ 12 cvV - 6 : ivóªZ‡Ë¡i mgm¨v 15 cvV - 7 : ivóªweÁvb Aa¨qb c×wZ 18 BDwbU 2 : ivóªweÁv‡bi m‡½ mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ kvLvi m¤úK© 21 cvV - 1 : ivóªweÁvb I BwZnvm 22 cvV - 2 : ivóªweÁvb I mgvRZË¡ 24 cvV - 3 : ivóªweÁvb I A_©bxwZ 26 cvV - 4 : ivóªweÁvb I bxwZkv¯¿ 28 cvV - 5 : ivóªweÁvb I g‡bvweÁvb 30 BDwbU 3 : ivóª, miKvi I mgvR 32 cvV - 1 : ivóª 33 cvV - 2 : mgvR I ivóª 36 cvV - 3 : ivóª I miKvi 38 cvV - 4 : Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª 40 BDwbU 4 : iv‡óªi DrcwË 43 cvV - 1 : Hk¦wiK gZev` 44 cvV - 2 : ejcÖ‡qvM gZev` 47 cvV - 3 : mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` 50 cvV - 4 : ˆRe gZev` 55 cvV - 5 : gvK©mxq gZev` 57 cvV - 6 : HwZnvwmK gZev` ev weeZ©bev` 59 BDwbU 5 : mve©‡fŠgZ¡ 62 cvV - 1 : mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i msÁv, cÖK…wZ I ˆewkó¨ 63 cvV - 2 : mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i weKvkaviv 66 cvV - 3 : mve©‡fŠgZ¡ m¤úwK©Z GKZ¡ev`x gZev` 69 cvV - 4 : mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i eûZ¡ev`x aviYv 72

BDwbU 6 : AvBb, ¯^vaxbZv I bvMwiK AwaKvi 75 cvV - 1 : AvB‡bi msÁv, Drm, Zvrch© I †kªYx wefvM 76 cvV - 2 : Avš—R©vwZK AvBb 83 cvV - 3 : ¯^vaxbZv 87 cvV - 4 : mvg¨ 92 cvV - 5 : bvMwiKZv 96 BDwbU 7 : RvwZ, RvZxqZvev` I Avš—R©vwZKZvev` 102 cvV - 1 : RvwZ MV‡bi Dcv`vb 103 cvV - 2 : RvZxqZvev‡`i weKvk 106 cvV - 3 : RvZxqZvev`, Avš—R©vwZKZvev` I wek¦mf¨Zv 109 cvV - 4 : AvÍwbqš—YvwaKvi bxwZ 112 BDwbU 8 : ivR‰bwZK gZv`k© 115 cvV - 1 : D`viZvev` 116 cvV - 2 : Dc‡hvMev` 120 cvV - 3 : cyuwRev` 125 cvV - 4 : mgvRZš—ev` 129 BDwbU 9 : ivR‰bwZK ¶gZv, KZ©„Z¡ I AvbyMZ¨ 134 cvV - 1 : ¶gZvi msÁv I cÖK…wZ 135 cvV - 2 : ivR‡bwZK ¶gZv I KZ©„Z¡ 138 cvV - 3 : ivR‰bwZK AvbyMZ¨ 141

ivóªZË¡ POLITICAL THEORY

BPO-2301

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg ivóªZË¡ ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm, A_©bxwZ, `k©b I ms¯‹…wZ †_‡K wew”Qbœ bq| cÖwZwU ivóªZ‡Ë¡ mgKvjxb Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v I cwi‡e‡ki we‡kl †hvMm~Î cwijw¶Z nq| †Kvb ivóªZË¡B mvgvwRK Ae ’vi cwi‡cÖw¶Z Qvov †evaMg¨ bq|

ivóªZË¡ ivóªxq Av`k©, ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb I iv‡óªi Dbœqb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|

mvgvwRK weÁvb, gvbweK I fvlv ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

MvRxcyi-1705

cvV wb‡ ©kbv

wcÖq wk¶v_x©

Db¥y³ wk¶Y c×wZ wbf©i weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖv‡g fwZ© nIqvi Rb¨ mvgvwRK weÁvb, gvbweK I fvlv ¯‹zj †_‡K Avcbv‡K ¯^vMZ Rvbvw”Q| ivóªZË¡ eBwU `~i-wk¶‡Yi Dc‡hvMx K‡i GK we‡kl c×wZ‡Z †jLv n‡q‡Q| G c×wZi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x© wbR `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡Ri myweavgZ wk¶vjvf K‡i| A‡÷ªwjqv, KvbvWv, Pxb, Rvcvb, †Kvwiqv, _vBj¨vÊ, gvjqwkqv, cvwK¯—vb, fviZ I hy³ivR¨mn we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k G wk¶v djcÖm~ e‡j cÖgvwbZ n‡q‡Q|

`~i-wk¶Y e¨e¯’vq gWz¨jvi c×wZ‡Z eB †jLv GKwU ixwZwm× e¨vcvi| G eBwU cvV Ki‡Z †M‡j Avcwb †`L‡eb, eBwU‡Z KwZcq BDwbU i‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU BDwbU Avevi K‡qKwU cv‡V wef³| cÖwZwU BDwb‡Ui ïi“‡ZB Av‡Q f‚wgKv| GwU c‡o Avcwb eyS‡Z cvi‡eb BDwbUwU‡Z wK welq Rvb‡Z hv‡PQb|

cÖwZwU cv‡Vi ïi“‡Z GK ev GKvwaK D‡Ï‡k¨i K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| cvV †k‡l Avcwb wK wkL‡Z, ej‡Z ev eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Zv D‡Ï‡k¨ D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q| gWz¨jvi c×wZ‡Z GwU GKwU AZ¨vek¨K Ask hv Avcbv‡K gvbwmKfv‡e ˆZwi K‡i Zzj‡e|

cÖwZwU cv‡V †`L‡eb cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb| GwU Avcbv‡K ^g~j¨vq‡bi my‡hvM †`‡e| cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb hw` m‡ —vlRbK nq Z‡e eyS‡Z n‡e cvVwU Avcbvi Avq‡Ë G‡m‡Q| cv‡VvËi g~j¨vq‡b cv‡eb ˆbe© w³K cÖkœ, msw¶ß I iPbvg~jK cÖkœ| †k‡l Av‡Q DËigvjv|

cÖkœ¸‡jv fvj K‡i c‡o †`L‡eb DËi wK nIqv DwPZ| Avcbvi fvebvi m‡½ DËi bv wgj‡j cvV¸‡jv Avevi Aa¨qb Ki“b| †h¸‡jvi DËi †jLv †bB, †m¸‡jv eBwUi mvnv‡h¨ wb‡RB ˆZwi Ki“b| wb‡Ri gZ K‡i mwVK DËi ˆZwi Kiv †gv‡UB KwVb KvR bq| hw` †Kvb welq eyS‡Z Amyweav nq, †m‡¶‡Î Avcbvi wbKU¯’ wUD‡Uvwiqvj †K‡›`ªi wk¶K‡`i mvnvh¨ wbb| mncvVx‡`i m‡½ Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡gI mgm¨vi mgvavb †c‡Z †Póv Ki“b|

gvby‡li cv‡Vi mxgvbv wbw ©ó bq| mgq †c‡j Rvbvi Rb¨ Av‡iv wKQy mnvqK eB c‡o †`L‡Z cv‡ib| eB‡qi wb‡`©k Abyhvqx cvV MÖnY Ki“b| Avkv Kwi Avcwb cv‡V K…ZKvh© n‡eb|

Avgiv Avcbvi my›`i I D¾¡j fwel¨r Kvgbv KiwQ|

†Kvm© †Kv-AwW©‡bUi

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

1

ivóªweÁvb

f‚wgKv: gvbyl ¯^fveMZfv‡e mvgvwRK Rxe| gvbyl cwi‡ek I cwiw¯’wZ‡K wbqš¿‡Y Avb‡Z Pvq| GKv Zv m¤¢e bq e‡jB gvbyl‡K †hŠ_ avivq Avm‡Z nq| G †_‡KB mgvR I iv‡óªi DrcwË n‡q‡Q| msMV‡bi gva¨‡g gvbyl Af¨ — n‡q‡Q mvgvwRK eÜb, wbqgbxwZ wKsev AvPvi AvPi‡Y| Avi Gme wKQy‡K my›`i, kvk¦Z I Kj¨vYgq Kivi Rb¨ gvbylB MÖnY K‡i‡Q myKzgvi me bxwZgvjv| Gm‡ei cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ e‡Z©‡Q ivóª bvgK gvbexq msMV‡bi Dci| mgvRe× gvby‡li D™¢e Ges weKvk, weeZ©b ev cwieZ©b, Ø›Ø ev msNvZ, f‚wgKv I Kvh©vejx wKsev D‡Ï‡k¨i e¨vL¨vI we‡k−lY wb‡q M‡o D‡V‡Q †h Ávb ZvB ivóªweÁvb| iv‡óªi cÖK…wZ, Kvh©Kjvc I msMVb AvPiY BZ¨vw` wb‡q ivóªweÁvb mvgwMÖKfv‡e Av‡jvPbv K‡i| welqe ‘ I „wófw½i w`K †_‡K ivóªweÁvb mymg„×|

G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q:

cvV - 1. ivóªweÁv‡bi msÁv I cªK…wZ cvV - 2. ivóªweÁv‡bi cwiwa ev welqe¯‘

cvV - 3. ivóªweÁvb wK weÁvb? cvV - 4. ivóªweÁvb cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

cvV - 5. ivóªZË¡ cvV - 6. ivóªZ‡Ë¡i mgm¨v

cvV - 7. ivóªweÁvb Aa¨qb c×wZ

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-1

GmGmGBPGj

cvV -1

ivóªweÁv‡bi msÁv I cÖK…wZ D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

ivóªweÁv‡bi msÁv I cÖK…wZ wbav©iY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; ivóªweÁv‡bi bvgKiY cÖm‡½ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ivóªweÁvb g~jZ iv‡óªi wfwË I miKv‡ii g~jbxwZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| ivóªweÁvb GKwU MwZkxj mgvR weÁvb| wewfbœ ivóªweÁvbx ivóªweÁv‡bi wewfbœ msÁv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡`i msÁv †_‡K ivóªweÁv‡bi ¯^iƒc I cÖK…wZ Rvbv hvq| ivóªweÁv‡bi Avw` ¸i“ Gwi÷Uj Zvui cwjwU· bvgK MÖš’wU‡Z ivR‰bwZK Kvh©Kjv‡ci we‡k−lY‡K me©‡kªô weÁvb (Master Science) e‡j D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb| ivóªweÁvbx K¨vUwjb e‡jbt (Political Science deals with Political activities of men in society and the different social roles'') ivóªweÁvb gvby‡li ivR‰bwZK Kvh©Kjv‡ci e¨L¨v `vb K‡i Ges mgv‡R eemevmKvix gvby‡li K_v Av‡jvPbv K‡i| cj Rv‡b ivóªweÁv‡bi msÁv wba©viY Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb, ("Political Science is that part of social science which analyses the foundations of the state and the principles of government ) ivóªweÁvb mgvR weÁv‡bi †mB kvLv hv iv‡óªi g~jwfwË I miKv‡ii g~jbxwZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| †mwji g‡Z, ÒabweÁvb †hgb m¤ú‡`i, RxeweÁvb †hgb Rx‡ei, exRMwYZ †hgb msL¨vi, R¨vwgwZ †hgb ¯’vb I AvqZb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i, †Zgwb ivóªweÁvb kvmb e¨e¯’vi NUbvejxi AbymÜvb K‡iÓ| ievU© Wv‡ji g‡Z, ivóªweÁvb n‡”Q ¶gZv, kvmb, KZ…©Z¡, msµvš— Av‡jvPbv| ivóªweÁv‡bi welqe¯‘i ˆewP‡Î¨i m‡½ m‡½ Zvi msÁvi PwiÎMZ ¸YMZ I msL¨vMZ cwieZ©b cwijw¶Z n‡”Q|

hy×, cÖvK…wZK wech©q, RvwZ‡Mvwôi Ø›Ø BZ¨vw` bvbvwea Kvi‡Y gvby‡li Rxeb ¯^”Q›` MwZ‡Z Pj‡Q bv| Ab¨w`‡K †hvMv‡hvM e¨e ’vi Af‚Zc~e© DbœwZ Øviv ~i‡K wbKU Ki‡Z mg_© n‡jI gvby‡l gvby‡l e¨eavb‡K K‡i‡Q y —i I ~iwZµg¨| Gi d‡j gvby‡li Rxe‡b mgm¨v n‡q‡Q eûgvwÎK Ges ivRbxwZi mywbcyY cÖqvm G Ae ’v‡ZI gvbe mgv‡Ri mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi cÖqvm Pvjv‡”Q| G c‡e© Zvi mgm¨v Aa¨qb †Kej ivR‰bwZK „wó‡KvY †_‡K Ki‡jB n‡”Qbv eis mgvRZvwË¡K „wó‡Kvb †_‡KI cÖMvpfv‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡”Q| †m `„wó‡Z

ivóªweÁvb n‡”Q ivRbxwZ I ivR‰bwZK e¨e ’vi mgvRZvwË¡K we‡k −lY| Gfv‡e ivóªweÁvb w`b w`b MwZkxj mgvR weÁv‡b DbœxZ n‡”Q|

ivóªweÁv‡bi bvgKiY bvgKiY †_‡K ejv hvq †h, ivóª weÁvb ivóª msµvš— weÁvb (Science of the state)| ˆeÁvwbK we‡k−lY ixwZ Abymi‡Y ivóª Ges miKvi wb‡q Aa¨q‡bi †h kv¯¿ M‡o D‡V‡Q Zv‡K ivóªweÁvb ejv hvq| mgvR Rxeb ïi“i mv‡_ mv‡_B gvbyl AvR‡Ki gZ ivóª MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i wb| cÖvPxbKv‡ji KIg ev †MvÎe× gvby‡li Rxeb †_‡K mgvR, Rbc` †_‡K RbmgvR Ges Ae‡k‡l RvwZ‡Z¡i AnsKv‡i RbmgvR †_‡K ivóªxq Rxe‡b cwiYwZ jvf K‡i‡Q| ivRbxwZ msµvš— Aa¨qb‡KB Avgiv ivvóªweÁvb e‡j AwfwnZ Ki‡Z cvwi|

ivóªweÁv†bi bvgKiY m¤ú‡K© A‡bK gZ‡f` i‡q‡Q| MÖxK `vk©wbK Gwi÷Uj GB kv¯¿wU‡K ivRbxwZ (Politics) bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| Avevi †KD †KD G kv ¿‡K ivóªxq `k©b (Political Philosophy) e‡j AvL¨vwwqZ K‡i‡Qb| AvaywbK ivóªweÁvbx K¨vUwj‡bi g‡Z, ivRbxwZ I ivóª `k©b G `yB welq wb‡qB ivóªweÁvb| †d«WwiK, wmRDBK, †Rwj‡bK cÖgyL cwÛZMY G kv¯¿‡K ivóªbxwZ e‡j D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb| ivóªweÁvb kv ¿wU‡K cÖavbZ Z˦MZ ivRbxwZ (Theoretical Politics) I e¨venvwiK ivRbxwZ (Applied Politics) G `yÕfv‡MfvM Kiv hvq| ZË¡MZ ivRbxwZ ej‡Z ivóª`k©‡bi Aš—fy©³ welqe ‘‡K eySvq| ZË¡MZ ivRbxwZ iv‡óªi

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-2

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq †gŠwjK ˆewkó¨ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| e¨envwiK ivRbxwZ iv‡óªi Kvh©vejx ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i| †hgb, kvmbZš¿, kvmbZvwš¿K AvBb, wbe©vPK gÛjx, AvBb mfv, AvBb cÖYqb c×wZ BZ¨w`|

mviK_v ivóªweÁvb n‡”Q ivóª msµvš— mvgvwRK weÁvb| iv‡óªi Kvh©µg, iv‡óªi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ Ges mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ ivóªxq msMV‡bi mymse× Aa¨qb‡K ivóªweÁvb e‡j| ivóªweÁvb miKv‡ii g~jbxwZ I iv‡óªi g~jwfwË wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| ivóªweÁv‡bi AvaywbK aviYv¸‡jv ivóªweÁvb‡K GKwU MwZkxj mvgvwRK weÁv‡b DbœxZ K‡i‡Q| ivóªweÁvb ivóxq msMVb, kvmbe¨e ’v, iv‡óªi D™¢e I weKvk, Avš—:ivóªxq Kvh©Kjvc BZ¨vw` wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb eûwbevP©bx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| 1. Gwi÷Uj me©‡kªô weÁvb e‡j‡Qb K. mgvRweÁvb‡K; L. A_©bxwZ‡K; M. bxwZ kv ¿‡K; N. ivóªweÁvb‡K| 2. ÔPolitical Science is that part of social science which analyses the foundations of the state and the principles of governmentÕ G msÁvwU w`‡q‡Qb †K? K. GwióUj; L. cjRv‡b; M. K¨vUvwjb; N. Mvb©vi| (3) ÔPolitical science deals with political activities of men in society and their different social roles' GB Dw³wU Kvi? K. ne‡mi; L. Rb j‡Ki; M. i“‡kvi; N. K¨vUvwj‡bi| 4.Gwi÷Uj ivóªweÁvb‡K wK bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb? K. Political Science; L. Politics; M. Applied politics; N. Theoretical politics. DËigvjv: 1. N, 2. L, 3. N, 4. L| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. ivóªweÁvb wK?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. ivóªweÁv‡bi msÁv I cÖK…wZ Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-3

GmGmGBPGj

cvV-2

ivóªweÁv‡bi cwiwa ev welqe¯‘

D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

ivóªweÁv‡bi cwiwa ev welqe¯‘ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; ivóªweÁv‡bi cwiwa m¤ú‡K© BD‡b‡¯‹vi AwfgZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

c~‡e©i cv‡V Avgiv ivóªweÁv‡bi msÁv I cÖK…wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| Gev‡i Avgv‡`i Av‡jvP¨ welq n‡”Q ivóªweÁv‡bi cwiwa ev welqe ‘| ivóªweÁv‡bi msÁv¸‡jv we‡k −lY Ki‡j G K_v my úó n‡q D‡V †h, ivóªB ivóªweÁv‡bi cÖavb Av‡jvP¨ welq| Gw`K w`‡q ejv hvq, iv‡óªi Kvh©vejx hZ ~i we —…Z ivóªweÁv‡bi welqe¯‘/cwiwa ZZ`~i we¯—…Z I cÖmvwiZ| ivóª ev Ab¨ hv wKQy gvby‡li ivóª‰bwZK Rxeb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i ZvB ivóªweÁv‡bi AvIZvfy³ e‡j cwiMwYZ nq| myZivs ivóªweÁv‡bi †¶Î ev cwiwa A‡bK e¨vcK|

ivóªweÁvbx DB‡jvexi g‡Z, ivóª, miKvi Ges AvBb nj ivóªweÁv‡bi cÖavb cÖwZcv`¨ welq| Aa¨vcK ev‡R©m AviI ywU welq ms‡hvM K‡i e‡jb †h, ¯vaxbZv Ges mve©‡fŠgZ¡B nj ivóªweÁv‡bi g~j Av‡jvPbvi welqe ‘| ivóªweÁvbx Aa¨vcK Mvb©vi e‡jb, Òivóª‡K wb‡qB ióªweÁv‡bi ïi“ I mgvwß| (Political Science begins and ends with the state.) ivóªweÁvb ivóª‡K †K›`ª K‡i Avcb K¶c‡_ AveZ©b K‡i|

Aa¨vcK †M‡U‡ji g‡Z ivóªweÁvb cÖavbZ wZbwU welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i h_v:-

• ivóªweÁvb ivóª Ges msMVb¸‡jv we‡k−lYg~jK Av‡jvPbv K‡i; • AZx‡Z iv‡óªi Kvh©µg I iƒc wK iKg wQj Zvi ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i;

• fwel¨‡Z iv‡óªi Kvh©µg †Kgb n‡e Ges wK iƒc jvf Ki‡e †m wel‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i|

†M‡Uj, jvw¯‹ cÖgyL wPš—vwe`MY ev¯—e `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K ¯^xKvi K‡ib †h, ivóª I miKvi DfqB ivóªweÁv‡bi Av‡jvPbvi welq| miKvi Qvov ivóª Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| Avevi ivóª Qvov miKvi wPš—v Kiv hvq bv| ivóªweÁvb GKw`‡K †hgb iv‡óªi wewfbœ w`K wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i Ab¨w`‡K iv‡óªi kvmbe¨e¯’v I Gi Av‡jvPbvi Aš‘fy©³|

AvaywbK ivóªweÁvb ivóª I miKvi Dfq‡K wb‡qB Av‡jvPbv K‡i| iv‡óªi cÖK…wZ I Rb¥ BwZnvm Rvb‡Z n‡j miKv‡ii iƒc, cÖK…wZ I Rb¥ BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡Z nq| ZvB ejv hvq ivóª I miKvi A½vw½fv‡e RwoZ|

ivóªweÁvbx GwióUj h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb, ÔÔgvby‡li cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi Rb¨B ivóª e¨e¯’v M‡o D‡V‡Q|ÕÕ gvbyl‡K DbœZZi Rxeb e¨e¯’v `vb Kivi j‡¶¨B ivóª mwµq _v‡K| gvbe Rxe‡bi Dci iv‡óªi cÖfve my`~i cÖmvix| Ab¨ †Kvb cÖwZôvbB Abyiƒc cÖfve we¯—vi Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|

gvbe BwZnv‡mi ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡bi wewfbœ w`K ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq ivóªweÁvb iv‡óªi msMVb, ivóªxq cÖwZôvb, bvMwiK AwaKvi kvmbZš¿ BZ¨vw` welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i|

BD‡b‡¯‹vi (UNESCO) AwfgZ ivóªweÁv‡bi welqe ‘ ev cwiwa msµvš— weZK© ~i Kivi j‡¶¨ 1948 mv‡j RvwZms‡Ni wk¶v, weÁvb I ms¯‹…wZ welqK ms ’v (UNESCO) GKwU m‡¤§j‡b Av‡jvPbv K‡i G AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i †h wbæwjwLZ PviwU welq ivóªweÁv‡bi Av‡jvPbvi Aš—fy©³ nIqv DwPr| h_v:- • ivóªZË¡ Ges Gi BwZnvm; • iv‡óªi msweavb, ivóªxq cÖwZôvb, RvZxq miKvi, cÖv‡`wkK I ’vbxq kvmb cÖYvjx Ges wewfbœ iv‡óªi

Zyjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv; • ivR‰bwZK `j, Dc`j, kvmbKv‡h© bvMwi‡Ki AskMÖnY I RbgZ;

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-4

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• Avš—R©vwZK AvBb I Avš—©RvwZK ms ’v|

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ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-6

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BDwbU-1 c„ôv-7

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ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-8

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb eûwbevP©bx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| 1. ivóªweÁvb‡K †kªô weÁvb wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb †K? K. m‡µwUm; L. †c−‡Uv; M. Gwi‡÷vUj; N. †n‡i‡WUvm| 2. ivóªweÁvb‡K weÁvb wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kivq we`ªƒc K‡i‡Qb †K? K. †gUj¨vÛ; L. wmRDnK; M. RR© K¨vUwjb; N. evi‡Rm| 3. hviv ivóªweÁvb‡K weÁvb e‡j ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z Pvb bv cÖK…Z c‡¶ weÁvb m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i aviYv AZ¨š— msKxY© I Am¤ú~Y©| GB Dw³wU †K K‡i‡Qb? K. nj‡Rbfid; L. †cvjK; M. DB‡jvex; N. jW© eªvBm| 4. 'We deal with tendencies, We Predict upon the basis of experience` GB e³e¨wU Kvi? K. dvBbvi; L. g‡›U¯‹z; M. †cvjK; N. jvw¯‹| DËigvjv t 1. K. M. 2. K 3. L 4. N iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. ivóªweÁvb wK weÁvb? Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-9

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ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-10

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq evsjv‡`k GKwU `wi`ª †`k| GLv‡b mylg mgvR e¨e ’v GLbI M‡o D‡Vwb| mvgvwRK I A_©‡bwZK Rxe‡b HKgZ¨ I mnbkxjZvi Afve LyeB cÖKU| G Ae¯’v †_‡K DËiY NUv‡Z n‡j mnbkxj mgvR I ivR‰bwZK e¨e ’v M‡o †Zvjv Acwinvh©| ivóªweÁvb Aa¨qb Avgv‡`i wk¶v_©x‡`i g‡a¨ GB g‡bvfve I D`vi „wófw½i m~Pbv Ki‡Z cv‡i|

mviK_v Gwi‡÷vUj‡K ivóweÁv‡bi RbK e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| wZwb AvR †_‡K cÖvq wZb nvRvi eQi c~‡e© ivóªweÁvb m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z wM‡q G kv¯¿‡K ÔMaster Science Õ ev mg — weÁv‡bi weÁvb e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Zvi iwPZ cy¯—‡Ki bvgI w`‡q‡Qb Politics ev ivRbxwZ| Zvi g‡Z gvbe Rxe‡bi mg — w`K I wefvM AvewZ©Z nq ivR‰bwZK Rxeb‡K †K›`ª K‡i| A_©vr ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi myôz I h_v_© web¨vm, f‚wgKv Ges Kvh©vejxi DciB bvMwiK Rxe‡bi Pvwn`vi h_vh_ c~iY I weKvk wbf©i K‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| 1| ivóªweÁv‡bi RbK e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq Kv‡K? (K) m‡µwUm‡K; (L) GwióUj‡K; (M) †c −‡Uv‡K; (N) †n‡ivWUvm‡K| 2| GwióUj KZ nvRvi eQi c~‡e© ivóªweÁvb‡K Master science e‡j‡Qb? (K) Pvi nvRvi eQi c~‡e©; (L) AvovB nvRvi eQi c~‡e©; (M) cuvP nvRvi eQi c~‡e©; (N) yÕnvRvi eQi c~‡e©| 3| GwióU‡ji iwPZ MÖ‡š’i bvg- (K) The Politics; (L) Administration; (M) Political Science; (N) Government| (4) k~b¨ ’vb c~iY Ki“bt- (K) ^vaxbZv jvf Kivi †P‡q ----------AviI KwVb KvR (L) mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK mvg¨ cÖwZôvi Rb¨------------ Aa¨qb cÖ‡qvRb| (M) --------------Av`k© bvMwiK wn‡m‡e M‡o Zzj‡Z ivóªweÁvb cv‡Vi f‚wgKv Ab ^xKvh©|

DËigvjvt 1. L, 2.L, 3.K, 4. .K, †`kMov L.ivóªweÁvb, M †`k‡cÖwgK

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1| ivóªweÁvb cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Av‡jvPbv Ki“b| 2| Avcwb wK g‡b K‡ib †h evsjv‡`‡k ivóªweÁvb cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q? hyw³mn Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-11

GmGmGBPGj

cvV 5

ivóªZË¡ D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

ivóªZË¡ wK Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Av`k©ev`x I cix¶vjä ivóªZË¡ wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

mvaviYfv‡e ivóªZË¡ ev ivóªxq gZev` ej‡Z †Kvb wbw`©ó ev we‡kl wPš—vwe‡`i ivR‰bwZK a¨vb aviYv‡K eySvq| weÁvb m¤§Z c×wZ‡Z M„nxZ eû ivóªZË¡ ivóªweÁv‡bi †¶Î‡K mg„× K‡i‡Q| ivóªZË¡ (Political theory) ivóª, ¶gZv, iv‡óªi Av`k© kvmb c×wZ cÖf…wZ wel‡q bZzb bZzb Z‡Ë¡i R‡b¥i d‡j ivóªweÁv‡bi †¶Î De©i n‡q‡Q| ivóªxq Av`k©, iv‡óªi ¶gZv, AvBb I kvmb c×wZ cÖf…wZi DbœwZ mvab K‡í D™¢vweZ gZev`‡K ivóªZË¡ ejv nq|

MÖxK `vk©wbK m‡µwUm, †c−‡Uv Ges GwióU‡ji a¨vb aviYv I wPš—v fvebvi dmj wn‡m‡e ivóªxq gZev` M‡o D‡V| Lªxóc~e© PZz_© I cÂg kZvãx‡Z MÖxK‡`i g‡a¨ me©cÖ_g ivóªxq gZev` cÖwZôv jvf K‡i| cÖ‡Z¨K ivóªZ‡Ë¡ mgKvjxb mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK cwi‡e‡ki we‡kl †hvMm~Î j¶¨ Kiv hvq| Aa¨vcK jvw¯‹ D‡j−L K‡ib †h, †Kvb ivóªZË¡B mvgvwRK Ae ’vi †cÖw¶Z Qvov †evaMg¨ bq| ivR‰bwZK `vk©wbK Zuvi mgKvjxb ivR‰bwZK Ae ’vi Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q _v‡Kb| mgKvjxb ivR‰bwZK ¶gZv I KZ…©Z¡‡K e¨vL¨v Ges Gi cÖwZ mg_©b `vb ev cÖZ¨vLvb wKsev G‡K DbœZ Kivi Rb¨ †ekxi fvM ivóªxq gZev‡`i m„wó n‡q‡Q| D`vniY ^iƒc BZvjxi `vk©wbK g¨vwKqv‡fjxi ivR‰bwZK `k©b ev gZev` mgKvjxb BZvjxi ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’vi cÖwZdjb gvÎ|

ivóªZË¡ g~jZ ivRˆbwZK NUbejxi e¨vcK, myweb¨ — I mvaviY wm×v‡š— DcbxZ nIqvi GK cÖ‡Póv we‡kl (Political theory is an attempt to arrive at a comprehensive coherent and general account of political phenomena)| ivR‰bwZK msMV‡bi weeZ©‡bi b¨vq ivóªZ‡Ë¡ GK avivevwnK µgweKvk cwijw¶Z nq| BwZnv†mi MwZavivi m‡½ ivR‰bwZK wPš—vaviv weewZ©Z nq| ivóªZË¡ ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm, A_©bxwZ, `k©b, ms¯‹…wZ BZ¨vw` †_‡K wew”Qbœ bq| weÁvb, K…wó, cÖ_v, ag©, mvwnZ¨, HwZn¨ ivóªxq gZev`‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i _v‡K|

nem, jK I i“‡kvi mvgvwRK Pzw³gZev` we‡k−lY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, mgmvgwqK mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v Zuv‡`i wPš—v-†PZbv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q| Avevi GK_vI mZ¨ †h, ivR‰bwZK gZev`I A‡bK mgq ivR‰bwZK NUbvejx‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Ges ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb‡K DbœZ K‡i| Rb j‡Ki gZev` 1688 mv‡j Bsj¨v‡Ûi †MŠiegq wec −e Ges 1789 mv‡j divmx wec−‡e Aby‡cÖiYv hywM‡q‡Q i“‡kvi gZev`|

mf¨Zvi AMÖMwZi d‡j gvby‡li wPš—vaviv hLb hyw³ev‡`i ch©v‡q DbœxZ nq ZLb †_‡K ivóªZ‡Ë¡i weÁvbm¤§Z Av‡jvPbvi Øvi D¤§y³ nq| MÖxK `vk©wbK †c−‡Uv I GwióU‡ji hyM †_‡KB ivóªZ‡Ë¡i mymsNe× BwZnvm ïi“ nq| Z‡e G K_v mZ¨, †Kvb ivóªxq gZev` me©Kv‡ji I me©hy‡Mi Rb¨ MÖnY‡hvM¨ bvI n‡Z cv‡i| ivóªwÁvb GKwU MwZkxj weÁvb| myZivs G weÁv‡bi †Kvb gZev`B cwieZ©b Ges ms‡kva‡bi D‡a© bq| mgvR weÁvbx ev ivóªweÁvbxiv Lye Kg †¶‡ÎB GKgZ n‡Z cv‡ib| †Kbbv Ae¯’v, cwi‡ek I ivR‰bwZK mgm¨vi wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y gZ cv_©K¨ nIqvB ¯^vfvweK| ZvB iv‡óªi DrcwË, iv‡óªi Kvh©vejx, MYZš¿, mve©‡fŠgZ¡ cÖ‡kœ wewfbœ `vk©wbK wewfbœ gZvgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| Gi d‡j ivóªweÁvb µgktB weKwkZ n‡”Q|

ivóªZË¡ iv‡óªi Dbœqb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| Avgv‡`i wPš—v I hyw³‡K mywPwš—Z I myweb¨¯—fv‡e cÖKv‡ki cÖ‡kœ I mwVK mgvavb wbY©‡qi †¶‡Î ivóªZË¡ Avgv‡`i w`K wb‡ ©kbv w`‡q _v‡K| ivóªweÁvbx †nbix wmRDBK e‡j‡Qb, ÔÔivóªZ‡Ë¡i j¶¨ ivóªxq cÖkœ¸‡jvi hyw³c~Y© mgvavb wb‡q Avmvi †¶‡Î bZzb bZzb Kjv‡KŠkj Dc¯’vcb Kiv bq

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-12

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq eis †h mKj wPš—v aviv I hyw³i mv‡_ Avgiv mycwiwPZ †m¸‡jv‡K mywPwš—Z Dcv‡q I myweb¨¯—fv‡e cwi‡ekb Kiv|ÕÕ

Av`k©ev`x ivóªZË¡ Av`k©ev`x ivóªZË¡ g~jZ KwZcq Av`k©, g~j¨‡eva I ivR‰bwZK AvPvi- AvPi‡Yi Dci cÖwZwôZ| ivóªweÁv‡bi weivU Ask Ry‡o i‡q‡Q Av`k©ev`x ivóªZË¡| A‡b‡K ivóªweÁv‡bi G AskwU‡K ivóªxq `k©b (Political Philosophy) e‡jI AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| cÖvPxb MÖx‡m Av`k©ev`x ivóªZ‡Ë¡i Av‡jvPbv cÖ_‡g ïi“ nq| †c−‡Uvi Av`k©- ivóªZË¡, Ugvm GKzBbv‡mi AvBb ZË¡ Av`k©ev`x ivóªZ‡Ë¡i dmj| AvaywbKKv‡jI g¨vwKqv‡fjx, jK i“‡kv, †n‡Mj cÖgyL ivóªwPš—vwe`‡`i `k©‡b Av`k©ev`x ivóªZ‡Ë¡i mÜvb wg‡j|

gvbyl wKfv‡e ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ cwiPvjbv Ki‡e, ivóªbvq‡Ki wK wK ¸bvejx _vKv DwPZ, iv‡óªi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ wK n‡e, †Kvb c×wZ‡Z bvMwiKMY Zv‡`i AwaKvi msi¶Y Ki‡Z cv‡i BZ¨vw` Av`k©ev`x ivóªZ‡Ë¡i cÖavb Avv‡jvP¨ welq|

cÖ‡qvwMK ev cix¶vjä ivóªZË¡ (Empirical theory)

cÖv‡qvwMK ev cix¶vjä ivóªZ‡Ë¡i wfwË n‡”Q cix¶v-wbix¶v, ch©‡e¶Y Ges AwfÁZv| ev —e NUbvejx Ges ch©‡e¶Y‡hvM¨ welqvw` n‡”Q GB ai‡Yi ivóªZ‡Ë¡i g~j welqe¯‘| G Z‡Ë¡i wewfbœ ch©vq i‡q‡Q| ch©vq¸‡jv ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³| D‡j−L‡hvM¨ ch©vq¸‡jv n‡jv: • mgm¨v wba©viY; • ch©‡e¶Y; • mvaviY m~Î Avwe¯‹vi;

mvaviY m~Îmg~‡ni cix¶v-wbix¶v I cÖ‡qvMK GwióU‡ji ev¯—eev`x `„wó fw½ Gi cÖK…Z D`vniY| ejvevûj¨, ivóªZ‡Ë¡i cix¶vjä Ask wb‡qB ÔivóªweÁvbÕ M‡o D‡V‡Q| Gfv‡e ejv hvq fveev`x ev Av`k© wbf©i ivóªZË¡ ivR‰bwZK `k©‡bi Ask|

mviK_v gvbe mf¨Zvi AMÖMwZi d‡j gvby‡li wPš—vaviv hLb hyw³ev‡`i ch©vq DbœxZ nq ZLb †_‡K ivóªZ‡Ë¡i Av‡jvPbvi Øvi Db¥y³ nq| `vk©wbK †c −‡Uv I GwióU‡ji hyM †_‡KB ivóªZ‡Ë¡i mymsNe× BwZnvm ïi“ nq| Av`k©ev`x ivóªZË¡ Av`k© I g~j¨‡eva wbf©i| c¶vš—‡i cÖv‡qvwMK ev ev¯—e ivóªZË¡ ch©‡e¶Y I weÁvb m¤§Z M‡elYvi dmj|

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-13

GmGmGBPGj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| (1) me©cÖ_g ivóªxq gZev` cÖwZôv jvf K‡i- (K) †ivgvb†`i g‡a¨; (L) fviZxq‡`i g‡a¨; (M) MÖxK‡`i g‡a¨; (N) Bs‡iR‡`i g‡a¨|

(2) KZ kZvãx‡Z MÖxK‡`i g‡a¨ ivóªxq gZev` cÖwZôv jvf K‡i? (K) PZz_© I lô kZvãx‡Z; (L) PZz_© I cÂg kZvãx‡Z; (M) w`¦Zxq I Z…Zxq kZvãx‡Z; (N) lô I Aóg kZvãx‡Z|

3| BZvjxi ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v Kv‡K ivR‰bwZK gZev` cÖwZôvi Rb¨ AbycÖvwYZ K‡iwQj? (K) g¨vwKqv‡fjx; (L) nem; (M) jK; (N) i“‡kv|

4| KZmv‡j Bsj¨v‡Ûi †MŠiegq wec−e msNwUZ n‡qwQj ? (K) 1688; (L) 1588; (M) 1788; (N) 1789|

5| 1789 mv‡j †Kvb& wec−e msNwUZ n‡qwQj? (K) i“k wec−e; (L) Pxbv wec−e; (M) divmx wec−e; (N) Bsj¨v‡Ûi †MŠiegq wec−e|

6| Av`k©ev`x ivóªZ‡Ë¡i Av‡jvPbv cÖ_‡g †Kv_vq ïi“ nq? (K) Px‡b; (L) †iv‡g; (M) †¯ú‡b; (N) MÖx‡m| cÖkt 1. M, 2. L, 3. K, 4. K, 5. M , 6. L.

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. ivóªZË¡ wK? 2.Av`k©ev`x ivóªZË¡ wK? 3. cix¶Yjä ivóªZË¡ wK? 4. ivóªweÁvb Ges ivR‰bwZK `k©‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †Kv_vq?

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-14

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV -6

ivóªZ‡Ë¡i mgm¨v D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

ivóªZ‡Ë¡i m¦iƒc m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb; ivóªZ‡Ë¡i mgm¨v wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

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iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© hy‡M hy‡M wewfbœ gZev` D™¢vweZ n‡q‡Q| MÖxK `vk©wbK‡`i g‡Z gvby‡li msNe× n‡q emevm Kivi cÖeYZvB iv‡óªi DrcwËi g~j KviY| ga¨hy‡M ivóª‡K Ck¦‡ii m„wó e‡j eY©bv Kiv nq| Avevi Kv‡iv g‡Z kw³ I ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi ga¨ w`‡q iv‡óªi DrcwË n‡q‡Q| mß`k I Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z ejv nj ivóª nj mvgvwRK Pzw³i dmj| AvaywbK hy‡M AwaKvsk ivóªweÁvbx‡`i g‡Z, Òivóª HwZnvwmK weeZ©‡bi avivq Rb¥jvf K‡i‡Q|

miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ ¶gZv e›Ub m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v kvmbe¨e¯’vi DbœwZ K‡í miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ ¶gZv e›Ub bxwZ GKwU RwUj mgm¨v| cÖvPxb Kvj †_‡KB kvmbe¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ gZev` cÖPvwiZ n‡q‡Q| MÖxK `vk©wbK Gwiw÷Uj wZb ai‡Yi ¶gZvi K_v D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb| • kvmbg~jK; • AvBb m¤úK©xq I • wePvi welqK|

cÖvPxb Ges ga¨hy‡MI ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiYbxwZ cwÛZM‡Yi Av‡jvPbvi weqqe¯— wQj| gviwmwjI Ae c`yqvi kvmb wefvM I AvBb cwil‡`i cv_©K¨ wbY©q K‡ib| †ivgvb AvBbRxwe wm‡m‡iv Ges cwjweqvm Df‡qB ¶gZv c„_KxKi‡Yi K_v D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb| Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z divmx †jLK g‡›U¯‹zz ÔThe Spirit of Laws' bvgK MÖ‡š’ ¶gZv ^Zš¿xKiYbxwZi cwic~Y© ZË¡ Dc ’vcb K‡ib| AvRI weª‡U‡b gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi cÖPwjZ _vKvq †mLv‡b ¶gZv c„_KxKiY bxwZ ev —evqb m¤¢e nqwb| KviY weª‡U‡b K¨vwe‡bU I gwš¿cwil‡`i m`m¨MY cvj©v‡g‡›UiI m`m¨ Z‡e gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡i ¶gZv ^Zš¿xKiYbxwZi ev —evqb †ekx N‡U‡Q| Zv m‡Ë¡I miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ kvmb ¶gZvi cwiwa wb‡q mgm¨vi m„wó n‡q _v‡K| ZvÕ Qvov ¶gZv c„_K Kivi mv‡_ ¶gZvi mgš^q I fvimvg¨ cÖwZôvq mgm¨v RwoZ|

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-15

GmGmGBPGj

iv‡óªi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v iv‡óªi ¯^ve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i cÖK…Z e¨vLv wb‡q hy‡M hy‡M eû gZev` cÖPvwiZ n‡q‡Q| ga¨hy‡M g‡b Kiv n‡Zv Ck¦‡ii cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e †cvc nj iv‡óªi mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi KY©avi| †lvok I mß`k kZvãx‡Z wek¦vm Kiv nZ †h iv‡óªi mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i AwaKKvix ivRkw³| MYZ‡š¿i we¯—vi jv‡fi d‡j G aviYvi cwieZ©b m~wPZ nq| ˆ¯^ivPvix kvm‡bi cwie‡Z© RbM‡Yi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ gZev` cÖwZwôZ nq| eZ©gvbKv‡j RbMYB nj mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi AwaKvix Ggb g‡b Kiv nq|

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ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-16

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BDwbU-1 c„ôv-17

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ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-18

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BDwbU-1 c„ôv-19

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ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-20

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G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q:

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cvV- 5 ivóªweÁvb I g‡bvweÁvb

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ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-22

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BDwbU-2 c„ôv-23

GmGmGBPGj

cvV -2

ivóªweÁvb I mgvRZË¡ D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

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ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-24

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BDwbU-2 c„ôv-25

GmGmGBPGj

cvV -3

ivóªweÁvb I A_©bxwZ D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

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ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³

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ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-26

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BDwbU-2 c„ôv-27

GmGmGBPGj

cvV -4

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HwZnvwmK jW© A¨v±b bxwZ kv‡¯¿i ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i e‡jb , miKvi wK Ki‡Q Zv †`Lvi †P‡q eis miKv‡ii wK KiYxq Zv ivóweÁv‡bi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq nIqv DwPr (The great question for politics is to discover not what government prescribes but what they ought to prescribe)|

Avgv‡`i g~j¨‡eva, b¨vq Ab¨vq aviYv g~jZ ˆbwZKZvi gvcKvwV‡Z wePvi Kiv nh| bxwZi w`K w`‡q hv AmsMZ Zv ióªweÁv‡b wewa wn‡m‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| Aa¨vcK AvBfi eªvDb e‡jb ˆbwZK ZË¡‡K ev` w`‡q ivR‰bwZK ZË¡ Amvi| Avevi ivóª ZË¡ Qvov ˆbwZK ZË¡ Am¤ú~Y©| ÔÔEthical theory is incomplete without political theory, political theory is idle without ethical theory" ZvB ejv nq ivóªbxwZ ¯úóZ bxwZ weÁvb| ˆbwZK gvb`Û‡K D‡c¶v K‡i †Kvb ivóªB bvMwi‡Ki mwZ¨Kvi Kj¨vY mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †c−‡Uv I GwióUj ivóª‡K GKwU DËg Rxeb hvc‡bi m‡e©vËg msMVb e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| iv‡óªi g~j KvR nj mybvMwiK ˆZix Kiv| ˆbwZK †PZbv m„wói ga¨ w`‡q ivóª Av`k©gwÛZ gvbyl M‡o Zzj‡Z m¶g| ˆbwZK gvb`Û‡K D‡c¶v K‡i ivóª gvby‡li mwZ¨Kvi Kj¨vY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| gvby‡li cvi¯úwiK eÜb I mvgvwRKZv ivRbxwZ I bxwZkv ¿‡K m¤ú„³ K‡i‡Q|

†Kvb& KvRwU b¨vqmsMZ, †Kvb KvRwU Ab¨vq, †KvbwU MÖnYxq †KvbwU eR©bxq Zv bxwZkv‡ ¿ Av‡jvwPZ nq| †Kvb ˆbwZK Av`k© me©Rb ¯^xK…Z n‡j Zv ivóªxq AvB‡b iƒc jvf K‡i| Avevi †Kvb AvBb ˆbwZKZvi cwicš’x ev wecixZ agx© n‡j Zv ev¯—‡e iƒc jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wPš—vwe` d· h_vh_B e‡j‡Qb ÓbxwZi w`K w`‡q hv Ab¨vq Zv ivR‰bwZK w`K w`‡q b¨vq n‡Z cv‡i bv Ò(What is morally wrong can never be politically right).ÕÕ

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ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-28

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mviK_v ivóªweÁvb I bxwZkv‡ ¿i Df‡qiB j¶¨ nj gvby‡li me©v½xY DbœwZ I Kj¨vYmvab| ˆbwZK gvb`ʇK D‡c¶v K‡i †Kvb ivóªB bvMwi‡Ki mwZ¨Kvi Kj¨vY mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †Kvb ˆbwZK Av`k© me©Rb ^xK…Z n‡j Zv AvB‡b iƒc jvf K‡i|

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3| ivRbxwZ‡Z ˆbwZK Av`‡k©i cwie‡Z© myweavev` Av`‡k©i cÖPvi K‡ib- (K) jW© eªvDb (L) Aa¨vcK Mvb©vi (M) g¨vwKqv‡fjx (N) i“‡kv 5| ‘‘The great question for politics is to discover not what government prescribes but what

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wbw ©ó f‚-LÛ

wbw ©ó f‚-LÛ Qvov †Kvb ivóª MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| Rbmgwó †hgb iv‡óªi Rb¨ Acwinvh© †Zgwb wbw`©ó f‚-LÛ iv‡óªi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Dcv`vb | f‚-LÛ ej‡Z ïaygvÎ ¯’jfvM‡K eySvq bv| iv‡óªi Af¨š—‡i b`-b`x, iv‡óªi mxgvbvq cÖevwnZ Avš—R©vwZKfv‡e ^xK…Z mvMi-gnvmvM†ii Rjmxgv Ges Dci ’ AvKvk mxgv‡K eySvq| iv‡óªi AvqZb eo n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi †QvUI n‡Z cv‡i| iv‡óªi f‚-LÛ ALÛ n‡Z cv‡i Avevi LwÛZ n‡Z cv‡i| GgbwK KZK¸‡jv Øx‡ci mgwó n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb B‡›`v‡bwkqv KZK¸‡jv wew”Qbœ Øxc wb‡q MwVZ, Avevi gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi Avjv¯‹v I nvIqvB A½ivR¨ g~j f‚-LÛ †_‡K wew”Qbœ| `vk©wbK i“‡kv AwfgZ e¨³ K‡ib †h, e„nr ivóª cwiPvjbv Kiv AmyweavRbK| wZwb e‡jb Òiv‡óªi AvqZb hZ ¶z`ª n‡e †m ivóª ZZ kw³ m¤úbœ n‡e| g~jZt iv‡óªi kw³ wbf©i K‡i wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi Dci|

miKvi

iv‡óªi Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb nj miKvi| miKvi ej‡Z †mB myMwVZ msMVb‡K eySvq hviv AvBb cÖYqY, kvmb I wePvi wefvMxq Kv‡Ri mv‡_ mswk −ó| miKvi ivóª cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡i Ges AvBb k„•Ljv i¶v K‡i| miKvi kvmbZ‡š¿i gva¨‡g e„nr Rb‡Mvôx‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| miKvi iv‡óªi B”Qv‡K Kv‡h© cwiYZ K‡i _v‡K| AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K e¨e ’vq miKvi n‡”Q RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwa| miKv‡ii gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi B”Qv I iv‡óªi Kvh©vejx m¤úvw`Z nq| miKvi iv‡óªi PvwjKv kw³| miKvi A ’vqx| MYZvwš¿K e¨e ’vq RbMY miKvi cwieZ©‡bi AwaKvi iv‡L|

mve©‡fŠgZ¡ iv‡óªi me©v‡c¶v ¸i“Z¡c~Y© I g~j¨evb Dcv`vb nj mve©‡fŠgZ¡| iv‡óªi Pig I m‡e©v”P ¶gZvB n‡jv mve©‡fŠgZ¡| mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i Kvi‡YB GKwU RbmgvR iv‡óª cwiYZ nq| mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi e‡j ivóª Gi Aaxb¯— mKj e¨w³ I cÖwZôv‡bi Dci Av‡`k wb‡`©k cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi `ywU w`K Av‡Q Af¨š—ixY I evwn¨K| Af¨š—ixY mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i e‡j ivóª mg — Rb‡Mvôx I ms‡Ni AvbyMZ¨ jvf K‡i| evwn¨K mvf©‡fŠg‡Z¡i e‡j ivóª Ab¨ iv‡óªi †NvlYv I wbqš¿Y †_‡K gy³| mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi Afv‡e ivóª Rbc`, Dcwb‡ek ev Aaxb ivóª e‡j MY¨ n‡e| 1947 mv‡ji cy‡e© fviZe‡l©i Ae¯’v GiKgB wQj| 1971 mv‡j mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv AR©b K‡i evsjv‡`k mve©‡fŠg ivóª wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †c‡q‡Q|

mviK_v

†Kvb wbw ©ó f‚-L‡Ê ivR‰bwZKfv‡e msMwVZ Rbmgwó wb‡qB MwVZ nq ivóª| Z‡e †m mv‡_ miKvi I mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv ivóª‡K c~Y©Zv †`q|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-34

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| 1| ivóª m¤ú‡K© my¯úó aviYv w`‡q‡Qb †K? K| Gwi÷Uj; L| MvY©vi; M| †c−‡Uv; N| jvw¯‹| 2| ÔÔ†Kvb wbw ©ó f‚-L‡Û ivR‰bwZKfv‡e msMwVZ RbmgvRB ivóªÕÕ ⎯msÁvwU †K w`‡q‡Qb? K. n¨viÛ jvw¯‹; L. Mvb©vi; M. e −y›Umwj; N. Dnjmb| 3| iv‡óªi me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Dcv`vb †KvbwU? K. Rbmgwó; L. f‚-LÛ; M. miKvi; N. ^ve©‡fŠgZ¡| DËigvjv: 1 (L), 2 (M), 3 (N)| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1| iv‡óªi msÁv w`b| 2| iv‡óªi Dcv`vb¸‡jv wK ? 3| ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v Kv‡K e‡j ? 4| mve©‡fŠgZ¡ ej‡Z wK eySvq ? iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. iv‡óªi Dcv`vb¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-35

GmGmGBPGj

cvV -2

mgvR I ivóª D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

mgvR m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; mgvR I iv‡óªi cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mgvR ivóª I mgvR `ywU wfbœag©x msMVb| gvby‡li cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZ †h ms¯’vi m„wó nq ZvB mgvR| g¨vKvBfvi e‡jb ÔÔSociety is the whole system of social relationship." mgvR n‡”Q †MvUv mvgvwRK m¤ú‡K©i e¨e¯’v| †hLv‡bB gvbyl ci¯úi †¯^”Qvq GKwÎZ n‡q‡Q †mLv‡bB mgvR M‡o D‡V‡Q| GWgÛ Zvi cÖwm× MÖš’, Reflection of the Revolution in France-G D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb †h mgvR GKwU msNe× cÖwZôvb| wMwWs‡mi g‡Z,Ó mgvR ej‡Z Ggb GK msNe× Rbmgwó‡K eySvq hviv †Kvb mvaviY D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ wgwjZ n‡q‡Q| mgvR mKj msN I cÖwZôvb‡K Aš—f©z³ K‡i| ivóª mgv‡Ri GK cÖavb msMVb|

mgvR I iv‡óªi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ ivóª I mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ e¨vcK cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb| cÖvPxb MÖxK wPš—vwe`MY A‡b‡KB ivóª I mgvR‡K GK K‡i †`‡L‡Qb| ivóªweÁvbx GwióUj Ges †c−‡Uv ivóª I mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨ K‡ib wb| ivóª I mgvR‡K GK K‡i †`Lvi A_© mvgvwRK wel‡q iv‡óªi n —‡¶c ^xKvi Kiv| AvaywbK ivóªweÁvbxMY ivóª I mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q K‡i‡Qb wbæiƒcfv‡e:- • mgv‡Ri cwiwa ivóª A‡c¶v e„nËi| mgvR †_‡KB iv‡óªi DrcwË| D`vniY ^iƒc ejv hvq mgvR‡K gvZv

ej‡j ivóª‡K mš—vb wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv hvq| ivóª n‡jv mgv‡Ri Af¨š—‡i ivR‰bwZK msMVb| mgv‡Ri msNe× Rbmgwó ivR‰bwZKfv‡e msMwVZ n‡q ivóª MVb K‡i|

• mgvR gvby‡li ¯^ZtùzZ© Kvgbvi dmj| mgvR e¨e ’v Ggb KZK¸‡jv m¤^‡Üi Dci cÖwZwôZ hv KLbI kvmbZ‡š¿i Aaxb bq| ivóª A‡c¶v mgv‡Ri D‡Ïk¨ e¨vcK I we —…Z| mgv‡Ri eûwea Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ ivóª ïay ivR‰bwZK Kvh©vw` m¤úbœ K‡i wKš‘ mgvR eûmsL¨K Kv‡Ri mswgkªY| mgv‡R ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZK, ag©xq eûwea KvR m¤úvw`Z nq|

• ivóª †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgvbvi g‡a¨ Aew ’Z| wKš‘ mgv‡Ri mywbw`©ó †Kvb mxgv †bB| mgv‡Ri m‡½ f‚L‡Ûi †Kvb m¤úK© †bB| mgvR †QvU ev eo n‡Z cv‡i| GgbwK wek¦e¨vcx n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb wLªóvb mgvR ,gymwjg mgvR, †eŠ× mgvR, †iWµm †mvmvBwU BZ¨vw`|

• ivóª mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi AwaKvix, wKš‘ mgv‡Ri mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv †bB| mgvR cÖPwjZ cÖ_v, ixwZ-bxwZ Øviv gvby‡li AvPiY I KvR‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| mgvR kw³ cª‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †Kvb e¨vw³ ev cÖwZôvb iv‡óªi AvBb Agvb¨ Ki‡j wewae× AvBb I KZ…©‡Z¡i Øviv ivóª AvBb I Av`k© j•NbKvixi wei“‡× kw³ cª‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| GgbwK ¸i“Zi Aciv‡ai Rb¨ g„Zz¨`Û cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

• mKj‡KB iv‡óªi m`m¨ n‡Z nq| iv‡óªi m`m¨ c` eva¨Zvg~jK, wKš‘ mgv‡Ri m`m¨c` †¯^”Qvaxb| †KD †Kvb mgv‡Ri mf¨ n‡Z cv‡i Avevi bvI n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi †KD GKvwaK mgv‡Ri mf¨ n‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡b iv†óª mxgve×Zv i‡q‡Q| iv‡óªi AbygwZ e¨ZxZ †KD iv‡óªi evB‡i †h‡Z cv‡i bv| we‡kl e¨wZµg Qvov GKB m‡½ †Kvb bvMwiK GKvwaK iv‡óªi m`m¨c` MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ iv‡óªi Kvh©‡¶Î msKzwPZ I cÖmvwiZ nq| ZrKvjxb mvgvwRK Ae ’vi Av‡jv‡K ga¨hy‡M mvgš—Zvwš¿K e¨e ’vq ivóª G †¶‡Î mvgvwRK cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ n‡qwQj| Avevi mvgvwRK

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-36

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq cÖ‡qvR‡bB MYZvwš¿K mgvRe¨e¯’vq cwieZ©b m~wPZ n‡q‡Q| MYZvwš¿K e¨e ’vq e¨w³ ^vaxbZv ^xK…Z n‡q‡Q Ges Kg©‡¶Î cÖmvwiZ n‡q‡Q|

mviK_v gvb‡li cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZ †h ms ’vi m„wó nq ZvB mgvR| ivóª nj mgv‡Ri Af¨š—‡i ivR‰bwZK msMVb| mgv‡Ri cwiwa ivóª A‡c¶vq e„nËi| mgvR †_‡KB DrcwË n‡q‡Q iv‡óªi|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| 1| mgvR GKwU Pzw³e× cÖwZôvb- msÁvwU †K cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb? (K) wMwWsm; (L) g¨vKvBfvi; (M) GWgÛ; (N) evK©vi| 2| †c−‡Uv Ges Gwi÷Uj wK‡mi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ K‡ib wb? (K) ivóª I cwiev‡ii g‡a¨; (L) cwievi I mgv‡Ri g‡a¨; (M) mgvR I m¤úÖ v‡qi g‡a¨; (N) ivóª I mgv‡Ri g‡a¨| 3| ivR‰bwZKfv‡e msMwVZ n‡q wK MVb Kiv hvq? (K) mgvR; (L) ivóª; (M) miKvi; (N) m¤úÖ vq| 4| ÔÔSociety is the whole system of social relationship"-G Dw³wU Kvi? (K) Gwi÷Uj; (L) i“‡kv; (M) MvY©vi; (N) g¨vKvBfvi| 5| mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi AwaKvix - (K) miKvi; (L) mgvR; (M) e¨w³; (N) ivóª| DËigvjv: 1.M,2. N, 3. L, 4, L, 5. L|

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1| mgv‡Ri msÁv w`b|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1| mgvR I iv‡óªi cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki“b|

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-37

GmGmGBPGj

cvV -3

ivóª I miKvi D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

ivóª I miKv‡ii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| ivóª GKwU ivR‰bwZKfv‡e msMwVZ ms¯’v| ivóª kvwmZ nq GKwU ˆea miKvi Øviv| miKvi e¨ZxZ iv‡óªi Aw¯—Z¡ Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| ivóª I miKvi‡K A‡bK mgq GKB A‡_© e¨envi Kiv nq| Bs‡iR `vk©wbK ne&m ivóª I miKv‡ii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjw× K‡ib wb| d«v‡Ýi mgªvU PZz ©k jyB ej‡Zb, ÔÔAvwgB ivóªÕÕ| Bsj¨v‡Ûi ÷zqvU© ivRviv Abyiƒc aviYv †cvlY Ki‡Zb| wKš‘ ev¯—‡e ivóª I miKv‡ii g‡a¨ e¨vcK cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb, h_v: • Rbmgwó, f‚-LÛ, miKvi I mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv-GB PviwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Dcv`vb wb‡q ivóª MwVZ| miKvi iv‡óªi

Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb| miKvi GKwU cÖwZôvb hvi gva¨‡g iv‡óªi B”Qv cÖKvwkZ I Kvh©Ki nq| Aa¨vcK Mvb©vi ivóª I miKv‡ii cv_©K¨ my¯úó Kivi Rb¨ ivóª‡K Rxe‡`‡ni m‡½ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb| ivóª hw` Rxe‡`n nq Z‡e miKvi iv‡óªi gw —®‹ ^iƒc|

• ivóª miKvi A‡c¶v e¨vcK| ivóª †`‡ki mg — Rbmvavi‡Yi mgš^‡q MwVZ nq| wKš‘ miKvi gywó‡gq gvby‡li mgš^‡q MwVZ GKwU ms¯’v|

• ivóª GKwU weg~Z© I ZË¡MZ aviYv| ivóª‡K Abyaveb Ki‡Z nq| miKvi GKwU ev¯—e cÖwZôvb| Rbmgwói †h ¶z`ª Ask wb‡q miKvi MwVZ nq Zv‡`i‡K Rvbv I †`Lv hvq| miKvi iv‡óªi c¶ †_‡K wewfbœ Kvh©m¤úv`b K‡i| miKv‡ii gva¨‡g iv‡óªi B”Qv cÖKvwkZ I ev¯—evwqZ nq| miKvi bv _vK‡j iv‡óªi †Kvb KvRB myôyfv‡e Kiv m¤¢e bq| ivóª‡K hw` GKwU RvnvR iƒ‡c MY¨ Kiv nq Z‡e miKvi ivóªiƒcx Rvnv‡Ri bvweK gvÎ| miKvi cwieZ©bkxj| ˆea Dcv‡q ev wec−‡ei gva¨‡g miKvi cwieZ©b n‡jI iv‡óªi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv| ivóª GKwU wPiš—b wPi¯’vqx cÖwZôvb| hy‡M hy‡M miKvi Av‡m miKvi hvq| wKš‘ iv‡óªi Aw —Z¡ we‡jvc nq bv| GK_v mZ¨ †h hy× ev cÖvK…wZK Kvi‡Y iv‡óªi cwieZ©b ev wejywß NU‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e IUv GKUv e¨wZµg|

• ivóª mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi AwaKvix, wKš‘ miKv‡ii †Kvb mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv †bB| ivóª mve©‡fŠg ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb| iv‡óªi GB mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv miKv‡i gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvM n‡q _v‡K| ivóª mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi gva¨‡g Zvi Aw¯—Z¡ wUwK‡q iv‡L|

• ivóª mKj AvBbMZ AwaKv‡ii Drm, miKvi Zvi i¶K gvÎ| iv‡óªi we‡ivwaZv Ki‡j bvMwiK Rxeb wecbœ nq| iv‡óªi we‡ivwaZv Kivi A_© †`k‡`ªvwnZv| miKvi bvMwiK AwaKv‡ii Dci n —‡¶c ev †Kvb Ab¨vq c`‡¶c MÖnY Ki‡j RbmvaviY miKv‡ii we‡ivwaZv Ki‡Z cv‡i| AwaKvi ni‡Yi wei“‡× †Kvb bvMwiK miKv‡ii wei“‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ iv‡óªi wei“‡× gvgjv Kiv hvq bv|

• mKj iv‡óªi cÖK…wZ I ˆewkó¨ GK Ges Awfbœ| wKš‘ miKvi †kªYxMZ I Av`k©MZ wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb ivRZvwš¿K, ˆ¯^iZvwš¿K, MYZvwš¿K, mgvRZvwš¿K, GK‡Kw› ªK, hy³ivóªxq, msm`xq I ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi BZ¨vw`|

• ivóª ej‡Z GKwU wbw`©ó f‚LÛ‡K eySvq Ges A‡bK e¨vcK A‡_© e¨eüZ nq| wKš‘ miKvi MwVZ nq kvmb wefvM, AvBb wefvM I wePvi wefv‡Mi mgš^‡q| miKvi Qvov ivóª Kíbv Kiv hvq bv|

• ivóª msweavb Øviv bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi m„wó K‡i| wKš‘ miKv‡ii `vwqZ¡ IB AwaKvi i¶v Kiv | Z‡e miKvi cÖ‡qvRb †ev‡a bvMwiK AwaKv‡i n —‡¶c Ki‡Z cv‡i|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-38

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

• iv‡óªi ¶gZv Amxg| wKš‘ miKvi ivóª cÖ`Ë mxwgZ ¶gZvi gvwjK| ivóª I miKv‡ii g‡a¨ e¨vcK cv_©K¨ _vKv m‡Ë¡I Mfxi m¤úK© we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q| Aa¨vcK jvw¯‹ h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb, ÔÔcÖkvmwbK „wó‡Kvb †_‡K Kvh©Z miKviB ivóª|Ò miKvi kãwU g~jZ gwš¿gÛjx‡K eySvq| e¨vcK A‡_© hviv cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶fv‡e ivóªxq Kvh© cwiPvjbv K‡i Zuv‡`i mgš^‡q miKvi MwVZ nq|

mviK_v miKvi iv‡óªi GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| miKv‡ii gva¨‡g iv‡óªi B”Qv cÖKvwkZ nq| miKvi e¨ZxZ iv‡óªi Aw —Z¡ KíbvI Kiv hvq bv|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| 1| miKvi wKfv‡e ¶gZv jvf K‡i? (K) wb‡RB ¶gZvi gvwjK nq; (L) mgv‡Ri wbKU †_‡K; (M) iv‡óªi wbKU †_‡K; (N) cvj©v‡g›U †_‡K| 2| bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi i¶v K‡i †K? (K) ivóª; (L) miKvi; (M) RvZxq msm`; (N) mgvR| 3| †Kvb& kw³ e‡j ivóª Zvi Aw —Z¡ wUwK‡q iv‡L? (K) Rbkw³; (L) mve©‡fŠgZ¡; (M) miKvi; (N) mvgwiK evwnbx| DËigvjv: 1.M, 2. L, 3. L| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. ivóª I miKv‡ii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Av‡Q wK? Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-39

GmGmGBPGj

cvV -4

Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb; Kj¨vYg~jK iv†óªi D™¢e I weKvk m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óªi ˆewkó¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

RbM‡Yi Kj¨vY mvabB AvaywbK iv‡óªi cÖavb j¶¨ I DÏk¨| AvaywbK cÖvq cÖwZwU ivóªB g~jZ Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª| Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª ej‡Z †mB ivóª‡K eySvq hvi mg~ q m¤ú` I kw³‡K bvMwi‡Ki mvwe©K Kj¨v‡Y wb‡qvwRZ Kiv nq| †h iv‡óª e¨w³ I mgv‡Ri DbœwZ I g½‡ji Rb¨ Kg©m~Px cÖYqY I ev¯—evqb K‡i Zuv‡K Kj¨vY ivóª ejv nq| Kj¨vY ivóª RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK Pvwn`v †hgb Lv`¨, e ¿, evm ’vb, wk¶v I wPwKrmvi e¨e ’v K‡i| †gŠwjK Pvwn`v ev cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ GB ivóª cwiKwíZ A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g m¤ú` e„w× Ges mylg e›Ub wbwðZ K‡i| GQvov webv Li‡P wk¶v I wPwKrmvi e¨e ’v, †eKvi fvZv Ges wewfbœ mvgvwRK wbivcËvi e¨e ’v K‡i| ms‡¶‡c Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi Kj¨vY ivóª gvby‡li e¨w³ ^vaxbZv I AwaKvi‡K mgybœZ †i‡L me©vwaK Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Kvh©vw` mym¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K| iv‡óª emevmKvix cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki mvgwMÖK Kj¨vY mvab KivB GB iv‡óªi g~j j¶¨| hy³ivR¨, biI‡q, myB‡Wb, KvbvWv cÖf…wZ ivóª Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª|

Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óªi D™¢e I weKvk

ˆ ^ivPvix kvmb Ges ivóªe¨e ’vi nvZ †_‡K gyw³ jv‡fi cÖ‡Póv gvby‡li `xN©w`‡bi| AZx‡Z iv‡óªi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wQj †Kej kvmK‡kªYxi ^v_© msi¶Y Kiv, kvwš—-k„•Ljv i¶v Kiv, Acivag~jK KvR `gb Kiv BZ¨vw`| e¨w³ ^vZš¿ev‡`i cÖe³v Rb ÷zqvU wgj, nve©vU †¯úbmvi iv‡óªi Kvh©vejx‡K Af¨š—ixY kvwš— I k„•Ljv weavb, ivóª‡K ewntkΓi AvµgY †_‡K i¶v Kiv, Acivax‡`i kvw — I `Û cÖ vb cÖf…wZ Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ mxgve× K‡ib| Gme Kvi‡Y ivóª‡K cywjkx ivóª ejv nZ|

wesk kZvãxi wØZxq `kK †_‡K iv‡óªi Kvh©vejx m¤ú‡K© RbM‡Yi g‡bvfv‡e GK ˆec−weK cwieZ©b m~wPZ n‡Z _v‡K| wPš—vkxj gvbyl cuywRev‡`i Kzdj †_‡K euvPvi Rb¨ GKwU bZzb ivóª e¨e¯’vi K_v fve‡Z ïi“ K‡i| cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i ci Av_©-mvgvwRK †¶‡Î iv‡óªi f‚wgKv AwaK gvÎvq Abyf‚Z n‡Z _v‡K| mgvRZvwš¿K a¨vb aviYv e¨vcK cÖmvi jvf K‡i| 1917 mv‡j ivwkqvq mgvRZvwš¿K e¨e¯’v Kv‡qg nevi ci cuywRev`x iv󪸇jv RbKj¨vYg~jK bvbvwea Kv‡R AvÍwb‡qvM Ki‡Z ïi“ K‡i|

RvwZms‡Ni cÖ`Ë msÁv Abyhvqx, Ò†h ivóª cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ Lv`¨, e¯¿, evm¯’vb, ¯^v¯’¨ I wk¶vi myweav cÖ vb K‡i Ges †eKviZ¡ wKsev Amy ’ Zv ev Ab¨ †Kvb Kvi‡Y RxweKv AR©‡b e¨_© n‡j RbM‡Yi c~Y© wbðqvZv weavb Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K Kj¨vY ivóª ejv nq|ÕÕ

wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci Kj¨vYg~jK Kvh©vw`i cwigvY AviI †e‡o hvq| g~jZ mvgRZš¿‡K cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨ cuywRev`x wek¦ wewfbœ RbKj¨vYg~jK Kg© cš’v MÖnY K‡i| GB fv‡e Pig cuywRev` I mgvRZ‡š¿i gvSvgvwS GKwU ga¨g e¨e ’v wn‡m‡e Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óªi D™¢e N‡U| eZ©gvb we‡k¦i mKj MYZvwš¿K ivóª Kg-‡ekx Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-40

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óªi ˆewkó¨:

mgvR‡mevg~jK Kvh© m¤úv`b Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZK I ag©xq mKj †¶‡Î Kj¨vYgyLx Kg©mywP MÖnY I m¤úv`b K‡i| mgv‡Ri me©vwaK g½‡ji Rb¨ mvgvwRK wbivcËv, mvgvwRK exgv, †eKvifvZv, webv Li‡P wk¶v I wPwKrmvi e¨e ’v K‡i| iv —vNvU wbg©vb, cvbxq R‡ji mieivn my¯’ I Amnvq gvby‡li mvnvh¨ I c~be©vmb BZ¨vw` wewea mgvR †mevg~jK Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b K‡i|

e¨w³ ^vaxbZv I ^vZš¿ msi¶Y

Kj¨vYKvgx ivóª e¨w³i ^vaxbZv I ^vZš¿ i¶vi gva¨‡g e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki c_ D¤§y³ K‡i| Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª e¨w³ ^vaxbZvi Dchy³ cwi‡ek m„wó Ges e¨w³i AwaKvi msi¶Y K‡i|

RxebhvÎvi gvb msi¶Y

Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª bvMwiK‡`i g‡a¨ weivRgvb A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨ ~i K‡i Rxeb hvÎvi b� ¨bZg gvb (Minimum standard of living) msi¶‡Yi e¨e ’v K‡i| mgv‡Ri abx `wi‡ ªi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb ˆelg¨ ~i K‡i mvgvwRK fvimvg¨ i¶v K‡i|

mK‡ji ^v_© msi¶Y

Kj¨vYg~jKivóª RvwZ, ag©, †kªYx ,‡Mvôx wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji mvaviY ^v_© msi¶iY K‡i| G e¨e ’v we‡kl †kªYx ev †Mvôxi ^v_© i¶v K‡i bv| kªwgK, e¨emvqx, wkícwZ mK‡ji ¯^v_© i¶vi Rb¨ m‡Pó nq|

c~Y© Kg©ms ’vb

Kj¨vYg~jKiv‡óª c~Y© Kg©ms ’vb‡K j¶¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| DBwjqvg †efvwiR Zvi "Full Employment in a Free Society" Mª‡š’ c~Y© Kg©ms ’vb‡K Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óªi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© ˆewkó¨ e‡j D‡j −L K‡i‡Qb|

ga¨gcš’v Aej¤^b

A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª ga¨cš’v Aej¤^b K‡i| e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv I ivóªxq gvwjKvbvi g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ weavb K‡i gvby‡li ytL K‡ói jvNe K‡i _v‡K| cuywRev`x I mgvRZvwš¿K e¨e ’vi mgš^q NwU‡q mydj jv‡fi e¨e ’v K‡i|y

wk¶v ms¯‹…wZ

Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª gvby‡li g‡a¨ D`viZv‡eva, gy³eyw×, gy³wPš—v Ges AvÍwek¦v‡mi cÖwZ we‡kl ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i| G j‡¶¨ mvwnZ¨- ms¯‹…wZ wkíKjv I agx©q g~j¨‡eva weKv‡k ivóª g‡bv‡hvMx nq| mvs¯‹…wZK weKv‡ki Rb¨ ivóª Kwe, wkíx mvwnwZ¨K I eyw×Rxex‡`i Drmvn w`‡q _v‡Kb|

mviK_v gvby‡li mvwe©K Kj¨vY mvabB Kj¨vY iv‡óªi Avmj D‡Ïk¨| GB iv‡óªi hveZxq m¤ú` mvgvwRK g½‡ji Rb¨ e¨q Kiv nq| Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª Rbmvavi‡Yi mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK wbivcËv weavb K‡i| Gai‡Yi ivóª RvwZ, ag©, wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji mvaviY ¯^v_© i¶v K‡i Ges mgv‡R fvimvg¨ Avbqb K‡i | AvaywbK we‡k¦i mKj MYZvwš¿K ivóª Kg †ekx Kj¨vYKvgx ivóª|

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-41

GmGmGBPGj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb eû wbevPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| 1| iv‡óªi mgy`q m¤ú` bvMwi‡Ki mvwe©K Kj¨v‡Y wb‡qvwRZ Kiv nq- (K) mgvRZvwš¿K iv‡óª; (L) MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª; (M) cuywRev`x iv‡óª; (N) Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óª| 2| iv‡óªi Kvh©vejx m¤ú‡K© RbM‡Yi g‡b ˆec−weK cwieZ©b m~wPZ nq KLb? (K) wesk kZvãxi wØZxq `k‡K; (L) Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z; (M) Ewbk kZ‡K; (N) wesk kZvãxi Z…Zxq `k‡K| 3| ivwkqvi mgvRZvwš¿K wec−e msNwUZ nq KZ mv‡j? (K) 1917; (L) 1918; (M) 1817; (N) 1920| 4| Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óªi msL¨v e„w× cvq KLb? (K) cÖ_g wek¦hy†×i ci; (L) wØZxq wek¦hy‡Øi ci; (M) divmx wec−‡ei ci; (N) i“k wec−‡ei ci| 5| RxebhvÎvi b~¨bZg gvb †Kvb ai‡bi iv‡óªi j¶¨? (K) MYZvwš¿K ivóª; (L) mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª; (M) mvg¨ev`x ivóª; (N) Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª| 6| Full Employment in a free Society MÖ‡š’i †jLK †K? (K) nvev©U †¯úbmvi; (L) Rb ózqvU© wgj; (M) Dnwjqvg †efvwiR; (N) Rb jK| DËi gvjv: 1 (N), 2 (K), 3 (K), 4 (L), 5 (N) I 6 (M)| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1| Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óªªi msÁv w`b| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1| Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óªi D™¢e I ˆewkó¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-42

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

4

iv‡óªi DrcwË iv‡óªi DrcwË msµvš— wewfbœ gZev` ivóªweÁv‡bi Av‡jvPbvq GK wewkó ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q| hy‡M hy‡M wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK `vk©wbK I wPš—vwe` iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ aviYv †cvlY K‡i‡Qb| Gi cÖavb KviY G wel‡q †Kvb HwZnvwmK Z_¨, cÖgvYvw` ev `wj‡ji Abycw¯’wZ| m½Z Kvi‡YB iv‡óªi m„wó m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ gZev` M‡o D‡V‡Q| Gme gZev‡`i ga¨ w`‡q ïaygvÎ iv‡óªi DrcwËB e¨vL¨v Kiv nq wb †mB mv‡_ iv‡óªi j¶¨, D‡Ïk¨ I Kg©Kv‡Êi wewfbœ welq, w`‡KiI cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q| †hgb G †_‡K miKvi I RbM‡Yi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK,© miKv‡ii iƒc, mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi Aeqe Ges Gi Ae¯’vb, kvmK- kvwm‡Zi m¤úK© cÖf…wZ welq m¤ú‡K©I aviYv jvf Kiv| myZivs ejv hvq, iv‡óªi DrcwË msµvš— gZev`¸‡jvi ¸i“Z¡ I Zvrch© AZ¨waK| Gme ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wel‡qi DciB Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q G BDwb‡U|

G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡jv n‡”Q:

1 : Hk¦wiK gZev` 2 : ejcÖ‡qvM gZev`

3 : mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` 4 : ˆRe gZev`

5 : gvK©mxq gZev` 6 : HwZnvwmK gZev` ev weeZ©bev`

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-43

GmGmGBPGj

cvV -1

Hk¦wiK gZev` D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© Hk¦wiK gZev` wK Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; Hk¦wiK gZev‡`i mgv‡jvPbv m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡Z cvi‡eb|

Hk¦wiK gZev`:

Hk¦wiK gZev` iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© me©vwaK cÖvPxb gZev`| Hk¦wiK gZev‡`i g~j K_v n‡”Q- ivóª Hk¦‡ii m„wó Ges Ck¦‡ii B”Qv‡ZB ivóª cwiPvwjZ| cvw_©e RM‡Z ivRv n‡jb Ck¦‡ii cÖwZwbwa Ges ivRvi gva¨‡gB Ck¦‡ii B”Qv cÖKvwkZ nq| ivRvi wei“‡× we‡`ªvn Kiv ag©‡`ªvwnZvi kvwgj|

G gZev` Abymv‡i ivRv Zvui hveZxq Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Ck¦‡ii wbKU `vqx _vK‡eb, cªRv‡`i wbKU bq| Hk¦wiK gZev` wbf©i ga¨hyMxq iv󪸇jv‡K ZvB ejv nq ag©xq ivóª (Theocratic State)

ivóª Ck¦‡ii m„wó Ges cvw_©e RM‡Z ivRv Ck¦‡ii cÖwZwbwa Hk¦wiK gZev‡`i mg_©b cvIqv hvq cÖvPxbKv‡j, ga¨hy‡M GgbwK AvaywbK hy‡Mi cÖ_g ch©v‡qI| cÖvPxbKv‡j Bû`xiv g‡b KiZ ivóª Ck¦‡ii m„wó Ges Ck¦i ivRv‡K g‡bvbqb K‡i‡Qb| ga¨hy‡MI GB gZev‡`i †Rvi mg_©b cwijw¶Z nq| †m hy‡Mi wPš—vwe` †m›U AMvwób, †m›U Ugvm GKzBbvm, Rb Ae †mwjmevix AZ¨š— `„pZvi m‡½ e‡jb, ivóª Ck¦‡ii m„wó Avi Bn‡jv‡K Zvui cÖwZwbwa n‡jb ivRv| †lvok I mß`k kZvãx‡Z Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRv cÖ_g †Rgm& Ges Zvi cyÎ cÖ_g Pvj©m& Hk¦ ¦ ¦ wiK gZev‡` mg_©b ¯’vcb K‡i cÖRv‡`i AwaKvi A¯^xKvi K‡ib | d«v‡Ýi ivRv PZz`©k jyB GB gZev‡` †h ïay wek¦vmx wQ‡jb Zv bq, wZwb wb‡R‡K Ck¦‡ii eicyÎ e‡j g‡Z Ki‡Zb| Z‡e AvaywbKKv‡j †i‡bmuv ev beRvMiY, RvZxqZvev`, hyw³ev` I MYZvwš¿K a¨vb-avibvi weKv‡ki m‡½ m‡½ iv‡óªi Hk¦wiK gZev` msµvš— aviYv `ye©j n‡Z _v‡K|

Hk¦wiK gZev‡`i mgv‡jvPbv: • ejv nq †h, GB gZev` ivRZ‡š¿i gyLcvÎ| GwU ivR‡š¿i cÖwZ AwaK gvÎvq kª×vkxj| Ck¦‡ii

mwZ¨Kvi cÖwZwbwa †K? G cÖ‡kœi mwVK DËi Hk¦wiK gZev‡` cvIqv hvq bv| • G gZev` A‡hŠw³K| G‡Z wek¦v‡mi Dci AZ¨waK ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq, hyw³i Dci bq| • G gZev` AMYZvwš¿K, †Kbbv G‡Z Ck¦iB mKj ¶gZvi AwaKvix Ges kvmK wn‡m‡e ivRv

Zvui cÖwZwbwa gvÎ | kvmK Zvui mKj Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Ck¦‡ii wbKU `vqeØ _vK‡eb, RbM‡Yi wbKU bq| wKš‘ MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq kvmK‡K RbM‡Yi wbKU `vqe× _vKvi e¨ve¯’v Kiv nq| Kv‡RB iv‡óªi DrcwËi Hk¦wiK gZev` m¤ú~Y© AMYZvwš¿K|

• Hk¦wiK gZev` ivóª‡K GK cÖKvi ˆ`e cÖwZôvb e‡j g‡b K‡i| wKš‘ ev¯—‡e ivóª n‡”Q gvbexq cÖwZôvb| Ck¦i wek¦‡K m„wó K‡i‡Qb wKš‘ ivó bvgK cÖwZôv‡bi mªóv n‡”Q gvbyl| Avi gvbyl ivóªxq msMVb ˆZix K‡i‡Q Zv‡`i cvw_©e cÖ‡qvRb †gUvevi Rb¨|

• G gZev` Ø›Ø Kj‡ni m„wó K‡i| cÖPxbKv‡j MÖxK I †ivgvb‡`i Øviv G gZev` cÖZ¨vL¨vZ n‡q‡Q| ga¨hy‡M G gZev` †cvc I mgªv‡Ui g‡a¨ we‡iv‡ai m„wó K‡i‡Q| Kv‡RB G gZev` †h cÖwZwµqvkxj (Reactionary)Zv ejvB evûj¨|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-44

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Hk¦wiK gZev‡`i ¸i“Z¡ I cÖfve AvaywbKv‡j Hk¦wiK gZev`‡K AMYZvwš¿K, A‡hŠw³K, cÖwZwµqvkxj e‡j mgv‡jvPbv Kiv m‡Ë¡I Gi †h G‡Kev‡i †Kvb ¸i“Z¡ ev cÖfve †bB Zv ejv hvq bv| we‡kl K‡i cÖvPxb I ga¨hy†M G gZev‡`i ¸i“Z¡ I cÖfve h‡_ó cwigv‡Y cwi`„ó nq| AÁZv I AÜKviv”Qbœ cwi‡e‡k AvBb- k„•Ljvi cÖwZ kvmK I kvwmZ †kªYxi g‡a¨ wKQyUv cwigv‡Y n‡jI kª×v‡eva R‡b¥| A‡bK ˆ¯^ivPvix kvmK‡K G gZev` agx©q Abykvm‡bi w`‡K AbycÖvwYZ K‡i| d‡j Zvuiv ivóª kvm‡b †m Abykvmb †g‡b Pj‡Z Af¨¯— nq| myôfv‡e ivóªxq kvmb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ G gZev` HK¨‡ev‡ai cÖ‡qvRb †kLvq| m‡e©vcwi Hk¦wiK gZev‡`i dj wn‡m‡e ga¨hy‡M ivóª-MxR©vi g‡a¨ †h ؇›Øi m„wó nq Zvi Aemv‡b †klch©š— c‡iv¶fv‡e n‡jI AvaywbK RvZxq ivóª I ag©wb‡c¶Zvi weRq m~wPZ nq|

mviK_v iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© Hk¦wiK gZev‡`i g~j K_v n‡”Q, ivóª Ck¦‡ii m„wó Ges Zuvi B”Qv‡ZB ivóª cwiPvwjZ| cvw_©e RM‡Z ivRv Ck¦‡ii cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb| ivRv Zvi mKj Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Ck¦‡ii wbKU `vqx _vK‡eb; RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q bq| AvaywbKKv‡j G gZev` mg_©b‡hvM¨ bq| ivóª †Kvb ˆ`e cÖwZôvb bq; ivóª gvby‡li m„ó ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb|

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-45

GmGmGBPGj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| 1. iv‡óªi DrcwËi †¶‡Î Hk¦wiK gZev` nj- K. AvaywbK; L. me©vwaK cÖvPxb; M. Lye †ewk cÖvPxb bq; N. cÖvPxb MÖx‡m cÖPwjZ gZev`|

2. iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© Hk¦wiK gZev‡`i g~j K_v wK? K. Ck¦i mivmwi ivóª kvmb K‡ib; L. Ck¦‡ii cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e ivRv iv‡óªi kvmb-Kvh© cwiPvjbv K‡ib; M. ivRv Zvi Kg©Kv‡Êi Rb¨ RbM‡Yi wbKU `vqx _vK‡eb; N. ivóª Ck¦‡ii m„wó|

3. Hk¦wiK gZev‡`i Dci wbf©ikxj iv󪸇jv‡K ejv nq- K. Ck¦‡ii ivóª; L. agx©q ivóª; M. ivRZš¿; N. cÖRvZš¿|

4. Hk¦wiK gZev‡`i d‡j †h Ø›Ø-Kj‡ni m„wó nq Zv- K. gvby‡l-gvby‡l; L. ivóª I MxR©vi g‡a¨; M. kvmK I kvwm‡Zi g‡a¨; N. agx©q Abykvmb I †jvKvPv‡ii g‡a¨| DËigvjv: 1. L, 2. N, 3. L, 4. L| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. Hk¦wiK gZev‡`i g~j K_v wK? 2. ÔHk¦wiK gZev` ivóª‡K ˆ`e cÖwZôvb e‡j g‡b K‡iÕ| e³e¨wU m¤úÖmvwiZ Ki“b| 3. cÖvPxbKv‡j I ga¨hy‡M iv‡óªi DrcwˇZ Hk¦wiK gZev‡`i cÖfve eY©bv Ki“b| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. Avcwb wK g‡b K‡ib †h, iv‡óªi DrcwË msµvš— gZev` wn‡m‡e Hk¦wiK gZev` A‡hŠw³K Ges AMYZvwš¿K? Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-46

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV -2

ejcÖ‡qvM gZev` D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© ej cÖ‡qvM gZev`wU e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; ej cÖ‡qvM gZev‡`i mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤úwK©Z ejcÖ‡qvM gZev`x‡`i g‡Z, gvbyl ¯^fveZtB ¶gZvwjáy Ges KjncÖeY I ejev‡bi c~uRvix| Avw`Kvj †_‡K mej `yÕe©‡ji Dci AvwacZ¨ we¯—vi K‡i Avm‡Q| ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g ejevb e¨w³ ev †Mvôx `ye© ©j e¨vw³ ev †Mvwôx‡K ekxf‚Z K‡i D³ e¨w³ ev †Mvôxi Dci cÖfyZ¡ ¯’vcb Ki‡Z m‡Pó nq| Gfv‡eB cieZx©‡Z wewfbœ DcRvwZi D™¢e nq Ges ax‡i ax‡i †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ msNl© ev‡a| GB msN‡l© weRqx DcRvwZ wewRZ DcRvwZi Dci cÖfzZ¡ Ki‡Z _v‡K| weRqx DcRvwZi `jcwZ RbM‡Yi kvmK ev mgªvU e‡j ¯^xK…Z nq| d‡j D™¢e nq iv‡óªi| myZivs GwU ¯úó †h, ej cÖ‡qvM gZev` Abymv‡i iv‡ói DrcwË n‡q‡Q ˆ`wnK ej ev kw³i gva¨‡g| ïay ZvB bq, Gfv‡e m„ó ivóª ejcÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g wU‡KI _v‡K |

ejcÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g iv‡óªi m„wó n‡q‡Q G aviYvq Av¯’v ¯’vcb K‡ib †ek K‡qKRb ivóªweÁvbx| Zvu‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Qb I‡cbn¨vBgvi (Openheimer), †RsKm& (Jenks), †R‡jwbK, †KvKvi (Coker), jxKK&, cÖgyL| I‡cbn¨vBgvi e‡jb, ÔÔDrcwˇZ m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Ges Aw¯—‡Z¡i cÖ_g ch©v‡q Acwinvh©fv‡e I m¤ú~Y©fv‡e ivóª weRqxi ejcÖ‡qvM Øviv wewRZ gvbe m¤úÖ`v‡qi Dci cÖwZwôZ GK mvgvwRK cÖwZôvbÕÕ| ivóªweÁvbx †RsKm&-Gi g‡Z ÔÔHwZnvwmK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j GwU ¯úó †h, AvaywbK iv󪸇jv g~jZ mdj hy× weMÖ‡niB djkÖ“wZÕÕ| †R‡jwbK wj‡L‡Qb, ÔÔhLb †Kvb ejevb †bZv Zvi Abymvix I mn‡hvMx‡`i mnvqZvq †Kvb GjvKv ev A‡ji Dci ¯’vqxfv‡e AvwacZ¨ we¯—vi K‡i‡Q ZLbB ivóª m„wó n‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q|Ó †KvKvi-Gi g‡Z, ej cÖ‡qvM, fq-fxwZ cÖ`k©b I hy×evw`Zvi gva¨‡g ivóª cÖwZôv jvf K‡i‡Q| jxKK G cÖm‡½ e‡jb, ÔÔHwZnvwmK w`K w`‡q wePvi Ki‡j iv‡óªi DrcwËi mÜvb Ki‡Z n‡e gvbyl Øviv gvby‡li Dci AvµgY Ges gvbe m¤úÖ`vq‡K `vm‡Z¡i k„•L‡j Ave× Kivi g‡a¨, `ye©j DcRvwZ¸‡jvi Dci AvµgY I Zv‡`i AaxbZvq Avbvi g‡a¨ Ges m‡ev©cwi ejev‡bi ¯^v_© I cÖfzZ¡ - wjávi g‡a¨ÕÕ|

myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q, ej cÖ‡qvM gZev‡`i Avmj e³e¨ n‡jv ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g iv‡óªi DrcwË N‡U‡Q ; Ab¨†Kvb Dcv`vb G‡¶‡Î †Zgb wµqvkxj bq| iv‡óªi DrcwˇZ ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi f‚wgKv _vKv m‡Ë¡I GB gZev`wU wewfbœfv‡e mgv‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q|

ejcÖ‡qvM gZev‡`i mgv‡jvPbv • ejcÖ‡qvM gZev`wU GKwU åvš— gZev` e‡j A‡b‡K g‡b K‡i _v‡K| ivóª MV‡b ˆ`wnK kw³ ev

ej Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb m‡›`n †bB, Z‡e GwU GKgvÎ Dcv`vb bq| ˆ`wnK ej QvovI gvby‡li mvgvwRK cÖK…wZ, agx©q HK¨‡eva, K…wóMZ ivR‰bwZK †PZbv cÖf…wZ Dcv`vb ivóª MV‡b cÖfzZ cwigv‡Y mnvqZv K‡i‡Q|

• ejcÖ‡qvM gZev`‡K ˆbwZKZvi w`K †_‡K mg_©b Kiv hvq bv| GwU ˆ¯^iZ‡š¿i c_ cÖk¯— K‡i Ges RbM‡Yi ¯^vaxbZv, AwaKvi I MYZvwš¿K Av`‡k©i m¤ú~Y© cwicš’x| GB gZev` cvkweK kw³i cÖwZf‚| m½Z Kvi‡YB GwU eb¨‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨, mf¨ gvby‡li Rb¨ bq|

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-47

GmGmGBPGj

• G gZev` e¨w³¯^vZ‡š¿¨i cwicš’x| GwU e¨w³i gh©v`v I ¯^vZš¿¨‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i| GwU kvwš— I cÖMwZi cwicš’x|

• G gZev` AZ¨š— gvivZœK I fqven| GwU Avš—RvwZ©K kvwš— I msnwZi we‡ivax | ejcÖ‡qvM gZev` †Kej hy×ev‡`i cÖe³v; GwU gvbe Pwi‡Î ïay ¶z`ªZv I bxPZv Ly u‡R cvq| wKš‘ gvbe Pwi‡Î †Kej ¶z`ªZv I bxPZviB mÜvb †g‡j bv; DbœZ Av`k© I mvgvwRK Kj¨vY mva‡bi B”QvI cwijw¶Z nq|

• ejcÖ‡qvM gZev` RbgZ‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i| wKš‘ iv‡óªi ¯’vwq‡Z¡i Rb¨ RbgZ I RbM‡Yi B”Qv GKvš— cÖ‡qvRb| †Kej ˆ`wnK kw³i Dci wbf©i K‡i †h miKvi wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i bv BwZnv‡m Zvi A‡bK cÖgvY i‡q‡Q| Rvg©vbxi wnUjvi, BZvjxi gy‡mvwjbx, ivwkqvi Rvi Gi Rjš— `„óvš—| cÖK…Zc‡¶ iv‡óªi Aw¯—Z¡ I ¯’vwqZ¡ wbf©i K‡i RbM‡Yi B”Qvi Dci| Bs‡iR `vk©wbK wU, GBP, MÖxY (T.H. Green), ZvB h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb| ÔÔej bq RbM‡Yi B”QvB iv‡óªi wfwËÕÕ (''Will, not force is the basis of state``). iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© ejcÖ‡qvM gZev` mg_©b †hvM¨ bv nIqv m‡Ë¡I G gZev‡`i †h †Kvbiƒc ¸i“Z¡ I cªfve †h †bB Zv bq| GK_v me©Rb¯^xK…Z †h, ej ev kw³i mg_©b e¨ZxZ ivóª wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| ivóªvf¨š—‡i kvwš—-k„•Ljv eRvq ivLv Ges ewntkΓi AvµgY †_‡K ivóª‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨I kw³i cÖ‡qvRb| GKvi‡YB ejv nq †h, ÔÔivóª GKwU ejcÖ‡qvMKvix cÖwZôvbÕÕ ('The state is a coercive institution)Õ.

¸i“Z¡ I cÖfve †Kej cÖvPxb I ga¨hy‡MB bq, AvaywbK hy‡MI ejcÖ‡qvM gZev†`i cÖfve j¶¨bxq| MÖxK exi Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii w`wM¦Rq, †ivgvb mvgªv‡R¨i DÌvb-cZb, AvaywbKKv‡j Rvg©vbxi wnUjvi I BZvjxi gy‡mvwjbxi ivóª kvmb GgbwK mv¤úÖwZK Kv‡ji Avš—-ivóª m¤ú‡K©i A¯¿ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv, iv‡óªi DrcwË I Zv wU‡K _vKvi †cQ‡b ej cÖ‡qvM‡KB mg_©b †`q| ivóªwPš—vi BwZnv‡m A‡bK `vk©wbK I ivóªweÁvbx G gZev` Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q‡Qb| Kv‡RB G gZev‡`i ¸i“Z¡‡K Lv‡Uv K‡i †`Lvi †Kvb AeKvk †bB|

mviK_v iv‡óªi DrcwËi †¶‡Î ej cÖ‡qvM gZev` ˆ`wnK ev cvkweK e‡ji gva¨‡g iv‡óªi DrcwË n‡q‡Q e‡j wek¦vm K‡i| ïay ZvB bq Gfv‡e m„ó ivóª Avevi e‡ji gva¨‡gB wU‡K _v‡K| G gZev‡` Av¯’v ¯’vcbKvix †jLKMY e‡jb, HwZnvwmK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j GwU AbywgZ nq †h, AvaywbK ivóªmg~n g~jZ mk¯¿ hy×--weMÖ‡niB dj| wKš‘ G gZev`‡K eZ©gv‡b Avi mwVK a‡i †bqv nq bv| AvaywbKKv‡j ivóªweÁvbxMY ivóª‡K RbM‡Yi m¤§wZi Dci cÖwZwôZ e‡j g‡b K‡ib| RbM‡Yi m¤§wZB iv‡óªi cÖK…Z wfwË|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-48

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| 1. ej cÖ‡qvM gZev` Abymv‡i iv‡óªi DrcwË wKfv‡e n‡q‡Q? K. ˆ`wnK e‡ji gva¨‡g; L. ˆ`e kw³i gva¨‡g; M. Pzw³i gva¨‡g; N. RbM‡Yi B”Qvi gva¨‡g| 2. ejcÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g iv‡óªi m„wó n‡q‡Q G aviYvq wek¦vm ¯’vcb K‡ib- K. jv¯‹x; L. Mvb©vi; M. g¨vKvBfvi; N. †KvKvi| 3. ÔHwZnvwmK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j GwU ¯úó †h, AvaywbK ivóªmg~n g~jZ mdj hy×-weMÖ‡ni djÕ- Dw³wU †K K‡i‡Qb? K. jxKK; L. †KvKvi; M. †RsKm&; N. I‡cbn¨vBgvi| 4. Ôiv‡óªi wfwË n‡”Q RbM‡Yi m¤§wZ, ej bqÕ- G Dw³wU Kvi? K. Rb j‡Ki; L. jv¯‹xi; M. i“‡kvi; N. wU. GBP. MÖx‡bi| DËigvjv: 1. K, 2. N, 3. M, 4. N| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. iv‡óªi DrcwË msµvš— gZev` wn‡m‡e ej cÖ‡qvM gZev‡`i g~j e³e¨ wjwce× Ki“b| 2. iv‡óªi DrcwËi †¶‡Î ej cÖ‡qvM gZev`wU ˆbwZKZvi w`K †_‡K mg_©b‡hvM¨ bq †Kb? iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. iv‡óªi DrcwËi †¶‡Î ej cÖ‡qvM gZev`wU mgv‡jvPbvmn Av‡jvPbv Ki“b| 2. Ôej bq, RbM‡Yi B”QvB iv‡óªi wfwËÕ -G e³e¨wU we‡k −lY Ki“b|

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-49

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mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev`

cvV -3

D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev‡`i g~j K_v wK Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; nem, jK I i“‡kvi g‡Z Ôgvbe cÖK…wZÕ †Kgb wQj Ges ÔcÖK…wZi ivR¨Õ m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i aviYv †Kgb wQj Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; nem, jK I i“‡kvi g‡Z mvgvwRK Pzw³i cÖK…wZ †Kgb wQj †m m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev‡`i ¸i“Z¡ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

iv‡óªi DrcwË msµvš— gZev`¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` GKwU wewkó ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q| GB gZev` †Kej iv‡óªi DrcwË I cÖK…wZB we‡k −lY K‡i bv GwU iv‡óªi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi DciI ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i| ivóª weavZvi mw„ó bq, †Kvbiƒc ˆ`wnK ej ev kw³i gva¨‡gI iv‡óªi m„wó nq wb, eis iv‡óªi DrcwË n‡q‡Q mvgvwRK Pzw³i gva¨‡g|

mvgvwRK Pzw³gZev‡`i g~jK_v iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev‡` wek¦vmx‡`i g‡Z ivóª cÖwZôvi c~‡e© †Kvbiƒc miKvi ev wbqš¿YKvix e¨e¯’vi Aw¯—Z¡ wQj bv| ZLb gvbyl ÔcÖK…wZi iv‡R¨Õ (State of Nature) emevm KiZ Ges cÖvK…wZK wewa-weavb †g‡b PjZ| wKš‘ Kvjµ‡g †Kvb cÖKvi ivR‰bwZK msMV‡bi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z D³ wewa-weavb mymsnZ fv‡e M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i wb| d‡j †m¸‡jv cvj‡bi †¶‡Î wewfbœ ai‡Yi RwUjZv I Amyweav †`Lv †`q| G Ae¯’v †_‡K cwiÎvY jvf Kivi Rb¨ RbMY miKvi MV‡bi j‡¶¨ Pzw³e× n‡q AvB‡bi AaxbZv ¯^xKvi K‡i| Kv‡RB mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev‡`i g~j K_v nj , ivóª Pzw³i gva¨‡g m„wó n‡q‡Q| ivóª mvgvwRK Pzw³i dj¯^iƒc|

iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` †ek cÖvPxb| MÖxK `vk©wbK †c −‡Uv (Plato) Ges GwióU‡ji (Aristotle) ivóª `k©‡b mvgvwRK Pzw³i wKQyUv Avfvm _vK‡jI Zvuiv Pzw³ev‡` Av¯’v ¯’vcb K‡ib wb| GwcwKDixq (Epicurean) `k©‡bI mvgvwRK Pzw³i Avfvm cvIqv hvq| ga¨hyMxq BD‡iv‡cI Pzw³ev‡`i aviYv cwi`„ó nq| Z‡e mß`k kZvãx‡Z Ugvm nem& (Thomas Hobbes) Ges Rb jK (John Locke) Ges Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z R¨uv R¨v uK i“‡kvi (Jean Jaques Rousseau) KvQ †_‡K mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` cwic~Y© e¨vL¨v I mg_©b jvf K‡i| ejv evûj¨, G wZbRb `vk©wb‡Ki cÖ‡Z¨‡KB ÔcÖK…wZi ivR¨Õ †_‡K ïi“ K‡ib | wKš‘ Zvuiv mK‡jB ÔcÖK…wZi iv‡R¨iÕ ¯^iƒc, Pzw³i aiY Ges mve©‡fŠg KZ© „Z¡ m¤ú‡K© wfbœgZ †cvlY K‡ib|

ne‡mi mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev`

ne&m wQ‡jb mß`k kZvãxi GKRb weL¨vZ Bs‡iR `vk©wbK| †m mgq Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRv I cvj©v‡g‡›Ui ga¨Kvi ¶gZvi ؛؇K †K›`ª K‡i †h M„nhy‡×i (Civil War) m~Pbv nq Zv‡Z K‡i AvBb-k„•Ljvi Pig AebwZ N‡U| RbRxe‡b Pig wech©q †b‡g Av‡m| nem& G mgq ZLb Zvui cÖwm× ÔÔw` †jwfqv_vbÕÕ (The Leviathan) MÖš’ iPbvi gva¨‡g ivRZš¿‡K mg_©b K‡ib| D‡Ïk¨ wQj Bsj¨v‡Ûi we`¨gvb M„nhy‡×i Aemvb Ges RbRxe‡b †b‡g Avmv wech©q †iva Kiv| nem& iv‡óªi DrcwË msµvš— aviYv we‡k −lY Ki‡Z wM‡q mvgvwRK Pzw³i Avkªq wb‡q‡Qb| Avi mvgvwRK Pzw³ we‡k −l‡Y wZwb ÔcÖK…wZi ivR¨Õ (''State of Nature'') Ges Ô gvbe cÖK…wZÕ (ÔHuman Nature') m¤ú©‡K Zvui AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| ne&‡mi g‡Z, iv‡óªi DrcwËi c~‡e© gvbyl

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-50

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq ÔcÖK…wZi iv‡R¨Õ emevm KiZ| GB ÔcÖK…wZi iv‡R¨Õ wQj GK fqven I `ytmn Ae¯’v| †mLv‡b †Kvb AvBb-k„•Ljv we`¨gvb wQjbv| d‡j gvbyl ci¯úi Ø›Ø-Kj‡n wjß _vKZ| `ye©‡ji Dci wQj me‡ji AZ¨vPvi I wbcxob| Ggwb cwi‡e‡k Kv‡iv c‡¶ kvwš—c~Y© Rxeb hvcb Kiv m¤¢e wQj bv| ÔcÖK…wZi iv‡R¨Õ Ô†Rvi hvi g~j − yK Zvi Õ GB Ae¯’v weivRgvb wQj| m½Z Kvi‡YB †mLv‡b †Kvb b¨vqwePviI wQjbv| gvbyl me©`vB fqfxwZi g‡a¨ Rxeb AwZevwnZ KiZ| ne&m ÔcÖK…wZi ivR¨Õ †K eY©bv K‡i‡Qb Gfv‡e t ÔcÖK…wZi iv†R¨Õ gvbe Rxeb wQj wbtm½, `wi`ª, wb`©q, cvkweK Ges ¶Y¯’vqx (Life in the State of Nature was solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short) wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb, ÔÔ cÖK…wZi iv‡R¨ †Kvb wkí, wk¶v, I mgv‡Ri Aw¯—Z¡ wQj bv, eis †mLv‡b wQj Pig g„Zz¨i wbiš—i fq I wec`Ó| ÔcÖK…wZi iv†R¨iÕ Dc‡iv³ eY©bv †`qvi ci nem& Ôgvbe cÖK…wZÕ m¤ú©‡K Zvui AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| gvbe cÖK…wZ‡Z wZwb ¯^v_©ciZv I AvZœ‡Kw›`ªKZvi Dcv`vb cÖZ¨¶ K‡ib| gvbyl‡K wZwb Roe¯‘i m‡u½ Zzjbv K‡i Zv‡`i‡K Roe¯‘i gZB Kvh©KviY m¤ú‡K©i wbqš¿Yvaxb e‡j D‡j −L K‡i‡Qb| g~jK_v gvbyl n‡jv Pig ¯^v_©ci, Av͇Kw›`ªK, Awek¦vmx Ges KjncÖeY| ÔcÖK…wZi ivR¨Õ I Ôgvbe cÖK…wZiÕ Giƒc aviYv ‡_‡K nem& G wm×v‡š— DcbxZ nb †h, gvby‡li Rb¨ GKwU DËg I wbivc` Rxeb hvc‡bi cÖ‡qvRb| Avi G Kvi‡Y GKw`b gvbyl wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ GK Pzw³ m¤úv`b Kij| G Pzw³i gva¨‡g Zviv Zv‡`i mKj AwaKvi GKRb KZ… ©c‡¶i nv‡Z mgc©b Kij| ni‡mi G Pzw³i cÖK…wZ wQj GiKg ÔÔ Avwg wb‡R‡K kvmb Kivi AwaKvi Z¨vM K‡i H e¨w³ ev e¨w³e‡M©i nv‡Z ¶gZv mgc©Y Kijvg G k‡Z© †h, ZzwgI †Zvgvi AwaKvi H GKBfv‡e Zv‡K ev Zv‡`i mK‡ji nv‡Z Ac©Y K‡i mKj ¶gZv Z¨vM Ki‡eÕÕ| Gfv‡e Pzw³i d‡j ÔcÖK…wZi ivR¨Õ GKwU iv‡óª iƒcvš—wiZ nq| iv‡óªi kvmbfvi Awc©Z nq GKRb mve©‡fŠg kvm‡Ki nv‡Z| GB mve‡fŠg kvmKB n‡jb me©gq ¶gZvi AwaKvix| ne&‡mi mvgvwRK Pzw³‡Z RbMY ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ Pzw³‡Z Ave× nq| wKš‘ G‡¶‡Î RbMY I ivRvi m‡½ †Kvbiƒc Pzw³ ¯’vwcZ nq wb | ivRv Z_v kvmK wQ‡jb Pzw³i evB‡i| d‡j Zv GKai‡bi GKZidv Pzw³‡Z (Unitateral Contract) cwiYZ nq| ivRv Zvui B”Qvbymv‡i ivóªkvm‡bi ¶gZv jvf K‡ib, RbMY ivRvi wei“×vPiY Kivi ¶gZv wPiZ‡i nvivq | G†Z K‡i ivRvi c‡¶ †¯^”QvPvix nIqvi c~Y© my‡hvM †_‡K †Mj| ivRkw³ m‡e©mev© n‡q D‡V| ivRkw³i B”Qvbymv‡i RbMY †h †Kvb ai‡bi kvw¯— †fvM Ki‡e| G†Z RbM‡Yi AwaKvi nq D‡cw¶Z| nem g‡b Ki‡Zb kvm‡Ki Dci RbM‡Yi KZ© „Z¡ Kivi AwaKvi w`‡j gvbyl Avevi cÖK…wZi iv‡R¨ wd‡i †h‡Z cv‡i| myZivs G AwaKvi RbM‡Yi nv‡Z _vKv mgxPxb bq| Gfv‡e ne&m Zvui mvgvwRK Pzw³i gva¨‡g Bsj¨v‡Ûi ózqvU© ivRv‡`i †¯^”QvPvix kvmb I wbi¼zk ivRZ‡š¿i cÖwZ mg_©b `vb K‡ib| ¯^fveZB Zvui G gZev` wbi¼zk, Awbqwš¿Z I mev©ZœKev`x ivóª I miKvi e¨e¯’vi cÖwZwe¤^|

j‡Ki mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` mß`k kZvãxi Aci GKRb Bs‡iR `vk©wbK n‡”Qb Rb jK| 1688 mv‡ji †MŠiegq wec −‡ei (Glorious Revolution) d‡j Bsj¨vÛ hLb MYZ‡š¿i Øvi cÖv‡š— G†m Dcw¯’Z nq wVK †m mgq wZwb Zvui ewjô †jLbxi gva¨‡g MYZš¿‡K Av‡iv GKavc GwM‡q wb‡q hvb| ne&‡mi gZ wZwbI miKv‡ii cÖK…wZ I iv‡óªi DrcwË we‡k −lY Ki‡Z wM‡q mvgvwRK Pzw³i Dci wbf©i K‡ib| j‡Ki wPš—vq mvgvwRK Pzw³i aviYv bZzb Avw½‡K g~Z© n‡q I‡V| mvgvwRK Pzw³i e¨vL¨v w`‡Z wM‡q jKI ne&‡mi gZ ÔcÖK…wZi ivR¨Õ Ges Ôgvbe cÖK…wZÕ m¤ú©‡K Zvui aviYv cÖ`vb K‡ib Ges Zvici mvgvwRK Pzw³i cÖK…wZ we‡k −lY K‡ib| j‡Ki g‡Z, cÖK…wZi iv‡R¨ †Kvbiƒc fqven Ae¯’v we`¨gvb wQj bv| †mLv‡b gvby‡li g‡a¨ wQj c~Y© © kvwš— I mvg¨| †Kvbiƒc D”Q„� LjZv, cvkweKZv, nvbvnvwb, Ø›Ø weivRgvb wQj bv| cÖK…wZi iv‡R¨ emevmKvix gvby‡li g‡a¨ wQj ci¯úi mn‡hvwMZv I mngwg©Zv| j‡Ki g‡Z ÔcÖK…wZi iv‡R¨Õ gvbyl cÖvK…wZK weavb (Natural Law) Ges ÔcÖvK…wZK b¨vqbxwZi (Natural Justice) Aax‡b evm KiZ| G `yÔ†Uvi gva¨‡g RbMY G‡K Ac‡ii Rxeb, m¤úwË I

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-51

GmGmGBPGj

¯^vaxbZv i¶v KiZ| myZivs GwU ¯úó †h, j‡Ki g‡Z, ÔcÖK…wZi ivR¨Õ wQj GK wbiew”Qbœ kvwš— I ¯^Mx©q Avb‡›`i cÖZ¨q| Ôgvbe cÖK…wZÕ m¤ú‡K©I j‡Ki aviYv wQj AwZ D”P| Zvui g‡Z gvbyl ¯^fveZB hyw³ev`x I kvwš—wcÖq| gvbe g‡b †jvf-jvjmv _vKv m‡Ë¡I hyw³‡ev‡ai gva¨‡g Zviv †m me cÖeYZv `wg‡q ivL‡Z cÖqvmx nq| GQvovI jK g‡b K‡ib †h, gvbyl bxwZ‡eva ØvivI cwiPvwjZ nq| d‡j †m fvj - g‡›`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z cv‡i| gvbe cÖK…wZ m¤ú©‡K myD”P aviYv †cvlY K‡i wZwb e‡jb, mKj gvbylB mgvb| gvby‡l - gvby‡l †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB|

ÔcÖK…wZi ivR¨Õ I Ôgvbe cÖK…wZÕ m¤ú‡K© DËg aviYv †cvlY Kiv m‡Ë¡I jK e‡jb bvbv Kvi‡Y cÖK…wZi iv‡R¨ wewfbœ cÖKvi ev¯—e Amyweav †`Lv w`j| RbMY cÖvK…wZK AvB‡bi wfbœ wfbœ e¨vL¨v w`‡Z ïi“ Kij| GKRb me©ÁvZ I wbi‡c¶ AvB‡bi e¨vL¨v `vZvi Afv‡e wek„•Ljv †`Lv w`j| GB wek„•Lj Ae¯’v †_‡K cwiÎvY jv‡fi Rb¨ gvbyl Pzw³i Avkªq MÖnY K‡i Ges Pzw³i gva¨‡g ivóª cÖwZôv K‡i|

j‡Ki g‡Z, `y‡Uv Pzw³i gva¨‡g RbMY ivóª cÖwZôv K‡i| cÖ_g Pzw³wU mgMÖ RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ Kiv nq, hvi gva¨‡g mK‡j mK‡ji wbKU Zv‡`i AwaKvi mgc©Y K‡i| Gi d‡j GKwU †hŠ_ mËv ev m¤úÖ`v‡qi nv‡Z RbMY Zv‡`i AwaKvi cÖ`vb Kij| Aciw`‡K wØZxq Pzw³wU msNwUZ nq, kvmK I RbM‡Yi g‡a¨| G Pzw³ Abymv‡i kvmK RbM‡Yi wbKU `vqx _vK‡eb Ges Zv‡`i KvQ †_‡KB ¶gZv jvf Ki‡eb| kvmK Pzw³ f½ Ki‡j RbMY Zvu‡K c`Pz¨Z Ki‡Z cvi‡e| d‡j kvm‡Ki c‡¶ †¯^”QvPvix n‡q DVv m¤¢e bq| Gfv‡e jK Zvui mvgvwRK Pzw³i gva¨‡g Bsj¨v‡Û †MŠiegq wec −‡ei (1688) cÖwZ mg_©b †hvMvb Ges wbqwš¿Z ivRZ‡š¿i c¶ mg_©b K‡ib| d‡j RbM‡Yi gZvg‡Zi Dci Myi“Z¡v‡ivc K‡i RbMY †h me©‡fŠg Zvi cÖwZ jK ¯^xK…wZ Ávcb K‡ib| Ab¨ K_vq wZwb MYZvwš¿K kvmb e¨ve¯’vi wfwË my`„p K‡ib Zvui mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev‡`i gva¨‡g| i“‡kvi mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev‡`i Aci GKRb D‡j −L‡hvM¨ cÖe³v n‡”Qb divmx `vk©wbK Ru¨v R¨vK i“‡kv | wZwb Zvui cÖwm× ÔThe Social Contract'' MÖ‡š’ mvgvwRK Pzw³ e¨vL¨v I we‡k −lY K‡ib| Z‡e G‡¶‡Î wZwb Zvui c~e©eZx `vk©wbK ne&‡mi †P‡q j‡Ki gZvg‡Zi m‡½ AwaK cwigv‡Y GKvZœZv †NvlYv K‡ib|

i“‡kv mvgvwRK Pzw³i cÖK…wZ eY©bv Kivi c~‡e© ÔÔcÖK…wZi iv‡R¨iÕÕ wPÎ Zz‡j a‡ib| Zvue g‡Z ÔcÖK…wZi iv‡R¨iÕ gvbyl my‡L -kvwš—‡Z emevm KiZ| Zv‡`i Rxeb wQj cÖvYeš— I Q›`gq |gvby‡li gv‡S wQj bv †Kvb wnsmv-‡Øl I Ø›Ø Kjn| Aeva, Awbqwš¿Z ¯^vaxbZv †fv‡Mi gva¨‡g Zviv myô, my›`i I wbg©j Rxeb M‡o Zz‡jwQj|

Aek¨ ax‡i ax‡i RbmsL¨v e„w× I e¨w³MZ m¤úwË AR©b I †fvM `L‡ji cÖeYZv gvby‡li g‡a¨ †`Lv w`j| G‡ZK‡i Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Kjn I Ø›Ø -we‡iv‡ai m„wó nq| G Kjn I Ø›Ø we‡ivac~Y© Ae¯’v †_‡K cwiÎvY jv‡fi Rb¨ RbMY wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ ci¯úi GK Pzw³‡Z Ave× nq| Pzw³i d‡j mK‡j †Kvb kvmK ev kvmK‡Mvôxi nv‡Z bq eis mvgwMÖKfv‡e mvgv‡Ri nv‡Z wb‡R‡`i kvmb Kivi AwaKvi Ac©Y Kij| Ae‡k‡l Zviv mK‡j GKwU mvaviY B”Qvi Aaxb¯’ nj|

i“‡kvi g‡Z, GB mvaviY B”Qv n‡jv mve©‡fŠg| wZwb gvby‡li B”Qv‡K mvgwqK B”Qv (Actual Will) Ges ÔcÖK…Z B”QvÕ (Real will) G `yÕfv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| Zvui g‡Z, ÔmvgwqK B”QvÕ gvby‡li ¯^v_©v‡š^lx B”Qv; Avi ÔcÖK…Z B”QvÕ Kj¨vYKi B”Qv| i“‡kv mvaviY B”Qv‡K RbM‡Yi cÖK…Z B”Qvi mgwó e‡j eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| mvaviY B”Qv me©`vB RbKj¨v‡Y wb‡qvwRZ| GwU †Kvb e¨w³ we‡k‡li, gywó‡gq e¨w³e‡M©i wKsev AwaKvsk Rb‡Mvwôi gZI n‡Z cv‡i hw` Gi D‡Ïk¨ nq RbKj¨vY mvab|

Gfv‡e i“‡kvi mvgvwRK Pwz³ gZev` GK ivóªms¯’vi Aax‡b gvby‡li AwaKvi I ¯^vaxbZv‡K mymsnZ iƒc `vb K‡i| Zvui G Pzw³i d‡j †h mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi m„wó nq Zv cÖK…Zc‡¶ RbM‡Yi

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-52

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq mve©‡fŠgZ¡ | cÖm½Z D‡j −L †hvM¨ †h, i“‡kvi G gZev` 1789 mv‡ji divmx wec −‡ei cÖwZ mg_©b †hvMvq|

mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev‡`i mgv‡jvPbv mß`k I Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z hLb mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` cÖ_g cÖ`Ë nq ZLb Zv h‡_ó Av‡jvob m„wó K‡iwQj| wKš‘ Ebwesk kZvãxi cÖ_g †_‡K G gZev` Zvi ¸i“Z¡ nviv‡Z _v‡K| mgv‡jvPK‡`i g‡Z, G gZev` iv‡óªi DrcwËi †h e¨vL¨v w`‡q‡Q Zv wbZvš—B KvíwbK I BwZnvmwei“×| cÖK…Zc‡¶ wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` mgv‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| mgv‡jvPbv¸‡jv wbæiƒc:

• mvgvwRK Pzw³ Ab-HwZnvwmK| iv‡óªi DrcwË Lz uR‡Z wM‡q G gZev` Pzw³i Dci AZ¨waK ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ Zv †Kvb mwVK HwZnvwmK Z‡_¨i Dci cÖwZwôZ bq| BwZnv‡m Ggb †Kvb cÖgvY †bB hv †_‡K G aviYv Rb¥vq †h ivóª Pzw³i dj|

• G gZev` KvíwbK| ev¯—eZvi m‡½ Gi †Kvb wgj cvIqv hvq bv| ÔcÖK…wZi iv‡R¨Õ gvby‡li emevm Kiv wbQK Kíbv gvÎ| GQvov Pzw³i gZ m~² aviYv gvby‡li KL‡bv n‡Z cv‡i bv|

• G gZev` A‡hŠw³K| ÔcÖK…wZi iv‡R¨Õ gvbyl m¤ú~Y© ¯^vaxb wQj e‡j G gZev‡` D‡j −L Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GwU wbZvš—B fzj avi bv | ÔcÖK…wZi iv‡R¨Õ cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi, AvBb I k„•Ljvi K_v wPš—v Kiv AÁZviB cwiPq enb K‡i| Zv Qvov †h RbM‡bi ivóª m¤ú‡K© †Kvb c~e© Ávb wQj bv, Zviv nVvr K‡i ivóª MV‡b cÖe…Ë Ggbfvebv Zv wbZvš—B A‡hŠw³K e‡j g‡b nq|

• G gZev` ¶Y¯’vqx| Pzw³i gva¨‡g m„ó iv‡óªi kZ© †KejgvÎ Pzw³ hviv m¤úv`b K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i DciB eZ©v‡e| Pzw³ m¤úv`bKvix‡`i g„Zz¨i ci Zv‡`i cieZx© eskai‡`i Dci Pzw³i Kvh©KvwiZv _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ iv‡óªi †ejvq G weavb Av‡ivc Kiv m¤¢e bq, †Kbbv ivóª GKwU AcwiewZ©Z I wPi¯’vqx ms¯’v| Pzw³ Aemv‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ iv‡óªiI Aemvb n‡e G aviYv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c åvš—| ivóª †Kvb ai‡bi K…wÎg m„wó n‡Z cv‡i bv|

• G gZev` weK…Z gZev`| GwU mZ¨‡K weK…Z Kivi kvwgj| gvbyl mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Rxe| wKš‘ mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` gvbyl‡K mvgvwRK Rxe e‡j MY¨ bv K‡i Zv‡K GKai‡bi eb¨ Rx‡ei mgZzj¨ e‡j a‡i wb‡q‡Q| Gw`K ‡_‡K wePvi K‡iB f‡ëqvi i“‡kvi Pzw³ gZev‡`i aviYv‡K Ôeb¨Õ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb|

mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev‡`i ¸i“Z¡ I cÖfve iv‡óªi DrcwË msµvš— mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K mgv‡jvwPZ nIqv m‡Ë¡I G gZev‡`i HwZnvwmK ¸i“Z¡ I cÖfve‡K A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq bv| ˆ¯^iZ‡š¿i hy‡M G gZev` MYZvwš¿K aviYv weKv‡k mwe‡kl mnvqZv K‡i‡Q| RbM‡Yi mg_©bB ivóªkw³i cÖK…Z Drm G gZev` Zv aviY K‡i| cÖK…Zc‡¶ mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` mgMÖ wek¦‡K Hk¦wiK I ejcÖ‡qvM gZev‡`i Lvivc cÖfve †_‡K i¶v K‡i‡Q|

mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` RbM‡Yi mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i Dci ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i| mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi weKvk mva‡b G gZev` AMÖYx f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| G gZev‡`i gva¨‡g RbMYB mKj ¶gZvi Drm-G aviYv jvf Kiv hvq|

m‡ev©cwi mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` Aóv`k Ges Ebwesk kZvãx‡Z BD‡ivc I Av‡gwiKvi ivR‰bwZK `k©b‡K Mfxifv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q| divmx wec −e Ges Av‡gwiKvi ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi †cQ‡b G gZev` †cÖiYv hywM‡q‡Q|

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-53

GmGmGBPGj

mviK_v mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev`x‡`i g‡Z Pzw³i gva¨‡g iv‡óªi m„wó n‡q‡Q| Ck¦‡ii B”Qv ev †Kvbiƒc ˆ`wnK kw³i gva¨‡g iv‡óªi DrcwË N‡U wb| ivóª cÖwZôvi c~‡e© gvbyl ÕcÖK…wZi iv‡R¨Õ emevm KiZ| wKš‘ †mLv‡b Zv‡`i Rxe‡bi †Kvb wbivcËv wQj bv; wQj bv †Kvb mve©‡fŠg kvmK| Avi †mRb¨ gvbyl Pzw³i gva¨‡g ivóª cÖwZôv K‡i mve©‡fŠg kvm‡Ki nv‡Z ¶gZv Ac©Y Ki‡Z m‡Pó nq| mß`k kZvãxi Bs‡iR `vk©wbK nem&, jK Ges Aóv`k kZvãxi divmx `vk©wbK i“‡kvi nv‡Z GB mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` GK P‚ovš— iƒc jvf K‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| 1. mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` Abymv‡i wKfv‡e iv‡óªi m„wó n‡q‡Q? K. Pzw³i gva¨‡g; L. ¯^vfvweKfv‡e; M. gvby‡li mnRvZ cÖe„wË †_‡K; N. HwZnvwmK NUbvcÖev‡ni gva¨‡g|

2. wb‡æi †Kvb& `vk©wbK iv‡óªi DrcwËi †¶‡Î ÔmvgvwRK Pzw³Õ gZev‡`i cÖe³v? K. wU.GBP.MÖxY; L. Rb Awób; M. Ugvm ne&m; N. n¨viì jvw¯‹|

3. ne‡mi g‡Z ÔcÖK…wZi iv‡R¨Õ gvbe Rxeb †Kgb wQj? K. my›`i I cÖvYeš—; L. kvwš—c~Y© I AvBbvbyM; M. Ø›Ø I Kjnc~Y© Ges ¶Y¯’vqx; N. wnsmv-we‡Øl weewR©Z| 4. ne‡mi g‡Z mvgvwRK Pzw³ n‡qwQj- K. mgMÖ RbM‡Yi g‡a¨; L. ivRv I RbM‡Yi g‡a¨; M. gywó‡gq e¨w³e‡M©i g‡a¨; N. gywó‡gq e¨w³eM© I ivRvi g‡a¨| DËigvjvt 1. K, 2. M, 3. M, 4. L|

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. ne‡mi gZvbymv‡i mvgvwRK Pzw³i cÖK…wZ eY©bv Ki“b| 2. j‡Ki mvgvwRK Pzw³i eY©bv Ki“b| 3. i“‡kvi mvgvwRK Pzw³i cÖK…wZ eY©bv Ki“b|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev`wU mgv‡jvPbvmn Av‡jvPbv Ki“b| 2. nem, jK I i“‡kvi g‡Z mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi ¯^iƒc we‡k −lY Ki“b|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-54

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

ˆRe gZev`

cvV -4

D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© ˆRe gZev‡`i g~j e³e¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Rxe †`n I ivóª †`‡ni ga¨Kvi mv`„k¨ m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú©‡K ˆRe gZev` iv‡óªi DrcwË e¨vL¨v Kivi †P‡q iv‡óªi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© †ekx e¨vL¨v K‡i| ivóª I Rxe †`‡ni g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ wb‡`©k K‡i ˆRe gZev` cÖgvY Ki‡Z m‡Pó nq †h, ivóª GK Rxeš— mË¡v| G gZev` Abymv‡i ivóª GK cÖKvi †PZbv m¤úbœ c`v_© Ges cÖvYmÄvZ †`n| GwU †Kvb wb®cÖvY hš¿ bq|

ˆRe gZev‡`i cÖ_g weKvk N‡U cÖvPxb MÖx‡m| MÖxK `vk©wbK †c −‡Uv ivóª‡K Rxe‡`‡ni mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb | wZwb gvbe AvÍvi (Human soul) wZbwU Dcv`vb cÖZ¨¶ K‡i Zvui KwíZ Av`k© iv‡óª wZbwU †kªYxi Aw¯—‡Z¡i K_v e‡jb| GB wZbwU †kªYx wfbœag©x Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ _vK‡e e‡jI wZwb hyw³ †`Lvb | †c −‡Uvi gZ Zvui wkl¨ Gwi÷jI (Aritstotle) gZ cÖKvk K‡i e‡jb †h Rxe‡`‡ni mv‡_ A½ cÖZ¨‡½i †hgb m¤úK© i‡q‡Q iv‡óªi mv‡_I e¨w³i ‡Zgwb m¤úK© we`¨gvb|

ga¨hy‡MI †Kvb †Kvb ivóªwPš—vwe` ivóª‡`n Ges Rxe‡`‡ni g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ j¶¨ K†i†Qb| Rb Ae †mwjmevix Ge gvwm©wjI Ae c`yqvi wPš—vfvebv G‡¶‡Î mwe‡kl D‡j −L‡hvM¨|

AvaywbK hy‡M, WviDBb, e − y ›Umjx, nvevU© †¯úÝvi cÖgyL `vk©wbK I ivóªweÁvbx iv‡óªi DrcwˆZ ˆRe gZev‡`i e¨vL¨v w`‡q‡Qb| ne&m ivóª‡K GK AwZKvq mvgyw`ªK Rx‡ei mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb| WviDBb Zvui weeZ©bev` Z‡Ë¡i ga¨ w`‡q iv‡óªi DrcwˇZ ˆRe gZev‡`iB cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i‡Qb| ivóªweÁvbx e − y ›Um&jxI ivóª‡K GK cÖvYeš— ˆRweK cÖwZôvb e‡j eY©bv K‡ib| nvev©U© †¯úÝvi e‡j‡Qb, Rxe †`‡ni gZ ivóªI Rb¥, e„w× Ges g„Zz¨i wewaweavb Øviv cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z|

cÖK…Zc‡¶ Rxe‡`n I ivóª‡`‡ni g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q mZ¨| wKš‘ ZvB e‡j Df‡qi cÖK…wZ †h m¤ú~Y© GK Zv ejv P‡j bv| Aa¨vcK ne nvDR (Hob House) e‡jb, ivóª‡K cÖvYx ev Rxe wn‡m‡e Kíbv Kiv wVK bq| Avm‡j ˆRweK gZev`I mgv‡jvPbvi D‡aŸ© bq|

• ejv hvq †h, ˆRe gZev` †Kej mv`„‡k¨i Dci wfwËkxj| wKš‘ mv`„k¨ ev wgj KL‡bv cÖgvY e‡j ¯^xK…Z n‡Z cv‡i bv | wØZxqZ Rxe‡`‡ni A½ cÖZ¨½ GK m‡½ mshy³ _v‡K c¶vš—‡i ivóª‡`‡ni A½ cÖZ¨½ (msN mg~n) ci¯úi wew”Qbœfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i|

• Rxe‡`‡ni A½ cÖZ¨½ hvwš¿K Askwe‡kl; G¸‡jv ¯^Zš¿fv‡e †eu‡P _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| Aciw`‡K ivóª‡`n †PZbkxj Ges ¯^vaxbfv‡e wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i |

• GK Rxe‡`n †_‡K Ab¨ Rxe‡`n Rb¥jvf K‡i| wKš‘ GK ivóª †_‡K Aci iv‡óªi Rb¥ bv -I n‡Z cv‡i|

• Rxe‡`‡ni e„w× N‡U m¤ú~Y© A‡PZbfv‡e| wKš‘ iv‡óªi e„w× N‡U m‡PZbfv‡e|

ˆRweK gZev‡`i mgv‡jvPbv cÖm‡½ Aa¨vcK †M‡Uj (Gettell) h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb †h, iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© ˆRe gZev` †Kvb m‡š—vlRbK e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡i bv| Ggb wK iv‡óªi Kvh©vejx m¤ú‡K©I GwU †Kvb m‡š—vlRbK e¨vL¨v †`q bv|

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-55

GmGmGBPGj

mviK_v G cv‡Vi g~j e³e¨ n‡”Q ivóª GK cÖKvi Rxeš— mË¡v| ivóª †Kvb wb®cÖvY hš¿ we‡kl bq| cÖvPxb MÖxK hy‡M †c −‡Uv †_‡K ïi“ K‡i AvaywbK hy‡Mi A‡bK `vk©wbK †hgb,, WviDb, nve©vU †¯úÝvi cÖgyL iv‡óªi DrcwËi †¶‡Î ˆRe gZev‡`i e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| Zviv mK‡jB G wel‡q GKgZ †h, Rxe †`‡ni gZ ivóªI Rb¥, e„w× I g„Zz¨i wewa-weavb Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq|

cv‡VvËvi g~j¨vqb eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| 1. ˆRe gZev‡`i gyj e³e¨ wK? K. ivóª GK cÖKvi Rxeš— mË¡v; L. ivóª GK ai‡bi wb®cÖvY hš¿; M. ivóª GK cÖKvi A‡PZb c`v_©; N. ivóª †Kvb cÖvY m¤úbœ †`n bq| 2. ˆRe gZev‡`i cÖ_g weKvk N‡U- K. cÖvPxb wgm‡i; L. cÖvPxb MÖx‡m; M. cÖvPxb †iv‡g; N. ·qv`k kZ‡Ki weª‡U‡b| 3. ˆRe gZev‡`i mg_©K n‡jb- K. nve©wU †¯úÝvi; L. jxKK; M. Mvb©vi; N. jv¯‹x| DËigvjvt 1. K, 2. L, 3. K.| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. Rxe‡`n I ivóª †`‡ni ga¨Kvi mv`„k¨ eY©bv Ki“b| 2. Ôivóª GK Rxeš— mË¡v, GwU †Kvb wb®cÖvYhš¿ bqÕ-G e³e¨wU m¤úÖmvwiZ Ki“b| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. iv‡óªi DrcwË msµvš— ˆRweK gZev`wU e¨vL¨v Ki“b|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-56

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV -5

gvK©mxq gZev` D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

ivóª I ivRbxwZ wel‡q gvK©mxq gZev` e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; gvK©mxq aviYv Abyhvqx cy uwRcwZ †kªYx KZ© „K weËnxb †kªYxi Dci †kvl‡Yi hš¿ wn‡m‡e †h iv‡óªi DrcwË n‡q‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

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mviK_v

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BDwbU-4 c„ôv-57

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ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-58

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV -6

HwZnvwmK gZev` ev weeZ©bev` D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

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L. agx©q eÜb

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BDwbU-4 c„ôv-59

GmGmGBPGj

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M. hy× - weMÖn

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ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-60

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

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iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. ÔÔ ivóª‡K m„wó Kiv nq wb, GwU µgweeZ©‡bi dj¯^iƒcÕÕ- e³e¨wU we‡k −lY Ki“b|

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-61

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5

mve©‡fŠgZ¡ ivóªweÁv‡bi GKwU AwZ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Av‡jvP¨ welq n‡”Q mve©‡fŠgZ¡| ivóª MV‡bi Rb¨ †h me †gŠj Dcv`vb cÖ‡qvRb mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| mve©‡fŠgZ¡‡K ivóª bvgK ivR‰bwZK msMV‡bi me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Bmy¨ ejv n‡q _v‡K| GwU Ggb GK ¶gZv hvi d‡j bvMwiK I Ab¨vb¨ msN iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi K‡i Ges †m mv‡_ ivóª †Kvb ˆe‡`wkK kw³i wbqš¿Y †_‡K gy³ I ¯^vaxb _v‡K| ivóª‡K hw` †`‡ni m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv hvq Zvn‡j ivóª bvgK †`‡ni cÖvY n‡”Q mve©‡fŠgZ¡| Kv‡RB Gi ¯^iƒc ev cÖK…wZ Ges Aeqe m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i aviYv _vKv GKvš— Avek¨K| hy‡M hy‡M mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i aviYv cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q Ges AvaywbK Kv‡j G‡m G aviYv GK P‚ovš— iƒc cwiMÖn K‡i‡Q| G BDwb‡U Avgiv mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i msÁv, ¯^iƒc ev cÖK…wZ, ˆewkó¨, wewfbœ ZË¡ I gZev`, m¤ú‡K© we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z m‡Pó n‡qwQ|

G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q: cvV-1 : mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i msÁv, cÖK…wZ I ˆewkó¨

cvV-2 : mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i weKvkaviv cvV-3 : mve©‡fŠgZ¡ m¤úwK©Z GKZ¡ev`x gZev`

cvV-4 : mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i eûZ¡ev`x aviYv

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-62

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV -1

mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i msÁv, cÖK…wZ I ˆewkó¨ D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

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• me©RbxbZv: mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i aviYv me©Rbxb| iv‡óªi mKj e¨w³ I msN Gi Aaxb| GwU wPiš—b| GZ`&m‡Z¡I mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv AvBb Øviv mxwgZ|

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• n¯—vš—i A‡hvM¨Zv: mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv n¯—vš—‡ii A‡hvM¨| A_©vr G‡K n¯—vš—i Kiv hvq bv| mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv iv‡óªi cÖvY¯^iƒc, G ¶gZvi DciB iv‡óªi Aw¯—Z¡ wbf©ikxj| Gi Abycw¯’wZ NU‡j iv‡óªi wejywß N‡U| †Kvb iv‡óªi c‡¶ G ¶gZv n¯—vš—i Kiv AvZœnZ¨viB mvwgj|

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ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-66

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BDwbU-5 c„ôv-67

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cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| 1| mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i weKvk wKfv‡e mvwaZ n‡q‡Q? K. †ek `ª“Z; L. nVvr K‡i; M. we‡kl †Kvb e¨w³i D‡`¨v‡M; N. ax‡i ax‡i| 2| ga¨hy‡M mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i aviYv wKiƒc wQj? K. µ‡g ¯úó n‡Z _v‡K; L. µ‡g AwaKZi †Nvjv‡U n‡q D‡V; M. MxR©vi †cv‡ci nv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ nq; N. mgªv‡Ui nv‡Z Kzw¶MZ nq| 3| mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i aviYv cwic~Y© iƒc jvf K‡i †Kvb& kZvãx‡Z? K. cÂ`k kZvãx‡Z; L. †lvok kZvãx‡Z; M. mß`k kZvãx‡Z; N. Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z| 4| AvaywbK RvwZ ivóª cÖwZôvi m‡½ mve©‡fŠgZ¡ wKiƒc cwiMÖn K‡i? K. mve©‡fŠgZ¡ mymsnZ nq; L. mve©‡fŠgZ¡ weKwkZ n‡Z _v‡K; M. mve©‡fŠgZ¡ cwic~Y© iƒc jvf K‡i; N. mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Av‡iv A¯úó n‡q D‡V| DËigvjv: 1. N, 2. M, 3. L, 4. M| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv wb‡q MxR©vi †cvc I mgªv‡Ui ga¨Kvi we‡iv‡ai cÖK…wZi Dci Av‡jvKcvZ

Ki“b| 2. Ômve©‡fŠgZ¡ I RvwZ iv‡óªi D™¢e ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³Õ| AwZ ms‡¶‡c e¨vL¨v Ki“b| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i weKvkaviv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki“b| 2. AvaywbK ivóª g~jZ RvZxq mve©‡fŠg ivóª- e³e¨wU m¤úÖmvwiZ Ki“b|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-68

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV -3

mve©‡fŠgZ¡ m¤úwK©Z GKZ¡ev`x gZev`

D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i `yÕ†Uv wecixZ agx© gZev` m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb; mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i GKZ¡ev` `k©‡bi cÖe³v Awó‡bi gZev` m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mve©‡fŠgZ¡ m¤ú‡K© `y‡Uv ci¯úi wecixZ agx© gZev` i‡q‡Q| GKwU n‡”Q GKZ¡ev` Avi AciwU n‡”Q eûZ¡ev`| cÖ_g gZev` Abymv‡i mve©‡fŠgZ¡ GKK, AwefvR¨ Ges n¯—vš—i‡hvM¨ bq| c¶vš—‡i, wØZxq gZev` Abymv‡i mve©‡fŠgZ¡ mgv‡Ri wewfbœ msN I cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ wbwnZ, GwU †Kvb GKK ¶gZv bq| †Kvb GKK cÖwZôvb G ¶gZvi AwaKvix bq|

Awó‡bi GKZ¡ev`x mve©‡fŠg gZev`

mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i wewfbœ gZev‡`i g‡a¨ Awó‡bi GKZ¡ev` gZev` GKwU D‡j −L‡hvM¨ gZev`| Bs‡iR AvBb wekvi` Rb Awób(John Austin) G gZev‡`i c«e³v| wZwb 1832 mv‡j Zvui ''Lectures on Jurisprudence'' bvgK MÖ‡š’ mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i GKZ¡ev`x aviYv e¨³ K‡ib| mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i e¨vL¨v w`‡Z wM‡q wZwb nem& (Hobbes) Ges †eš’vg (Bentham) Øviv we‡klfv‡e cÖfvweZ nb| G `yÕRb‡K AbymiY K‡i Awób AvBb Ges cÖ_vi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q K‡ib| Zvui g‡Z, AvBb n‡”Q Aat¯—‡bi cÖwZ DaŸ©Z‡bi AvÁv we‡kl, Gi m‡½ ˆbwZK m~Î ev cÖPwjZ cÖ_vi †Kvb m¤úK© †bB| iv‡óªi g‡a¨ mve©‡fŠg kw³B Pig I P‚ovš— kw³| Avi GKvi‡YB mve©‡fŠ‡gi Av‡`kB AvBb| (Law is the command of the sovereign) Gw`K †_‡K Awób †Kej gvÎ AvB‡bi GKwU Drm Av‡Q e‡j g‡b K‡i‡Qb|

Awób mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i msÁv wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb Gfv‡e; hw` †Kvb mywbw`©ó DaŸ©Zb gvbexq KZ… ©c¶ mgv‡Ri Aci †Kvb DaŸ©Zb KZ… ©c‡¶i AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi bv K‡i mgv‡Ri AwaKvsk e¨w³i wbKU †_‡K ¯^fveRvZ AvbyMZ¨ jvf K‡i, Zvn‡j †mB mgv‡R D³ mywbw`©ó KZ… ©c¶B mve©‡fŠg| Avi D³ Da¦ ©Zb KZ… ©c¶‡K wb‡q MwVZ mgvR nj ivR‰bwZK I ¯^vaxb mgvR|Ó

mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i Dc‡iv³ msÁvi we‡k −lY †_‡K Gi KwZcq ˆewkó¨ cÖwZfvZ n‡q I‡V| • cÖwZwU ¯^vaxb ivR‰bwZK mgvR †Kvb bv †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¨w³e‡M©i gva¨‡g cwiPvwjZ n‡q

_v‡K †h ev hviv mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv e¨envi K‡ib| • mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi AwaKvix e¨w³ ev e¨w³eM© ¯^vfveZB DaŸ©Zb KZ… ©c¶| G KZ… ©c¶ Kv‡iv

AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi K‡i bv Ges Kv‡iv B”QvqI cwiPvwjZ nq bv| A_v©r mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv Pig I Amxg|

• mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv mywbw`©ó| G ¶gZvi AwaKvix e¨w³ ev e¨w³eM© mvaviY RbM‡Yi gZ Awbw`©ó ev ˆbe©¨w³K bq|

• mve©‡fŠgZ¡ GKK mË¡v| G ¶gZv AwefvR¨, G‡K wef³ Kiv hvq bv| • RbM‡Yi mnRvZ AbyMZ¨B mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i gvb`Û| RbMY ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡eB mve©‡fŠg kvm‡Ki

cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ †cvlY Ki‡e|

BDwbU-5 c„ôv-69

GmGmGBPGj

myZivs GwU ¯úó †h, Awó‡bi mve©‡fŠg ZË¡ g~jZ iv‡óªi Pig, P‚ovš—, AwefvR¨ Ges AcÖwZnZ ¶gZviB cwiPq enb K‡i| mve©‡fŠg kvm‡Ki Av‡`kB P‚ovš— we‡k −l‡Y AvBb wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z| mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv me©e¨vcK Ges wPiš—b|

mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i GKZ¡ev` Z_v Awó‡bi gZev`‡K wewfbœ ivóªweÁvbx wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Gme mgv‡jvPK‡`i g‡a¨ Mvb©vi, wmRDBK,jv¯‹x, m¨vi †nbix †gBb cÖgy‡Li bvg mwe‡kl D‡j −L†hvM¨| mgv‡jvPbv¸‡jv wbæiƒc:

• AvBbMZ mve©‡fŠgZ¡: Awó‡bi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ g~jZt AvBbMZ mve©‡fŠgZ¡| wZwb ivR‰bwZK mve©‡fŠgZ¡‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c D‡c¶v K‡i‡Qb|

• cª_vMZ weavb¸‡jv D‡c¶v: Awób Zvui mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i aviYv w`‡Z wM‡q cª_vMZ weavb¸‡jv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c D‡c¶v K‡i‡Qb| Awó‡bi g‡Z mve©‡fŠ‡gi Av‡`kB AvBb wKš‘ A‡bK mgq AvBb mve©‡fŠ‡gi Av‡`‡ki iƒc cwiMÖn K‡i bv|

• MYZ‡š¿i cwicš’x: Awó‡bi ZË¡ Abymv‡i mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvB m‡e©v”P Avi Ab¨vb¨ mKj ¶gZvB †mB ¶gZvi Aaxb¯’| wKš‘ AvaywbKKv‡j MYZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’vq RbM‡Yi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ me©v‡MÖ ¯^xK…Z|

• APj gZev`: Awó‡bi mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i aviYv eZ©gv‡b A‡bKvs‡k APj e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| iv‡óªi ejcÖ‡qvM ¶gZvi Dci GwU wfwËkxj| wKš‘ AvaywbK ivóªweÁvbxiv g‡b K‡ib, AvBb kvw¯—i f‡q ‡g‡b Pjv nq bv eis AvBb †g‡b Pjvi Af¨vm RbM‡Yi mnRvZ cÖe„wËi g‡a¨ wbwnZ| RbMY ¯^fveZtB AvB‡bi cÖwZ kª×vkxj _v‡K| m½Z Kvi‡YB Awó‡bi G gZev` eZ©gv‡b A‡bKUv APj n‡q co‡Q|

GZme mgv‡jvPbv _vKv m‡Z¡I Awó‡bi mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv msµvš— aviYv‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c g~j¨nxb ejv P‡j bv, eis mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i aviYv‡K wZwb GK mywbw`©ó iƒc w`‡q‡Qb| Avi GLv‡bB Zuvi K…wZZ¡|

mviK_v mve©‡fŠgZ¡ m¤ú‡K© `yÕ†Uv wfbœagx© gZev` i‡q‡Q - GKwU n‡”Q GKZ¡ev`x Ges AciwU n‡jv eûZ¡ev`x gZev`| GKZ¡ev`x gZev` Abymv‡i mve©‡fŠg kvmKB AvB‡bi Drm| G ¶gZvi AwaKvix e¨w³ ev e¨w³eM© ¯^fveZ:B DaŸ©Zb KZ© „c¶| mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv Pig, Amxg, AwefvR¨ Ges mywbw`©ó|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-70

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| 1| Rb Awób n‡jb GKRb- K. GKRb Bs‡iR AvBb wekvi`; L. nj¨v‡Ûi AvBb wekvi`; M. Av‡gwiKvb AvBbÁ; N. BUvjxqvb AvBb wekvi`| 2| Rb Awó‡bi eB‡qi bvg- K. †jwfqv_vb; L. w` wcÖÝ; M. w` wcÖwÝcjm& Ad& givj Aewj‡Mkbm&; N. †jKPvim& Ab RywimcÖ“‡WÝ| 3| mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i e¨vL¨v w`‡Z wM‡q Awób cÖfvweZ nb- K. nem; L. jK; M. g¨vwKqv‡fjx; N. Rb ÷zqvU© wgj| 4| Rb Awó‡bi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ msµvš— gZev`‡K ejv nq- K. eûZ¡ev`; L. GKZ¡ev`; M. bvgme©¯^ mve©‡fŠgZ¡; N. mxwgZ mve©‡fŠgZ¡| 5| Ômve©‡fŠ‡gi Av‡`kB AvBbÕ- Dw³wU †K K‡i‡Qb? K. g¨vKvBfvi; L. wR.wW.GBP.‡Kvj; M. nj¨vÛ; N. Awób| 6| Awó‡bi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ gZev` n‡jv- K. cÖ_vMZ; L. AvBbMZ; M. bxwZMZ; N. agx©q| DËigvjv : 1. K 2. N 3. K, 4. L 5. N 6. L| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1| Awó‡bi g‡Z mve©‡fŠg kvmKB AvB‡bi Drm| e¨vL¨v Ki“b| 2| Ômve©‡fŠ‡gi Av‡`kB AvBbÕ - Dw³wU we‡k −lY Ki“b| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1| Awó‡bi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ gZev`wU mgv‡jvPbvmn Av‡jvPbv Ki“b| 2| Awó‡bi g‡Z mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i ˆewk󨸇jv wK? we¯—vwiZ eY©bv Ki“b|

BDwbU-5 c„ôv-71

GmGmGBPGj

cvV -4

mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i eûZ¡ev`x aviYv D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

GKZ¡ev`x gZev‡`i wecix‡Z mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i eûZ¡ev`x aviYvi g~j e³e¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv †Kvb GKK e¨w³i nv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ bv †_‡K Zv †h ivóªvf¨š—‡i wewfbœ ms‡Ni nv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ _vK‡Z cv‡i †m m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i eûZ¡ev`x aviYv Awó‡bi GKZ¡ev`x gZev‡`i wei“× GK gZev` wn‡m‡e AvZœcÖKvk K‡i‡Q| iv‡óªi Af¨š—‡i wewfbœ ms‡Ni wbR¯^ mË¡v ev ¯^vfvweK ¶gZvi mg_©‡b eûZ¡ev`x gZev` cÖPvwiZ I mgw_©Z n‡q‡Q|

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eûZ¡ev‡`i GKvwaK ˆewkó¨ cwijw¶Z nq: • eûZ¡ev` iv‡óªi we‡jvc mva‡bi c¶cvZx bq| G gZev` iv‡óªi Aw¯—Z¡ ¯^xKvi K‡i, Z‡e Gi

cvkvcvwk mve©‡fŠg iv‡óªi aŸsm Kvgbv K‡i| • eûZ¡ev‡`i Aci GKwU ˆewkó¨ GB ‡h, GwU iv‡óªi mKj cÖKvi Abvek¨Kxq ¶gZv wewfbœ

ms‡Ni g‡a¨ e›Ub K‡i w`‡Z AvMÖnx| Avi GB ¶gZv e›U‡bi gva¨‡g eûZ¡ev` ¯^vaxbZv msi¶‡Y m‡Pó nq|

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• eûZ¡ev`x‡`i g‡Z, ivóªI msNg~jK| wewfbœ ai‡Yi ms‡Ni g‡a¨B gvby‡li mË¡v weKvk jvf K‡i, ïay gvÎ ivóª bvgK ms‡Ni g‡a¨B gvby‡li mË¡v weKwkZ nq bv|

• GKZ¡ev`x‡`i g‡Z, mve©‡fŠgZ¡ AwefvR¨, wKš‘ eûZ¡ev`x‡`i g‡Z, mve©‡fŠgZ¡ AwefvR¨ bq| Zvuiv g‡b K‡ib †h, mve©‡fŠgZ¡ †KejgvÎ iv‡óªiB ˆewkó¨ bq, Ab¨vb¨ msNI mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi AwaKvix| Avi Gme ms‡Ni mve©‡fŠgZ¡B iv‡óªi P‚ovš—, Pig I AcÖwZnZ ¶gZvi mxgv wb‡`©k K‡i|

Awó‡bi mve©‡fŠg msµvš— GKZ¡ev`x gZev` eûZ¡ev`x‡`i Øviv mgv‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q e‡U| wKš‘ eûZ¡ev`I mgv‡jvPbvi D‡aŸ© bq| Gi wei“‡× DwÌZ mgv‡jvPbv¸‡jv wbb¥iƒct

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-72

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

• ˆbivR¨ev‡`i mg_©K: eûZ¡ev‡`i wei“‡× GwU GKwU ¸i“Zi Awf‡hvM| GKZ¡ev`xiv Awf‡hvM K‡ib †h, eûZ¡ev`xiv mve©‡fŠg kvmK I e¨w³i AbyMZ¨‡K wef³ Kivi g‡a¨ w`‡q iv‡óª wek„•Ljv I ˆbiv‡R¨i Rb¥ †`q|

• mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i AvBbMZ aviYvi D‡c¶v: eûZ¡ev`xiv mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i ˆbwZK aviYvi Dci AZ¨waK ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc K‡ib| Zvuiv g‡b K‡ib, wewfbœ ms‡Ni ¯^vZ‡š¿¨i †h AwaKvi i‡q‡Q Zv Zv‡`i ˆbwZK AwaKvi gvÎ; †Kvb iƒc AvBbm½Z AwaKvi bq| Gfv‡e †`Lv hvq, eûZ¡ev`xiv A‡bK mgq ˆbwZK AwaKvi I AvBbm½Z AwaKv‡ii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Qb|

• GKK mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi A¯^xK…wZ: eûZ¡ev` GKK mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi cÖwZ A¯^xK…wZ Ávcb K‡i| GKK mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi AwaKvix wn‡m‡e ivóª wewfbœ ms‡Ni Af¨š—ixY e¨vcv‡i n¯—‡¶c Ki‡Z m¶g nq| wKš‘ eûZ¡ev`xiv ivóª KZ… ©K G ai‡Yi n¯—‡¶‡ci we‡ivax| cÖK…Zc‡¶ Af¨š—ixY welq Ges RbmvaviY m¤úwK©Z wel‡qi g‡a¨ mxgv‡iLv wb‡`©k Kiv AZ¨š— `yiƒn| Z`ycwi G ai‡bi mxgv‡iLv wb‡`©k Kivi fviB ev Kvi Dci Awc©Z n‡e| GKgvÎ mgv‡Ri c¶ †_‡K ivóª‡KB G `vwqZ¡ MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| Kv‡RB iv‡óªi nv‡Z mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv †Q‡o †`qv Qvov Avi †Kvb Dcvq †bB|

• iv‡óªi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi Dci A‡c¶vK…Z Kg ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc: eûZ¡ev` ivóª‡K P‚ovš— ¶gZvi Avavi e‡j †g‡b †bq bv| iv‡óªi KZK¸‡jv we‡kl ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Kv‡h©i Dci GwU †Zgb †Kvb ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i bv| wKš‘ GK_v me©Rb¯^xK…Z †h, e¨w³ Rxe‡bi Ø›Ø- msNvZ I mgm¨vw`i AvBbm½Z I b¨vqwfwËK mgvavb Ges †fŠMwjK ALÛZv wbwðZKi‡Yi Rb¨ iv‡óªi cÖ‡qvRb Aek¨¤¢vex, Aci †Kvb msN ev cÖvwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g Zv wbwðZ Kiv wKQy‡ZB m¤¢eci bq|

• Aev¯—e aviYvi cÖwZf‚: eûZ¡ev‡`i GKwU we‡kl ΓwU n‡”Q GB †h, GwU iv‡óªi mwVK aviYv Dcjwä Ki‡Z e¨_©Zvi cwiPq †`q| mgvR Z_v ivóª †h †kªYx ¯^v_© msi¶Y K‡i A_©vr Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vb¸‡jv †h †kªYx Øviv wbqwš¿Z I cwiPvwjZ nq ivóªI Zv‡`i B”Qvbymv‡i cwiPvwjZ nq, GB ev¯—eZv eûZ¡ev`xiv Dcjwä Ki‡Z e¨_©Zvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb|

eûZ¡ev‡`i wewfbœgyLx ΓwU I mgv‡jvPbv _vKv m‡Z¡I Gi †h †Kvb g~j¨ †bB Zv bq| G gZev‡`i me©v‡c¶v DËg w`K n‡”Q, GwU ¶gZv e›U‡bi c¶ mg_©b K‡i| eûZ¡ev` †Rvi w`‡q e‡j †h, mg~`q ¶gZv hw` iv‡óªi nv‡Z †Kw›`ªf‚Z _v‡K Zvn‡j mvgvwRK Kj¨vY e¨vnZ n‡Z eva¨| GKvi‡YB GwU wewfbœ ms‡Ni g‡a¨ ¶gZv e›Ub K‡i w`‡Z AvMÖnx| GQvov G gZev`‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c ev¯—eZv weewR©ZI ejv P‡j bv| Gi d‡jB wewfbœ MYZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’vq AvBb mfvmg~‡n msN cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i e¨e¯’v ivLv m¤¢eci n‡q‡Q| ejv evûj¨ †h, G gZev` me©vÍKev‡`i weiƒ‡× GK ewjô cªwZev`|

mviK_v GKZ¡ev`x gZev‡`i wecix‡Z mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i eûZ¡ev`x aviYvi D™¢e n‡q‡Q| eûZ¡ev‡`i g~j K_v n‡jv mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv †Kvb GKK e¨w³i nv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ bv †_‡K Zv ivóªvf¨š—‡i wewfbœ ms‡Ni nv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ _vK‡e| A_©vr G gZev` ¶gZv wefvR‡bi Dci ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc K‡i|

BDwbU-5 c„ôv-73

GmGmGBPGj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| 1| mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i eûZ¡ev`x gZev‡`i cÖe³v n‡jb - K. nj¨vÛ; L. dvBbvi; M. jv¯‹x; N. nemb| 2| eûZ¡ev` mve©‡fŠg iv‡óªi- K. weKvk mvab K‡i; L. aŸsm Kvgbv K‡i; M. Kg©-cwiwa e„w×i c¶ mg_©b K‡i; N. Aw¯—Z¡ A¯^xKvi K‡i| 3| eûZ¡vev‡`i D™¢e N‡U- K. †lvok kZvãx‡Z; L. mß`k kZvãx‡Z; M. Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z; N. Ebwesk kZvãx‡Z| 4| eûZ¡ev`x‡`i g‡Z mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv- K. AwefvR¨; L. n¯—vš—‡ii A‡hvM¨; M. wefvR¨; N. AvBbMZ| 5| †K›`ªxf‚Z ivóªxq ¶gZvi wei“‡× cÖwZwµqv wnmv‡e †h gZev` M‡o D‡V‡Q Zv nj- K. GKZ¡ev`; L. ˆbivR¨ev`; M. eûZ¡ev`; N. e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨ev`| DËigvjvt 1. M,N 2. L 3. N 4. M 5. M msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. eûZ¡ev‡`i g~j e³e¨ wK? 2. eûZ¡ev‡`i D™¢e wKfv‡e n‡q‡Q? 3. eûZ¡ev`xiv mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv wewfbœ ms‡Ni nv‡Z Av‡ivc Ki‡Z Pvb †Kb? iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1| eûZ¡ev`wK? mve©‡fŠgZ¡ m¤ú‡K© eûZ¡ev`x‡`i aviYv we‡k −lY Ki“b| 2| mve©‡fŠgZ¡ m¤ú‡K© eûZ¡ev‡`i g~j¨vqb Ki“b|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-74

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

6

AvBb, ^vaxbZv I bvMwiK AwaKvi AvBb, ^vaxbZv, mvg¨, bvMwiK AwaKvi G me cÖZ¨q¸‡jv ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³| ivóªweÁv‡bi Av‡jvPbvq G cÖZ¨q¸‡jv GK wewkó ’vb Ry‡o i‡q‡Q| myô, my›`i I DbœZ Rxeb hvc‡bi Rb¨ gvbyl AvBb †g‡b P‡j| AvBb bvMwiK‡`i ¯^vaxbZv Ges AwaKvi i¶v K‡i| AvB‡bi Dcw ’wZ mgvR I iv‡óª ^vaxbZv I mv‡g¨i c_ cÖk ’ K‡i _v‡K| G ¸‡jvi Abycw ’wZ‡Z bvMwiK Rxeb ywe©mn n‡q D‡V| AvBbnxbZvq ejevb ye©‡ji Dci AZ¨vPvi I wbcxob Pvjvq| G BDwb‡U Avgiv AvB‡bi msÁv, Drm, †kªYxwefvM, AvBb I ˆbwZKZvi m¤úK©, ^vaxbZv I AvB‡bi m¤úK©, ^vaxbZv I mv‡g¨i m¤úK©, bvMwiK AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ Ges Avš—R©vwZK AvBb

m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kie|

G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q:

cvV-1: AvB‡bi msÁv, Drm, Zvrch© I †kªYx wefvM cvV-2: Avš—R©vwZK AvBb

cvV-3: ¯vaxbZv cvV-4: mvg¨

cvV-5: bvMwiKZv

BDwbU-6 c„ôv-75

GmGmGBPGj

cvV -1

AvB‡bi msÁv, Drm, Zvrch© I †kªYxwefvM D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

AvB‡bi D‡Ïk¨, msÁv I ˆewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb; AvB‡bi †kªYxwefvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; AvBb I ˆbwZKZvi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© I cv_©K¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; AvBb †Kb gvb¨ Kiv nq-Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

gvby‡li evwn¨K AvPvi-AvPiY wbqš¿Y K‡i ivóª KZ© „K cÖewZ©Z Ggb wbqg-Kvbyb I wewa-weavb‡KB mvaviY A‡_© AvBb e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq| mgv‡Ri m`m¨ wn‡m‡e gvbyl †h me wewa-weavb †g‡b P‡j †m¸‡jv‡K mvgvwRK AvBb ejv hvq| cÖvK…wZK RM‡Zi NUbvejx †h AvB‡bi gva¨‡g wbqwš¿Z nq Zv‡K ejv P‡j cÖvK…wZK AvBb| Avevi mgvRe× gvby‡li AvPvi-AvPi‡Yi cÖK…wZ, e¨w³, mgvR I ivóª meB AvB‡bi wb‡`©k Abymv‡i cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| AvBb mvgvwRK I ivóªxq Rxeb‡K myc‡_ cwiPvwjZ K‡i|

AvB‡bi G mvaviY A_© Qvov ivóªweÁv‡b AvBb‡K GK we‡kl `„wó‡KvY †_‡K cÖZ¨¶ Kiv nq| †Kvb msMwVZ mgv‡R gvby‡li AvPvi-AvPiY I cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ ivóª KZ… ©K m„ó I ¯^xK…Z wewa-weavb‡KB AvBb e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq| G‡K ivóªxq AvBbI ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| ivóªxq AvBb I Ab¨ †Kvb cÖKvi AvB‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ GLv‡bB †h, cÖ_‡gv³wU gvb¨ Kiv bv n‡j ivóªxq KZ… ©c¶ ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g Zv gvb¨ Ki‡Z RbMY‡K eva¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| AvBb j•NbKvix‡K kvw¯— w`‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ †k‡lv³ AvB‡bi †¶‡Î †Kvbiƒc ejcÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq bv|

wewfbœ †jLK wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K AvBb‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| G me msÁv †_‡K AvBb m¤ú‡K© h_vh_ aviYv jvf Kiv hvq| we‡k −lYcš’x Bs‡iR AvBbwe` Rb Aw÷b (John Austin) -Gi g‡Z, ÒAvBb n‡”Q Aat¯—b ivR‰bwZK KZ… ©c‡¶i cÖwZ EaŸ©Zb ivR‰bwZK KZ… ©c‡¶i cÖ`Ë Av‡`k we‡klÓ (Law is the command of the political superior [Sovereign] to the political inferior") Av‡iv mnRfv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j Gi A_© `uvovq GiKg- ÔAvBb n‡”Q mve©‡fŠg KZ… ©c‡¶i Av‡`k|Õ Aw÷‡bi c`v¼ AbymiY K‡i Aa¨vcK nj¨vÛ (Holland) e‡jb, Ò†Kvb mve©‡fŠg ivR‰bwZK KZ… ©c¶ KZ… ©K ejerK…Z Ges gvby‡li evwn¨K Kg©KvÊ wbqš¿YKvix mvaviY wewaB AvBbÓ (A law is a general rule of external action enforced by the sovereign political authority.)| Aa¨vcK mvjgÛ (Salmond) wj‡L‡Qb, Òb¨vq msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ ivóª KZ… ©K ¯^xK…Z I cÖ‡qvMK…Z wewa-weavbB n‡jv AvBb|Ó

Aciw`‡K m¨vi †nbix †gBb (Sir Henry Maine) AvB‡bi msÁv wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb GK wfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K| wZwb BwZnvmcš’x wn‡m‡e L¨vZ Ges †mB `„wó‡KvY †_‡K e‡jb, mKj cÖPwjZ AvBb‡KB mve©‡fŠg kw³i Av‡`k e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv hyw³hy³ bq; †Kbbv, Ggb A‡bK AvBb Av‡Q †h¸‡jv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cÖ_vMZ Ges †h ¸‡jv KL‡bv mve©‡fŠg kw³ KZ… ©K cÖYxZ nqwb| Zuvi g‡Z, RbM‡Yi m¤§wZ I ivóªxq KZ… ©Z¡ Df‡q wg‡j AvB‡bi m„wó K‡i| Aek¨ mgv‡jvPKMY e‡jb, cÖ_v¸‡jv AvB‡b cwiYZ nIqvi Rb¨ iv‡óªi ¯^xK…wZ cÖ‡qvRb|

Aa¨vcK †M‡Uj (Gettell) AvB‡bi msÁv w`‡Z w`‡q e‡j‡Qb, Òivóª †h mKj wbqg-Kvbyb m„wó K‡i, ¯^xKvi K‡i Ges ejer K‡i †m¸‡jvB †Kej AvBb e‡j cwiMwYZ nq|Ó (Only those rules which the state creates and which it recognizes and enforces become laws.)

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-76

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq Av‡gwiKvi †cÖwm‡W›U D‡Wªv DBjmb (Woodrow Wilson) AvBb‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb Gfv‡e t ÒAvBb n‡jv gvby‡li ¯’vqx AvPvi-e¨envi I wPš—vi †m Ask hv ivóª KZ… ©K M„nxZ wewa-weav‡b cwiYZ n‡q‡Q Ges hvi †cQ‡b i‡q‡Q ivóªxq KZ… ©‡Z¡i my¯úó mg_©bÓ "Law is that portion of the established thought and habit which has found a distinct and formal recognition in the shape of uniform rules backed by the authorily and power of the government.") Aa¨vcK evK©vi (Barker) Aek¨ wj‡L‡Qb, ÒAvBb‡K Av`k© ¯’vbxq n‡Z n‡j Zv †Kej ivóªxq msMVb KZ„ © ©K ¯^xK…Z, †NvwlZ Ges cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡jB Pj‡e bv; Zv‡K b¨vqm½Z Ges hyw³m½ZI n‡Z n‡e|Ó A_©vr Zuvi g‡Z, Av`k© AvBb `yÕ†Uv Dcv`v‡bi mgš^‡q MwVZ nIqv evÃbxq- GKwU n‡jv ˆeaZv Ges AciwU n‡”Q ˆbwZK g~j¨| ˆeaZv ej‡Z †evSvq, AvBbwU ivóªxq KZ… ©c¶ KZ© „K Aby‡gvw`Z I †NvwlZ n‡q‡Q| Avi ˆbwZK g~j¨ n‡”Q AvBbwU b¨vq‡ev‡ai Dci cÖwZwôZ| cÖK…Zc‡¶ AvB‡bi ˆbwZK g~j¨ hv-B †nvK bv †Kb, ivóª KZ… ©K hw` Zv ˆea I b¨vqm½Z e‡j ¯^xK…Z nq Z‡eB Zv mK‡ji c‡¶ eva¨Zvg~jK e‡j cwiMwYZ n‡e|

Dc‡iv³ msÁv¸‡jvi we‡k −lY †_‡K AvB‡bi KwZcq we‡kl ˆewkó¨ cÖwZfvZ n‡q D‡V| mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡bi me©‡¶‡ÎB AvBb cÖ‡hvR¨| ïay ZvB bq RvZxq I Avš—R©vwZK †¶‡ÎI AvBb mgfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨| AvBb gvby‡li AvPiY wbqš¿Y K‡i| AvB‡bi Aci GKwU ˆewkó¨ GB †h, GwU Aby‡gvw`Z I ^xK…Z| mvgvwRK I ivóªxq ^xK…wZi ga¨ w`‡q AvBb A_©en n‡q DV| GQvovI AvBb RvwZ, ag©, eY©, wj½ wbwe©‡k‡l mgfv‡e mK‡ji †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨| m‡e©vcwi, AvBb Aek¨ cvjbxq| mKj bvMwiK‡KB AvBb †g‡b Pj‡Z nq| AvB‡bi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z iv‡óª wek„•Ljv †`Lv †`q Ges d‡j mf¨ I kvwš—c~Y© Rxeb hvcb Kiv Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o|

AvB‡bi Drm ivóª hw`I mKj AvB‡bi Drm ZeyI ivóª Qvov AvB‡bi Av‡iv A‡bK Drm i‡q‡Q| wb‡æ †mme Drm m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:

• cÖ_v: AvB‡bi me©‡c¶v cÖvPxbZg Drm n‡”Q cÖ_v| cÖvPxbKv‡j wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖ_vi gva¨‡gB Ø›Ø-we‡iv‡ai gxgvsmv Kiv nZ| AvaywbKKv‡jI cÖPwjZ cÖ_v¸‡jv AvB‡bi fvOv-Movi Kv‡R h‡_ó ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| ivóªxq ¯^xK…wZ cÖvß n‡q AvBb Rxeš— n‡q I‡V| Bsj¨v‡Ûi kvmb e¨e¯’vq cÖ_vMZ weavb GK we‡kl ¯’vb `Lj K‡i i‡q‡Q| †mLvbKvi mvaviY AvBb (Common Law) g~jZ cÖ_v †_‡K DrmvwiZ|

• ag©: cÖvPxb mgv‡R ag© I AvBb AZ¨š— Nwbôfv‡e m¤úK©hy³ wQj| ZLb AvBb I agx©q Abykvm‡bi g‡a¨ cÖ‡f` Kiv wQj `yiƒn| ag© cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e AvB‡bi weeZ©b cÖwµqvq mvnvh¨ K‡iwQj| AwaKvsk mgv‡RB ag© AvB‡bi wfwË wn‡m‡e wµqvkxj wQj| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq †h, m~Pbv‡Z †ivgvb AvBb KZK¸‡jv agx©q m~Î Qvov Avi wKQyB wQj bv| AvaywbK wn›`y Ges gymwjg AvBb ag© wbm„Z|

• b¨vq‡eva: b¨vq‡eva ev b¨vq wePvi AvB‡bi Aci GKwU we‡kl Drm| hLb wePviKMY cÖZ¨¶ K‡ib †h, †`‡k cÖPwjZ AvB‡bi AvIZvq wePvi Kvh© m¤úbœ Kiv m¤¢eci bq ZLb Zvuiv Zvu‡`i b¨vq‡eva Abymv‡i wePvi Kvh© m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡Kb| Gfv‡e bZzb AvB‡bi m„wó nq| m¨vi †nbix-‡gBb (Sir Henry Maine) ZvB wj‡L‡Qb, ÒAvBb‡K mgv‡Ri b¨q‡ev†ai m‡½ m¤úK©hy³ ivL‡Z n‡j AvbyôvwbK c×wZ Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb c×wZ‡Z me©`v AvB‡bi ms‡kva‡bi e¨e¯’v ivLv Avek¨K; Avi GwUB b¨vq‡eva|Ó b¨vq‡ev‡ai gva¨‡g wePviKMY wePvi K‡i _v‡Kb e‡j G‡K ejv nq ÔwePviK cÖYxZ AvBbÕ (Judge-made law)|

• weÁvb m¤§Z Av‡jvPbv: cÖL¨vZ AvBbÁ‡`i weÁvbm¤§Z Av‡jvPbv Ges ch©v‡jvPbv †_‡K AvBb jvf Kiv hvq| Zuv‡`i msw¶ß UxKv I Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv A‡bK mgq AvB‡bi cÖK…Z A_© cÖKvk K‡i| wewkó AvBbwe`MY cÖvPxb I eZ©gvb Z_¨vw`i Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g AvB‡bi e¨vL¨v I cÖK…Z ¯^iƒc Zz‡j ai‡Z m‡Pó nb| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq †h, Bsj¨v‡Ûi

BDwbU-6 c„ôv-77

GmGmGBPGj

AvBb e¨e¯’vq e −¨vK‡÷vb (Blackstone) †KvK (Coke) cÖgyL AvBbÁ‡`i e¨vL¨v we‡k −lY AvBb cÖeZ©‡b GK wewkó ¯’vb `Lj K‡i i‡q‡Q|

• wePv‡ii ivq: Avw`Kv‡j cÖ_v I ag©xq bxwZi mvnv‡h¨ me ai‡bi we‡iva I ؇›Øi mgvavb Kiv n‡Zv| wKš‘ mgvR Rxe‡b RwUjZv e„w×i m‡½ m‡½ gvbyl AvB‡bi Avkªq MÖnY K‡i| wKš‘ †`Lv †Mj AvB‡bi gva¨‡gI gvbyl Zv‡`i mKj mgm¨vi mgvavb Ly u‡R †cj bv| d‡j Zviv wePvi‡Ki gZvgZ I iv‡qi Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z _v‡K| µ‡g wePvi‡Ki ivq AvB‡b cwiYZ nj|

• wbe©vnx †NvlYv I wWµx: AvaywbKKv‡j kvmb e¨e¯’vi RwUjZvi Kvi‡Y AvBb mfv wb‡Ri ¶gZv I KZ… ©‡Z¡i wKQy wKQy Ask wbe©vnx wefv‡Mi nv‡Z †Q‡o w`‡q‡Q| d‡j wbe©vnx wefvM‡K wewfbœ mgq wewfbœ cÖKvi †NvlYv w`‡Z nq Ges wWµx Rvwi Ki‡Z nq| Gfv‡e RvwiK…Z †NvlYv I wWµx AvB‡bi gh©v`v jvf K‡i| wbe©vnx †NvlYv I wWµx mvaviYZ ordinance wn‡m‡e †NvwlZ nq Ges cieZx©‡Z wbqgZvwš¿Kfv‡e AvB‡bi iƒc jvf K‡i|

• AvBb mfv: AvaywbKKv‡j AvBb mfv AvBb cÖYq‡bi GKwU cÖavb Drm| A‡bK ivóªweÁvbx RbgZ‡KB AvB‡bi GKgvÎ Drm e‡j eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Avi AvBbmfvi m`m¨iv me©`vB Rbg‡Zi cÖwZ kª×vkxj †_‡KB AvBb cÖYqb K‡ib| AvBbmfvB cÖK…Zc‡¶ RbgZ, cÖ_v, b¨vq-bxwZ cÖf…wZ‡K AvbyôvwbKfv‡e AvB‡bi gh©v`v `vb K‡i| GgbwK AvaywbK Kv‡ji AvBb mfv msweavb cÖYqb I ms‡kva‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i|

• msweavb: AvBb mfv QvovI AvB‡bi Aci GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Drm n‡jv msweavb| msweav‡bB ivóª cwiPvjbvi hveZxq wbqg-Kvbyb, wewa-weavb wjwLZ AvKv‡i we`¨gvb _v‡K| Avi GB wjwLZ msweavbB AvB‡bi Rb¥`vZv|

AvB‡bi Zvrch© AvBb gvbe Rxeb‡K wbqš¿Y I cwiPvjbv K‡i| G A‡_© AvBb mgvR Z_v iv‡óªi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e gvby‡li AvPvi-AvPiY wbqš¿Y I cwiPvjbv K‡i| AvB‡bi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z mgvR I ivóª‡`‡n AivRKZvi m„wó nq| ivóª cwiPvwjZ nq miKvi KZ… ©K Avi miKvi AvB‡bi mvnv‡h¨ iv‡óªi B”Qv‡K e¨vL¨v I ev¯—evqb Ki‡Z m‡Pó nq|

AvBb mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi nvwZqvi¯^iƒc| cÖK…Zc‡¶ mve©‡fŠgZ¡ m¤ú‡K© †h †Kvb Av‡jvPbv AvB‡bi Av‡jvPbv e¨ZxZ c~Y©v½ n‡Z cv‡i bv| mve©‡fŠgZ¡ g~jZ GK weg~Z© aviYv Ges AvB‡bi gva¨‡g cÖKvwkZ bv nIqv ch©š— Zv mwZ¨Kvifv‡e A_©en nq bv|

AvB‡bi kªYxwefvM `y‡Uv cÖavb wfwËi Dci wbf©i K‡i AvB‡bi †kªYxwefvM Kiv nh| cÖ_gZ: AvBb cÖYqbKvix KZ© „c‡¶i cÖK…wZi Dci wfwË K‡i Ges wØZxqZ: mgv‡Ri †Kvb& †kªYx ev e¨w³e‡M©i mv‡_ AvBb m¤úK©hy³ Zvi Dci wfwË K‡i AvB‡bi †kªYxwefvM Kiv nq|

cÖ_‡gv³ wfwˇZ AvBb‡K wb‡æv³ K‡qKwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq:

• mvaviY AvBb: mvaviY AvBb ej‡Z †m me AvBb‡K †evSvq †h¸‡jv mgv‡Ri cÖPwjZ cÖ_v, ixwZ-bxwZ, AvPvi-AvPiY I Af¨v‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o D‡V| Gme cÖ_v †_‡K D™¢ ‚Z nIqv m‡Ë¡I †¶Îwe‡k‡l †m¸‡jv Av`vjZ KZ… ©KI cÖewZ©Z n‡q _v‡K| weª‡U‡b mvaviY AvBb h‡_ó RbwcÖq Ges Myi“Z¡cyY©|

• mswewa: mswewa n‡”Q †m me AvBb †h¸‡jv AvBb mfv KZ© „K iwPZ n‡q _v‡K| AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K hy‡M cÖvq me †`‡kB wbqgZvwš¿K Dcv‡q Z_v RbM‡Yi m¤§wZi wfwˇZ AvBb mfvq AvBb cÖYxZ nq|

• kvmb KZ…©c‡¶i wb‡`©k: kvmb wefvMxq wb‡`©kmg~nI AvBb wn‡m‡e gvb¨ Kiv nq| G¸‡jv‡K AwW©b¨vÝ ejv n‡q _v‡K| ivóªxq AvB‡bi KvVv‡gv‡Z †_‡K kvmb KZ… ©c¶‡K G ai‡bi Av‡`k Rvwi Kivi ¶gZv †`qv nq| mvaviYfv‡e †Kvb †`‡ki ivóªcÖavb Gme Av‡`k-wb‡`©k Rvwi K‡i _v‡Kb †Kvb Ri“wi Ae¯’vi †cÖ¶vc‡U| Gme Av‡`k-wb‡`©k wPi¯’vqx wKQy bq|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-78

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq wØZx‡qv³ wfwˇZ AvBb‡K Avevi †ek K‡qKwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq, †hgb:

• †emiKvix AvBb: G AvB‡bi gva¨‡g bvMwiK‡`i cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wbY©xZ nq| ivóª G AvB‡bi m„wó K‡i bv; gvby‡li AvPiYwewa Ges hyw³‡eva †_‡K Gi DrcwË N‡U| Aa¨vcK nj¨vÛ (Holland) Gi g‡Z, Ò†emiKvix AvB‡b Dfq c¶B †emiKvix e¨w³eM© Ges G `yÕc‡¶i g‡a¨ ivóª GK wbi‡c¶ ga¨¯’ZvKvixi f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|Ó "In private law, the parties concerned are private individuals above and between whom stands the state as an impartial arbiter."

• miKvix AvBb: G AvB‡bi gva¨‡g ivóª I RbM‡Yi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© wba©vwiZ nq| miKvix AvBb‡K ivóªxq ev MYAvBbI ejv hvq| iv‡óªi msMVb, miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefv‡Mi ga¨ kvmb ¶gZv eÈb, †K›`ªxq Ges AvÂwjK ev A½ivR¨ miKv‡ii m¤úK© i¶v I wbqš¿Y G AvB‡bi cwiwai Aš—M©Z| Aa¨vcK nj¨vÛ (Holland) e‡jb, ÒG AvB‡bi Aax‡bI ivóª ga¨¯’ZvKvixi f‚wgKvq AeZxY© nq hw`I ivóª G‡¶‡Î wb‡RB wb‡Ri c¶ mg_©b K‡i|"

• mvsweavwbK AvBb: mvsweavwbK AvBb ej‡Z Ggb KwZcq wewa-weavb‡K wb‡`©k K‡i †h¸‡jvi gva¨‡g miKv‡ii kvmb ¶gZv Ges kvmK I kvwm‡Zi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wba©vwiZ I wbqwš¿Z nq| G AvB‡bi gva¨‡g miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefv‡Mi ¶gZvi cwiwa wbY©xZ n‡q _v‡K| Aa¨vcK WvBmxi (Dicey) g‡Z, ÒmvsweavwbK AvBb †mme wbqg-Kvby‡bi mgwó hv cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e iv‡óªi g‡a¨ ¶gZvi eÈb ev e¨envi‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Ges hv Av`vjZ KZ… ©K ejer nq|Ó cÖK…Zc‡¶ mvsweavwbK AvB‡bi gva¨‡gB miKv‡ii MVb I Kg©KvÊ e¨vL¨v I cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K| D`vniY¯^iƒc, ivóªcwZi wbe©vPb, cÖavbgš¿xi wbe©vPb I ¶gZv, mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i ¶gZv I Kvh©vejx, ivR¨ miKvi I MfY©i‡`i wb‡qvM c×wZ BZ¨vw` mvsweavwbK AvB‡bi welq|

• cÖkvmwbK AvBb: cÖkvmwbK AvBb miKvix Kg©KZ©v‡`i c` Ges `vq-`vwqZ¡ e¨vL¨v I we‡k −lY K‡i| bvMwiK‡`i †¶‡Î G AvBb cÖ‡hvR¨ I Kvh©Kix bq| cÖkvmwbK AvBb cÖavYZ BD‡iv‡c we‡kl K‡i d«v‡Ý mev©waK cÖPwjZ| †m †`‡k mvaviY AvBbQvovI Aci GKwU we‡kl cÖkvmwbK Av`vj‡Z (Administrative Tribunal) miKvix Kg©KZ©v‡`i Awfhy³ I wePvi Kiv nq|

• Avš—R©vwZK AvBb: we‡k¦i wewfbœ iv‡óªi ga¨Kvi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wba©viYKvix AvBb‡K ejv nq Avš—R©vwZK AvBb| A_©vr Avš—R©vwZK AvBb Avš—tivóªxq m¤úK© wbqš¿YKvix AvBb| †MÖvwmqvm (Grotius)-Gi g‡Z, ÒAvš—R©vwZK AvBb †m me cÖ_v I mwÜi kZ©vejx wb‡`©k K‡i †h¸‡jv wewfbœ iv‡óªi cvi¯úwiK wµqvKjv‡c AvBbMZfv‡e Kvh©Kix e‡j we‡ewPZ nq|Ó j‡iÝ (Lawrence) wj‡L‡Qb, Òmf¨ iv󪸇jv cvi¯úwiK AvPiY wbqš¿YKvix wewa-weavb n‡”Q Avš—R©vwZK AvBb|Ó mKj Avš—R©vwZK AvBbB wewfbœ ivóª KZ© „K me©Rbxbfv‡e cvwjZ n‡q _v‡K|

AvBb I ˆbwZKZv ivóªweÁvbx Avi,Gb wMjµvB÷ (R. N. Gilchrist) wj‡L‡Qb †h, ÔÔThe state is founded on the minds of its citizens, who are moral agents... A bad people means a bad state and bad laws." A_©vr ivóª RbM‡Yi gb‡bi Dci wfwËkxj Ges RbMY ˆbwZK G‡R›U ˆe Avi wKQyB bq| GK_v me©Rb¯^xK…Z †h, AvBb ivóªweÁv‡bi welqe¯‘i Aš—fy ©³ Ges ˆbwZKZv bxwZkv‡¯¿i Av‡jvP¨m~Pxi Aš—M©Z| GZ`m‡Ë¡I G `yÕ‡qi g‡a¨ Nwbô m¤úK© we`¨gvb| ivóª weÁvb I bxwZkv‡¯¿i g‡a¨ †hgb Nwbô m¤úK© we`¨gvb †Zgwb AvBb I ˆbwZKZvi g‡a¨I Abyiƒc m¤úK© cwijw¶Z nq|

ivóª g~jZ GK ˆbwZK cÖwZôvb| RbM‡Yi Kj¨vY mvab Ges we‡kl K‡i ˆbwZK Kj¨vY mvab KivB iv‡óªi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨| ivóªxq Kg©KvÊ ˆbwZKZvi cwicš’x nIqv DwPZ bq| cÖK…Zc‡¶ AvBb I ˆbwZKZvi D‡Ïk¨ GK Ges Awfbœ| Df‡qB mgvRKj¨vY mvab Ki‡Z B”QyK| AvB‡bi D‡Ïk¨ AvB‡bi cÖwZ kª×vkxj mybvMwiK ˆZix K‡i iv‡óª kvwš—-k„•Ljv I b¨vq-bxwZ cÖwZôv Kiv| Avi

BDwbU-6 c„ôv-79

GmGmGBPGj

ˆbwZKZvi j¶¨I mr I b¨vqevb bvMwiK M‡o †Zv‡j mgvR I ivóªxq Rxe‡b bxwZ‡eva cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g mwVK Kj¨vY mvab Kiv| ïay ZvB bq welqe¯‘i w`K †_‡KI AvBb I ˆbwZKZvi g‡a¨ Mfxi †hvMm~Î †`Lv hvq| Df‡qi Av‡jvP¨ welq GK I Awfbœ− gvbyl I mgvR| A_©vr mgvRe× gvbyl wb‡qB AvBb I ˆbwZKZv Av‡jvPbv K‡i| ivóªxq AvBb ˆbwZKZv I bxwZ‡eva †_‡K AwaK cwigv‡Y DrmvwiZ n‡q _v‡K|

GZ`m‡Ë¡I Kv‡ji Ave‡Z© ivóª I ivóªxq mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi D™¢e I weKv‡ki m‡½ m‡½ AvBb I ˆbwZKZvi g‡a¨ KwZcq cv_©K¨ my¯úó n‡q D‡V †h¸‡jv wbæiƒc: • AvBb †KejgvÎ gvby‡li evwn¨K AvPvi-AvPiY I Kvh©vejx wbqš¿Y K‡i| c¶vš—‡i ˆbwZKZv

gvby‡li evwn¨K Ges AvwÍK Dfq cÖKvi AvPiY I Kvh©vejx wbqš¿Y K‡i| • AvBb ivóªKZ© „K cÖewZ©Z I cÖ‡qvM n‡q _v‡K| AvBb f½Kvix‡K kvw¯— †fvM Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘

ˆbwZK wewa-weav‡bi †cQ‡b mvgvwRK Aby‡gv`b _v‡K e‡j Zv cvwjZ nq| • AvBb ivóª KZ… ©K ¯^xK…Z| AvBb mywbw`©ó I mywbwðZ| †Kvb wbw`©ó AvBb Agvb¨Kvix‡K wbw`©ó

AvBbvbymv‡i `wÊZ Kiv nq| c¶vš—‡i, ˆbwZK wewa-weavb ivóª KZ© „K m„ó bq| Avi GKvi‡Y G¸‡jv mywbw`©ó Ges mywbwðZI bq| e¨w³we‡k‡li ˆbwZKZv wfbœ iƒc n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, wf¶zK‡K wf¶v cÖ`vb †Kvb e¨w³e‡M©i wbKU ˆbwZK KvR e‡j cwiMwYZ n‡Z cv‡i; Avevi GwU Ab¨‡`i wbKU iv‡óª wf¶ve„wË Mwn©Z e‡j MY¨ n‡Z cv‡i|

• ivóªxq AvBb A‡bK mgq ˆbwZKZv ewnfy ©Z nIqv m‡Ë¡I Zv cvwjZ I Kvh©Kix nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, iv¯—vi Wvb cvk w`‡q Mvox Pvjv‡bv ˆbwZKZvwe‡ivax †Kvb KvR bq; Zey Zv AvB‡bi †Pv‡L wVK bq; GwU †e-AvBbx|

cwi‡k‡l ejv Avek¨K †h, Dc‡iv³ cv_©K¨ _vKv m‡Ë¡I AvBb I ˆbwZKZv m¤ú~Y© wew”Qbœ bq| gvby‡li we‡eK, eyw× Ges AwfÁZv †_‡KB AvB‡bi Rb¥| ˆbwZKZv weewR©Z †Kvb AvBb ev¯—‡e Kvh©Ki Kiv mnR bq| ivóªweÁvbx g¨vKvBfvi (MacIver) Aek¨ e‡j‡Qb †h, ÒmKj ˆbwZK KvR‡K AvBbMZ Kv‡R iƒcvš—wiZ Kivi A_© ˆbwZKZv‡K aŸsm Kiv| "To turn all moral obligations into legal obligations would be to destroy morality." GZ`&m‡Ë¡I GK_v †Rvi w`‡q ejv P‡j †h, AvBb hw` ˆbwZKZvi Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o D‡V Zvn‡j Zv A‡bK¸‡Y my`„p I kw³kvjx n‡q _v‡K|

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ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-80

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G cÖm‡½ D‡j −L Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h, AvB‡bi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖ`k©b RbM‡Yi KZ©e¨ e‡U, wKš‘ Zv wbi¼zk bq| cÖK…Zc‡¶ AvBb n‡”Q †Kvb ˆea KZ© „c‡¶i Av‡`k| RbMY Ggb AvBb †g‡b Pj‡e bv hv Zv‡`i e¨w³ mË¡vi Aš—ivq n‡q `uvovq| wUGBP MÖxY (T.H. Green) e‡j‡Qb, Ôivóªxq KZ© „c¶‡K Agvb¨ Kiv hvq ZLbB hLb Zv RbM‡Yi ¯^v‡_©i wei“‡× KvR K‡iÕ| Aa¨vcK jv¯‹x (Laski) welqwU‡K Av‡iv ¯úó K‡i †Zv‡jb hLb wZwb e‡jb, ÔÔRbM‡Yi me©‡kl AvbyMZ¨ n‡jv Av`‡k©i DciÕÕ| ivóªxq AvB‡bi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ †cvlY bv Kiv Ab¨vq, Z‡e AvcwËKi AvB‡bi wei“‡× cÖwZev` bv Ki‡j Zv nq we‡eK I mgv‡Ri cÖwZ wek¦vmNvZKZvi mvwgj|

Gwi÷Uj bvMwiK‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq ¸Yvejx Ges AcÖ‡qvRbxq ¸Yvejxi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb| AcÖ‡qvRbxq ¸Yvejxi g‡a¨ AvevmM„n, †MvÎ ev esk, AvBbMZ my‡hvM-myweav BZ¨vw` D‡j −L‡hvM¨| Avi bvMwiK KZ©e¨, m¤úv`b Ges ivR‰bwZK Kvh©vw` bvMwiK‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq ¸Yvejxi Aš—fy ©³| Gwi÷Uj ZvB †Rvi w`‡q e‡jb, ÔGKRb bvMwiK‡K Aek¨B bMi iv‡óªi mwµq m`m¨ n‡Z nqÕ,|

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BDwbU-6 c„ôv-81

GmGmGBPGj

cv‡VvËi gyj¨vqb eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| 1. Òb¨vq msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ ivóª KZ… ©K ¯^xK…Z I cÖ‡qvMK…Z wewa-weavbB AvBb|Ó - Dw³wU Kvi? K. Aw÷‡bi; L. m¨vjg‡Ûi; M. †M‡U‡ji; N. eªvB‡mi| 2. we‡k −lYcš’x AvBbwe` wn‡m‡e mgwaK L¨vZ †K? K. Aw÷b; L. m¨vi †nbix †gBb; M. nj¨vÛ; N. DBjmb| 3. BwZnvmcš’x AvBbwe` wn‡m‡e L¨vZ n‡”Qb - K. Aw÷b; L. nj¨vÛ; M. m¨vjgÛ; N. m¨vi †nbix †gBb| 4. cÖ_v n‡jv- K. GK ai‡bi AvBb; L. ivóª KZ… ©K ejerK…Z weavb; M. hyM hyM a‡i cvwjZ n‡q Avmv ixwZ-bxwZ; N. AvBb cwil` KZ… ©K Aby‡gv`bK…Z weavb| DËigvjv t 1. L 2. K 3. N 4. M| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. AvBb KZ cÖKvi I wK wK? 2. Avš—R©vwZK AvBb ej‡Z wK †evSvq? 3. Òivóª g~jZ GK ai‡bi ˆbwZK cÖwZôvbÓ - we‡k −lY Ki“b| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. AvB‡bi msÁv w`b| AvB‡bi Drm¸‡jv eY©bv Ki“b| 2. Òb¨vq msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ ivóª KZ… ©K ¯^xK…Z I cÖ‡qvMK…Z wewa-weavb AvBb|Ó - e³e¨wU we‡k −lY

Ki“b| 3. AvBb I ˆbwZKZvi m¤úK© we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-82

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV - 2

Avš—R©vwZK AvBb D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb; Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi Drm¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi cwiwa ev welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

eZ©gvb cvi¯úwiK †mŠnv`© Ges kvwš—c~Y© mn Ae¯’v‡bi hy‡M †Kvb iv‡óªi c‡¶B wew”Qbœ I wbtm½fv‡e wU‡K _vKv m¤¢e bq| we‡k¦i wewfbœ ivóª GLb wewfbœ †¶‡Î Ges wewfbœfv‡e wbf©ikxj I m¤úK©hy³| wewfbœ iv‡óªi G wbf©ikxjZv I ci¯úi m¤úK© †h AvB‡bi gva¨‡g cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K Zv‡KB ejv nq Avš—R©vwZK AvBb|

Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi msÁv we‡k¦i wewfbœ ivóª †h me wewa-weav‡bi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© eRvq iv‡L †m¸‡jv n‡”Q Avš—R©vwZK AvBb| Gme AvB‡bi gva¨‡g iv󪸇jvi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z n‡q _v‡K| wU.‡R .j‡iÝ (T. J. Lawrence)-Gi g‡Z, ÒAvš—R©vwZK AvBb n‡”Q †mmKj weavb †h¸‡jv mf¨ iv󪸇jvi Kg©Kv‡Êi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK †jb‡`b wba©viY K‡i|Ó

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Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi Drm Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi D™¢e N‡U‡Q AwZ mv¤úÖwZK Kv‡j| cÖK…Zc‡¶ Avš—R©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i AMÖMwZ I weKv‡ki m‡½ m‡½ Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡biI AMÖMwZ I weKvk mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| BD‡ivcxq mf¨Zv †_‡K ïi“ K‡i †ivgvb mvgªv‡R¨i cÖwZôv Ges ms¯‹vi hyM †cwi‡q Zv AvaywbKKv‡j AbycÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q| G weeZ©b avivq Avš—R©vwZK AvBb GKvwaK Drm †_‡K weKwkZ nh| wb‡æ Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi KwZcq Drm m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:

• †ivgvb AvBb : Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi GKwU Drm n‡jv †ivgvb AvBb| `y‡Uv cÖavb Dcv‡q †ivgvb AvBb Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi g~j wfwË wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| cÖ_gZ, RvwZ¸‡jvi AvB‡bi

BDwbU-6 c„ôv-83

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a¨vb-aviYv Øviv Ges wØZxqZ, AvB‡bi †Pv‡L mK‡j mgvb G aviYvi gva¨‡g| Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi G aviYv mve©‡fŠg iv󪸇jv mgZv ea©b Ki‡Z we‡klfv‡e mnvqZv K‡i‡Q|

• mwÜ I Pzw³: †h †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ mvwaZ Pzw³ I mwܸ‡jv, (evwYwR¨K ev ivR‰bwZK), Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi Aci GKwU we‡kl Drm wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z| G ai‡bi Pzw³ Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi weKv‡k cÖf‚Z cwigv‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc, I‡q÷dvwjqv kvwš—P zw³ (1648), c¨vwim Pzw³ (1763 I 1864), fvm©vB Pzw³ (1919) Gm‡ei D‡j −L Kiv hvq|

• cÖ_v I ixwZbxwZ: cÖ_v I ixwZbxwZ¸‡jv Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi Aci GK we‡kl Drm e‡j ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i‡Q| cÖK…Z cÖ¯—v‡e Avš—R©vwZK AvBb cÖ_v wfwËK| cÖvPxb I ga¨hy‡Mi iv󪸇jvi ga¨Kvi †jb‡`b wQj g~jZ cÖ_v I ixwZbxwZi Dci wfwËkxj| Gme cÖ_v I ixwZwbxwZ cieZ©xKv‡j AvB‡bi gh©v`v AR©b K‡i|

• †cŠi AvBb (ivóªxq AvBb): ejv n‡q _v‡K †h, †cŠi AvBb Z_v ivóªxq AvB‡bi g‡a¨ Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi exR wbwnZ| cÖwZwU iv‡óªi †cŠi AvB‡bi mswewa (Statutes) Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi AMÖMwZ I Avš—R©vwZK m¤úK© wbY©‡q mwe‡kl mnvqK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| bvMwiKZv, Awfevmb AvBb, wbi‡c¶Zv BZ¨vw` msµvš— AvBb Avš—R©vwZK †¶‡Î h‡_ó f‚wgKv iv‡L|

• cÖL¨vZ AvBbÁ‡`i e³e¨: A‡bK cÖL¨vZ AvBb wekvi` Avš—R©vwZK AvBb m¤ú‡K© e³e¨ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡`i Gme e³e¨ Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi Drm wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| wewfbœ Avš—R©vwZK mgm¨v I gvgjv wb®úwËi †¶‡Î Zuv‡`i e³e¨ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| GQvovI cÖL¨vZ AvBbÁ‡`i wjwLZ MÖš’ †hgb û‡Mv MÖwmqvm (Hugo Grotius)-Gi "On the Law of war and Peace" hv 1625 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq Zv Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi ZvwË¡K wfwË cÖ`vb K‡i| GQvovI i‡q‡Q cy‡dbWid& (Pufendorf) wjwLZ "Law of Nature and Nations" Ges Rv‡qewbR (Zaibniz) weiwPZ Diplomatic Code of the Law of Nations" hv Avš—R©vwZK AvBb‡K mywbw`©ó iƒc w`‡Z we‡klfv‡e mvnvh¨ K‡i|

• hy× I K~UbxwZi BwZnvm : hy‡×i BwZnvm, wewfbœ Pzw³ I mwÜ ¯’vcb BZ¨vw` Avš—R©vwZK Kg©KvÊ Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi weKvk mva‡b D‡j −L‡hvM¨ mnvqZv K‡i‡Q| hy×Kvjxb mg‡q wewfbœ ivóª KZ… ©K ¸i“Z¡c~Y© †NvlYv Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi GK cÖavb Drm wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc AvUjvw›UK PvU©vi (The Atlanic Charter), cUm&W¨vg Pzw³ (The Potsdam Agreement)-Gi D‡j −L Kiv hvq|

• K‚UbxwZwe` I ivóªbvqK‡`i AwfgZ: K‚UbxwZwe` I ivóªbvqK‡`i wjwLZ gZvgZI Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi GK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Drm wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Zuv‡`i Gme gZvgZ mvaviYZ †÷U †ccvi (State Paper) Ges ˆe‡`wkK Awd‡m K‚U‰bwZK cÎ wjL‡bi g‡a¨ mxgve× _v‡K| GQvov ivóªbvqKMY Zuv‡`i e³…Zv-wee„wZi gva¨‡g ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Avš—R©vwZK I ciivóª welqvw`i †¶‡Î Ag~j¨ AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i _v‡Kb hv Avš—R©vwZK AvBb ˆZixi †ejvq c_ cÖ`k©K wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

• RvwZms‡Ni wm×vš—mg~n: AvaywbK we‡k¦ RvwZmsN wewfbœ Avš—R©vwZK wel‡q AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wm×vš— MÖnY K‡i| Gme wm×vš— Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi ¯^iƒc I cÖK…wZ A‡bKvs‡k wba©viY K‡i _v‡K| RvwZmsN wewfbœ Avš—R©vwZK mgm¨vi mgvav‡b cvi¯úwiK Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv, ga¨¯’Zv, mvwjkx ZrciZv Ges Avš—R©vwZK Av`vjZ‡`i ivq I wewfbœ cÖ¯—ve MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi MwZ-cÖK…wZ wba©vi‡Y m‡Pó nq|

Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi Drm m¤ú‡K© Avgiv mg¨K aviYv jvf Ki‡Z m¶g nB| e¯‘Z: Gme Drm Avš—R©vwZK AvBb‡K GK we‡kl gh©v`v `vb K‡i‡Q|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-84

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi cwiwa ev welqe¯‘ Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi cwiwa ev welqe¯‘i e¨vwß j¶¨ Kivi gZ| Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi cwiwa mKj ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg iv‡óªi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wbY©q K‡i| G AvBb Abymv‡i †QvU eo mKj ivóªB mgvb gh©v`v †fvM K‡i| G mgZvi Kvi‡YB GK ivóª Aci iv‡óªi Dci †Kvb wbR¯^ AvBb b¨vqm½Zfv‡e Pvwc‡q w`‡Z cv‡i bv|

Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi cwiwa ev welqe¯‘‡K wb‡æv³ K‡qKwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq:

• kvwš—Kvjxb mg‡q iv󪸇jv Kg©KvÊ cwiPvjbvKvix AvBb|

• hy× PjvKv‡j iv󪸇jvi Kg©KvÊ cwiPvjbvKvix AvBb|

• wbi‡c¶Zvi m¤úK© eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ AvBb|

1. kvwš—Kvjxb mg‡q iv󪸇jvi Kg©KvÊ cwiPvjbvKvix AvB‡bi g‡a¨ wewfbœ iv‡óªi ¯^vaxbZvi †¶‡Î mgZvi `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨, RvnvR PjvPj msµvš— AvBb, ciivóª `ßimg~‡ni Kg©KZ©v‡`i `vwqZ¡, KZ©e¨ I AwaKvi,K‚U‰bwZK cÖwZwbwa‡`i we‡kl AwaKvi I my‡hvM-myweav, Avš—R©vwZK m‡¤§jb¸‡jvi msMVb I Kvh©cÖYvjx, mwܯ’vcb BZ¨vw` D‡j −L‡hvM¨|

2. hy× PjvKv‡j hy× AvBb I bxwZgvjv cÖYqb Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi Aš—fy ©³| hy× †NvlYv Kiv, hy‡×i †kªYxwefvM, Rj-¯’j I Aš—ix‡¶ hy‡×i AvBb I ixwZ-bxwZ, hy‡×vËi Kv‡j hy‡×i cÖfve, hy×e›`x‡`i m‡½ AvPiY, hy‡× welRwbZ †Kvb M¨vm ev RxevYy e¨envi wbwl× Kiv Ges †emvgwiK GjvKvq †evgv nvgjv ev wb‡¶c bv Kiv Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi Aš—fy ©³ welq|

3. wbi‡c¶Zvi m¤úK© eRvq ivLv msµvš— AvB‡bi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q kΓ Avµvš— iv󪸇jvi cÖwZ wbi‡c¶ iv󪸇jvi `vq-`vwqZ¡, wbi‡c¶ e¨emv-evwYR¨, evwYwR¨K I Ab¨vb¨ Ae‡iva Av‡ivc Kiv|

mviK_v eZ©gvb wek¦ wbtm½ev‡` wek¦vmx bq eis wewfbœ ivóª AvR ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ I wbf©ikxj| GB cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© I wbf©ikxjZv †h mKj wewa-weav‡bi gva¨‡g cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z nq †m¸‡jv n‡”Q Avš—R©vwZK AvBb| Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi Drm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q †ivgvb AvBb, mwÜ I Pzw³, cÖ_v I ixwZbxwZ, AvBbÁ‡`i e³e¨, K‚UbxwZwe` I ivóªbviqK‡`i AwfgZ Ges m‡e©vcwi RvwZms‡Ni wm×vš—mg~n|

BDwbU-6 c„ôv-85

GmGmGBPGj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| 1. Avš—R©vwZK AvBb Kv‡K e‡j? K. †h AvB‡bi gva¨‡g ivóª cwiPvwjZ nq; L. †h AvB‡bi gva¨‡g ivóª I bvMwiK‡`i m¤úK© wbY©xZ nq; M. †h AvBb kvwš—c~Y© mnAe¯’vb m¤¢e K‡i †Zv‡j; N. †h AvB‡bi gva¨‡g wewfbœ iv‡óªi wbf©ikxjZv I m¤úK© wba©vwiZ I cwiPvwjZ nq|

2. ÒAvš—R©vwZK AvBb n‡”Q †m mKj weavb, †h¸‡jv mf¨ ivóªmg~‡ni Kg©Kv‡Êi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK †jb‡`b wba©viY K‡i|Ó - G msÁvwU †K w`‡q‡Qb?

K. I‡cbn¨vBg; L. jyBUb; M. wU. †R. j‡iÝ; N. †MÖvwmqvm|

3. ÒAvš—R©vwZK AvBb iv󪸇jvi Dci bq eis iv󪸇jvi g‡a¨ Kvh©Kix AvBbÓ - G aviYvwU Kvi?

K. ûBUb; L. †Rv‡md d«vs‡Kj; M. Aw÷b; N. I‡cbn¨vBg|

4. wewfbœ iv‡óªi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© I wbf©ikxjZv †h AvB‡bi gva¨‡g wba©vwiZ nq Zv nj- K. ivóªxq AvBb; L. †`kxq AvBb; M. AvÂwjK AvBb; N. Avš—R©vwZK AvBb|

DËi gvjvt 1. N 2. M 3. L 4. N| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. Avš—R©vwZK AvBb‡K Avcwb wKfv‡e msÁvwqZ Ki‡eb? 2. Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi `yÕ†Uv cÖavb Drm D‡j −L Ki“b|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi msÁv w`b| Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi Drm¸‡jv eY©bv Ki“b|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-86

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV -3

¯^vaxbZv D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

^ vaxbZvi A_© wK Zv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; ^ vaxbZvi wewfbœ iƒc m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡Z cvi‡eb; AvBb I ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úK© wel‡q e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; ¯^vaxbZvi i¶vKeP¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mvaviY K_vq ¯^vaxbZv n‡”Q gvby‡li B”QvgZ †Kvb wKQy Kiv ev bv Kivi Aeva AwaKvi| G A‡_© AaxbZvgy³ Ae¯’v‡KB ejv †h‡Z cv‡i ¯^vaxbZv| A_©vr ¯^vaxbZv ej‡Z †evSvq me ai‡bi wbqš¿‡Yi Abycw¯’wZ| wKš‘ ivóªweÁv‡b G ai‡bi Aeva ¯^vaxbZv †¯^”QvPvwiZviB bvgvš—i| ¯^vaxbZv I †¯^”QvPvwiZv GK n‡Z cv‡i bv| G ai‡bi ¯^vaxbZvi †Kvb Aw¯—Z¡ †bB|

cÖK…Zc‡¶ ¯^vaxbZv gv‡bB wbqwš¿Z ¯^vaxbZv| ¯^vaxbZv ej‡Z wbqš¿Y ev wewa-wb‡l‡ai Abycw¯’wZ †evSvq bv| mK‡ji ¯^vaxbZv wbwðZKi‡Yi j‡¶¨ cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Kg©Kv‡Êi Dci wKQyUv wbqš¿Y ¯^vaxbZv‡K A_©en K‡i †Zv‡j| g‡b ivLv `iKvi †h, ¯^vaxbZv wbqwš¿Z n‡j Zv GZUzKz Le© nq bv; eis Gi d‡j e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK Kj¨vY AwaKgvÎvq mvwaZ nq| mvgvwRK Kj¨vY ¯^vaxbZvi g~jgš¿ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

wewfbœ ivóªweÁvbx Zuv‡`i ¯^ ¯^ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ¯^vaxbZv‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| Aa¨vcK jv¯‹x (Laski) ¯^vaxbZvi msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q e‡jb, Ò¯^vaxbZv ej‡Z Avwg eywS †m ai‡bi cwi‡e‡ki mhZœ msi¶Y hv‡Z K‡i gvbyl Zv‡`i Av‡ÍvbœwZ Ki‡Z h‡_ó my‡hvM-myweav jvf K‡i Ges †m ai‡bi cwi‡ek i¶vi Rb¨ A`g¨ AvMÖn cÖKvk K‡i|Ó (By liberty I mean the eager maintenance of that atmosphere in which men have the opportunity to be at their best selves.) Aa¨vcK †M‡Uj (Gettell) -Gi g‡Z, Ò¯^vaxbZv n‡”Q †mme KvR Kiv Ges D‡cfvM Kivi mivmwi ¶gZv †h¸‡jv Kiv I Dc‡fvM Kivi gZ|Ó

Rb ÷zqvU© wgj (John Stuart Mill) Zuvi "Essay on Liberty" MÖ‡š’ ¯^vaxbZvi cÖK…wZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb, †Kej Ac‡ii Awbó Kiv n‡Z wbe„Ë Kivi †¶‡ÎB †Kvb mf¨ mgv‡Ri m`m¨‡K Zvi B”Qvi wei“‡× ejc~e©K KvR Kiv‡bv hvq| Zvi ˆ`wnK ev gvbwmK DcKvi n‡e G D‡Ï‡k¨ Zv‡K Zvi B”Qvi wei“‡× wKQy Kiv‡bv DwPZ bq| wgj G cÖm‡½ AZ¨š— my›`i K_vq e‡jb, Òe¨w³ Zvi wb‡Ri Dci, wbR †`n I g‡bi Dci mve©‡fŠg|Ò "Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign."

wR. wW. GBP. †Kvj (G. D. H. Cole) wj‡L‡Qb, Ò¯^vaxbZv ej‡Z †Kvb iKg evwn¨K cÖwZeÜKZv Qvov e¨w³i e¨w³‡Z¡i cÖKvk I weKvk mvab‡K †evSvq|Ó "Liberty means freedom of the individual to express himself without exteranl hindrances to personality" Aciw`‡K W‡iv_x Gg. wcKjm& (Dorothy M. Pickles) gvK©mxq `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ¯^vaxbZv‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, ÒLiberty means the freeing of an oppressed class from economic exploitation." A_©vr A_©‰bwZK †kvlY †_‡K †Kvb wbh©vwZZ †kªYx‡K gy³ Kivi bvg n‡”Q ¯^vaxbZv| G msÁvi g~j e³e¨ n‡”Q mKj cÖKvi ¯^vaxbZvi wfwË n‡jv A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv| †Kbbv, A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZvi Dcw¯’wZB ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv‡K A_©en K‡i Zyj‡Z cv‡i|

BDwbU-6 c„ôv-87

GmGmGBPGj

^vaxbZvi wewfbœ iƒc ¯^vaxbZvi wewfbœ iƒc i‡q‡Q| wb‡æ †m¸‡jvi msw¶ß weeiY †`Iqv nj| • cÖvK…wZK ¯^vaxbZv: cÖvK…wZK ¯^vaxbZv n‡”Q Awbqwš¿Z ¯^vaxbZv hvi e‡j e¨w³ Zvi B”QvgZ

mewKQy Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gw`K †_‡K cÖvK…wZK ¯^vaxbZv Db¥y³ jvB‡mÝ-Gi bvgvš—i| G ¯^vaxbZv kw³ ev e‡ji Dci cÖwZwôZ| Pzw³ev`x `vk©wbK‡`i (nem&, jK, i“‡kv) aviYvbymv‡i gvbyl cÖK…wZi iv‡R¨ cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi Z_v ¯^vaxbZv †fvM KiZ| wKš‘ mgvR Z_v iv‡óª emevmKvix gvbyl G ai‡bi cÖvK…wZK ¯^vaxbZv †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv; †Kbbv G‡ZK‡i mgvR I iv‡óª AivRKZv †`Lv †`‡e| ivóªweÁvbx wMjµvB÷ (Gilchrist) Gi g‡Z, cÖvK…wZK ¯^vaxbZvi A_© Ò¯^vaxbZvi A‰eÁvwbK e¨envi|Ó

• bvMwiK ¯^vaxbZv: bvMwiK ¯^vaxbZv ej‡Z †evSvq †m ai‡bi ¯^vaxbZv hv gvbyl ivóª I mgv‡R emevm Ki‡Z wM‡q †fvM K‡i| G AwaKvi †fvM AevwiZ bq; AvBb Øviv Zv mxwgZ| AvBbB bvMwiK ¯^vaxbZvi i¶K| G ¯^vaxbZv ZvB AvB‡bi kvm‡bi m‡½ Mfxifv‡e m¤ú„³| †M‡Uj (Gettell) G cÖm‡½ e‡jb, Òmywbw`©ó AvBb, ev¯—evq‡b wbðqZv Ges AvB‡bi mvg‡b mgZv gvby‡li gv‡S ci¯úi bvMwiK ¯^vaxbZv‡K cÖmvwiZ K‡i‡Q|

• e¨w³MZ ¯^vaxbZv: e¨w³MZ ¯^vaxbZvi A_© GB †h, e¨w³i mvg‡b Ggb my‡hvM _vK‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K‡i †m †Kvb cÖKvi †¯^”QvPvix Ges A‰ea cÖwZ‡iva Qvov wb‡Ri LykxgZ Kg© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³iB AwaKvi _vK‡e Aci †Kvb e¨w³ KZ© „K Zvi e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b n¯—‡¶c cÖwZnZ Kivi| e¨w³ gvÎB Zvi cwiavb, Avnvi, RxebhvÎvi gvb, we‡q, wk¶v cÖf…wZ †¶‡Î ¯^vaxbZv †fvM Ki‡e| ivóª Gme †¶‡Î †Kvb n¯—‡¶c Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vK‡e| Gd.G. nv‡qK (F. A. Hayek) wj‡L‡Qb, "Liberty is a condition of men in which coercion of some by others is reduced as much as possible in a society.".

• ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv t ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv Ggb ¯^vaxbZv wb‡`©k K‡i hvi gva¨‡g bvMwiKiv ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡b Ges ivóªxq Kg©Kv‡Ê AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM jvf K‡i| ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv KwZcq b~¨bZg AwaKvi Aš—fy ©³ K‡i| G¸‡jv n‡”Q †fv‡Ui AwaKvi, wbe©vP‡b cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Kivi AwaKvi, miKvix c` jv‡fi AwaKvi, ivR‡bwZK gZvgZ e¨³ Kivi AwaKvi, ¶gZvmxb miKv‡ii bxwZgvjv I Kg©Kv‡Êi mgv‡jvPbv Kivi AwaKvi Ges Av‡e`b Kivi AwaKvi|

• Aa¨vcK jv¯‹xi g‡Z, ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv n‡”Q ivóªxq Kg©Kv‡Ê AskMÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î e¨w³i ¯^vaxbZv| G cÖm‡½ wZwb e‡jb, "I can let my mind play freely about the substance of public business... I must be able to announce my opinion and to concert with others in the anouncement of opinion." A_©vr ÒivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv _vK‡jB †Kej Avwg miKvix Kg©Kv‡Ê wb‡R‡K ¯^vaxbfv‡e wb‡qvwRZ Ki‡Z cvwi... Avgvi gZvgZ‡K Avwg hv‡Z e¨³ Ki‡Z cvwi Ges Zv Ki‡Z wM‡q hv‡Z Avwg Ab¨vb¨‡`i m‡½ gZ wewbgq Ki‡Z cvwi|Ó ivóªweÁvbx jxKK (Leacock) ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv‡K ÔmvsweavwbK ¯^vaxbZvÕ Ges wMjµvB÷ (Gilchrist) G‡K ÔMYZ‡š¿i mgv_©KÕ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb|

• A_©‰bwZK: A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv ej‡Z †Kvb bvMwi‡Ki ˆ`bw›`b A_©‰bwZK Pvwn`v c~iY Kiv †evSvq| G A‡_© cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki †hvM¨Zv Abymv‡i Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM _vKv Avek¨K| A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZvi Afv‡e ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv A_©nxb n‡q c‡o| ïay ZvB bq Gi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z e¨w³i e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk N‡U bv| esk, †MvÎ, wek¦vm, abx-wba©b wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji mgvb A_©‰bwZK my‡hvM _vKv MYZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’vi GK AZ¨ek¨Kxq kZ©| Aa¨vcK jv¯‹x (Laski) h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb, ÒA_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv ej‡Z Avwg eywS cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki ˆ`bw›`b b~¨bZg Abœ ms¯’v‡bi wbivcËv I my‡hv‡Mi Dcw¯’wZ ... AvMvgxKv‡ji Afve †_‡K Avgvi i¶v †c‡Z n‡e|Ó

• RvZxq ¯^vaxbZv: RvZxq ¯^vaxbZv ej‡Z †Kvb RvwZ ev †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv‡K †evSvq| e¨w³ †hgb ¯^vaxbZv †c‡Z AvMÖnx †Zgwb ivóªI| RvZxq ¯^vaxbZv †Kej ZLbB Aw¯—Z¡kxj nq hLb †Kvb RvwZ ev m¤úÖ`vq ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi AwaKvix nq| cÖK…Zc‡¶ RvZxq ¯^vaxbZvi Aci bvg n‡”Q RvZxq mve©‡fŠgZ¡| cÖ‡Z¨K ivóª ev RvwZB ¯^xq ¯^vaxbZv eRvq ivL‡Z m`v m‡Pó _v‡K| ¯^vaxbZv e¨ZxZ †Kvb RvwZB DbœwZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-88

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq AvBb I ¯^vaxbZv ivóªweÁv‡bi wewfbœ mgm¨vi g‡a¨ AvBb I ¯^vaxbZvi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© wba©viY Kiv GKwU RwUj mgm¨v| ¯^vaxbZv ej‡Z me ai‡bi wbqš¿‡Yi Aemvb †evSvq bv; A_©vr ¯^vaxbZv gv‡b wd« jvB‡mÝ bq| cÖK…Z A‡_© ¯^vaxbZv n‡”Q wbqwš¿Z ¯^vaxbZv| ¯^vaxbZv †KejgvÎ AvBbvbyM ivóªe¨e¯’v‡ZB Aw¯—Z¡kxj| ivóª KZ„ ©K ¯^vaxbZv cÖ`Ë n‡jB P‡j bv, ¯^vaxbZv i¶vi e¨e¯’vI ivóª‡K mgfv‡e Ki‡Z nq| myôz ivóªxq e¨e¯’vi Rb¨ †hgb RbMY‡K ¯^vaxbZv w`‡Z nq wVK †Zgwb Zv i¶vi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb h_vh_ AvB‡bi| e¯‘Z AvBb I ¯^vaxbZv ci¯úi wbweo m¤ú‡K© Ave×| AvaywbK iv‡óªi mvdj¨ AvBb I ¯^vaxbZvi h_vh_ mgš^‡qi DciB wbf©ikxj|

AvBb I ¯^vaxbZvi cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î `yÕ‡Uv wecixZag©x gZev` cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| †Kvb †Kvb ivóªweÁvbxi g‡Z, AvBb I ¯^vaxbZv ci¯úi we‡ivax| G `y‡Uvi g‡a¨ †Zgb †Kvb mvgÄm¨ †bB| AvB‡bi Avwa‡K¨i d‡j ¯^vaxbZv Le© nq| AvB‡bi AvwaK¨ hZ †ewk nh ¯^vaxbZvI †m cwigv‡Y n«vm cvq| cÖwZwU AvBb †Kvb bv †Kvbfv‡e RbM‡Yi ¯^vaxbZv Le© K‡i| DBwjqvg MWDBb (William Godwin) µcU&Kxb (Croptkin), nvevU© †¯úbmvi (Herbert Spencer) cÖgyL wPš—vwe` G gZev` mg_©b K‡ib|

Aciw`‡K †Kvb †Kvb `vk©wbK I ivóªweÁvbx AvBb I ¯^vaxbZvi g‡a¨ AZ¨š— Nwbô m¤úK© weivRgvb e‡j eY©bv K‡ib| Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Qb Gwi÷Uj (Aristotle), g‡›U¯‹ z (Montesquieu) Ges Rb jK (John Locke)| Zuviv mK‡jB G wel‡q GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib †h, ivóª cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Ges RbM‡Yi Kg©KvÊ wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvRb me©v‡MÖ| AvB‡bi gva¨‡gB †Kej b¨vq wePvi cÖwZôv Ges RbKj¨vY mvab Kiv m¤¢e| AvBb ¯^vaxbZv Le©‡Zv K‡iB bv eis Zv msiw¶Z Ges cÖmvwiZ K‡i| wK ˆbwZKZv, wK gvbweKZv, wK mf¨Zv meB AvB‡bi cÖZ¨¶ dmj|

AvBb I ¯^vaxbZvi m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î †k‡lv³ gZvgZwU AwaK cwigv‡Y MÖnY‡hvM¨| MYZvwš¿K ivóª gvÎB AvB‡bi gva¨‡g e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv msi¶Y Ki‡Z cÖqvmx nq| RbM‡Yi wµqvKjv‡ci Dci cÖ‡qvRbgZ wewawb‡la Av‡ivc K‡i AvBb ¯^vaxbZvi i¶K wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Kv‡RB ejv n‡q _v‡K †h, ÔAvBb ¯^vaxbZvi kZ©Õ 'Law is the condition of liberty.' Avevi AvBb ïaygvÎ ¯^vaxbZvi kZ©B bq, ÔAvBb ¯^vaxbZvi i¶KI e‡U|Õ ('Law is the protector of liberty') AvB‡bi evB‡i gvby‡li †Kvb mË¡v †bB| iv‡óªi evB‡i †hgb e¨w³i Aw¯—Z¡ Kíbv Kiv hvq bv wVK †Zgwb AvB‡bi evB‡iI ¯^vaxbZvi Aw¯—Z¡ Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| eis AvB‡bi cÖwZ kª×v cÖ`k©b Ges AvB‡bi Abykvmb gvb¨ Kivi gv‡SB e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvi exR wbwnZ GK_v AvR me©Rb¯^xK…Z|

¯^vaxbZvi i¶vKeP

e¨w³¯^vaxbZv MYZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’vi †mvcvb| Gi †Kvb weKí †bB| Kv‡RB wKfv‡e e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv i¶v Kiv hvq †mw`‡K `„wó ivLv GKvš— Acwinvh©| G‡¶‡Î GKvwaK cš’v Aej¤^b Kiv n‡q _v‡K †h¸‡jv‡K ¯^vaxbZvi i¶vKeP e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq| ¯^vaxbZvi i¶vKeP¸‡jv wbæiƒc:

• AvBb: ¯^vaxbZvi cÖ_g I cÖvPxb i¶vKeP n‡”Q AvBb| AvB‡bi gva¨‡gB g~jZ e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv iw¶Z n‡q _v‡K| †Kvb bvMwi‡Ki ¯^vaxbZv ¶zYœ ev wecbœ n‡j AvBb Zv i¶v Ki‡Z AMÖmi nq| ¯^vaxbZvi Dcw¯’wZ ev Abycw¯’wZ AvBb Øviv Av‡ivwcZ kvw¯—i cÖK…wZ I Abycv‡Zi Dci we‡klfv‡e wbf©i K‡i| cÖK…Zc‡¶ ivóªxq AvBb‡K ¯^vaxbZvi c~e©kZ© e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

• MYZ‡š¿i cÖwZôv: MYZ‡š¿i cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g ¯^vaxbZv iw¶Z n‡q _v‡K| ejv n‡q _v‡K †h, MYZš¿ I ¯^vaxbZv GKB m~‡Î Muv_v| MYZvwš¿K miKvi e¨e¯’vq ¯^vaxbZv hZUv wbivc` Ab¨ †Kvb miKvi e¨e¯’vq Zv ZZUv bq| KviY MYZš¿ Ggb GK miKvi e¨e¯’v hv‡Z ivóªxq ¶gZv P‚ovš— we‡k −l‡Y RbM‡Yi nv‡Z b¨¯— _v‡K| c¶vš—‡i Ab¨vb¨ miKvi e¨e¯’vq ivóªxq ¶gZv g~jZ KwZcq e¨w³i nv‡Z †Kw›`ª ªf‚Z nq| d‡j e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv m¼zwPZ nq eû¸‡Y| myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, GKgvÎ MYZš¿ cÖwZwôZ n‡jB e¨w³¯^vaxbZv myiw¶Z nIqv m¤¢e|

BDwbU-6 c„ôv-89

GmGmGBPGj

• msweavb¨: cÖvq mKj †`‡ki msweavb †m †`‡ki RbM‡Yi ¯^vaxbZvi i¶K wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| mvaviYZ msweavb ivóªxq ¶gZv I KZ… ©Z¡‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K| msweavb ivóªxq KZ… ©‡Z¡i Dci Ggb wbqš¿Y Av‡ivc K‡i hv‡ZK‡i miKvi ¯^xq B”QvgZ mewKQy Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| mvsweavwbK KvVv‡gvi ga¨ †_‡K miKvi‡K hveZxq KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq|

• †gŠwjK AwaKvi: MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK AwaKvi¸‡jv ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i| mvaviYZ msweav‡b Gme †gŠwjK AwaKvi wjwce× _v‡K| G¸‡jv GK we‡kl gh©v`v jvf K‡i Ges †`‡ki mvaviY AvB‡bi †P‡qI Zv AwaK cweÎ e‡j g‡b Kiv nh| †gŠwjK AwaKvi¸‡jv wewNœZ n‡j RbMY Av`vj‡Z wePvicÖv_©x n‡Z cv‡i| miKvi Gme AwaKvi jsNb ev ¯’wMZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| cÖK…Zc‡¶ miKv‡ii Kg©Kv‡Êi Dci RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK AwaKvi¸‡jv GK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wbqš¿Y wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K|

• ¶gZv ^Zš¿xKiY: ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY ev c„_KxKiY bxwZI RbM‡Yi ¯^vaxbZvi Aci GK i¶vKeP| miKv‡ii ¶gZv AvBb, kvmb I wePvi wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ eÈb K‡i †`qvi d‡j GK wefvM Aci wefv‡Mi Kv‡R n¯—‡¶c Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Aciw`‡K wZbwU wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ GK ai‡bi cvi¯úwiK wbqš¿Y I fvimvg¨I iw¶Z nq| d‡j †Kvb GKwU wefv‡Mi c‡¶ ˆ¯^ivPvix n‡q DVv m¤¢eci bq|

• wePvi wefv‡Mi ^vaxbZv: e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvi Aci GKwU D‡j −L‡hvM¨ i¶vKeP n‡”Q wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv| G ¯^vaxbZvi A_© n‡jv wePviKiv AvBb I kvmb wefv‡Mi KZ… ©Z¡ †_‡K gy³ I ¯^vaxb †_‡K wb‡R‡`i `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ m¤úbœ Ki‡eb| †h iv‡óª wePvi wefvM hZ †ewk ¯^vaxb †m iv‡óª RbM‡Yi ¯^vaxbZv ZZ AwaK cwigv‡Y iw¶Z n‡e|

• AvB‡bi kvmb: ¯^vaxbZv i¶vi Rb¨ AvB‡bi kvm‡bi cÖ‡qvM Ab¯^xKvh©| Aa¨vcK WvBmx (Dicey) e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv I MYZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’vi Rb¨ AvB‡bi kvm‡bi Dcw¯’wZi Dci AZ¨waK ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb| AvB‡bi kvm‡bi Ab¨Zg kZ© n‡”Q- AvB‡bi †Pv‡L mK‡j mgvb| A_©vr mK‡jB AvB‡bi Øviv mgvbfv‡e cwiPvwjZ n‡e; AvB‡bi cÖ‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î †Kvb †f`v‡f` _vK‡e bv| Kv‡RB GwU mn‡RB AbywgZ nq †h, RbM‡Yi ¯^vaxbZv i¶vK‡í AvB‡bi kvm‡bi †Kvb weKí †bB|

• m‡PZb RbgZ: RbM‡Yi m‡PZbv ¯^vaxbZv i¶vi GKwU we‡kl kZ© | ¯^vaxbZv i¶vi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ Zxeª AvKv•¶vi Dcw¯’wZ| ¯^vaxbZv hv‡Z GZUzKz Le© bv nq †h Rb¨ RbMY‡K me©`v m‡PZb _vK‡Z n‡e| Aa¨vcK jv¯‹x (Laski) h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb, "Eternal Vigilance is the price of liberty". A_©vr wPiš—b mZK©Zvi gv‡SB ¯^vaxbZvi g~j¨ wbwnZ|

• ¶gZvi we‡K›`ªxKiY: †h kvmb e¨e¯’vq ¶gZvi AZ¨waK †K›`ªxKiY cwijw¶Z nq †mLvb e¨w³¯^vaxbZv ¶zYœ n‡e GUvB ¯^vfvewK| c¶vš—‡i †h kvmb e¨e¯’vq ¶gZvi wefvRb Z_v we‡K›`ªxKiY N‡U †hLv‡b e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv AwaK cwigv‡Y iw¶Z n‡q _v‡K| ¶gZv hLb †K›`ªxq, cÖv‡`wkK, AvÂwjK I ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q we‡K›`ªxKiY nq ZLb Zv `¶ cÖkvmb e¨e¯’vi †MvovcËb K‡i| G‡Z K‡i cÖkvmb e¨e¯’vq RbM‡Yi AskMÖnYË nq mywbwðZ|

mviK_v ivóªweÁv‡b ¯^vaxbZv cÖZ¨qwUi cÖK…Z A_© n‡”Q wbqwš¿Z ¯^vaxbZv| †Kvbiƒc Awbqwš¿Z ev Aeva ¯^vaxbZvi ¯’vb ivóªweÁv‡b †bB| Aeva ¯^vaxbZv Db¥y³ jvB‡m‡ÝiB kvwgj|

AvB‡bi Dcw¯’wZB †Kej ¯^vaxbZv‡K A_©en K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡i| AvBb ¯^vaxbZv‡K msi¶Y I cÖmvwiZ K‡i| AvB‡bi gva¨‡gB †Kej b¨vqwePvi cÖwZôv Ges RbKj¨vY mvab Kiv hvq| AvB‡bi Abykvmb †g‡b Pjvi g‡a¨B ¯^vaxbZvi exR wbwnZ| AvBb, msweavb, †gŠj AwaKvi, MYZš¿, ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY, wePviwefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv, AvB‡bi kvmb, m‡PZb RbgZ BZ¨vw` ¯^vaxbZvi i¶vKeP wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-90

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| 1. ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZvi gva¨‡g RbMY wK Ki‡Z cv‡i? K. mvgvwRK Kg©KvÊ m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i; L. e¨w³MZ ¯^vaxbZv †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i; M. A_©‰bwZK Pvwn`v c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡i; N. ivóªxq Kg©Kv‡Ê AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| 2. ¯^vaxbZv i¶vi Rb¨ me©v‡MÖ cÖ‡qvRb- K. ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY; L. †gŠwjK AwaKvi; M. ¶gZvi we‡K›`ªxKiY; N. AvB‡bi kvmb| 3.Òe¨w³ Zvi wb‡Ri Dci , wbR †`n I g‡bi Dci mve©‡fŠg|Ó- G Dw³wU Kvi? K. †eš’vg; L. wgj; M. wR. wW. GBP. †Kvj; N. jv¯‹x| 4. ÒA_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv ej‡Z Avwg eywS cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki ˆ`bw›`b b~¨bZg Abœ ms¯’v‡bi wbivcËv I my‡hv‡Mi Dcw¯’wZ ... AvMvgxKv‡ji Afve †_‡K Avgvi i¶v †c‡Z n‡e|Ó G Dw³wU Kvi? K. wgj; L. †Kvj; M. †M‡Uj; N. jv¯‹x| 5. Ò¯^vaxbZv ej‡Z †Kvb iKg evwn¨K cÖwZeÜKZv Qvov e¨w³i e¨w³‡Z¡i cÖKvk I weKvk mvab‡K †evSvqÓ - G Dw³wU †K K‡i‡Qb ? K. jv¯‹x; L. wgj; M. †Kvj; N. W‡iv_x wcKjm&| DËigvjv: 1. N 2. N 3. L 4. N 5. M| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. ¯^vaxbZvi msÁv w`b| 2. ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv Kv‡K e‡j? 3. AvBb‡K ¯^vaxbZvi c~e©kZ© ejv nq †Kb? 4. ÔA_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv Qvov ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv g~j¨nxbÕ⎯ e³e¨wU we‡k −lY Ki“b| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. ¯^vaxbZvi A_© wK? ¯^vaxbZvi i¶vKeP¸‡jv eY©bv Ki“b| 2. AvBb I ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úK© we¯—vwiZfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Ki“b

BDwbU-6 c„ôv-91

GmGmGBPGj

cvV -4

mvg¨ D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

mv‡g¨i msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb; mv‡g¨i cÖKvi‡f` Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; mv‡g¨i Dcw¯’wZ †h ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ KZUzKz Acwinvh© †m wel‡q aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mv‡g¨i msÁv ¯^vaxbZvi gZ mvg¨I AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’vi GK gnvb Av`k©| mvaviY A‡_© mvg¨ ej‡Z †evSvq †h, mgv‡Ri mKj gvbylB ci¯úi mgvb Ges Awfbœ| gvby‡l gvby‡l †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB, †bB †Kvb †f`v‡f`| Rb¥MZfv‡e mKj gvbylB mgvb|

1776 mv‡j gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYvq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, mKj gvbylB mgvb n‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡i‡Q| Abyiƒcfv‡e 1789 mv‡j divmx cvj©v‡g‡›Ui gvbevwaKvi †NvlYvqI ejv n‡q‡Q †h, gvbyl ¯^vaxb n‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡i‡Q Ges Zviv Zv‡`i AwaKviI wbqZ ¯^vaxb I mgvbfv‡e †fvM Ki‡e|

ivóªweÁv‡b mxgvnxb I Awbqwš¿Z mv‡g¨i †Kvb ¯’vb †bB| ev¯—e Rxe‡bI mxgvnxb I AevwiZ mv‡g¨i Dcw¯’wZ j¶¨ Kiv hvq bv| ev¯—e Rxe‡b eis gvby‡l gvby‡l AwaK gvÎvq cv_©K¨ cwijw¶Z nq| †Kej Kg©kw³ Avi we`¨v-eywׇZB bq, ˆ`wnK MVb I AvKvi-AvK…wZi w`K †_‡KI gvby‡l gvby‡l cv_©K¨ cwi`„ó nq| GgbwK GKB wcZv-gvZvi JimRvZ `yÕ‡Uv wkïi g‡a¨I ˆ`wnK AvK…wZ, kw³ I gb‡bi w`K †_‡K wfbœZv _v‡K| eqm evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ Df‡qi eyw×, Ávb I ¶gZvi w`K †_‡K cv_©K¨I evo‡Z _v‡K| Kv‡RB GK_v ejv hvq †h, gvbyl cÖK…wZMZfv‡eB Amg|

Ebwesk kZvãxi D`vi‰bwZK `vk©wbKMY AvB‡bi †Pv‡L mK‡ji mgZv, †fvU cÖ`vb I wbe©vwPZ nIqvi mgAwaKvi Ges mvgvwRK †¶‡Î mgvb my‡hvM jv‡fi AwaKvi‡K mvg¨ e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zb| AvaywbKKv‡j MYZvwš¿K I mgvRZvwš¿K aviYvi cÖmv‡ii m‡½ m‡½ mv‡g¨i A_©I e¨vcKZi n‡q D‡V| mvg¨ ej‡Z A_©‰bwZK †¶‡ÎI mK‡ji mgvb AwaKv‡ii Dcw¯’wZ wb‡`©k K‡i| A_©vr cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i wbR wbR e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki cwic~Y© my‡hvM _vKvi A_©B n‡jv mvg¨| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, mv‡g¨i A_© n‡jv Rb¥, esk, mvgvwRK c`gh©v`v I ¯¿x-cyi“l wbwe©‡k‡l †Kvb we‡kl my‡hvM-myweavi Abycw¯’wZ|

mv‡g¨i cÖKvi‡f`

mv‡g¨i wewfbœ iƒc i‡q‡Q| Avi G wewfbœ iƒ‡ci aviYv I cÖK…wZ †_‡K mv‡g¨i h_vh_ ¯^iƒc I cÖK…wZ Dcjwä Kiv hvq| wb‡æ †m¸‡jv D‡j −L Kiv n‡jvt

• cÖvK…wZK mvg¨: cÖK…wZ mKj gvbyl‡K mgvbfv‡e m„wó K‡i wb| wewfbœ w`K †_‡K gvby‡l gvby‡l cv_©K¨ j¶¨ Kiv hvq| wKš‘ Zv m‡Ë¡I j¶¨ ivLv DwPZ hv‡ZK‡i mgv‡R emevmKvix gvbyl †Kvbiƒc K…wÎg ˆelg¨ m„wó bv K‡i| †Kvb cÖKvi K…wÎg ˆelg¨ _vK‡j mgv‡R mv‡g¨i Dcjwä e¨vnZ n‡Z eva¨|

• AvBbMZ mvg¨: ivóªxq AvB‡bi Aax‡b gvbyl †h mgvb AwaKvi †fvM K‡i †mwUB AvBbMZ mvg¨ bv‡g AwfwnZ| AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mK‡j mgvb GwUB n‡jv AvBbMZ mv‡g¨i cÖK…Z A_©|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-92

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

iv‡óªi AvBb hw` mKj‡K mgvb `„wó‡Z †`‡L Zvn‡jB AvBbMZ mvg¨ we`¨gvb Av‡Q e‡j g‡b Kiv hvq| Aek¨ AvBbMZ mvg¨ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ mvgvwRK ˆel‡g¨i AcmviY KivI GKvš— cÖ‡qvRb| RvwZ, ag©, eY©, wbwe©‡k‡l AvBb mK‡ji †¶‡Î mgvbfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨|

• bvMwiK mvg¨: iv‡óªi mKj bvMwiK hLb mgvbfv‡e bvMwiK ¯^vaxbZv I bvMwiK AwaKvi †fvM Kivi my‡hvM jvf K‡i ZLbB bvMwiK mv‡g¨i Aw¯—Z¡ Av‡Q e‡j a‡i †bqv hvq| RvwZ, ag©, eY©, m¤ú`, ¯¿x-cyi“l wbwe©wk‡l G mvg¨ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z nq| ivóª †Kvb bvMwi‡Ki cÖwZ ˆelg¨g~jK AvPiY Ki‡j bvMwiK mvg¨ e¨vnZ n‡Z eva¨|

• mvgvwRK mvg¨ : mvgvwRK mvg¨ mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ RvwZ, ag©, eY©, ¯¿x-cyi“l wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji Rb¨ mgvb mvgvwRK my‡hvM-myweavw`i Dcw¯’wZ wb‡`©k K‡i| mvgvwRK †¶‡Î †Kvbiƒc we‡kl my‡hvM-myweav we`¨gvb _vK‡e bv GwUB mvgvwRK mv‡g¨i g~j K_v| ivóª I mgvR KviI Rb¨ we‡kl myweav cÖ`vb Ki‡e bv|

• ivR‰bwZK mvg¨ : mKj bvMwi‡Ki mgvb ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi †fvM Kivi my‡hvM-myweavi Dcw¯’wZ wb‡`©k K‡i ivR‰bwZK mvg¨| mKj bvMwiK hv‡ZK‡i ivóªxq Kg©Kv‡Ê AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv wbwðZ Kiv DwPZ| Dchy³ †hvM¨Zv mv‡c‡¶ cÖwZwU bvMwi‡KiB †fvU cÖ`v‡bi AwaKvi, wbe©vwPZ nIqvi AwaKvi, miKvix PvKzix jv‡fi AwaKvi BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î mgvb my‡hvM _vKv GKvš— Avek¨K| Ab¨_vq ivR‰bwZK mvg¨ cÖwZwôZ nIqv my`~icivnZ|

• A_©‰bwZK mvg¨ : A_©‰bwZK mvg¨ ej‡Z †evSvq A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î mKj bvMwi‡Ki mgvb AwaKv‡ii Dcw¯’wZ| iv‡óªi mKj m¤ú‡`i Dci RvwZ, ag©, eY©, ¯¿x-cyi“l wbwe©k‡l mKj bvMwi‡Ki mgvb AwaKvi _vK‡e| G‡¶‡Î †Kvb †f`v‡f` _vK‡e bv| cÖK…Zc‡¶ A_©‰bwZK mvg¨ mKj cÖKvi A_©‰bwZK ˆel‡g¨i Aemvb NUv‡Z m‡Pó nq| mgv‡R A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨ weivRgvb _vK‡j cÖK…Z mv‡g¨i Dcjwä m¤¢eci nq bv| Gi d‡j †Kej weËevbivB mKj my‡hvM-myweav †fvM K‡i Avi weËnxbiv mKj w`K †_‡K nq ewÂZ| e¯‘Z A_©‰bwZK mvg¨ e¨ZxZ ivR‰bwZK mvg¨ A_©nxb n‡q c‡o|

mvg¨ I ^vaxbZv mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZv ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³| mvg¨ Qvov ¯^vaxbZv n‡q c‡o A_©nxb| cÖK…Zc‡¶ RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK AwaKvi msi¶‡Yi †¶‡Î ¯^vaxbZv I mvg¨ cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vb MÖnY K‡i| GZ`&m‡Ë¡I mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZv me©Kv‡j Ges me©¯’v‡b mgvbfv‡e M„nxZ nq wb| KL‡bv KL‡bv †Kvb mgv‡R ¯^vaxbZvi Dci AwaK ¸i“Z¡ †`qv n‡q‡Q; Avevi KL‡bv ev mv‡g¨i Dci †ekx ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi G cv_©K¨ wewfbœ mg‡q ivóª wPš—vi weKvk, cÖmvi Ges RvwZMZ ˆewk‡ó¨i gva¨‡g e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq|

mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î `y‡Uv ci¯úi we‡ivax gZev` cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| GKwU gZev` Abymv‡i ejv nq †h, mvg¨ ¯^vaxbZv‡K mxwgZ K‡i| Avi Aci gZev` Abymv‡i ejv nq †h, AmgZv ¯^vaxbZv‡K mxwgZ K‡i| G `yÕ‡Uv ci¯úi we‡ivax AwfgZ‡K †X‡j mvRv‡j hv `uvovq Zvnj:

K. Ô¯^vaxbZv I mvg¨ ci¯úi we‡ivaxÕ ('Liberty and equality are antithetical') L. Ô¯^vaxbZv I mvg¨ ci¯úi m¤ú~iKÕ ('Laiberty and equality are complementary') K. ¯^vaxbZv I mvg¨ ci¯úi we‡ivax Ges Av‡cvmnxb| GKwUi Dcw¯’wZ AciwUi g„Zz¨ NUvq| jW© G¨vKUb (Lord Acton) G gZev‡` wek¦vmx| wZwb `„pZvi m‡½ e‡jb, mvg¨ e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvi Dci mvgvwRK wbqš¿Y Av‡ivc K‡i| Zuvi wb‡Ri K_vq, Òmv‡g¨i AvKv•¶v ¯^vaxbZvi Avkv‡K e¨_© K‡i †`q|Ó (The passion for equality makes vain the hope for liberty) Zuvi g‡Z,

BDwbU-6 c„ôv-93

GmGmGBPGj

cÖK…wZMZfv‡eB gvby‡l gvby‡l AmgZv weivRgvb| Kv‡RB mgv‡R mv‡g¨i Dcw¯’wZ Avkv Kiv evZzjZv gvÎ|

ejv evûj¨, jW© G¨vK‡U‡bi G gZev` MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| †Kbbv, Zuvi gZvbymv‡i ¯^vaxbZvi A_© `uvovq wbqš¿Ywenxb ¯^vaxbZv hv cÖK…Z cÖ¯—v‡e †¯^”QvwiZviB bvgvš—i| Avi mvg¨ ej‡Z †evSvq my‡hv‡Mi mgZv; mKj gvbyl mgvb Zv bq|

L. Dc‡iv³ gZev‡`i wecix‡Z †h gZev`wU mycÖPwjZ I eûjfv‡e mgw_©Z †mwU n‡”Q Ô¯^vaxbZv I mvg¨ ci¯úi m¤ú~iK| A_©vr mvg¨ I ¯^axbZv ci¯úi we‡ivax bq| GKwU AciwUi c‡_ Aš—ivq †Zv bqB eis Df‡q ci¯úi mnvqK I m¤ú~iK| ¯^vaxbZvi cÖK…Z A_© Abyaveb Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, A‡b¨i Abyiƒc ¯^vaxbZvq n¯—‡¶c bv K‡i ¯^xq B”Qvbymv‡i mewKQy Kivi †h ¶gZv ‡mwUB ¯^vaxbZv| Kv‡RB GwU ¯úó †h, mvg¨ e¨ZxZ ¯^vaxbZv Kvh©Ki n‡Z cv‡i bv| Amvg¨ ¯^vaxbZvi Aš—ivq Ges Gi webóKvix| A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î mvg¨ cÖwZwôZ bv n‡j bvMwiK ¯^vaxbZv webó n‡Z eva¨| wR, wW, GBP, †Kvj (G. D. H. Cole) Ges Avi, GBP Ubx (R. H. Tawny) Df‡q G gZev‡` wek¦vmx| Zuviv mv‡g¨i Dcw¯’wZ‡K ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ cÖKvš— Acwinvh© e‡j g‡b K‡ib| nve©vU© G, Wxb (Herbert A. Deane) h_v_©B e‡jb, ¯^vaxbZv I mvg¨ G‡K Ac‡ii we‡ivax bq, GgbwK G `y‡Uv ci¯úi wew”QbœI bq eis GKB Av`‡k©i wfbœ welq gvÎ|" "Liberty and equality are not in conflict nor even separate but are different facts of the same ideal" e¯‘Z ¯^vaxbZv I mvg¨ ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ Ges mnvqK G aviYvB me©Rb¯^xK…Z I MÖnY‡hvM¨| AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K hy‡M GwU GK Abb¨ mZ¨|

mviK_v mvaviY A‡_© mvg¨ ej‡Z mKj gvbylB ci¯úi mgvb GK_v †evSvq| wKš‘ ivóªweÁv‡b G ai‡bi mxgvnxb I Awbqwš¿Z mv‡g¨i †Kvb ¯’vb †bB| eis cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i wbR wbR e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki cwic~Y© my‡hvM _vKvi A_©B n‡”Q mvg¨| A_©vr mvg¨ gv‡b Rb¥, esk, mvgvwRK c`gh©v`v I ¯¿x-cyi“l wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji Rb¨ mgvb my‡hvM-myweavi Dcw¯’wZ| GKK_vq mvg¨ n‡”Q my‡hv‡Mi mgZv|

mv‡g¨i wewfbœ iƒc i‡q‡Q| †hgb- cÖvK…wZK mvg¨, bvMwiK mvg¨, mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK Ges A_©‰bwZK mvg¨| g‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb †h, A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨ mgv‡R weivRgvb _vK‡j ivR‰bwZK mvg¨ A_©nxb n‡q c‡o| mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi g‡a¨ Nwbô †hvMm~‡Î cwijw¶Z nq| Df‡q ci¯úi mnvqK I m¤ú~iK|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-94

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| 1. mv‡g¨i A_© wK? K. mKj‡K mvgMÖxKfv‡e mgvb K‡i †`Lv; L. mKj‡K mgvb A_©‰bwZK my‡hvM cÖ`vb Kiv; M. ivR‰bwZKfv‡e mKj‡K mgvb Kivi cÖwµqv; N. mKj‡K mgvb my‡hvM-myweav cÖ`vb Kiv| 2. mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úK© wKiƒc? K. ci¯úi we‡ivax; L. ci¯úi m¤ú~iK; M. Nwbô; N. wZ³| 3. wK‡mi Dci ¯^vaxbZvi g~j¨ wbwnZ? K. AvB‡bi Dci; L. m¤úwËi Dci; M. iv‡óªi Dci; N. mv‡g¨i Dci| DËigvjv 1. N 2. L 3. N| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. mv‡g¨i msÁv w`b| 2. ivR‰bwZK mvg¨ ej‡Z wK †evSvq? 3. Ômvg¨ gv‡b my‡hv‡Mi mgZvÕ - e³e¨wU e¨vL¨v Ki“b| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. mv‡g¨i cÖK…Z A_© wK? mv‡g¨i cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Ki“b| 2. ¯^vaxbZv I mv‡g¨i m¤úK© Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|

BDwbU-6 c„ôv-95

GmGmGBPGj

cvV -5

bvMwiKZv D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

bvMwiKZvi cÖK…Z A_© wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb; bvMwiKZv AR©b I wejywßi c×wZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; bvMwiKZvi ¸Yvejx m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; bvMwiK AwaKv‡ii cÖKvi‡f` Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi I KZ©‡e¨i m¤úK© wK Zv e¨vL¨v cvi‡eb|

ivóªweÁv‡bi Ab¨Zg ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq n‡”Q bvMwiKZv Ges †m m¤úwK©Z Ávb| cÖK…Zc‡¶ bvMwi‡Ki aviYv cwiewZ©Z nIqvi m‡½ m‡½ bvMwiKZvi aviYv Ges AeqeI cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| AZx‡Z wMÖK bMi-iv‡óª bvMwiK ejv n‡Zv †m e¨w³‡K †h bMi-iv‡óªi Ges Gi mvsMVwbK Kv‡h© AskMÖnY KiZ| bvMwiKZvi G aviYv AvaywbKKv‡j m¤ú~Y© APj e‡j cwiMwYZ n‡q‡Q| AvaywbK wekvj AvqZb wewkó Ges wecyj RbmsL¨v Aay¨wlZ RvZxq iv‡óª mK‡ji c‡¶ cÖZ¨¶fv‡e kvmbKv‡h© AskMÖnY Kiv m¤¢e bq| Kv‡RB eZ©gv‡b bvMwiK I bvMwiKZvi aviYv cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| AvaywbK ivóªweÁvbxiv ZvB e‡jb, †m e¨w³B bvMwiK †h †Kvb iv‡óª ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm K‡i, iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ †cvlY K‡i, ivóª KZ… ©K cÖ`Ë mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi †fvM K‡i Ges iv‡óªi cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ cvjb K‡i| G mewKQy bvMwiK‡`i‡K iv‡óªi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e we‡kl gh©v`v `vb K‡i hv‡K ejv hvq Zvi ivR‡bwZK c`gh©v`v| Aa¨vcK †Kjmb (Kelson) h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb, Òiv‡óªi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e †Kvb e¨w³i c`gh©v`vB bvMwiKZv|Ó Aa¨vcK †Kjm‡bi gZ ivóªweÁvbx †M‡Uj (Gattell) e‡jb †h, ÒbvMwiK n‡”Q †mB e¨w³eM© hviv KwZcq `vwqZ¡ I KZ©‡e¨i e܇b Ave× Ges AvbyM‡Z¨i gva¨‡g Zvi my‡hvM-myweavq mgfv‡e Askx`vi|Ó Aa¨vcK jv¯‹x (Laski) ZvB AZ¨š— †Rvi w`‡q e‡jb, Òme©Rbxb my‡hvM-myweav I Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ e¨w³i wePvi-eyw× h_vh_ cÖ‡qvMB n‡jv bvMwiKZv|Ó

bvMwiKZvi A_© AwZ m¤úÖwZ bvMwiKZvi G aviYv I Aeqe‡K Av‡iv AwaK cwigv‡Y m¤úÖmvwiZ K‡i †`Lvi cÖ‡Póv M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| hy³iv‡óª wgwbœ‡mvUv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi `yÕRb Aa¨vcK †KvMvb (Kogan) I Kz‡evI (Kubow) Zuv‡`i GK Avš—tRvZxq Ges Avš—tK…wóK M‡elYv K‡g© bvMwiK I bvMwiKZvi mvaviY msÁv I Kvh©Ki msÁv w`‡q‡Qb| Zuv‡`i mvaviY msÁvbymv‡i ÒbvMwiK n‡”Q mgv‡Ri GKRb cÖ‡qvRbxq m`m¨Ó "a constituent member of society"| Avi c¶vš—‡i ÒbvMwiKZv n‡”Q bvMwiK nIqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq KwZcq ˆewk‡ó¨i mgwó|Ó "a set of characteristics of being a citizen." bvMwiKZvi GB mvaviY msÁv Gi Kvh©Kix msÁvi w`‡K Avgv‡`i‡K avweZ K‡i| GB msÁvbymv‡i ÔbvMwiKZv bvMwiK‡`i Ggb KwZcq ˆewk‡ó¨i mgwó‡K wb‡`©k K‡i hvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q ¯’vbxq, RvZxq I Avš—R©vwZK ch©v‡q Zv‡`i wk¶vMZ, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK-K…wóK w`K|Õ ejv evûj¨, AvaywbK ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v¸‡jv Zv‡`i myô Kvh©µ‡gi Rb¨ bvMwiKZvi h_vh_ aviYvi Dci wbf©i K‡i| G aviYv †Kvb †`‡ki msweavb, AwaKvi wej ev G ai‡bi Ab¨ †Kvb `wj‡ji g‡a¨ my¯úófv‡e weivR Ki‡Z cv‡i wKsev Zv RvZxq cÖwZôvbvw`, †`kvPvi ev HwZ‡n¨i g‡a¨ myßfv‡e _v‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e mPivPi bvMwiKZvi aviYv G `yB‡qiB GK mgwš^Z iƒc| P‚ovš— we‡k −l‡Y bvMwiKZvi aviYv Aek¨B Ávb, `¶Zv, g~j¨‡eva I AvPvi-AvPiY‡K Aš—fz ©³ K‡i hv Av`wk©Kfv‡e cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki g‡a¨ _vKv DwPZ|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-96

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

bvMwiKZv m¤ú‡K© Gwi÷U‡ji aviYv MÖxK `vk©wbK Gwi÷Uj cÖ`Ë bvMwiKZvi aviYv Zvi Ôw` cwjwU·Õ MÖ‡š’ Av‡jvP¨ welqvw`i g‡a¨ mwe‡kl D‡j −L‡hvM¨ GKwU welq| Zvi g‡Z, †Kvb GKwU iv‡óª Rb¥MÖnY Kiv, emevm Kiv ev ˆea AwaKvi †fvM Kiv G¸‡jvi †KvbUv bvMwiK Z_v bvMwiKZvi cÖK…Z A_© cÖ`vb K‡i bv| Gme‡K hw` bvMwiKZvi m~PK wn‡m‡e a‡i †bqv nq Zvn‡j we‡`kx Ges `vm, kªgRxex Ges KvwiMi KvD‡KB bvMwiKZv †_‡K ev` †`qv hvq bv| wKš‘ Gwi÷Uj G‡`i KvD‡KB bvMwiK e‡jbwb| Aek¨ wZwb MÖxK bMiiv‡óªi Av`k©‡K mvg‡b †i‡L bvMwiKZvi A_© cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| Kv‡RB, Zvi g‡Z Ô†mB e¨w³B bvMwiK †h wePvi msµvš— Kv‡R Ges kvmb ms¯’vi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e AvBb msµvš— Kv‡R Ges ivóªxq mfvi Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖnY K‡i|Õ| ÒA citizen is he who participates in the administration of justice and in legislation as a member of the governing body and takes part in the deliberation of state assemblies’. Gwi÷U‡ji bvMwiKZvi aviYv †KejgvÎ †fvU cÖ`vb ¶gZvi DciB cÖwZwôZ bq, GwU ivóªxq `vq-`vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi DciI mgvbfv‡e cÖwZwôZ| Zuvi g‡Z, bvMwiKZv n‡jv mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv Kvh©Kix Kivi †¶‡Î AskMÖnY| Gwi÷Uj cÖvPxb MÖx‡mi weavb Abymv‡i we‡`kx, `vm Ges gwnjv‡`i‡K bvMwiK AwaKvi cÖ`v‡bi c¶cvZx wQ‡jb bv| GQvov kªgRxex Ges KvwiMi †kªYxi e¨w³eM©‡KI wZwb bvMwiKZvi AvIZvi evB‡i †i‡L‡Qb|

Gwi÷U‡ji g‡Z, hv‡`i nv‡Z AvBb, kvmb I wePvi msµvš— Kv‡Ri fvi Ac©Y Kiv n‡e Zv‡`i mbv³ Kivi Dcvq n‡jv Zviv n‡eb AZ¨š— DbœZgv‡bi ˆbwZKZv I eyw×gËvi AwaKvix| Zvi cÖavb ¸Y n‡e e¨envwiK cÖÁv (Practical Wisdom)| Avi G¸Y †h‡nZz iv‡óªi mKj Awaevmxi g‡a¨ cvIqv m¤¢e bq Kv‡RB mKj Awaevmx bvMwiK nevi Dchy³ bq| GQvov bvMwiK n‡Z n‡j Zv‡`i nv‡Z cÖPzi Aemi (Leisure) _vKv Avek¨K hv‡Z K‡i Zviv ivóªxq Kg©Kv‡Û AskMÖnY Ges ivóªxq welqvw` m¤ú‡K© wPš—v-fvebvi my‡hvM jvf Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

Gwi÷Uj hyw³ w`‡q †`Lvb †h, †Kvb wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b emevm Ki‡jB bvMwiKZv jvf Kiv hvq bv| hw` ZvB n‡Zv Zvn‡j we‡`kxivI bvMwiK e‡j MY¨ n‡Zv| Avevi Av`vj‡Z wePvi cÖv_©bv Kivi AwaKvi Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb AvBbMZ AwaKvi †h e¨w³ †fvM K‡i bv, †m e¨w³ cÖK…Z A‡_© bvMwiK bq| GQvovI mKj AcÖvß eq¯‹ wkï Ges eva©K¨RwbZ Kvi‡Y AemicÖvß e¨w³I bvMwiK nevi †hvM¨Zv †_‡K ewÂZ| GgbwK Rb¥m~‡ÎI bvMwiKZv AR©b Kiv hvq bv| bvMwiKZvi cÖkœwU‡K †Kej bvMwiK‡`i Kvh©vjxi gva¨‡gB Abyaveb Kiv hvq| Gwi÷Uj g‡b K‡ib †h, bvMwiK gv‡ÎB ivR‰bwZK fze‡bi mwµq m`m¨|

bvMwiKZv AR©‡bi c×wZ B‡Zvc~‡e© bvMwiKZv ej‡Z wK †evSvq Zv Avgiv Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| bvMwiKZv wKfv‡e jvf Kiv hvq †m m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i Rvbv `iKvi| y‡Uv wfbœ c×wZ AbymiY K‡i bvMwiKZv AR©b Kiv hvq- K. Rb¥MZ Ges L. Aby‡gv`b m~‡Î| Rb¥MZfv‡e hviv bvMwiKZv AR©b K‡i Zv‡`i‡K ejv nq Rb¥m~‡Î bvMwiK| Avi Aby‡gv`‡bi gva¨‡g hviv bvMwiKZv AR©b K‡i Zv‡Ki‡K ejv nq Aby‡gv`bm~‡Î bvMwiK| wb‡æ G `y‡Uv c×wZi Dci Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv| K. Rb¥m~‡Î bvMwiKZv AR©b Rb¥m~‡Î bvMwiKZv AR©‡bi †¶‡Î Avevi `y‡Uv bxwZ Abym„Z nq-1. Rb¥bxwZ Ges 2. Rb¥¯’vb bxwZ| Rb¥bxwZ Abymv‡i wcZv-gvZvi bvMwiK‡Z¡i Øviv mš—v‡bi bvMwiKZ¡ wba©vwiZ nq| A_©vr mš—vb †h †`‡kB ev †h ’v‡bB Rb¥MÖnY Ki“K bv †Kb Zvi wcZvgvZv †h †`‡ki bvMwiK mš—vbI †mB †`‡ki bvMwiK e‡j cwiMwYZ

n‡e| GB bxwZ Abymv‡i †Kvb evsjv‡`kx `¤úwZi mš—vb evsjv‡`k ev evsjv‡`‡ki evB‡i Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡jI †m evsjv‡`kx bvMwiK e‡j MY¨ n‡e| d«vÝ, Rvcvb, BUvwj cÖf…wZ †`k GB bxwZ AbymiY K‡i|

BDwbU-6 c„ôv-97

GmGmGBPGj

Rb¥ ’vbbxwZ Abymv‡i Rb¥ ’v‡bi gva¨‡gB bvMwiKZv wba©vwiZ nq| GB bxwZ Abymv‡i GKRb wkï †h †`‡k Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡e †mB †`‡kiB bvMwiKZv †m jvf Ki‡e| hw`I Zvi wcZv-gvZv Ab¨ †`‡ki bvMwiK| weª‡Ub I gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª GB bxwZ Abym„Z nq|

L. Aby‡gv`b m~‡Î bvMwiKZv AR©b Aby‡gv`bm~‡Î bvMwiKZv AR©‡bi †¶‡Î KwZcq kZ© cvjb Ki‡Z nq| kZ©¸‡jv n‡”Q Giƒc- GKRb e¨w³ †h iv‡óªi bvMwiK n‡Z B”QyK †mB iv‡óªi (A) bvMwiK‡K we‡q Ki‡Z nq, (Av) †mbvevwnbx‡Z †hvM`vb Ki‡Z nq, (B) miKvwi PvKwi Ki‡Z nq, (C) m¤úwË µq Ki‡Z nq, (D) †mB iv‡óªi fvlv Rvb‡Z nq, (E) †mB iv‡óª `xN©Kvj emevm Ki‡Z nq| †Kvb we‡`kx‡K Dc‡iv³ kZ©vw`i GK ev GKvwaK kZ© c~iY mv‡c‡¶ Aby‡gv`bm~‡Î bvMwiKZv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡j Zv‡K †h iv‡óªi bvMwiK n‡Z B”QyK †mB iv‡óªi h_vh_ KZ…©c‡¶i Kv‡Q Av‡e`b Rvbv‡Z nq| Z‡e †`k‡f‡` kZ©vw`i wewfbœZv we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q| GQvovI †Kvb †Kvb mgq ^‡`‡k wbe©vwmZ nIqvi f‡q hw` †Kvb e¨w³ Aci †Kvb †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK Avkªq cÖv_©bv K‡ib Zvn‡j D³ †`k Zv‡K bvMwiKZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|

bvMwiKZv wejywßi KviY bvMwiKZv AR©‡bi †hgwb K‡qKwU c×wZ i‡q‡Q †Zgwb Avevi K‡qKwU Kvi‡Y GB bvMwiKZvi wejywß N‡U| G¸‡jv n‡”Q wbæiƒc: • †¯^”Qvq AwaKvi wemR©b w`‡j bvMwiK‡Z¡i wejywß N‡U| A_©vr hw` †Kvb bvMwiK ¯^xq B”Qvq ¯^xq iv‡óªi

bvMwiKZ¡ Z¨vM K‡i Aci †Kvb iv‡óªi bvMwiKZ¡ MÖnY K‡i Zvn‡j Zvi c~e© bvMwiKZ¡ †jvc cvq| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq, evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb bvMwiK hw` † ^”Qvq gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi bvMwiKZ¡ MÖnY K‡i Zvn‡j Zvi evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK‡Z¡i wejywß NU‡e|

• ¯^xq †`k n‡Z `xN©w`b Abycw¯’Z _vK‡j GKRb bvMwi‡Ki bvMwiKZ¡ †jvc †c‡Z cv‡i| • hw` †Kvb bvMwiK we‡`kx miKv‡ii Aax‡b PvKwi MÖnY K‡i Zvn‡j †m Zvi ^xq iv‡óªi bvMwiKZ¡ nviv‡Z

cv‡i| Z‡e G‡¶‡Î Zv ^xq iv‡óªi g‡bvfv‡ei Dci wbf©i K‡i| GQvovI hLb †Kvb bvMwiK we‡`‡ki †mbvevwnbx‡Z †hvM`vb K‡i ev we‡`kx iv‡óªi Dcvwa MÖnY K‡i Zvn‡j †m Zvi wbR¯^ iv‡óªi bvMwiKZ¡ nvivq|

• GK iv‡óªi ¯¿x‡jvK hw` Ab¨ iv‡óªi cyi“l‡K we‡q K‡i Zvn‡j †mB ¯¿x‡jvK wbR †`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ nvivq| †mB ¯¿x‡jvK ZLb Zvi ¯^vgxi †`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ jvf K‡i|

• GKRb bvMwiK hLb ^xq iv‡óªi ^vaxbZv, msnwZ Ges ivóªxq Av`‡k©i cwicš’x †Kvb KvR K‡i ZLb †m Zvi wbR †`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ nviv‡Z cv‡i|

• hy‡× Rq-civRq Ges Avš—tivóªxq †Kvb Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡gI †Kvb e¨w³i bvMwiKZ¡ †jvc †c‡q _v‡K| †Kvb weRqx ivóª hLb wewRZ iv‡óªi †Kvb Ask `Lj K‡i wb‡q Zv ^xq iv‡óªi m‡½ mshy³ K‡i †d‡j ZLb `LjxK…Z A‡ji RbMY Zv‡`i c~e©eZx© iv‡óªi bvMwiKZ¡ nvivq| GQvov Pzw³i gva¨‡g †Kvb GjvKv ev AÂj iv‡óªi Aš—©MZ n‡j D³ GjvKv ev A‡ji bvMwiK‡`i Aci iv‡óªi bvMwiKZ¡ jvf K‡i _v‡K|

• A‡bK mgq DMÖ RvZxqZv‡ev‡ai Kvi‡Y miKvi KZ©„K weZvwoZ e¨w³ ev e¨w³eM© Zv‡`i ^‡`‡ki bvMwiKZv nvivq|

bvMwiKZvi ¸Yvejx hy³iv‡óªi wgwbœ‡mvUv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi `yÕRb M‡elK g‡b K‡ib †h, bvMwiKZvi ¸Yvejx ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi cÖK…wZi m‡½ we‡klfv‡e m¤úK©hy³| Z‡e mvaviYfv‡e Gme ¸Y‡K cuvPwU MÖ“‡c fvM Kiv hvq|

• GKvÍZvi aviYv: bvMwiKZvi GB Dcv`vbwU mPivPi RvZxq wfwˇZ msÁvwqZ n‡q _v‡K hw`I A‡bK iv‡óªB GKvwaK ev A‡bK¸‡jv m¤úK©hy³ GKvÍZv we`¨gvb _v‡K †hgb ¯’vbxq, †MvÎMZ, K…wóMZ, ag©xq I Ab¨vb¨| we‡klK‡i †hme mgv‡R wewfbœ K…wói Aw¯—Z¡ Av‡Q

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-98

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

†mLv‡b GKvÍZvi aviYv h‡_ó wµqvkxj| hv‡nvK GB GKvÍZvi aviYv †_‡K D™¢ ‚Z nq †`k‡cÖ‡gi hv bvMwiKZvi GKwU Avek¨Kxq Dcv`vb| Z‡e †Kvb †Kvb †jLK hyw³ †`Lvb †h, †Kej RvZxq bvMwiKZvi aviYv GKwesk kZvãxi P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejvq m¶g bq hLb mgMÖ wek¦ ci¯úi mshy³ I wbf©ikxj n‡q co‡Q|

• AwaKvi †fv‡Mi aviYv: bvMwiKZvi wØZxq Dcv`vb n‡”Q KwZcq AwaKvi †fvM Kiv| bvMwiK n‡Z n‡j †Kvb GKwU †Mvôxi m`m¨ n‡Z nq Ges D³ †Mvôx KZ© „K cÖ`Ë my‡hvM-myweavw` †m †fvM K‡i| GB A‡_© bvMwiK gvÎB we‡`‡k ågYKv‡j wbR miKv‡ii i¶Yv‡e¶Y `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avi wbR †`‡k †m †`‡ki msweavb I AvBb Abymv‡i Zvi AwaKvi i¶vi `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡i|

• KZ©e¨ m¤úv`b: iv‡óªi cÖwZ KZ©e¨ m¤úv`b Kiv bvMwiKZvi Z…Zxq ¸i“Z¡c~Y© w`K| †Kvb †Kvb †jLK g‡b K‡ib †h, bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi †fvM Kiv KZ©e¨ cvjb‡K AwZµg K‡i hvq| Kv‡RB bvMwiK‡`i KZ©e¨ m¤úv`b Kiv †MŠY n‡q c‡o; bvMwiKiv KZ©e¨ m¤úv`‡b D`vmxbZv cÖ`k©b K‡i| hv †nvK GwU me©Rb ¯^xK…wZ †h, bvMwiKZv AwaKvi †fv‡Mi cvkvcvwk KZ©e¨ m¤úv`‡bi Dci †Rvi †`q|

• RbM‡Yi Kv‡R AskMÖnY: bvMwiKZvi aviYv RbM‡Yi Kv‡R AskMÖn‡Yi Dci ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc K‡i| GKRb bvMwiK‡K e¨x³MZ Rxe‡b DËg KvR Ki‡jB P‡j bv Zv‡K ivóªxq Z_v RbM‡Yi Kv‡RI AvÍwb‡qvM Ki‡Z nq|

• †gŠj mvgvwRK g~j¨‡ev‡a Av¯’v ¯’vcb: Gme HK¨‡eva †`k‡f‡` wewfbœ n‡e GUvB ¯^vfvweK| G¸‡jv‡K KL‡bv KL‡bv cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e msweav‡b D‡j −L Kiv nq| Avevi KL‡bv AewY©Z Ae¯’vq _v‡K| Z‡e G‡`i Aw¯—Z¡ me©`vB Abyf‚Z n‡q _‡K| D`vniY wn‡m‡e wek¦vm, mn‡hvwMZv gvbevwaKv‡ii cÖwZ m¤§vb cÖ`k©b, Awnsmv cÖf…wZ D‡j −L Kiv P‡j| GB †gŠwjK g~j¨‡eva¸‡jv Av`k© bvMwiKZvi Rb¨ Acwinvh© Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z|

AvaywbKKv‡j bvMwiKZvi GB cuvPwU Dcv`vb bvMwiKZvi aviYv‡K GKgvwÎK Kivi cwie‡Z© G‡K K‡i‡Q eû gvwÎK (Multidimensional)|

bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ gvbyl mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Rxe| cÖwZwU bvMwiKB mgvR I iv‡óªi m`m¨| Gi evB‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i gvby‡li c‡¶ my›`i I myLx Rxebhvcb Kiv m¤¢e bq| mgvR Z_v iv‡óªi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e Zviv KwZcq AwaKvi †fvM K‡i Ges Gme AwaKv‡ii wecix‡Z Zv‡`i‡K iv‡óªi cÖwZ KZK¸‡jv KZ©e¨ m¤úv`b Ki‡Z nq|

iv‡óªi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e bvMwiKiv wK cwigvY AwaKvi †fvM K‡i Zvi DciB cÖK…Zc‡¶ iv‡óªi cÖK…wZ A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i| Aa¨vcK jv¯‹x (Laski) h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb †h, ÒcÖwZwU ivóªB Gi AwaKvi msi¶‡Yi Øviv cwiwPZ nq|Ó "Every state is known by the rights that it maintains". cÖK…Zc‡¶ AvaywbK iv‡óªi g~j¨vqb Kiv nq bvMwiK‡`i‡K cÖ`Ë AwaKv‡ii gva¨‡g|

AwaKv‡ii A_© mvaviYfv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j ejv hvq †h, †Kvb Awfjvl ev B”Qv c~i‡Yi kw³ ev ¶gZv n‡jv AwaKvi| wKš‘ Avm‡j ¶gZv I AwaKvi GK bq| †Kbbv, ¶gZv GK ai‡bi cvkweK kw³ wb‡`©k K‡i| Avevi †Kvb †Kvb AvBbÁ g‡b K‡ib †h, ivóª KZ… ©K m„ó `vwe-`vIqvB n‡jv AwaKvi| wKš‘ AvBbÁ‡`i G aviYvI wVK bq| KviY, iv‡óªi ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i †Kvb e¨w³‡K nZ¨v Kivi Awfjvl KL‡bv AwaKvi e‡j cwiMwYZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| ¶gZv I `vwe ZLbB AwaKvi wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ jvf Ki‡e hLb Zv w`‡q mvgvwRK Kj¨vY mvwaZ n‡e| Avgv‡`i AwaKvi mgvR ewnfy ©Z ev mgvR wbi‡c¶ bq| AwaKv‡ii Avmj cÖK…wZ n‡jv g~jZ mgvRwfwËK|

BDwbU-6 c„ôv-99

GmGmGBPGj

bvMwiK Kj¨vY mva‡bi †kªô ms¯’v n‡”Q ivóª| bvMwiK‡`i‡K hLb ivóª Zv‡`i e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki c~Y© my‡hvM cÖ`vb K‡i ZLbB Zviv AwaKvi cÖvß n‡jv e‡j g‡b Kiv hvq|

AwaKv‡ii cÖKvi‡f` AwaKvi‡K cÖ_gZ `yÕfv‡M fvMKiv hvq- ˆbwZK AwaKvi Ges AvBbMZ AwaKvi| ˆbwZK AwaKvi gvby‡li b¨vq‡eva †_‡K DrmvwiZ, G AwaKvi ivóª KZ… ©K cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq bv| G AwaKvi Agvb¨ Ki‡j ivóª kvw¯— cÖ`vb K‡i bv| c¶vš—‡i, AvBbMZ AwaKvi ivóª KZ© „K Aby‡gvw`Z, ¯^xK…Z Ges cÖhy³ n‡q _v‡K| G AwaKv‡ii jsNbKvix‡K ivóª kvw¯— w`‡Z cv‡i| AvBbMZ AwaKvi‡K Avevi `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq - mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi| mvgvwRK AwaKvi ej‡Z †m mKj AwaKvi‡K †evSvq †h¸‡jv Qvov gvbyl mgv‡Ri m`m¨ wn‡m‡e my›`i I mf¨ Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Rxe‡bi AwaKvi, msNe× nIqvi AwaKvi, ¯^vaxb we‡eK I ag©vPvi‡Yi AwaKvi, wk¶v fvlv I mvs¯‹ …wZK AwaKvi, Pzw³i AwaKv‡i, AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mgvbvwaKvi BZ¨vw` bvMwiK‡`i mvgvwRK AwaKv‡ii Aš—fy ©³| Gme mvgvwRK AwaKvi QvovI GKRb bvMwiK Avevi KZK¸‡jv ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi †fvM K‡i| ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi ej‡Z bvMwiK‡`i ivóªxq Kg©Kv‡Ê mwµqfv‡e Askªn‡Yi my‡hvM-myweav‡K †evSvq| †fvUvwaKvi, wbe©vwPZ nIqvi AwaKvi, miKvix PvKzix jv‡fi AwaKvi, ivR‰bwZK `j MV‡bi AwaKvi BZ¨vw` bvMwi‡Ki ivR‰bwZK AwaKv‡ii Aš—fy ©³| GQvovI we‡`‡k wbivcËvi AwaKvi, Av‡e`b Kivi AwaKvi, emev‡mi AwaKvi BZ¨vw`I ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z|

bvMwi‡Ki KZ©e¨ c~‡e©B ejv n‡q‡Q †h, iv‡óªi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e bvMwiKiv †hgb KZK¸‡jv AwaKvi †fvM K‡i †Zgwb iv‡óªi kvwš— I cÖMwZi Rb¨ Zv‡`i‡K Avevi KZK¸‡jv KZ©e¨I cvjb Ki‡Z nq| ejv n‡q _v‡K †h, MYZvwš¿K miKvi †hgb AwaKvi-cÖavb †Zgwb Zv KZ©e¨ cÖavbI e‡U| ejv evûj¨ †h, iv‡óªi cÖwZ bvMwiK‡`i h_vh_ KZ©e¨ cvj‡bi DciB MYZ‡š¿i mvdj¨ eûjvs‡k wbf©ikxj|

KZ©‡e¨i cÖKvi‡f`

AwaKv‡ii gZ bvMwiK‡`i KZ©e¨I cÖavYZ `yÕcÖKvi - ˆbwZK KZ©e¨ Ges AvBbMZ KZ©e¨| ˆbwZKZv bvMwiK‡`i‡K †hme KZ©e¨ cvj‡b DØy× K‡i †m¸‡jv n‡”Q ˆbwZK KZ©e¨| G¸‡jv ivóª KZ… ©K mgw_©Z n‡ZI cv‡i Avevi bvI n‡Z cv‡i| c¶vš—‡i AvB‡bi Aax‡b †_‡K bvMwiKiv †h mKj KZ©e¨ cvjb K‡i Ges †h¸‡jv Ae‡njv Ki‡j Zv‡`i‡K `Ê cÖ`vb Kiv nq †m¸‡jv AvBbMZ KZ©‡e¨i Aš—fy ©³| bvMwiK‡`i ˆbwZK I AvBbMZ KZ©‡e¨i g‡a¨ me©vwaK D‡j −L‡hvM¨ n‡”Q iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk Kiv, AvBb gvb¨ Kiv, †fvUvwaKvi e¨envi Kiv, miKvix c‡` AwawôZ nIqv, Ki cÖ`vb Kiv, AvBb-k„•Ljvq mvnvh¨ Kiv cÖf…wZ| Dciš‘ wb‡R‡`i mš—vb-mš—wZi wk¶v`vb, wewfbœ ai‡bi †mevg~jK KvR Ges mgvRKj¨vYg~jK KvR cÖf…wZI bvMwiK‡`i KZ©‡e¨i Aš—fy ©³|

mviK_v ivóªweÁv‡bi GK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq n‡jv bvMwiKZv| bvMwiKZvi aviYv mg‡qi cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ m‡½ cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| AZx‡Z MÖxK bMi iv‡óª †mB e¨w³‡KB bvMwiK e‡j AwfnZ Kiv n‡Zv †h e¨w³ cÖZ¨¶fv‡e bMi-iv‡óªi Kg©Kv‡Ê AskMÖnY KiZ| wKš‘ AvaywbKKv‡j bvMwiKZvi G aviYv cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| AvaywbK wekvjvqZb I wecyj RbmsL¨v AaywlZ RvZxq iv‡óª mK‡ji c‡¶ mivmwi kvmb Kv‡h© AskMÖnY Kiv m¤¢e bq| Kv‡RB eZ©gv‡b †mB e¨w³B bvMwiK †h †Kvb iv‡óª ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm K‡i iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ †cvlY K‡i Ges ivóª cÖ`Ë mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi †fvM K‡i I iv‡óªi cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ cvjb K‡i| bvMwi‡Ki eûwea ¸‡Yi g‡a¨ †h me ¸Y we‡klfv‡e D‡j −L‡hvM¨ †m¸‡jv n‡”Q- GKvÍZvi aviYv, AwaKvi †fv‡Mi aviYv, KZ©e¨ m¤úv`b, RbM‡Yi Kv‡R AskMÖnY, †gŠj mvgvwRK g~j¨‡ev‡a Av¯’v ¯’vcb|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-100

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| 1. Ò†mB e¨w³B bvMwiK †h bMi-iv‡óªi AvBb, kvmb I wePvi welqK Kg©Kv‡Ê AskMÖn‡Yi ¶gZv iv‡L|Ó - G Dw³wU †K K‡i‡Qb? K. †c −‡Uv; L. Gwi÷Uj; M. g¨vKvBfvi; N. wm‡m‡iv| 2. Òiv‡óªi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e †Kvb e¨w³i c`gh©v`vB bvMwiKZvÓ - G Dw³ †K K‡q‡Qb? K. Gwi÷Uj; L. Mvb©vi; M. g¨vKvBfvi; N. †Kjmb| 3. Òme©Rbxb my‡hvM-myweav I Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ e¨w³i wePvi-eyw×i h_vh_ cÖ‡qvMB n‡jv bvMwiKZvÓ - G msÁvwU Kvi? K. g¨vKvBfvi; L. Gwi÷Uj; M. †M‡Uj; N. jv¯‹x| 4. ÒbvMwiKZv n‡”Q bvMwiK nIqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq KwZcq ˆewk‡ó¨i mgwóÓ| - G msÁvwU †K w`‡q‡Qb? K. jv¯‹x; L. †M‡Uj; M. †KvMvb I Kz‡evI; N. †R. G. †Kvix| DËi gvjv: 1. L 2. N 3. N 4. M| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. bvMwiKZvi msÁv w`b| 2. mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK AwaKv‡ii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ m¤ú‡K© wjLyb| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. bvMwiKZvi eûgvwÎK aviYvwU e¨vL¨v Ki“b| 2. bvMwiK †K? GKRb DËg bvMwi‡Ki ¸Yvejx eY©bv Ki“b| 3. AwaKv‡ii msÁv w`b| GKRb bvMwi‡Ki mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK AwaKvimg~‡ni weeiY w`b| 4. ÒAwaKvi I KZ©e¨ GKB e¯‘i `yÕ†Uv w`KÓ - we‡k −lY Ki“b|

BDwbU-6 c„ôv-101

GmGmGBPGj

7

RvwZ, RvZxqZvev` I Avš—R©vwZKZvev` RvwZ n‡”Q ivR‰bwZKfv‡e msMwVZ GK RbmgvR| RvZxqZv‡eva m¤úbœ Rbmgwó ivR‰bwZK msMV‡bi ms¯ú‡k© G‡m RvwZ iv‡óª cwiYZ nq| RvZxqZv HK¨‡ev‡ai GK we‡kl Abyf‚wZ| GB Abyf‚wZB gvbeRvwZi GKwU Ask‡K Avi GKwU Ask †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i| RvwZi fve n‡”Q RvZxqZvev`| †h me Av`k©, wPš—v I a¨vb-aviYv gvbe mgvR‡K we‡klfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q RvZxqZvev` Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© gZev`| RvZxqZvev‡`i wfwˇZB D™¢e n‡q‡Q AvaywbK iv‡óªi| RvZxqZvev` AvaywbKKv‡ji ivRbxwZi cÖavb PvwjKv kw³| RvZxqZvev` I Avš—R©vwZKZvev` G‡K A‡b¨i cwic~iK| AvRKvj gvby‡li Rxe‡bi Kg©aviv ïay RvZxq ¯^v‡_©i g‡a¨ mxgve× bq| Avš—R©vwZKZvi hy‡M GK ivóª Ab¨ iv‡óªi Dci wbf©ikxj| e¨emv-evwYR¨, mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv, ˆgÎx, mvs¯‹…wZK Pzw³ BZ¨vw` Kg©KvÛ iv‡óªi ^iƒc‡K Avš—Rv©wZK K‡i Zz‡j‡Q| Avš—R©vwZKZvev` cvi¯úwiK wbf©ikxjZvi Dci we‡kl ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i| gvbe RvwZi HK¨ kvwš— I åvZ…Z¡‡eva cÖwZôv Kiv Avš—R©vwZKZvev‡`i D‡Ïk¨| RvZxqZvev` I Avš—R©vwZKZvev‡`i g‡a¨ mv_©K mgš^‡qi Dci gvbe mgv‡Ri my›`i fwel¨r wbf©ikxj|

GB BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q: cvV - 1 RvwZ MV‡bi Dcv`vb

cvV - 2 RvZxqZvev‡`i weKvk cvV - 3 RvZxqZvev`, Avš—R©vvwZKZvev` I wek¦mf¨Zv

cvV - 4 AvZœwbqš¿YvwaKvibxwZ

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-102

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV -1

RvwZ MV‡bi Dcv`vb D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

RvZxqZv wK Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; RvZxqZvi msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb; RvZxqZvi Dcv`vb¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

RvwZ GKwU ev —e aviYv| GKwU RvZxq Rbmgv‡Ri g‡a¨ hLb ivR‰bwZK †PZbv Mfxi n‡q D‡V ZLb RvwZi D™¢e N‡U| RvwZ ej‡Z GKwU iv‡óª emevmKvix ivR‰bwZK †PZbvm¤úbœ RbmgvR‡K eySvq| RvwZ I RvZxqZv kã ywUi Bs‡iRx cÖwZkã Nation I Nationality | j¨vwUb kã Natio I Natus †_‡K G‡`i DrcwË n‡q‡Q| Gi A_© Rb¥| DrcwËi w`K w`‡q RvwZ I RvZxqZv ej‡Z GKB es‡kv™¢zZ Rbmgwó‡K eySvq| wKš‘ mvaviYZ RvwZ I ivóª‡K GKB A‡_© e¨envi Kiv nq|

jW© eªvBm my›`ifv‡e RvwZi msÁv wb‡ ©k K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, ÒRvwZ n‡”Q ivR‰bwZK fv‡e msMwVZ Ggb GK RbmgvR hv ^vaxb ev ^vaxb n‡Z m‡Pó|Ó g¨vKvBfvi RvwZi msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q e‡jb, ÒRvwZ nj HwZnvwmK cwiw¯’wZi Øviv m„ó, Ava¨vZœ †PZbvi Øviv mgw_©Z, GK‡Î emevm Kivi g‡bvfvem¤úbœ RbmgvR, hviv wb‡R‡`i Rb¨ mvaviY kvmb e¨e¯’v MVb Ki‡Z Pvq|ÕÕ ivóªweÁvbx ev‡R©‡mi g‡Z, ÔÔGKB f‚L‡Û emevmKvix †Kvb RbmgvR GKB fvlv-mvwnZ¨, GKB BwZnvm I HwZn¨, AvPvi - e¨envi, b¨vq-Ab¨vq‡eva, myL-`yt‡Li mg‡PZbvq DØy× nq - ZLb Zv‡K RvwZ e‡j|ÕÕ

myZivs RvwZ ej‡Z KZK¸‡jv mvaviY HK¨‡ev‡a Ave× I msMwVZ Rb‡Mvôx‡K eySvq|

RvZxqZvi msÁv I Dcv`vb RvZxqZvi msÁv: RvZxqZv GKwU gvbwmK aviYv| divmx wPš—vwe` †ibvb e‡jb, ÔÔRvZxqZv GKwU mRxe gvbwmKZvÕÕ| Aa¨vcK jvw¯‹ e‡jb, ÔÔ RvZxqZv GKwU gvbwmKZvi e¨vcvi hv Zv‡`i‡K Aewkó gvbeRvwZ †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i|ÕÕ wZwb AviI e‡jb, ÔÔRvZxqZvi fve mvaviYfv‡e Ava¨vwÍK e¨vcvi| RvZxqZv g~jZ gvbwmK HK¨‡eva|

RvwZ I RvZxqZvi DrcwË GKB Drm n‡Z | RvZxqZvi GKvwaK Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q| RvZxqZvi evwn¨K Dcv`vb¸‡jv nj: eskMZ HK¨, †fŠ‡MvwjK HK¨, fvlv, mvwnZ¨, ms¯‹…wZ, ag©, BwZnvm-HwZn¨ BZ¨vw`| RvZxqZvi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Dcv`vb¸‡jv wbæiƒc:

• †fŠ‡MvwjK HK¨: RvwZ MV‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb Rb mgwó‡K GKwU mywbw`©ó f‚L‡Û emevm Ki‡Z nq| ivg‡R gy i D‡j−L K‡ib †h, GKwU m¡Zš¿ RvwZ mvaviYZ GKwU wbw ©ó f‚L‡Û emevm K‡i| `xN© w`b hveZ GKwU f‚L‡Û evm Kivi d‡j GKwU RbmgvR Zv‡`i gZcv_©K¨ ~i K‡i GK Ges Awfbœ fveavivq M‡o D‡V| GUv RvZxqZvi GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| Z‡e wewfbœ †`‡k emevm K‡iI GKB RvZxqZvi e܇b Ave× _vK‡Z cv‡i GgbI `„óvš— Avgv‡`i mvg‡b i‡q‡Q| †hgb, Bû`x ivóª BmivBj cÖwZwôZ nevi c~‡e© Bû`xiv wewfbœ ‡`‡k emevm K‡iI gvbwmK HK¨m~‡Î euvav wQj Ges GKwU RbmgvR e‡j cwiMwYZ nZ| †fŠ‡MvwjK ~iZ¡ Ges wew”QbœZv RvZxqZvev‡`i cÖwZeÜK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

• eskMZ HK¨: i‡³i m¤úK© ci¯úi‡K HK¨e× n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i Ges gvby‡li g‡a¨ GKvZ¥Zvi eÜb m„wó K‡i| eskMZ HK¨ RvwZ MV‡b ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Z‡e b„ZË¡we`MY RvwZ MV‡b eskMZ HK¨‡K GKvš— Acwinvh© Dcv`vb e‡j g‡b K‡ib bv| †hgb Avie RvwZ GKB es‡kv™¢zZ n‡qI GKwU RvwZ‡Z cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i wb| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª eû es‡ki †jv‡Ki emevm m‡Ë¡I Zviv GKB RvZxqZv‡ev‡a DØy× Ges AbycÖvwYZ|

BDwbU-7 c„ôv-103

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• fvlv, mvwnZ¨ I mvs¯‹…wZK HK¨: fvlv, mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZ fve cÖKv‡ki evnb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| fv‡ei Av`vb cÖ`vb RvZxq HK¨ cÖwZôvq ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| †hgb 1952 mv‡ji HwZnvwmK fvlv Av‡›`vjb evOvwji RvZxq †PZbvq AMÖYx I Zvrch©gwÛZ Ae`vb †i‡LwQj| Z‡e wewfbœ fvlvfvlx gvby‡li g‡a¨I RvZxqZv‡eva M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i| myBRvij¨vÛ I †ejwRqv‡gi RbMY K‡qKwU fvlvq K_v ej‡jI Zviv RvZxqZv‡ev‡a HK¨e×| Ab¨w`‡K Avie †`k‡jvi fvlv Aviwe nIqv m‡Ë¡I Zviv GKwU RvwZ‡Z cwiYZ nq wb| Z‡e GUv mZ¨ †h, fvlv-mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ RvZxqZv MV‡bi GKwU kw³kvjx Ges ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Dcv`vb|

• ag©xq HK¨: ag©xq Abyf‚wZ Ges wek¦vm †_‡K A‡bK RvZxq iv‡óªi D™¢e N‡U| GKB a‡g© wek¦vmx †jvK‡`i g‡a¨ mn‡R HK¨‡eva M‡o D‡V| 1947 mv‡j Bmjvg ag©‡K †K› ª K‡i fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡ki gymjgvbiv HK¨e× n‡qwQj Ges cvwK —vb ivóª Kv‡qg K‡iwQj| Avevi Bû`x a‡g©i wfwˇZ Rb¥ n‡qwQj BmivBj iv‡óªi| Z‡e †fŠMwjKfv‡e msjMœ GKB a‡g©i gvby‡li g‡a¨I RvwZ‡eva _vK‡Z cv‡i| Avie †`k¸‡jv Zvi D`vniY|

• BwZnvm I HwZ‡n¨i HK¨: RvZxqZv‡eva GKwU gvbwmK mË¡v| BwZnvm I HwZ‡n¨i g‡a¨ Gi m~Î Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq| †R, Gm, wgj I ivg‡R gy i BwZnvm I HwZn¨MZ HK¨‡K RvZxqZvi Avek¨K Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| RvZxq DÌvb, AZx‡Zi †MŠie, Rq-civRq Rb‡Mvôx‡K HK¨e× K‡i| myZivs †Kvb RvwZi BwZnvm-HwZn¨ Ges Zvrch©c~Y© NUbv RvZxqZv MV‡b ewjô-f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| †hgb 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vPb Ges 1971 mv‡ji gyw³hy× Avgv‡`i RvZxq Rxe‡b LyeB Zvrch©gwÛZ NUbv| GUv RvZxqZv‡ev‡ai fveaviv m„wó K‡i‡Q|

• ivR‰bwZK HK¨: ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxi‡Yi d‡j GKK Ges Awfbœ ivR‰bwZK K…wói weKvk N‡U| GKB ivR‰bwZK wek¦vm, a¨vb-aviYv I AvKv•¶v GKwU RbmgvR‡K kw³kvjx RvZxqZv‡ev‡a DØy× K‡i| †hgb 1966 mv‡ji Qq `dv wfwËK m¦vqË kvm‡bi `vwe evOwj‡`i‡K c„_K RvwZmË¡vi cÖKvk NUv‡Z AbycÖvwYZ K‡i wQj|

• fveMZ HK¨: RvZxq HK¨ g~jZ fveMZ| fveMZ HK¨ RvZxqZvev‡`i ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| Aa¨vcK †¯úsMjvi-Gi e³e¨ LyeB cÖwYavb‡hvM¨| wZwb e‡jb, ÔÔRvZxqZvi Dcv`vb KzjMZ ev fvlvMZ HK¨ bq| eis Zv fveMZ HK¨| (The element of nationalism is neither biological, nor linguistic unity, but a spiritual unity.)

mviK_v RvwZ ej‡Z GKwU iv‡óª emevmKvix ivR‰bwZK †PZbvm¤úbœ RbmgvR‡K eySvq| RvwZMV‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb Rbmgw÷‡K wbw`©ó f‚L‡Ê emevm Ki‡Z nq| BwZnvm, HwZn¨, fvlv, ag©, mvwnZ¨ mvs¯‹…wZ RvwZMV‡bi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Dcv`vb|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-104

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| 1. ÔÔRvwZ n‡”Q ivR‰bwZK fv‡e msMwVZ Ggb GK RbmgvR hv ¯^vaxb n‡Z m‡PóÕÕ - msÁvwU †K w`‡q‡Qb ? K. jW© eªvBm; L. nem&; M. Rb jK; N. i“‡kv| 2. GKwU RvwZi D™¢e N‡U - K. mvwnZ¨, ms¯‹…wZi weKv‡ki ga¨w`‡q; L. ivR‰bwZK †PZbvi ga¨ w`‡q; M. agx©q †PZbvi Øviv; N. Ava¨vÍ mvabvi Øviv| 3. ÔÔRvZxqZv GKwU mRxe gvbwmKZvÕÕ - G Dw³wU Kvi ? K. g¨vKvBfvi; L. ev‡R©m; M. †ibvb; N. i“‡kv| 4. BwZnvm I HwZn¨MZ HK¨‡K RvZxqZvi Avek¨K Dcv`vb wnmv‡e eY©bv K‡i‡Qb †K ? K. nem& I jK; L. †ibvb I i“‡kv; M. ev‡R©m I g¨vKvBfvi; N. †R, Gm, wgj I ivg‡R g~¨i| mwVK DËi t 1.K ; 2.L; 3.M ; 4. N | msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. RvwZ wK? 2. RvZxqZvi msÁv w`b| 3. RvwZ I RvZxqZvi cv_©K¨ wK? 4. †Kb GKwU RvwZ Ab¨ RvwZ †_‡K c„_K? iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. RvZxqZvi Dcv`vb¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|

BDwbU-7 c„ôv-105

GmGmGBPGj

cvV -2

RvZxqZvev‡`i weKvk D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

RvZxqZvev` wK ej‡Z cvi‡eb; RvZxqZvev‡`i weKvk m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

RvZxqZvev` GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ges &Av‡jvob m„wóKvix Av`k© e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡q Avm‡Q| AvaywbK Kv‡j ivRbxwZi cÖavb PvwjKv kw³ n‡”Q RvZxqZvev`| RvZxqZvev‡`i wfwˇZB D™¢e n‡q‡Q RvZxq-iv‡óªi|

RvZxqZvev` GKwU †PZbv, GK ai‡bi gvbwmKZv Ges Abyf‚wZ| †`kv͇eva Ges †`k‡cÖg n‡”Q RvZxqZvev‡`i cÖavb —¤¢| Aa¨vcK n¨viÛ †R, jvw¯‹i g‡Z ÔÔRvZxqZvev` mvaviYZ GK cÖKvi gvbwmK HK¨‡ev‡a DØy× RbmgvR Ges GB HK¨†eva D³ RbmgvR‡K Ab¨ gvbemgvR †_‡K c„_K K‡iÕÕ| n¨vbm& †Kvn&b e‡jb, ÔÔ RvZxqZvev` nj g~jZ GK gvbwmK Ae¯’v, †PZbvi GK Kvh©µg|ÕÕ

Aa¨vcK øvBWvi e‡jb, ÔÔRvZxqZvev` nj BwZnv‡mi GK we‡kl ch©v‡q ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I fvecÖeYZvi dj| GKwU mywbw ©ó f‚L‡Û emevmKvix Rbmvavi‡Yi gvbwmKZv, Abyf‚wZ I †PZbvi djÕÕ| ivóªweÁvbx nv‡qm Zvi Essays on Nationalism MÖ‡š’ e‡jb RvZxqZv I †`k‡cÖg G ywU cÖvPxb fv‡ei AvaywbK GK Av‡eMgq Abyf‚wZcÖeY mswgkªY I AwZiÄb Ó| (Nationalism consists of modern emotional fusion and exaggeration of two very old phenomena of nationality and patriotism.) RvZxqZvev` g~jZ GKwÎZ nevi Ges GK‡Î emevm Kivi gvbwmK cÖeYZv| RvZxqZvev` RbM‡Yi Avkv AvKv•¶vi g‡a¨ g~Z© n‡q D‡V| RvZxq-ivóª MVbB RvZxqZvev‡`i Pig mv_©KZv| RvZxqZvev‡`i `ywU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© w`K i‡q‡Q| GKwU mvgvwRK Ab¨wU ivR‰bwZK| mvgvwRK w`K †_‡K GKwU RbmgvR RvZxqZvev‡` DØz× n‡q wb‡R‡`i Avjv`v Aw¯—Z¡ Luy‡R cvq Ges ivR‰bwZK w`K †_‡K Ôone Nation one stateÕ -Gi wfwˇZ msMwVZ mgvR m„wói cÖqvm cvq|

RvZxqZvev‡`i weKvk gvbe mgv‡Ri BwZnvm µgweeZ©‡bi BwZnvm| GB µg weeZ©‡bi c_ a‡i A‡bK DÌvb I cZ‡bi ga¨ w`‡q Avgiv bMi-ivóª †_‡K DcbxZ n‡qwQ AvaywbK iv‡óª| AvaywbK ivóª ‡jv g~jZ RvZxq ivóª| RvZxqZvev` m¤ú‡K© my úó aviYv jv‡fi Rb¨ Avgiv Gi weKvk m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kie|

cÖvPxb Kv‡j †Kej gvÎ MÖxK I wneª“‡`i g‡a¨ RvZxqZvev‡`i mÜvb jvf Kiv hvq| Kv‡ji weeZ©‡b MÖx‡mi bMi ivóª ‡jvi AatcZb N‡U Ges †ivgvb mvgªvR¨ cÖwZwôZ nq| Rb¥jvf K‡i wek¦Rbxb mvgªvR¨ev‡`i aviYv| ga¨hy‡M wLªóvb a‡g©i cÖfv‡e ivóª cwiPvwjZ n‡Z _v‡K| kvmb e¨e ’vq MxR©vi KZ…©Z¡ cwijw¶Z nq| G mgq wewfbœ †`‡k eskvbyµwgK ivRZš¿ cÖwZwôZ nq| ivRZ‡š¿i Aax‡b mvaviY gvbyl DrcxwoZ I jvwÃZ n‡Z _v‡K| AZ¨vPvwiZ I wbh©vwZZ gvbyl HK¨e×fv‡e ivRZ‡š¿i wei“‡× Av‡›`vjb ïi“ K‡i| wewfbœ RvwZ Avcb m¦vZš¿¨ m¤ú‡K© mRvM I m‡PZb n‡q D‡V| cieZx©Kv‡j MxR©v Ges ivRvi ga¨Kvi ¶gZvi jovB‡q ivRvi KZ©„Z¡ mycÖwZwôZ nq| ivRvi †bZ…‡Z¡ HK¨e× RvZxq iv‡óªi D™¢e N‡U|

†lvok kZ‡Ki ïi“‡Z RvZxqZvev‡`i cÖ_g weKvk N‡U| BZvwji wPš—vwe` g¨vwKqv‡fjx RvZxq-iv‡óªi bxwZ wbav©i‡Yi d‡j RvZxqZvev` bZzbfv‡e cªvY jvf K‡i| wZwb AvaywbK A‡_© ÔivóªÕ kãwU‡K we‡k−lY I e¨envi K‡ib| Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z RvZxqZvev‡`i wfwË my`„p nq| RvZxqZvev‡`i BwZnvm †ek cÖvPxb n‡jI we‡kl A‡_© RvZxqZvev` ej‡Z hv eySvq Zv AvaywbK hy‡Mi mv‡_ Nwbófv‡e m¤úwK©Z| cÖK…Z c‡¶ 1772 mv‡j

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-106

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq Awóªqv, ivwkqv I cÖ“wkqv KZ©…K †cvj¨v‡Ûi fvMvfvwM Ges 1789 mv‡j divmx wec−‡ei d‡j RvZxqZvev‡`i †PZbv mgMÖ BD‡iv‡c Qwo‡q c‡o| divmx wec −e ïay mvg¨, ¯^vaxbZv I åvZ…‡Z¡i Av`k©B cÖPvi K‡i wb, Gi Av‡iKwU gnvb Av`k© n‡”Q †`k‡cÖg| GB ‡`kvZ¥†evaB Kvjµ‡g RvZxqZvev‡` iƒcvš—wiZ nq|

divmx wec−e †h me Av`k©‡K †K› ª K‡i msNwVZ n‡qwQj Zvi g‡a¨ RvZxqZvev` Ab¨Zg| wPš—vwe` n¨vÝ ‡Kvn&b h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb †h, divmx wec−‡ei Aby‡cÖiYvi d‡j RvZxqZvev‡`i †PZbv mymsnZ iƒc jvf K‡i| divmx wec−‡ei d‡jB RvZxqZvev‡`i wPš—v c~Y©Zv cÖvß nq Ges GKwU ivR‰bwZK gZev` wn‡m‡e AvZœcÖKvk K‡i| RvZxqZvev`x Av`k© µ‡g µ‡g BD‡ivc Ges Av‡gwiKvq Qwo‡q c‡o| c„w_exi gvbwP‡Î m~wPZ nq ˆec−weK cwieZ©b| BD‡ivcevmxiv divmx wec −e †_‡K GB wk¶v jvf K‡i †h, mgvR I iv‡óªi cybM©V‡b RvZxqZvev` I MYZš¿ n‡”Q Acwinvh© g~jbxwZ|

†b‡cvwjqb mgMÖ BD‡ivc‡K d«v‡Ýi Aax‡b G‡b RvZxq Abyf‚wZ weKv‡ki c_ cÖk¯— K‡ib| wZwb cÖwZ‡ekx †`k¸‡jvi wei“‡× Awfhvb cwiPvjbv Kivi d‡j H me †`‡ki RbmvaviY RvZxq H‡K¨i †PZbvq DØy× n‡q D‡V| Zuvi Avµg‡Yi cÖwZwµqv ¯^iƒc Gme A‡j RvZxqZvev‡`i weKvk NU‡Z _v‡K Ges MYAf yÌv‡bi m~Pbv nq| BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ iv‡óª G‡Ki ci GK wec−e msNwUZ n‡Z _v‡K| 1815 mv‡j wf‡qbv Ks‡MÖm †ejwRqvg‡K Zvi B”Qvi wei“‡× nj¨v‡Ûi m‡½ mshy³ Kivq †ejwRqvg RvZxqZvev‡` DØy× nq Ges 1831 mv‡j nj¨vÛ †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q hvq|

Dbwesk kZvãxi BwZnvm i³v³ wec −‡ei BwZnvm| wesk kZvãx RvZxqZvev‡`i †MŠi‡ev¾¡j hyM| RvZxqZvev‡`i Dci wfwË K‡i 1919 mv‡j fvm©vB Pzw³ m¦v¶wiZ nq| †PK, †cvj¨vÛ I úvf RvwZ¸‡jv ivóª MV‡bi my‡hvM jvf K‡i| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i c‡i Gwkqv I Avwd«Kvq RvZxqZvev‡`i wfwˇZ eû iv‡óªi Avwef©ve N‡U| fviZ, cvwK —vb, †Kvwiqv, wdwjcvBb, B‡›`v‡bwkqv cÖf…wZ †`k G‡`i g‡a¨ D‡j −L‡hvM¨| mgvRZvwš¿K wec −‡ei d‡j 1917 mv‡j †mvwf‡qZ ivóª RvwZMZ aviYvi bZzb ms‡hvRb NUv‡Z Pvq| wKš‘ 1990 mv‡ji NUbvi ci MZvbyMwZK RvwZ wfwËK †PZbv Avevi cÖej nq Ges †mvwf‡q‡Zi ¯’‡j GKvwaK ivóª M‡o I‡V|

mviK_v RvZxqZvev` n‡”Q GKwU †PZbv ev Abyf‚wZ| RvZxqZvev‡`i wfwˇZB D™¢e n‡q‡Q RvZxq iv‡óªi| RvZxq ivóª MVbB RvZxqZvev‡`i Pig ^v_©KZv|

BDwbU-7 c„ôv-107

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cv‡Vv‡Ëvi g~j¨vqb eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| 1. Nationalism is first and foremost a state of mind and an act of consciousness. GB e³e¨wU Kvi? K. n¨vÝ †Kvn&b; L. †n‡Mj; M. nv‡qm; N. †ibvb| 2. Esays on Nationalism MÖ‡š’i †jLK †K ? K. MvY©vi; L. jvw¯‹; M. †Rwbsm; N. n¨vÝ †Kvn&b| 3. divmx wec−e †Kvb mv‡j msNwUZ nq ? K. 1757; L. 1789; M. 1905; N. 1919| 4. BD‡ivc‡K d«v‡Ýi Aax‡b †K Av‡bb ? K. †b‡cvwjqb; L. Av‡jKRvÛvi; M. †Pw½m Lvb; N. wiPvW©| 5. KZ mv‡j fvm©vB Pzw³ ¯^v¶wiZ nq ? K. 1919; L. 1920; M. 1930; N. 1931| mwVK DËi : 1.K; 2.N; 3.L; 4.K; 5.K| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. RvZxqZvev‡`i msÁv w`b| 2. RvZxqZvev‡`i Dcv`vb¸‡jv wK? iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. RvZxqZvev` Kx? RvZxqZvev‡`i µgweKvk m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-108

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

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BDwbU-7 c„ôv-113

GmGmGBPGj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| 1. 1789 mv‡j msMwVZ n‡qwQj - K. i“k wec−e; L. Bsj¨v‡Ûi †MŠiegq wec−e; M. Pxbv wec−e; N. divmx wec−e| 2. ÔÔRvZxq fveavivq DØy× cÖwZwU Rbmgv‡Ri ^vaxb, mve©‡fŠg ivóª cÖwZôvi AwaKvi i‡q‡QÕÕ GB e³¨ewU Kvi ? K. †Rgm wgj; L. D‡Wªv DBjmb; M. g¨vKvBfvi; N. Aw÷b| 3. fvm©vB mwÜ KZ mv‡j AbywôZ n‡qwQj ? K. 1917; L. 1918; M. 1919; N. 1920| 4. ÔÔcÖ‡Z¨K RvwZiB wbR wbR B”Qv Abyhvqx miKvi cÖwZwôZ K‡i ^vaxb ivóª MV‡bi AwaKvi i‡q‡QÕÕ -GK_v †K e‡j‡Qb ? K. Rb ÷zqvU© wgj; L. D‡Wªv DBjmb; M. RR©, evY©vW kÕ; N. evUªvÛ iv‡mj| mwVK DËi t 1. N, 2.L, 3.M, 4.K | msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. AvZœwbqš¿YvwaKvi wK ? 2.AvÍwbqš¿YbxwZi c‡¶ hyw³¸‡jv wK ?

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-114

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

8

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G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q:

cvV-1 D`viZvev` cvV-2 Dc‡hvMev`

cvV-3 cuywRev` cvV-4 mgvRZš¿ev`

BDwbU-8 c„ôv-115

GmGmGBPGj

cvV -1

D`viZvev` D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

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ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-116

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mbvZb D`viZvev`

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AvaywbK D`viZvev`

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BDwbU-8 c„ôv-117

GmGmGBPGj

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bq, eis mgš^‡qi| GKwU AciwUi m¤ú~iK I cwic~iK|

D`viZvev‡`i msKU

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D`viZvev` weKv‡ki cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q Gi cÖe³viv e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv I Aeva A_©bxwZi †h K_v e‡j‡Qb ZvÕ wQj cÖK…Zc‡¶ awbK cyuwRcwZ †kªYxi ¯^v‡_©i AbyK‚j| mvaviY gvby‡li `ytLKó, ˆ`b¨ ,gvby‡l-gvby‡l weivRgvb Amvg¨ - ˆelg¨, gvbyl n‡q gvbyl‡K †kvlY - wbh©vZb Gme cÖwZ‡iv‡a D`viZvev` bxie|

G gZev‡` ^we‡ivwaZv j¶¨ Kiv hvq| G‡Z ivóªxq KZ…©‡Z¦i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv ^xKvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| A_P e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvi K_v e‡j †mB KZ…©Z¡‡K mxwgZ Kivi `vexI Rvbvb n‡q‡Q| cÖK…Z c‡¶ GUv cyuwRev`‡K i¶v KiviB †KŠkj ejv hvq| KviY cyuwRcwZ‡`i m¤ú` myi¶vi Rb¨ ivóªxq KZ…©Z¡‡K GKw`‡K ^xKvi K‡i Ab¨w`‡K cyuwRcwZ‡`i †kvlY‡K Aeva Kivi Rb¨ G KZ…©Z¡‡K mxwgZ Kivi e¨e¯’vcÎ †`qv n‡q‡Q|

AvaywbK D`viZvev` Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óªi RbM‡Yi Rb¨ †h cwiKíbv †ck K‡i‡Q - ZvI cÖK…Zc‡¶ e¨_©| G cÖm‡½ gvK©mev`x‡`i g‡Z, cyuwRev`x †kvlY Ae¨vnZ †i‡L mgvR †_‡K, eÂbv, Amvg¨ I `vwi ª ~i Kiv m¤¢e bq| Avi G¸‡jv ~i KivB Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óªi †gŠwjK `vex| Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óªi aviYvi cÖeZ©b cÖK…Zc‡¶ mgvRZ‡š¿i Ae¨vnZ RbwcÖqZvi †gvKv‡ejvq GK ai‡bi Av‡cvm dg~©jv|

mviK_v A‡bK mxgve×Zv _vKv m‡Ë¡I D`viZvev‡`i me‡P‡q eo mvdj¨ n‡”Q MYZ‡š¿i mg_©K wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ jvf| mvgš—Z‡š¿i `vbe‡K cÖwZnZ K‡i we‡k¦ mvg¨, ˆgÎx I wek¦åvZ…‡Z¡i Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q GB gZev`| divmx wec−‡e GB gZev‡`i cÖZ¨¶ cÖfve HwZnvwmK mZ¨| GB gZev` e¨w³ ^vaxbZv mgybœZKiY I ivóªxq ˆ¯^ivPv‡ii wei“‡× cÖwZev`x f‚wgKv MÖnY K‡i gvby‡li gh©v`v I g~j¨‡eva mgybœZ ivLvi †h cÖqvm cvq|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-118

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| 1. kãMZ A‡_© D`viZvev` wK ? K. AvaywbK ivóª`k©b; L. ¯^vaxbZvi gZev`; M. MYZ‡š¿i gZev`; N. AwaKv‡ii gZev`| 2. D`viZvev‡`i D‡Ïk¨ wK? K. ivóª‡K mxgvnxb ¶gZv cÖ`vb; L. ivóª‡K DrLvZ; M. iv‡óªi mxgv wba©viY; N. iv‡óªi Kvh©vejx mxwgZKiY| 3. D`viZvev` wK ai‡bi gZev` wnmv‡e AvZœcÖKvk K‡i ? K. wec−ex gZev`; L. eyw×e„wËK gZev`; M. ˆbwZK Av‡›`vjb; N. ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb| mwVK DËi : 1.L 2.N 3.M| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. D`viZvev` wK? 2. KLb D`viZvev‡`i hvÎv ïi“ n‡qwQj? 3. D`viZvev` I MYZ‡š¿i m¤úK© wKiƒc? iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. D`viZvev` ej‡Z Avcwb wK ey‡Sb ? D`viZvev‡`i D™¢e I weKvk m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki“b| 2. D`viZvev` Kq cÖKvi ? Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|

BDwbU-8 c„ôv-119

GmGmGBPGj

cvV -2

Dc‡hvMev` D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

Dc‡hvMev‡`i †Mvovi K_v ej‡Z cvi‡eb; Dc‡hv‡Mi cwigvc m¤^‡Ü e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; †Rgm wgj I Rb ÷zqvU© wg‡ji e³e¨ we‡k−lY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Dc‡hvMev‡`i mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Aóv`k kZ‡K †h ivR‰bwZK gZev` Dbwesk kZ‡K cÖvavb¨ we —v‡i Ab¨me gZev`‡K Qvwo‡q hvq ZvÕ nÕj Dc‡hvMev`| †h gZev‡` †`‡ki ivóª I miKvi, AvBb I AvBbmfv, bxwZ I ˆbwZKZv, kvwš— I KvivMvi BZ¨vw` mewKQyiB ms¯‹vi mva‡bi gva¨‡g gvbeKj¨v‡Yi Dc‡hvMx Kivi cÖ‡Póv MÖnY Kiv nq ZvB Dc‡hvMev` bv‡g cwiwPZ| Dc‡hvMev‡` ivóª I wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb m¤ú‡K© e³‡e¨i AeZviYv Kiv n‡jI P‚ovš— wePv‡i GwU †Kvb ivR‰bwZK gZev` wQj bv| GwU‡K eis bxwZkv ¿ m¤úwK©Z gZev` ej‡jB h_v_© n‡e| KviY G gZev‡`i g~j j¶¨ wQj gvby‡li cÖK…wZ I AwfcÖv‡qi mwVK e¨vL¨v †`qv Ges ˆbwZK wePv‡ii gvb wbav©iY Kiv| A_©bxwZ I AvBbkv‡¯¿i e¨vL¨v`v‡bi †¶‡ÎI G gZev`‡K cyivcywi Kv‡R jvMvb n‡q‡Q| Dc‡hvMev` we‡kl †Kvb `vk©wb‡Ki GKK wPš—vmÄvZ gZev` bq eis K‡qKRb wPš—vwe‡`i wbwep Abya¨vb I wPš—vavivi mgwš^Z dmj| G me wPš—vwe‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Qb †R‡igx †eb_vg, †Rgm wgj I Rb ÷zqvU© wgj| G wZb g~j cÖe³vi AbyMvgx n‡q‡Qb RR© †MÖvU, Rb Aw÷b, g¨vj_vm, GWvg w¯§_, wiKv‡W©v cÖgyL wPš—vkxjMY| G‡`i g‡a¨ †eb_vg, †Rgm wgj I Rb ÷zqvU© wgj- Gi Dc‡hvMev`x wPš—vavivB n‡e Av‡jvPbvi †K› ªxq welqe ‘| Giv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB e¨w³ gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Yi wPš—v‡K mvg‡b †i‡L Dc‡hvMev‡`i cÖvmv` wbg©vY K‡ib|

†eb_v‡gi Dc‡hvMev` (1748-1833) cÖ_‡gB GK_v e‡j †bqv fvj †h, †eb_vg Dc‡hvMev‡`i cÖeZ©K bb| eis wZwb wQ‡jb Gi ewjô Dc ’vcK, my úó e¨vL¨vKvi| Dbwesk kZ‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K hLb e¨emvqx †kªYx wkícwZ †kªYx‡Z iƒcvš—wiZ nevi g‡a¨ w`‡q evwYR¨ I wkí-cyuwRev‡`i cÖmvi NUwQj, †m mgq wZwb Zvi gZvgZ cÖ`v‡b GwM‡q Av‡mb|

Dc‡hvwMZvi bxwZ

†eb_vg ivóª, miKvi, ˆbwZKZv, AvBb cÖYqb cÖf…wZ e¨vcv‡i e³e¨ ivLvi †¶‡Î †h bxwZ‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i‡Qb Zv nÕj Dc‡hvwMZvi bxwZ (Principle of Utility)| G bxwZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z wM‡q †eb_vg wb‡RB e‡jb †h , Dc‡hvwMZvi bxwZ n‡”Q †mB bxwZ hvÕ mswk−ó c‡¶i myL e„w×i †¶‡Î AbyK‚j ev cÖwZK‚j cÖeYZvi wfwˇZ hveZxq Kv‡Ri Aby‡gv`b `vb K‡i| Ab¨fv‡e ej‡j, †h bxwZ myL A‡š^lY‡K Z¡ivwš^Z ev e¨vnZ K‡i ZvB Dc‡hvwMZvi bxwZ|Õ ivóªkvmb I wePvi m¤úv`‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq AvBb cÖYq‡bi †¶‡Î †eb_vg GB bxwZi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi Dci AZ¨š— †Rvi †`b| Zuvi g‡Z AvBb cÖYq‡bi g~j wfwË n‡e Gi Dc‡hvwMZv| G‡¶‡Î ‡`L‡Z n‡e †h, cÖYxZe¨ AvBb AwaKvsk †jv‡Ki Rb¨ Avb›``vqK n‡e wKbv| gywó‡gq †jv‡Ki ^v‡_© cÖYxZ AvBb‡K G ch©v‡q wZwb Abyc‡hvMx e‡j wPwýZ K‡ib| G cÖms‡M wZwb e‡jb, "It is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure ot right and wrong." A_©vr mZ¨ I wg_¨v cwigv‡ci cÖavb m~ÎB nÕj me©vwaK msL¨‡Ki me©vwaK myL|

Dc‡hvMev`

†eb_v‡gi Dc‡hvMev‡`i g~j K_v n‡”Q Ô Avb›` ev myL A‡š^lYB e¨w³i AvKvsLvi cÖ_g †mvcvb| e¨w³ Zvi AvKv•v ev evmbv (desire) Gi c‡¶i KvR¸‡jv Ki‡Z Ges wec‡¶i KvR¸‡jv‡K eR©b Ki‡Z Pvq| wKš‘ mgm¨v GB †h, cÖwZwU gvbyl †h‡nZz Avjv`v Ges Zv‡`i cÖK…wZI wfbœ ZvB Zv‡`i AvKv•vi g‡a¨ wfbœZv I

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-120

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq eûgvwÎKZv i‡q‡Q| †Kvb miKv‡ii c‡¶B G wfbœgvwÎK AvKv•v c~Y© Kiv m¤¢e bq| G Ae ’vq RbmsL¨vi msL¨vMwiô As‡ki AvKv•v ev evmbv‡KB h_v_© evmbv a‡i wb‡Z n‡e Ges GB evmbv c~iY KivB n‡e miKv‡ii j¶¨| Zvi G ZË¡ we‡k−l‡Y hv †ewi‡q Av‡m ZvÕ nj me©vwaK msL¨K †jv‡Ki me©vwaK myLÕ (greatest happiness of the greatest number )|

myL I ytLbxwZi e¨vL¨v †eb_v‡gi g‡Z, kvmbe¨e ’v, mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv I AvB‡bi g~j¨ wePvi Ki‡Z n‡e me©vwaK myLbxwZi gvb`‡Û| G ¸‡jv hw` gvby‡li my‡Li †P‡h †e`bv‡KB †ewk e„w× K‡i Z‡e ZvÕ eR©b Kiv A_ev ms¯‹vi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G cÖm‡½ wZwb e‡jb, ÒcÖK…wZ gvbyl‡K Avb›` I ‡e`bv bv‡gi ywU mve©‡fŠg kw³i KZ…©‡Z¡i Aax‡b †i‡L‡Q| G kw³B Avgv‡`i KiYxq wK ZvÕ e‡j †`q Ges eR©bxq wK ZvÕ w¯’i K‡i †`q| GKw`‡K b¨vq-Ab¨vq Ges Aciw`‡K Kvh©KviY m~Î Zv‡`i ( Avb›` I †e`bvi) wmsnvm‡bi mv‡_ euvav|Ó †eb_vg ¯úó K‡i e‡jb †h, myL jvf Ges ytL n‡Z cwiÎv‡Yi wPš—vB gvby‡li Kg©‡cÖiYvi g~‡j me© v KvR K‡i| my‡Li Ab¨ bvg Avb›` Ges `yt‡Li Ab¨ bvgB n‡”Q †e`bv|

Dc‡hv‡Mi cwigvc

†eb_v‡gi G gZev`‡K ÔmyLev` Õ e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv hvq| G mv‡_ †hŠw³KZvi m¤úK© †bB ejv P‡j| †eb_v‡gi g‡Z, wg_¨v ej‡j hw` Kv‡iv Avb›` e„w× cvq Z‡e ZvÕ Ab¨vq n‡e bv| Avb‡›`i †Kvb DrK…óZv I wbK…óZv †bB| †KD gnvKve¨ cvV K‡i ZvÕ †c‡Z cv‡i| †KD Ak−xj wPÎ †`‡LI ZvÕ †c‡Z cv‡i| e¨w³ ïay ej‡e †KvbwU Zvi Kv‡Q Avb›``vqK| GLv‡b Avb›` I †e`bvi gvÎv cwigv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb †bB| cwigvY cwigv‡ciI cÖ‡qvRb †bB|

e¨w³i Ae ’vb

Avb›` I †e`bv cwigv‡ci †¶‡Î †eb_vg MYZvwš¿K bxwZ‡K MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³B G‡KKwU GKK mË¡v| G wn‡m‡e ivRv I cÖRvi myL‡fv‡Mi g‡a¨ D”P-bxP cÖ‡f` †bB| ïay wePvh© n‡e myL‡fv‡M wjß e¨w³MY msL¨vq me©vwaK wKbv| AvBb cÖ‡YZvMY AvBb cÖYq‡bi mgq G `„wófw½‡KB ¸i“Z¡ †`‡eb e‡j †eb_vg wek¦vm Ki‡Zb| †eb_v‡gi g‡Z, Ò Avb›` Ab¨ Ggb †Kvb wKQy AR©‡bi mnvqK gva¨g bq hv mnRvZ ¸‡Yi AwaKvix| e¯‘Z G cÖ¯—vebvB n‡”Q Dc‡hvMev‡`i g~j we‡eP¨ welq|Ó

†Rgm wgj (1773-1836) Dc‡hvMev‡` †Rgm wgj cÖK…Zc‡¶ †Kvb †gŠwjK Z‡Ë¡i D™¢veK wQ‡jb bv| wZwb wQ‡jb †R‡igx †eb_v‡gi Dc‡hvMev‡`i mg_©K, msMVK I cÖPviK| Zuvi mgmvgwqKKv‡j wewfbœ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ cÖe‡Üi wfwˇZ wZwb Dc‡hvMev`‡K GKwU kw³kvjx ZË¡ wn‡m‡e uvo Kivb| †Rgm wgj cÖK…Zc‡¶ Dc‡hvMev`‡K hZœ I cwiPh©v K‡i G‡K Afxó j‡¶¨ †cuŠQv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡ib| wZwb G‡K BwZnvm, A_©bxwZ I g‡bvweÁv‡bi wfwËi Dci cÖwZwôZ K‡ib - hvÕ †eb_vg Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb|

†Rgm wg‡ji Mfxi wek¦vm wQj †h, AvB‡bi ms¯‹vi mvwaZ nevi c~‡e© cÖ‡qvRb ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹vi mva‡bi| wZwb G e¨vcv‡i †eb_vg‡K Aby‡cÖiYv `vb K‡ib| wgj wk¶v‡K e¨w³i Avb›` ea©‡bi GKwU kw³kvjx nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡ib| Z‡e cvkvcvwk wk¶vi mvgvwRK g~j¨I wZwb Abyaveb Ki‡Z mg_© nb| Zuvi g‡Z, cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³‡K cÖ`Ë wk¶vi g~j j¶¨ n‡e Zvi g‡a¨ mshg ev AvZœ - wbqš¿‡Yi ¸Y‡K weKwkZ Kiv| gvbyl Zvi Avkv AvKv•¶v‡K Ggbfv‡e wbqš¿Y Ki‡e wk¶vi gva¨‡g, hvi Øviv A‡b¨i Avb›` †e`bvi mv‡_ Zv‡K mvgÄm¨c~Y© Kiv hvq| G D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L wgj wk¶v‡K weÁv‡bi —‡i DbœxZ K‡ib Ges G‡K cÖwZwôZ K‡ib gb —vwË¡K wfwËi Dci| Zvi G D‡`¨v‡MiB dj n‡”Q ÔmsNg~jK ZË¡Õ (Associational theory) bvgK g‡bv‰eÁvwbK ZË¡| G‡¶‡Î Zuv‡K Avgiv ev —e Dc‡hvMev`x e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Ki‡Z cvwi| KviY wZwb Zuvi cÖ‡Póvq wk¶v‡K g‡bvweÁv‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z K‡i †Zv‡jb| Zuvi g‡Z wk¶vi g~j j¶¨ nÕj gvby‡li Avb›` wbwðZ Kiv| wKš‘ G Avb›` wbf©i K‡i Zvi Kg©cÖqv‡mi Dci| Avevi gvbyl‡K Kv‡R GwM‡q †`q Zvi wPš—v I Abyf‚wZ| G wePv‡i wk¶v Avb‡›`i Rb¨ AbyK~j wPš—v I Abyf‚wZ‡K Avb‡›`i cÖwZK‚j wPš—v I

BDwbU-8 c„ôv-121

GmGmGBPGj

Abyf‚wZi Dci ’vb †`evi †¶‡Î f‚wgKv iv‡L| wk¶vi mhZœ I Áv‡bv`xß e¨envi Øviv gvbeRxeb myôzfv‡e M‡o †Zvjvi G aviYv cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨B wZwb Zvi cyÎ Rb ÷zqvU© wgj‡K wk¶v`v‡bi mvwe©K `vwqZ¡ wb‡RB MÖnY K‡ib| ejv evûj¨, ÷zqvU© wgj Zvi wcZvi G gnvb cÖqv‡mi †hvM¨ cÖwZ`vbB w`‡qwQ‡jb wb‡R‡K Dc‡hvMev‡`i wØZxq gnvbvq‡K cwiYZ Kivi gva¨‡g|

Rb ÷zqvU© wgj (1806-1873) ˆcwÎK m~‡Î Rb ÷zqvU© wgj wQ‡jb Dc‡hvMev`x †Mvôx Øviv cÖfvweZ| e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK †PZbvq Av”Qbœ G †Mvôxi g~j aviYv wQj

• myL Kvgbv I `ytL eR©‡bi cÖqvmB e¨w³Rxeb‡K PvwjZ K‡i ;

• Avb›` I †e`bvi cwigvY gvcv hvq ;

• mve©‡fŠg AvBb cwil` cÖ‡qvR‡b `Û weavb K‡i Ggb wewae¨e ’v cÖYqb Ki‡Z cv‡i hv‡Z e¨w³ me©vwaK myL I ^íZg ytL jvf K‡i|

• Rb ÷zqvU© wgj Zuvi c~e©myix‡`i G MvwYwZK myLev`‡K cvk KvwU‡q Dc‡hvMev`‡K GK bZzb iƒ‡c cÖKvk K‡ib| †eb_vg †hLv‡b my‡Li cwigvY‡K AMÖvwaKvi †`b, wgj †mLv‡b ¸i“Z¡ †`b my‡Li ¸YMZ w`‡Ki Dci| †eb_vg my‡Li Drm wePvi Kivi c¶cvZx wQ‡jb bv| wgj Gi we‡ivwaZv Ki‡Zb| Zuvi g‡Z, me my‡Li PwiÎ GK bq| `k©b PP©v K‡i †KD myL jvf K‡i| †KDev ZvÕ jvf K‡i `ybx©wZi cÖkªq w`‡q| G‡¶‡Î †h myL e¨w³i ˆbwZK DrKl© e„w× Ki‡e ZvB MÖnY‡hvM¨|

cÖK…wZMZfv‡e wgj wKQyUv Av‡eMcÖeY I ms‡e`bkxj wQ‡jb| mvgvwRK e܇bi g‡a¨ mngwg©Zvi cÖwZ Zvui Zxeª AvKl©Y wQj| GRb¨ wZwb †R‡igx †eb_v‡gi cÖvYnxb Avb›` bxwZ‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb| Gw`K n‡Z wZwb wQ‡jb ev¯—eag©x `vk©wbK| †eb_v‡gi Dc‡hvMev‡`i Aev —eZv ~i K‡i wZwb ZvÕ uvo Kwi‡qwQ‡jb ev —eZvi cUf‚wg‡Z| G‡K w`‡qwQ‡jb weÁvbm¤§Z iƒc|

wgj- Gi Dc‡hvMev`

wgj - Gi Dc‡hvMev` Zvi e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨ev` n‡Z DrmvwiZ| Zvi g‡Z, "Over himself, over his own body and mind the individnal is sovereign." A_©vr wb‡Ri Dci Ges wbR †`n I g‡bi Dci e¨w³ mve©‡fŠg| Gi cvkvcvwk †m †hgb mgvRev`x Rxe, †Zgwb ivóªkw³i mwµq Askx`vi| G cUf‚wgKvq e¨w³ Zvi Rxe‡bi Rb¨ †h Avb›` mÜvb K‡i I †e`bv‡K Gov‡Z Pvq ZvÕ cÖavbZ yÕcÖKvi: D”PZi I wbæZi| Zvi g‡Z, Dr‡mi we‡ePbv K‡i A_©vr ¸YMZ w`K‡K D‡c¶v K‡i †Kvb Avb›` h_v_© we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| D`vniY wn‡m‡e wZwb e‡jb, Ò cwiYZ ïKi Qvbvi †P‡q AcwiYZ gvbemš—vb †kªq| cwiZzó wb‡e©v‡ai †P‡q †kªq n‡”Qb AcwiZzó m‡µwUm| Zvi g~j¨ A‡bK †ewk| †Kvb wb‡e©va †Kvb wel‡q wfbœgZ †cvlY Ki‡j wbR ¯^v‡_© K‡i| wKš‘ †Kvb gvbemš—vb ev m‡µwUm wfbœgZ †cvlY K‡ib wbR I Aci - Dfq w`K we‡ePbv K‡i|Ó

JwPZ¨‡eva ev evÂbxqZv wQj wgj-Gi Dc‡hvMev‡`i g~j ˆewkó¨| G‡¶‡Î wZwb †eb_v‡gi AvKvsLv‡eva‡K cÖvavb¨ †`b wb| Zvi g‡Z, e¨w³i †Kvb KvR Zvi Aš—wb©wnZ Avb‡›`i Rb¨ wKsev Avb›`jvf‡K Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡Z mnvqK wn‡m‡e evÃbxq n‡Z cv‡i| wg‡ji g‡Z, ivóª GKwU ¯^vfvweK cÖwZôvb Ges †Kej iv‡óªB e¨w³ cwic~Y© myL †c‡Z cv‡i| eis iv‡óªi cÖavb `vwqZ¡B n‡”Q e¨w³i myL weavb| ivóª cÖ‡qvR‡b kw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i n‡jI e¨w³i ¯^vaxbZv I Kj¨vY wbwðZ Ki‡e| KviY e¨w³i myL Zvi ^vaxbZv I Kj¨v‡Yi Dci wbf©ikxj|

Dc‡hvMev‡`i mgv‡jvPbv †eb_v‡gi Dc‡hvMev`: Wwe−D wU †Rvbm& - Gi g‡Z, †eb_v‡gi Dc‡hvMev` n‡jv: • ب_©‡evaK; • AcÖPzi I • cÖ‡qv‡Mi A‡hvM¨| †eb_vg Zuvi Av‡jvPbvq Dc‡hvwMZvi bxwZi Rb¨ mwVKZv, my úóZv I AwfcÖv‡qi e¨vL¨v‡K kZ© wba©viY Ki‡jI wbR g‡Zi †¶‡Î Gme kZ© c~i‡Y e¨_© n‡q‡Qb| GgbwK AwfcÖvq‡K Ô ˆbwZK cwigvcÕ Øviv cwigvc‡hvM¨ n‡Z n‡e e‡j †h †NvlYv wZwb w`‡q‡Qb ZvÕ c~i‡Y wb‡RB e¨_© n‡q‡Qb|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-122

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq Ôme©vwaK msL¨K †jvK-Gi me©vwaK myLÕ bxwZ †eb_vgxq Dc‡hvwMZvi g~j e³e¨| wKš‘ ev —‡e Gi cÖwZdjb AwbwðZ| KviY me©vwaK msL¨K †jvK I me©vwaK myL - Gi GKÎ Ae¯’vb GKB mv‡_ m¤¢e bq|

Ôgvby‡li Avb›` A‡š^lY Kiv DwPZÕ - †eb_v‡gi G gš—e¨ MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| KviY gvbyl Avb›` A‡š^l‡Yi Rb¨ e¨¯— _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| eis †m Zvi Rxe‡bi c~Y©Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨ KvR K‡i| GB Kv‡R mvdj¨ Zv‡K †hgb Avb›` †`q †Zgwb Gi e¨_©ZvI Zvi Rb¨ yt‡Li KviY nq| G y‡Uv‡K †g‡b wb‡qB e¨w³ m¤§y†L AMÖmi nq| ïay Avb›` jv‡fi AwfcÖvq _vK‡j e¨_©Zv e¨w³‡K `wg‡q w`‡Z cv‡i|

Avb›` I †e`bv cwigv‡ci Rb¨ †eb_vg †h ˆbwZKZv wba©viY K‡i‡Qb ZvÕ MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| KviY, G `ywUB g‡bvMZ Abyf‚wZ| MvwYwZKfv‡e Gi cwigvc Kiv hvq bv|

†eb_vg Avb›` I †e`bvi ¸YMZ w`K A¯^xKvi K‡i Ges cwigvYMZ w`K‡K AMÖvwaKvi w`‡q g~jZ gvbyl‡K cïi ¯—‡i bvwg‡q G‡b‡Qb| Zvi G hyw³ m‡PZb gvbyl MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

wekc evUjvi †eb_v‡gi Dc‡hvMev‡`i mgv‡jvPbv K‡i e‡jb †h, ïay Avb›`jv‡fi evmbv gvbe Kg©cÖqv‡mi g~j Drm n‡Z cv‡i bv| cÖK…Zc‡¶ gvbyl GKwU AbyK‚j cwi‡ek m„wói Rb¨ KvR K‡i| G Kv‡R mdjZv Zv‡K †h Avb›` †`q ZvÕ c‡iv¶| cÖZ¨¶ I g~j bq|

Rb÷zqvU© wgj Dc‡hvMev‡`i †gŠwjK †Kvb we‡k−lY K‡ib wb| wZwb Zvi c~e©myix †eb_v‡gi Dc‡hvMev‡` ev —eagx©, Kv‡jvc‡hvMx I ms‡kvwaZ gvÎv hy³ K‡i‡Qb gvÎ|

†eb_vg hZUv my úó I mgwš^Zfv‡e Dc‡hvMev`‡K Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb wgj ZvÕ cv‡ib wb| wgj - Gi Dc‡hvMev` wbwðZ I ب_©nxb bq| Aek¨ GRb¨ Avgiv Zvi `x¶v¸i“ wcZvi K‡Vvi kvmb I AwffveKZ¡‡K `vqx Ki‡Z cvwi|

mviK_v

Dbwesk kZ‡K mgvRZš¿ bv‡g GK bZzb I wec−ex gZev` mvov RvMv‡bvi d‡j Dc‡hvMev‡`i cÖfv wKQyUv èvb n‡q hvq| e¨w³i GK‡PwUqv my‡Li ZË¡ mgvR I iv‡óªi cÖ‡qvR‡bi †e`xg~‡j wb‡R‡K DrmM© K‡i| wKš‘ m¤úÖwZ mgvRZ‡š¿i cZ‡bi ci G gZev` cybivq gvbemgv‡R Zvi cÖKvk NUv‡”Q e‡j g‡b nq| ZË¡ wn‡m‡e Dc‡hvMev‡`i mgv‡jvPbv ev mxgve×Zv c~‡e© D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvÕ m‡Ë¡I ejv hvq †h, AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª AvBb cÖ‡YZvMY †h †Kvb AvB‡bi m¤¢ve¨ djvdj wba©vi‡Yi †¶‡Î Kvh©Ki nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e †eb_v‡gi Ô ˆbwZK cwigvcÕ c×wZ‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Kv‡RB ZË¡ wn‡m‡e Dc‡hvMev‡`i HwZnvwmK ¸i“Z¡ bv _vK‡jI ev¯—e ¸i“Z¡ G‡Kev‡iB wbt‡kl nq wb| wKsev fwel¨‡ZI n‡e bv e‡j g‡b Kiv hvq|

BDwbU-8 c„ôv-123

GmGmGBPGj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| 1. Dc‡hvMev` cÖ_g Kvi †jLvq Awfe¨w³ jvf K‡i ? K. wiKv‡W©v; L. ¯§x_; M. wnDg; N. Mvb©vi| 2. †eb_vg †Kvb& kZ‡K Zuvi Dc‡hvMev`x wPš—vaviv Dc¯’vcb K‡ib ? K. †lvj; L. m‡Zi; M. AvVv‡iv; N. Dwbk| 3. †eb_v‡gi Dc‡hvMev` Ab¨ †Kvb& bv‡g cwiwPZ ? K. gigxev`; L. myLev`; M. `ytLev`; N. †jvKvqZev`| mwVK DËi t 1. M 2. N 3. L| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. Dc‡hvMev`x `vk©wbK‡`i bvg D‡j−L Ki“b| 2. D‡hvMev` †Kvb kZ‡Ki gZev`? 3. me©vwaK msL¨K †jv‡Ki myL ej‡Z Avcwb wK ey‡Sb? iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. †R‡igx †eb_v‡gi Dc‡hvMev` m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki“b| 2. Dc‡hvMev` m¤ú‡K© Rb ÷zqvU© wgj - Gi e³e¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki“b| 3. Dc‡hvMev‡`i g~j¨vqb Ki“b|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-124

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV -3

cyuwRev` D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

cuywRev` wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb; cyuwRev‡`i ˆewkó¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; cyuwRev‡`i ¸Yvejx Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; cyuwRev‡`i `ye©jZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e; we‡k¦ cuywRev‡`i cÖfve eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cyuwRev` wK ? cyuwRev` cÖK…Zc‡¶ GK cÖKvi A_©‰bwZK e¨e ’v hvÕ mgvRZš¿ev` bvgK gZev‡`i wecixZ| G A_©e¨e¯’vi g~j K_v nÕj, e¨w³ Zvi DcvwR©Z abm¤ú‡`i GK‡PwUqv gvwjK| ivwóªq wewa weav‡bi g‡a¨ †_‡K †m Aev‡a abm¤ú` DcvR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Zvi cQ›`gZ †¶‡Î I cš’vq Zv †fvM-e¨envi I wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| ivóª G †¶‡Î e¨w³i ^vaxbZv ZZ ~i ch©š— wbwðZ Ki‡e hZ ~i ch©š— †fvM Ki‡j A‡b¨i AwaKv‡ii mxgvq AbycÖ‡ek NU‡e bv|

cyuwRev` kãwUi mv‡_ ¯^v_©ciZv, †kvlY, Amvg¨, mvgªvR¨ev` Ges hy× - Gi wgj †`Lv hvq| G gZev‡`i d‡j mgv‡R abe›U‡bi †¶‡Î GKcÖKvi ˆelg¨ weivR K‡i, me© vB m¤ú`kvjx Zvi cyuwR‡K m¤úÖmvwiZ Kivi Rb¨ kªgRxex I wbæAv‡qi gvby‡li Avq I DcvR©b bvbv cÖwµqvi Kzw¶MZ K‡i _v‡K| cuywRev` Ggb GK e¨e¯’v hv‡Z Drcv`b I e›U‡bi mKj Dcv`vb e¨w³, †Mvôx, †Kv¤úvbx, mgevq BZ¨vw`i wbqš¿‡Y _v‡K Ges ivóªkw³‡K KivqË K‡i Zviv Gme Dcv`v‡bi Dci c~Y© KZ…©Z¡ cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g G me Dcv`vb n‡Z AwR©Z m¤ú` wb‡R‡`i Kj¨v‡Y e¨q Ki‡Z D‡`¨vMx nq|

cuywRev` †Kvb ^qsm¤ú~Y© gZev` bq eis GwU n‡”Q D`viZvev`, e¨w³ ^vZš¿ev`, MYZš¿ I e¨w³ ^vaxbZvi gZev‡`i Dci M‡o-IVv GKcÖKvi Av_© - ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v| Gi g~jK_v n‡”Q jv‡fi (Profit) wcQy †QvUv| Ô cyuwRev` n‡”Q Aweivg I hyw³m½Z cyuwRev`x D‡`¨‡Mi gva¨‡g µgea©gvb jvf AR©‡bi cÖqvmÕ|- e‡j‡Qb g¨vK&m& I‡qevi bvgK Rvg©vb mgvRZvwË¡K| wewbg‡qi my‡hvM MÖnY K‡i, jvf AR©‡bi AvKvsLvi Dci cyuwRev‡`i A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq|

cyuwRev‡`i ˆewkó¨

• ¯vaxb kªg: cyuwRev` Ô¯^vaxb kªgÔ bvgK AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y© GKwU Dcv`v‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj| G gZev‡` kªg cY¨ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| I‡qevi - Gi g‡Z, GB kªg n‡”Q gvby‡li ^vaxbZvi kZ©| A_©vr wb‡qvM I gRyixi AmsL¨ m¤¢vebv n‡Z gvbyl Zvi cQ›`gZ KvR †e‡Q wb‡Z cvi‡e Ges †mB †¶‡Î Zvi kªg weµq Ki‡e †NvwlZ cvwikªwg‡Ki wewbg‡q| gvbyl Zvi kªg wewµi gRyix n‡Z µq Ki‡e Zvi AvKvw•¶Z e ‘| G‡¶‡Î Zvi cyuwR nÕj Zvi mgq, kw³, ¶gZv I g‡bv‡hvM|

• hyw³wbf©iZv: g¨vK&m& I‡qev‡ii g‡Z, hzw³wbf©iZv cyuwRev‡`i Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨| cyuwRev` cÖavbZ ev —e eyw×e„wË Øviv cwiPvwjZ mgvRe¨e ’v| cyuwRev`x e¨e¯’v DbœZZi msMVb, AwaKZi `¶ Drcv`b e¨e¯’v I AwaKZi Kvg¨Zv m„wó‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| G e¨e ’v Dcvq I j‡¶¨i g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡i| DbœwZ mva‡bi Rb¨ Aweivg cÖ‡Póv Ges ci¯úi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv G e¨e ’vi †gŠwjK ˆewkó¨| G e¨e ’vq e¨w³ †h‡nZz wPš—v I K‡g©i w`K †_‡K ^vaxb, †m‡nZz †m me© vB A‡b¨i Dci A_©‰bwZK cÖvavb¨ I †kªôZ¡ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ m‡Pó _v‡K|

BDwbU-8 c„ôv-125

GmGmGBPGj

• jvf - †jvKmvb †Kw› ªK: cyuwRev†` g~jZ: e¨w³i jvf-†jvKmvbB gyL¨| Rxebavi‡Yi Rb¨ e¨w³i g‡a¨ †h Kvg¨Zv m„wó nq ZvÕ c~i‡Yi †¶‡Î e¨w³ jvfRbK Dcv`vb‡K MÖnY I AjvfRbK Dcv`vb‡K eR©b Kivi †Póv K‡i _v‡K| g¨vKm I‡qev‡ii g‡Z, cyuwRev` n‡”Q jvf I †jvKmv‡bi wbwi‡L g~j¨vwqZ, cwiKwíZ I mymsMwVZ Aweivg D‡`¨vM I cÖ‡Póv MÖn‡Yi dj|

• c„_KxKiY: cyuwRev‡` e¨w³wbi‡c¶Zvi Pig DrKl© mvwaZ nq| G e¨e ’v Abyhvqx gvbyl Rb¥MZfv‡e †Kvb fvM¨ wb‡q Av‡m bv| †Kvb A_©‰bwZK Pzw³I Zvi mvivRxe‡bi Rb¨ eva¨Zvg~jK bq| G e¨e ’vq †Kvb `ª‡e¨i ev †mevi †µZv Gi cÖ¯‘ZKviK‡K †P‡b bv| G e¨e¯’vq evm ’vb n‡Z Kg©¯’vb c„_K|

• bMi‡Kw› ªKZv: cyuwRev` AZ¨š— `ª“Z I e¨vcKfv‡e bMi I kn‡i Qwo‡q c‡o| bvMwiK Rxeb aviY c×wZ K„wl wfwËK MÖvgxY mgvR‡K †f‡O †`q| bMi Rxe‡b AvB‡bi kvmb kw³kvjx nq, Av`k© mvgvwRK msMVb m„wó nq| Ab¨ w`‡K MÖvg GjvKvq cyiv‡bv e¨e ’vB A‡bKUv wU‡K _v‡K| cyuwRev` bvMwiK ms¯‹…wZi Ici wbf©ikxj| cyuwRev` bZzb bvMwiK ms¯‹…wZI m„wó K‡i|

• e¨w³ gvwjKvbv: c~‡e©B msÁvq †hgb ejv n‡q‡Q, cyuwRev` gvby‡li Rxeb hvc‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ evwo, AvmevecÎ, cï, hvbevnb BZ¨vw`i gZB Drcv`‡bi wewfbœ Dcv`vb †hgb : hš¿cvwZ, A ¿k ¿, RvqMvRwg, KuvPvgvj, KviLvbv BZ¨vw`i Ici e¨w³gvwjKvbv mycÖwZwôZ K‡i|

• DcvR©b AwaKv‡ii ^vaxbZv: cuywRev`x e¨e ’vq gvbyl e¨w³MZfv‡e wKsev ¶z ª †Mvôx‡Z msNe× n‡q wb‡R‡`i cuywR I Dcvq Dcv`vb‡K Kv‡R jvMvevi c~Y© ^vaxbZv †fvM K‡i| Gi Øviv AwR©Z jvf-‡jvKmvb Zviv wb‡RivB †fvM K‡i, †Lmvi‡Zi SzuwK wb‡RivB MÖnY K‡i, gybvdvi cvnv‡oi gvwjKI nq wb‡RivB| Zviv B”QvgZ Drcv`‡bi cwigv‡Y n«vm e„w× NUv‡Z cv‡i| kªwgK ev Kg©x wb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î †eZb I Ab¨vb¨ kZ© wba©vi‡Y Zviv Aeva ^vaxbZv †fvM K‡i|

cyuwRev‡`i ¸Yvejx

• ^vaxbZv: cyuwRev`x e¨e ’vq e¨w³i Aeva ^vaxbZv wbwðZ _v‡K| iv‡óªi cÖPwjZ AvB‡bi mxgv‡iLvi g‡a¨ †_‡K e¨w³ Zvi cQ›`gZ Dcv‡q ab DcvR©b I Rxebhvc‡bi c_ †e‡Q wb‡Z cv‡i| A‡b¨i ¯^vaxbZvi †¶‡Î AbycÖ‡ek bv NUvb ch©š— ivóªxq n¯—‡¶‡ci m¤¢vebv bv _vKvq e¨w³ Zvi m¤¢vebv‡K cwic~Y©fv‡e weKv‡ki my‡hvM cvq Ges Zvi †gav, †hvM¨Zv I eyw×e„wË Øviv wbR Dbœq‡bi cvkvcvwk mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi c_ Db¥y³ K‡i|

• hyw³wfwËK `k©Y: cyuwRev` †Kvb Av‡eMme©¯^ `k©b bq| Gi †cQ‡b hyw³i Ae¯’vb †ek gReyZ| gvbyl GB c„w_ex‡Z Zvi Ae ’vb‡K wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ msMÖvg Ki‡e GUvB ^vfvweK| Rxe RM‡Z gvbyl †hgb j¶ j¶ eQi a‡i Zvi Ae ’vb mevi D‡aŸ© msMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g wUwK‡q ivL‡Z †c‡i‡Q, mvgvwRK I ivwóªq Rxe‡bI †m †Zgwb cvi¯úwiK cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g wU‡K _vK‡e-GUvB hyw³hy³| cyuwRev` G cÖwZ‡hvwMZvc~Y© cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i|

• †hvM¨Zvi ^xK…wZ: cyuwRev`x e¨e ’vq ivóª n‡PQ e¨w³i D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Dcvq| mgvRZ‡š¿i gZ wb‡RB wb‡Ri j¶¨ bq| GLv‡b ivóª e¨w³i weKv‡ki Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cwi‡ek I Dcv`vb mieivn Ki‡e, e¨w³ †mLvb n‡Z wbR cÖ‡qvRbgZ im` msMÖn K‡i wb‡R‡K weKwkZ Ki‡e| cyuwRev` Ggb ai‡bi msMÖvgx gvbyl‡K ¯^xK…wZ I m¤§vb w`‡q _v‡K|

cyuwRev‡`i ye©jZv

• ybx©wZ: cyuwRev‡` mKj e¨w³ GKwU k„•Ljve× Dcv‡q mdj n‡jI cÖvPz‡h©i fv‡i ybx©wZ‡Z wjß nq| Av‡iv m¤ú` e„w× I †fv‡Mi †bkv Zv‡`i ybx©wZ‡Z wbgw¾Z K‡i| G e¨e¯’vq bvMwiKMY ¯^vaxbZvi bv‡g †fvMme©¯^ †¯^”QvPvix Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z Pvq| d‡j Zviv †fvMRwbZ bvbv iKg `ybx©wZ‡Z Rwo‡q c‡o|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-126

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

• weÁvcb cÖPvi: cyuwRev` Aeva cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi m„wó K‡i| G‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K D‡`¨v³v I mieivnKvix wbR wbR c‡Y¨i cÖwZ †µZv mvavi‡Yi Pvwn`v e„w×i Rb¨ bvbv cÖKvi AvKl©Yxq weÁvcb cÖPvi K‡i| A‡bK mgq G weÁvcb †µZvi Lvivc ¯ú„nv‡K RvwM‡q †`q Ges gvby‡li g‡a¨ †fv‡Mi AvwZkh¨ e„w× K‡i Zvi mshgc~Y© ˆbwZKZv webó K‡i| G e¨e¯’vq cÖ‡qvR‡b gvbyl‡KI c‡Y¨i gZ e¨envi Kiv nq - hvÕ gvby‡li Rb¨ AegvbbvKi|

• myweavev`x †kªYxi D™¢e: G e¨e¯’vq ivRbxwZwe`MY RbM‡Yi mg_©b jv‡fi Avkvq Zv‡`i‡K bvbviKg cÖwZkÖ“wZ cÖ`vb K‡i| ¶gZv jv‡fi ci Gme Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi w`‡K g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z nq Kj¨vYKi Kg©m~wP MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g| d‡j GKwU Kg©wegyL myweavev`x †kªYxi D™¢e N‡U| G †kªYx‡K †ZvlY I cÖwZcvjb Ki‡Z wM‡q iv‡óªi Avw_©K mvg‡_© NvUwZ †`Lv †`q|

• †kªYx ˆelg¨: cyuwRev`x e¨e¯’vq weËevb †kªYx m¤ú‡`i cvnvo M‡o †fvMwejv‡m gË _v‡K| Zviv wejvwmZvi †mªv‡Z Mv fvwm‡q m¤ú‡`i AcPq K‡i| wKš‘ cvkvcvwk `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôx A‡_©i Afv‡e Rxe‡bi b~ bZg †gŠwjK cÖ‡qvRbI c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| gvby‡l gvby‡l †kªYxMZ G †f`v‡f` cyuwRev‡`iB m„wó| µgvMZ †eKviZ¡ e„w×-Gi Ab¨ w`K|

• †kvl‡Yi nvwZqvi: cyuwRev`x e¨e ’vq ivóª mgv‡Ri weËevb, cyuwRcwZ I m¤ú`kvjx e¨w³‡`i ^v‡_© KvR K‡i| AvBb cÖYxZ nq Zv‡`i ¯^v_© i¶vi weavb wn‡m‡e| iv‡óªi †mbvevwnbx, cywjk AvBbk„•Ljv I ^vaxbZv - mve©‡fŠgZ¡ i¶vi bv‡g cÖK…Z c‡¶ awbK †kªYxiB wbivcËv weavb K‡i| G wbivcËvi wbðqZv

cvIqvq G †kªYxwU †kvlY e„wׇZ wjß _v‡K|

mviK_v cyuwRev‡`i ¸Yvejx I ΓwU DfqB Av‡Q| Aeva cÖwZ‡hvwMZv I wbqwš¿Ywenxb ¯^vaxbZv gvbyl‡K †fvMme©¯^ Rx‡e cwiYZ K‡i| Ggb mgv‡R gvby‡li g~j¨ wbY©q Kiv nq Zvi cÖvPzh©, weË, m¤ú` wKsev AmvaviY e¨w³Z¡, wk¶v I †gavi wewbg‡q| mgv‡Ri m`m¨ wn‡m‡e gvby‡li †h Rb¥MZ AwaKvi i‡q‡Q fvjfv‡e †eu‡P _vKvi I DbœZ Rxeb hvc‡bi †m K_vi ¯^xK…wZ GLv‡b †bB| cyuwRev‡` wkívqb, bMivqb, e¯‘MZ Dbœqb BZ¨vw`i d‡j GKw`‡K †hgb Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó nq - Ab¨w`‡K mvaviY †kªYxi µq¶gZv e„w× bv cvIqvq †fvM¨c‡Y¨i evRvi msKzwPZ n‡q c‡o| Gme c‡Y¨i evRvi m„wói Rb¨ awbK †kªYx Ab¨‡`‡k mvgªvR¨ we —v‡i D‡`¨vMx nq| G‡Z RvwZ‡Z RvwZ‡Z we‡Øl ev‡o Ges Avš—R©vwZK cwigÛ‡j D‡ËRbv m„wó nq|

BDwbU-8 c„ôv-127

GmGmGBPGj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| 1. cyuwRev` wK ? K. GKwU A_‰bwZK e¨e¯’v; L. GKwU ivR‰bwZK `k©b; M. GKwU mvgvwRK Ae ’v; N. GKwU agx©q e¨e¯’v| 2. cyuwRev‡`i g~j K_v wK ? K. e¨w³ ^vaxbZv; L. †kvlY ; M. jv‡fi wcQy †QvUv; N. Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq| 3. cyuwRev` †Kvb ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Dcv`v‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj ? K. D`vi evRvi e¨e ’v; L. ^vaxb kªg; M. e¨w³ gvwjKvbv; N. cyuwRi m¤úÖmviY| mwVK DËi: 1.K 2.M 3.L| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. cyuwRev` ej‡Z wK eySvq? 2. cyuwRev‡`i g~j ˆewkó¨ wK? 3. cyuwRev‡`i wei“‡× cÖavb mgv‡jvPbv wK? iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. cyuwRev‡`i ¸Yvejx I ye©jZv¸‡jv eY©bv Ki“b| wKfv‡e cyuwRev`‡K g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq ?

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-128

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV -4

mgvRZš¿ev` D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

mgvRZ‡š¿i msw¶ß BwZnvm Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; mgvRZš¿ m¤^‡Ü Kvj© gvK©m-Gi e¨vL¨v Ges Zvi wewfbœ ch©vq m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb; mgvRZ‡š¿i mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mgvRZš¿ nÕj cyuwRev‡`i wecixZagx© gZev`| cyuwRev`x †kvlY Aemvb K‡í G gZev‡`i m„wó n‡qwQj| Gi g~j Av‡e`b n‡jv A_©bxwZi †¶‡Î gvby‡li g‡a¨ mgZv weavb Kiv|

mgvRZ‡š¿i msw¶ß BwZnvm Dwbk - kZ‡Ki cÖ_gw`‡K †h wPš—vaviv BD‡ivc n‡Z ïi“ K‡i Zvi cÖfve ejq mviv c„w_ex‡Z we¯—…Z K‡i Zvi bvg mgvRZš¿ ev mgvRev`| Dwbk kZ‡K Av‡jvob m„wó Ki‡jI GB gZev‡`i DrcwË Av‡iv eû c~‡e©| MÖxK `vk©wbK †c−‡Uvi wPš—vavivq mvg¨ev` (Communism) bv‡g GB gZev‡`i cwiPq †g‡j| G‡Z wZwb mgv‡Ri wZb †kªYxi gvby‡li g‡a¨ D”P `yÕ†kªYx (1) kvmK I (2) †hv×v †kªYxi Rb¨ e¨w³MZ m¤úwË I cvwievwiK Rxeb iwnZ K‡i kvmK †kªYxi Rb¨ mvg¨wfwËK mgvRe¨e ’vi Kíbv K‡ib| L„óc~e© †Z‡ivkZ mv‡j µxU bv‡gi GK Øx‡c me©cÖ_g mgvRZš¿ Abykxj‡bi mv¶¨ cvIqv hvq BwZnvm MÖ‡š’| A‡b‡K Bû`x‡`i ÔIì †U÷v‡g›UÕ bvgK ag©kv‡ ¿ mgvRZ‡š¿i wPý Lyu‡R cvb| 1516 mv‡j iwPZ ÔBD‡UvwcqvÕ bvgK MÖ‡š’ Ugvm †gvi, 1623 mv‡j ÔwmwU Ae w` mvbÕ MÖ‡š’ Ugvm K¨v¤úv‡bjvi cÖgyL `vk©wbK mgvRZ‡š¿i K_v D‡j −L K‡ib| Gme MÖ‡š’ m¤ú‡`i Amg gvwjKvbv I wewje›Ub‡KB me ai‡bi mvgvwRK AKj¨v‡Yi g~j e‡j wPwýZ K‡i mvaviY gvwjKvbvi gva¨‡g ZvÕ †_‡K gyw³jv‡fi e¨e¯’vcÎ †`qv n‡q‡Q|

Dc‡i ewY©Z mgvRZ‡š¿i Gme aviYv Lye ¯úó wKsev cÖK…Z `„wófw½ n‡Z D™¢zZ wQj bv| Av`k© wn‡m‡e mgvRZš¿ cÖ_g m~wPZ nq AvVvi kZ‡Ki d«vÝ I Bsj¨v‡Û| Utopian Sociaism ev KvíwbK mgvRZš¿ bvgK GB gZev‡`i cÖe³v I cÖPviK wQ‡jb d«v‡Ýi †m›U mvBgb I Pvj©m dzwi‡qi, Bsj¨v‡Ûi ievU© I‡qb cÖgyL| Dwbk kZ‡KB Pvj©m nj (Charles Hall), Ugvm †¯úm (Thomas Space) I DBwjqvg IwMjwf bvgK weªwUk †jLKMY mgvRZš¿ m¤^‡Ü gZvgZ cÖ vb K‡ib| avivevwnKZvi c_ †e‡q Dwbk kZ‡K mgvRZš¿ m¤^‡Ü hvi wPš—vaviv wek¦e¨vcx wPš—vRM‡Z †Zvjcvo m„wó K‡i Ges 1917 mv‡j wec−‡ei ga¨ w`‡q ivwkqv‡Z Ô†mvwf‡qZ BDwbqbÕ bv‡g GKwU mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª MV‡b D×z× K‡i, wZwb n‡jb Rvg©vb `vk©wbK Kvj© gvK©m (1818-1883)| AvR‡Ki w`‡b mgvRZš¿ ej‡j Avgiv Kvj© gvK©m-Gi gZev`‡KB eywS| Kv‡RB mgvRZš¿ wel‡q Kvj© gvK©m- Gi wPš—vaviv Av‡jvPbv KivB mgxPxb n‡e|

g~j e³e¨ mgvRZ‡š¿i g~jK_v nÕj, Drcv`b I e›U‡bi DcKiY¸‡jv e¨w³ gvwjKvbv n‡Z µgvš^‡q mvgvwRK wbqš¿‡Y Avb‡Z n‡e| G gZev` Abymv‡i cyuwRi ev —e cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q wKš— e¨w³ cuywRcwZi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| ivóªxq mgvRZš¿xMY gvbemgvR‡K GKwU ivR‰bwZK ms¯’v wn‡m‡e msMwVZ Ki‡e| GB ivR‰bwZK ms¯’vB n‡e f‚wg, cuywR I Drcv`b DcKi‡Yi gvwjK I e¨e ’vcK| GB ms ’v Rxe‡bi me©‡¶‡Î Zvi wbqš¿‡Yi AvIZv we —…Z Ki‡e hv‡Z mvg¨ I mvgvwRK Kj¨vY wbwðZ Kiv hvq| `ªe¨ Drcv`‡b e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv _vK‡e bv| cyuwR e¨eüZ n‡e mK‡ji Kj¨vY D‡Ï‡k¨, GLv‡b gywó‡gq †jv‡Ki ^v_© we‡ePbv Kiv n‡e bv| ivóª †h‡nZz mvavi‡Yi Kj¨vY wbwðZ Kivi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡e ZvB mewKQyiB wbqš¿K n‡e ivóª| mgvRZ‡š¿ miKv‡ii Kvh©vejx Ges Zvi mxgvbv e„w×i K_v ejv nq| Gi D‡Ïk¨ iv‡óªi ¸i“Z¡ e„w× bq| eis mgvRZ‡š¿i aviYv g‡Z G fv‡eB e¨w³i b¨vq I ¯^vaxbZvi Pvwn`v †gUvb m¤¢e|

BDwbU-8 c„ôv-129

GmGmGBPGj

mgvRZš¿ m¤^‡Ü Kvj© gvK©m

AvaywbK ivóª`k©‡bi BwZnv‡m Kvj© gvK©m †mB e¨w³Z¡ hvi mgvRZvwš¿K gZev` ˆeÁvwbK mgvRZš¿ bv‡g wecyj cwiwPwZ AR©b K‡i e¨w³¯^vZ¨š¿ev`x abZvwš¿K mgvR e¨e¯’vi wfwËg~j Kuvwc‡q w`‡q‡Q| Zuvi gZev`B 1917 mv‡j GK i³¶qx mvgvwRK wec −‡ei gva¨‡g Zvi GKwbô Abymvix †bZv I msMVK gnvgwZ †jwb‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ ivwkqvq cÖwZôv jvf K‡i| we‡k¦ gv_v Zz‡j `uvovq †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb bvgK bZzb A_©e¨e¯’v wb‡q M‡o-IVv GK wekvj ivóªkw³| gvK©m Zvui wPš—vaviv Z_v mgvRZvwš¿K `k©b‡K Øvw›ØK e ‘ev‡`i ˆeÁvwbK wfwËi Ici cÖwZwôZ, K‡ib Ges GUv‡K fveiv‡R¨i e„Ë n‡Z ev —eZvi Av‡jv‡K wb‡q Av‡mb| G Rb¨ Zvui mgvRZš¿ ÔˆeÁvwbK mgvRZš¿ bv‡g cwiwPZ n‡q‡Q| gvK©m wb‡RB G `k©b‡K 'a necessary product of historical development' ev HwZnvwmK weKv‡ki Aek¨¤¢vex cwiYwZ e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi mgvRZš¿ PviwU g~j —‡¤¢i Ici wbwg©Z| G¸‡jv wb‡æ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nÕj|

Ø›Øg~jK e ‘ev` gvK©m g‡b K‡ib †h, RM‡Z e¯‘B GKgvÎ mË¡v| MwZ Gi ^vfvweK ag©| Gi Aw —Z¡ gvbeg‡b bq| eis gvby‡li g‡bi Aw —Z¡ I MwZwewa e ‘i Ici wbf©ikxj| e ‘RMZ ALÛ Ges mvgwMÖKfv‡e mynsnZ| Ø›Øg~jK e ‘ev` Abyhvqx, cÖK…wZi †Kvb e ‘ ev NUbv‡K cwi‡ek wbi‡c¶fv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv| cÖwZwU NUbvB e —MZ cwi‡ek Øviv wbqwš¿Z I cÖfvweZ| we‡k¦i mewKQyB cwieZ©bkxj Ges GB cwieZ©‡bi KviY Af¨š—ixb ¯^we‡ivwaZv| †h †Kvb e¯‘i cwigvYMZ cwieZ©b NU‡j Zvi ¸YMZ cwieZ©bI N‡U| cyi‡bv‡K A¯^xKvi Kivi g‡a¨ w`‡qB m„wó nq bZz‡bi|

DØ„Ë g~j¨ZË¡ gvK©‡mi g‡Z cyuwRev`x mgv‡R kªwgK Zvi e¨eüZ kªgkw³ LvwU‡q Zvi †h g~j¨ cvq ZvÕ KLbB Zvi e¨eüZ kªgkw³i cÖK…Z g~j¨ bq| eis Zvi †P‡q A‡bK Kg| kªwg‡Ki †gvU mg‡qi GKwU Ask n‡Z m„ó g~j¨ kªwgK‡K Zvi cvwikªwgK wn‡m‡e †`qv nq| kªg-mg‡qi Aewkó Ask KvR K‡i kªwgK †h g~j¨ m„wó K‡i †mwU hvq D‡`¨v³v I wewb‡qvMKvix cuywRcwZi c‡K‡U| kªwg†Ki kª‡gi GB †kl Ask‡K ejv nq D×…Ë kªg-mgq| Avi GB DØ„Ë kªg-mg‡q m„ó g~j¨‡K DØ„Ë g~j¨ (surplus value) ejv nh| Ab¨fv‡e ej‡j, †gvU kªg-mgq

m„ó g~j¨ − kªwg‡Ki gRyix = DØ„Ë g~j¨| DØ„Ë g~j¨ kªwgK‡K bv w`‡q cyuwRcwZiv kªwgK‡K b¨vh¨ cvIbv †_‡K ewÂZ K‡i _v‡K|

HwZnvwmK e ‘ev` ev BwZnv‡mi e ‘ev`x e¨vL¨v gvK©‡mi g‡Z gvbemgvR I Zv‡Z we`¨gvb cÖwZôvb¸‡jv m¤^‡Ü Ø›Øg~jK e ‘ev‡`i g~j m~θ‡jvi cÖ‡qvMB n‡”Q HwZnvwmK e¯‘ev`| G gZev‡`i g~j K_v nÕj mgvR cwieZ©bkxj Ges GB cwieZ©‡bi g~j KviY wbwnZ i‡q‡Q mgv‡Ri Drcv`b e¨e ’vi g‡a¨| Drcv`b e¨e ’vi ywU w`K| Drcv`‡bi kw³ Ges Drcv`‡bi m¤úK©| G `ywUi g‡a¨ ؇›Øi d‡j mgv‡R cwieZ©b N‡U| gvK©m e‡jb, Ô Drcv`‡bi d‡j m„ó wewfbœ m¤ú‡K©i †hvMdj wb‡qB M‡o I‡V mgv‡Ri A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gv| GwUB mgv‡Ri cÖK…Z wfwË| G wfwËi DciB M‡o I‡V AvBbMZ I ivR‰bwZK KvVv‡gvmg~n| M‡o I‡V mvgvwRK †PZbv| e —MZ Rxe‡b Drcv`‡bi †h c×wZ cÖwZwôZ _v‡K ZvB gvby‡li mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I Ava¨vwZœK Rxeb cÖwµqvi mvaviY PwiÎ wba©viY K‡i| gvby‡li †PZbv Zvi Aw —‡Z¡i wba©viK bq eis mvgvwRK Aw —Z¡B gvby‡li †PZbv‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i|Õ

A_©‰bwZK wba©viYev`

gvK©m Gi HwZnvwmK e ‘ev` I A_©‰bwZK wba©viYev` ci¯úi Nwbófv‡e m¤úK©hy³| gvK©m g‡b K‡ib †h, BwZnv‡mi mg¯— NUbvB A_©‰bwZK Dcv`v‡bi mv‡_ hy³| Ab¨fv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, gvbemf¨Zvi BwZnvm A_©‰bwZK Kvh©Kvi‡Yi d‡j M‡o D‡V‡Q| BwZnv‡mi wba©viK n‡”Q A_©bxwZ| gvK©m-Gi g‡Z, gvbemgv‡Ri cÖwZwU ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v Zvi we‡kl A_©‰bwZK Drcv`b e¨e ’vi dj| A_©vr A_©bxwZi DcKiY¸‡jv †h †kªYxi wbqš¿‡Y _v‡K †mB †kªYxB mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡b cÖvavb¨ I †bZ…Z¡ jvf K‡i| Zv‡`i ØvivB mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Rxeb e¨e ’vi MwZcÖK…wZ wbav©wiZ nq|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-130

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

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mvgvwRK wec−e I me©nvivi GKbvqKZ¡ cÖwZôv gvK©‡mi g‡Z, msL¨ve„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ me©nviv kªwgK †kªYx m‡PZb n‡q DV‡Z _v‡K| cuywRcwZ‡`i mxgvnxb †kvl‡Yi d‡j Zv‡`i `ytLKó GZB e„w× cvq ‡h, ZvÕ GKmgq ˆa‡h©i mxgv AwZµg Ki‡e| Zv‡`i mvg‡b y‡Uv c_ †Lvjv _vK‡e| nq AvNvZ Ki bq D‡cvm Ki| GQvov Zv‡`i †Kvb Dcvq _vK‡e bv| G ch©v‡q

cyuwRcwZ †kªYxI †kvl‡Yi bZzb bZzb cÖwµqv Aej¤^b Ki‡e| Zviv cwiYv‡gi K_v fve‡e bv| Dfq c‡¶i G Pig Ae ’vq me©vnviv †kªYx wec −‡ei w`‡K GwM‡q hv‡e| G wec−‡e civRq NU‡e cyuwRcwZ ey‡R©vqv‡`i| Drcv`b I e›U‡bi KZ…©Z¡ P‡j hv‡e me©nviv‡`i nv‡Z| Zv‡`iB nv‡Z _vK‡e ivR‰bwZK KZ…©Z¡| G KZ…©Z¡ e‡j Zviv ey‡R©vqv‡`i cuywR †K‡o †b‡e Ges ivR‰bwZK cÖvavb¨ Kv‡R jvwM‡q Drcv`b e„w×i †Póv Ki‡e|

†kªYxnxb mgvR I iv‡óªi wZ‡ivavb

gvK©m me©nviv‡`i GKbvqKZ¡‡K (mgvRZš¿‡K) GKwU mvgwqK I ga¨eZx© e¨e ’v e‡j MY¨ K‡ib| KviY Zvi mgvRZvwš¿K wPš—vavivi g~j j¶¨ n‡”Q mgvR †_‡K †kªYx‡f‡`i P‚ovš— Aemvb NUvb| †h‡nZz †kªYx‡f` _vK‡e bv ZvB iv‡óªiI cÖ‡qvRb _vK‡e bv| mgvRZš¿ G Ae ’vq DcbxZ nevi gva¨g wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e| mgv‡Ri Drcv`be¨e ’v iv‡óªi nvZ †_‡K µgkt m¤úÖ v‡qi nv‡Z P‡j Avm‡e| ZLb, Avi iv‡óªi cÖ‡qvRb _vK‡e bv| KviY gvK©‡mi g‡Z ivóª †kªYxwe‡k‡li †kvl‡Yi Rb¨ e¨eüZ hš¿| hLb †kªYx _vK‡e bv, †kvlY I _vK‡e bv| †kvlY bv _vK‡j gvby‡li kvm‡bi cwie‡Z© cÖwZwôZ n‡e e¯‘i kvmb| G Ae¯’vq we‡f` Ny‡P hv‡e GgbwK bvixcyi“l Amvg¨ _vK‡ebv| †cªg I fvjevmv n‡e Zv‡`i wgj‡bi g~jgš¿|

mgvRZ‡š¿i ˆewkó¨ • mgvRZ‡š¿i j¶¨ nj cyuwRev`x mgv‡Ri cwie‡Z© mgevqg~jK I cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv wfwËK

mgvRe¨e ’v| • mgvRZš¿ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK mgv‡Ri cwie‡Z© mgevqg~jK I cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv wfwËK mgvRe¨e ’vi

K_v e‡j| • mgvRZš¿ D`vibxwZev` I e¨w³ ^vZš¿ ev‡`i we‡ivax| • mgvRZš¿ Drcv`‡bi Dcvq Ges e›Ub I wewbg‡qi Ici mvgvwRK gvwjKvbv I wbqš¿Y cÖwZôvi K_v

e‡j| • mgvRZš¿ me ivóª‡K Aïf cÖwZôvb e‡j g‡b K‡i bv Ges iv‡óªi Kvh©vejxi m¤úÖmviY Pvq Ges iv‡óªi

mvnvh¨ ey‡R©vqv †kªYx‡K DrLvZ Ki‡Z Pvq| • me©nviv †kªYxi wec−‡ei gva¨‡g cyuwRev`x iv‡óªi aŸsm mvab Ges me©nvivi GKbvqZ¡ cÖwZôv| • ÔcÖ‡Z¨‡K KvR Ki‡e Ges KvR Abyhvqx mvgvwRK m¤ú‡`i Ask cv‡eÕ |

BDwbU-8 c„ôv-131

GmGmGBPGj

mgvRZ‡š¿i c‡¶ hyw³ • ˆbwZK hyw³: cyuwRev`x e¨e ’vq cÖPwjZ eêvnxb cÖwZ‡hvwMZv, Kv‡jvevRvix, gybvdvevwR, †kvlY, AmvayZv

BZ¨vw` gvby‡li ˆbwZK AatcZb NUvq| d‡j mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ abx-`wi‡`ªi e¨eavb ev‡o| mgvRZ‡š¿ cyuwRev`x e¨e¯’vi GB Kzdj¸‡jv _v‡K bv, gvby‡l gvby‡l mvg¨ cÖwZwôZ nq Ges gvby‡li ˆbwZK gvb DbœZ nq| ZvB Mvb©vi (Garner) e‡j‡Qb, ÒThe theory of Socialism... is founded on the principles of justice and right.Ó

• `vk©wbK hyw³: cyuwRev`x e¨e ’vq e¨w³ ^vaxbZvi Ici gvÎvwZwi³ ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq e‡j e¨w³ ^v‡_©i †e`xg~‡j mgwó ^v_©‡K wemR©b †`Iqv nq| mgvRZš¿ev`x‡`i g‡Z, mgwói Kj¨vY mvwaZ n‡jB e¨w³i Kj¨vY mvwaZ n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB Zuviv mgvRZš¿ cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g mgv‡Ri mvgwMÖK Kj¨vY mva‡bi e¨vcv‡i †ewk AvMÖnx|

• ivR‰bwZK hyw³: cyuwRev`x e¨e¯’vq abx - `wi‡`ªi g‡a¨ ˆelg¨ ev‡o Ges ivóª¶gZv awbK †kªYxi nv‡Z _v‡K e‡j m¤úwËnxb †kªYx bvbviKg my‡hvM - myweav †_‡K ewÂZ nq| d‡j MYZš¿ wg_¨vq ch©ewmZ nq| mgvRZ‡š¿ A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î mvg¨ cÖwZwôZ nq e‡j mK‡ji Rb¨ ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv I AwaKvi †fvM wbwðZ n‡Z cv‡i| e¯‘Z, MYZ‡š¿i Ab¨Zg i¶vKeP nj A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î mvg¨|

• A_©‰bwZK hyw³: abZvwš¿K mgv‡R A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î Aeva cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Awbevh©fv‡e GK‡PwUqv cuywRev‡`i Rb¥ †`q| Avi GB GK‡PwUqv cyuwRev‡`i d‡j gvwjK‡`i gybvdv ev‡o, kªwgK - †kvlY ev‡o, `vwi ª , †eKviZ¡, AwbðqZv cÖf…wZ ev‡o| mgvRZvwš¿K mgvRe¨e ’vq AKvg¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi cwie‡Z© cwiKwíZ A_©bxwZ I ivwóªq wbqš¿Y cÖeZ©‡bi d‡j Drcv`b ª“Z e„w× cvq, g~j¨ —i n«vm cvq Ges RxebhvÎvi gvb DbœZ nq|

• gvbweK g~j¨‡ev‡ai hyw³: abZvwš¿K mgv‡R cY¨ A_©bxwZi `vc‡U gvby‡l gvby‡l m¤úK© m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Avw_©K e܇b cwiYZ nq| e¨w³i g~j¨, e¨w³MZ †hvM¨Zv BZ¨vw`i wePvi nq wewbgq g~‡j¨| mgvRZvwš¿K mgv‡R gvbyl GB AgvbweK evRv‡ii m¤úK© †_‡K gyw³ cvq Ges my ’ gvbweK m¤úK© cÖwZwôZ nq|

• m„RbkxjZvi ù~iY: abZvwš¿K mgv‡R †kvlY, `vwi`ª¨, eÂbv BZ¨vw`i d‡j gvby‡li me©v½xb weKv‡ki c_ i“× _v‡K| c¶vš—‡i mgvRZvwš¿K mgv‡R cÖ‡Z¨‡K Zvi mvg_© Abyhvqx KvR Kivi my‡hvM cvq e‡j cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki m„Rb¶gZvi weKvk N‡U, wew”QbœZvi (alienation) Aemvb N‡U Ges e¨w³‡Z¡i c~Y©Zv N‡U|

mgvRZš¿ev‡`i wec‡¶ hyw³

e¨w³ ^vaxbZvi we‡ivax: mgv‡jvPK‡`i g‡Z mgvRZ‡š¿ e¨w³ ^vaxbZv _v‡K bv| mgwóMZ Kj¨v‡Yi bv‡g mgvRZ‡š¿i e¨w³ - Rxe‡bi Ici me©v½xb wbqš¿Y Av‡ivc Kiv nq| jxKK (Leacock) e‡j‡Qb ÒUnder socialism freedom is gone.Ó| ZvB mgvRZ‡š¿ e¨w³i ^vfvweK weKvk e¨vnZ nq|

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ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-132

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mviK_v mgvRZ‡š¿i me‡P‡q eo mv_©KZv GLv‡bB †h, cyuwRcwZ ev awbK‡kªYxi m¤ú‡` †h mK‡jiB wnm¨v i‡q‡Q - GUv †h cyuwRcwZ B”QvgZ †fvM wejv‡m e¨q Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, mgvRZvwš¿K gZev` G K_vUv c„w_exi gvbyl‡K ¯úófv‡e Rvbv‡Z †c‡i‡Q| ïay ZvB bq bZzb GK ai‡bi mgvR e¨e ’vI cÖwZôv Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| G iKg cª_g ivóª cÖwZôv Ki‡Qb gvK©mev‡`i Abymvix I bZzb Avw½‡K Gi cÖwZôvZv †jwbb| GB cÖwZôvi ci Pxbmn we‡k¦ A‡bK †`‡kB mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª M‡o D‡V‡Q| cyuwRev`x wek¦ bZzb K‡i gvby‡li K_v, mgv‡Ri Kj¨v‡Yi K_v fve‡Z wk‡L‡Q GB gZev‡`i weKv‡ki d‡jB| Gi cwiYwZ‡Z m„wó n‡q‡Q Kj¨vY iv‡óªi aviYv| A‡bK `~e©jZv m‡Ë¡I mgvRZ‡š¿i eo mv_©KZv GLv‡bB|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| 1. mgvRZš¿ Abyhvqx mewKQyi wbqš¿K †K n‡e ? K. e¨w³; L. †Mvôx; M. mgvR; N. m¤úÖ`vq; O. ivóª| 2. gvK©m - Gi g‡Z RM‡Z GKgvÎ mË¡v †KvbwU ? K. myL; L. gvbyl; M. A_©; N. e¯‘| mwVK DËi : 1.O 2.N| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. mgvRZ‡š¿i g~j e³e¨ I c~e© BwZnv‡mi eY©bv w`b| 2. gvK©m DØ„Ë g~j¨ m¤^‡Ü †h e³e¨ †i‡L‡Qb ZvÕ Av‡jvPbv Ki“b| 3. BwZnv‡mi e ‘yev`x e¨vL¨v, †kªYx msMÖvg, m¤ú‡K© gvK©m wK e‡j‡Qb-Zv Av‡jvPbv Ki“b| 4. mgvRZ‡š¿i c‡¶ I wec‡¶ wK wK hyw³ i‡q‡Q ? Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|

BDwbU-8 c„ôv-133

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9

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cvV - 3. ivR‰bwZK AvbyMZ¨

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-134

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV -1

¶gZvi msÁv I cÖK…wZ D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

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e¨w³ wm×vš— MÖn‡Y †ekx AskMÖnY K‡i‡Q †m †ekx cÖfvekvjx| • Z…ZxqZ: wm×vš— MÖn‡Y AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Kvh©Kjvc we‡k−lY K‡i ¶gZvi cwigvY wba©viY Kiv hvq| • PZz_©Z: cwiw¯’wZi Dci ch©‡e¶K‡`i cÖ`Ë Z_¨¸‡jv wePvi-we‡k −lY K‡i ¶gZvi cwigvY m¤ú‡K©

wm×vš— †bqv hvq|

BDwbU-9 c„ôv-135

GmGmGBPGj

¶gZvi cÖK…wZ ¶gZv nj gvby‡li cvi¯úwiK wµqvi dj| ¶gZv mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK †cÖ¶vc‡U wewfbœ iƒc aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i| ¶gZv KL‡bv mgfv‡e ew›UZ nq bv| KviY ¶gZv‡K mK‡jB mgvbfv‡e wbqš¿Y ev AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ¶gZv —i web¨v‡mi Dci wbf©ikxj|

¶gZv‡K GwjU Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K we‡k−lY Kiv hvq| D”Pc‡` AwawôZ ¶gZv m¤úbœ gywó‡gq e¨w³eM©B n‡”Q GwjU| mvaviY RbMY n‡”Q ¶gZvnxb AmsL¨ e¨w³| D”P gh© vi GwjU MÖ“c mKj mgv‡R kvmb Kvh© cwiPvjbv K‡i| wm, Wwe −D wgjm Zuvi ÔPower EliteÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡jb, hviv RvZxq ch©v‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wm×vš— MÖnY K‡i ZvivB GwjU| GUv AeavwiZ †h, wKQymsL¨K †jv‡Ki Øviv AwaKvsk †jvK kvwmZ nq| D‡j−L¨ †h, DbœZ mgv‡R ivR‰bwZK GwjUiv ¶gZv‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| DbœqYkxj †`‡k mvgwiK I †emvgwiK Avgjviv ¶gZv‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K| ¶gZv GK †Mvôx †_‡K Ab¨ †Mvôxi nv‡Z n —vš—wiZ nq| GwUB BwZnv‡mi wbqg|

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ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-136

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| 1. "Power is the ability to make decisios influencing the behaviour of men."⎯GB e³e¨wU †K

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BDwbU-9 c„ôv-137

GmGmGBPGj

cvV -2

ivR‰bwZK ¶gZv I KZ©„Z¡ D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

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AvaywbKKv‡j ivR‰bwZK KZ…©‡Z¡i wZbwU iƒc ev —i j¶¨ Kiv hvq|

• HwZn¨ mgwš^Z ivR‰bwZK KZ©„Z¡

• e¨w³MZ ¸Yvejx mgš^‡q ivR‰bwZK KZ©„Z¡

• AvBbMZ AvgjvZvwš¿K I ivR‰bwZK hyw³ m½Z KZ©„Z¡

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ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-138

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

e¨w³MZ ¸Yvejx mgš^‡q ivR‰bwZK KZ…©Z¡ †Kvb e¨w³i AmvaviY ¸Yvejx I RbwcÖqZvi mgš‡q Giƒc KZ…©Z¡ M‡o D‡V| mvaviYZt RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g be¨ ^vaxbZvcÖvß †`k¸‡jv‡Z Gai‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡i weKvk N‡U| BwZnv‡m G ai‡bi A‡bK e¨w³‡Z¡i mÜvb cvIqv hvq| gnvZœv MvÜx, †kL gywReyi ingvb, myKY©, †jwbb, gvI †mZzs cÖgyL e¨w³MY GB †kªYxf‚©³| RbmvaviY G me †bZv‡`i kvmb I KZ…©Z¡ †g‡b P‡j| we‡kl Ae¯’vcwieZ©bkxj (Transitional) mgv‡R G ai‡bi ¶gZvi D™¢e N‡U _v‡K|

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ivóªweÁv‡bi Av‡jvPbvq ¶gZv I KZ…©Z¡ GK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq| ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ we‡k −l‡Yi †¶‡Î ivR‰bwZK ¶gZv we‡kl Zvrch©c~Y| cÖK…Zc‡¶ ¶gZv‡K †K›`ª K‡iB ivóªweÁv‡bi welqe¯‘ M‡o D‡V| Aa¨vcK j¨vmI‡qj e‡jb, ¶gZv wKfv‡e M‡o D‡V Ges fvMvfvwM nq ivóªweÁvb ZvB Av‡jvPbv K‡i|ÕÕ (Political Science is the study of shaping and sharing of power)| ivóªweÁvbx ievU© Wvj I iemb ¶gZv, kvmb I KZ©„Z¡‡K ivR‰bwZK Av‡jvPbvi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq e‡j D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb| Zviv ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v‡K gvbweK m¤ú‡K©i GKwU cÖengvb aviviƒ‡c e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb hvi m‡½ ¶gZv ev KZ…©Z¡ RwoZ| (A political system is a persistent pattern of human relationship that involves power, rule or authority.) cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB gvbyl ¶gZv I KZ©„‡Z¡i e¨vL¨v I we‡k−lY K‡i Avm‡Q| MÖxK `vk©wbK Gwi÷Uj ¶gZvMZ m¤úK© we‡k−l‡Yi Øviv ivRbxwZ‡K Dcjwä Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb ¶gZvi gvb`Û wn‡m‡e DrK…ó I wbK…ó msweav‡bi cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb| AvaywbK RvwZ wfËK iv‡óªi DrcwËi d‡j ivóªweÁvbxiv RvZxq Ges Avš—R©vwZK ivRbxwZ‡Z ¶gZvi ¸i“‡Z¡i K_v ^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| mgvRweÁvbx g¨v· I‡qevi mgvRZ‡Ë¡i „wó‡Kvb †_‡K ivRbxwZ I ¶gZvi aviYv e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| wZwb ivR‰bwZK ¶gZv cÖ‡qvM Kivi †¶‡Î ivR‰bwZK KZ…©‡Z¡i cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi K_v eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb, ÔÔivóª GK we‡kl mg‡q Ges we‡klfv‡e ¸i“Z¡c~Y© ¶gZv cÖ‡qvM K‡i| G Kvi‡YB ivóª Ab¨vb¨ msN †_‡K Avjv`v ˆewk‡ó¨i AwaKvix|ÕÕ GK_v mZ¨ †h ¶gZv Qvov KZ…©‡Z¡i Aw¯—Z¡ Kíbv hvq bv| Avevi ˆeaZv Qvov ¶gZv `xN© ’vqx n‡Z cv‡i bv|

mviK_v kvmb Kivi AwaKv‡ii ¯^xK…wZ nj ivR‰bwZK KZ©„Z¡| ˆeaZv e¨ZxZ ivR‰bwZK KZ©„Z¡ ¯’vqx n‡Z cv‡i bv| ¶gZv I ˆeaZvi mgš^qB ivR‰bwZK KZ©„‡Z¡i Drm| Rbmg_©‡bi wfwˇZ ivR‰bwZK ¶gZv ˆea e‡j ¯^xK…Z nq| ¶gZvi ˆeaZv Qvov ivóª I miKvi ’vwqZ¡ jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

BDwbU-9 c„ôv-139

GmGmGBPGj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| 1. ÔÔKZ…©Z¡ nj ¶gZv I ˆeaZvi mgš^q mvab ÕÕ ⎯GB e³e¨wU Kvi ? K. A¨vjvb ej; L. g¨v· I‡qevi; M. †MÖwRqv; N. j¨vmI‡qj| 2. †Kvb e¨w³i cÖfv‡ei †cQ‡b ˆeaZv _vK‡jB Zv KZ…©‡Z¡ cwiYZ nq| ⎯GB gš—e¨wU †K K‡i‡Qb? K. ievU© Wvj; L. wjc‡mU; M. g¨v· I‡qevi; N. G¨vjvb ej| 3. ''Legality is the usual basis of legitimacy.'' ⎯GB Dw³wU Kvi ? K. j¨vmI‡qj; L. ievU© Wvj; M. g¨v· I‡qevi; N. iemb| 4. ¶gZvi gvb`‡Û DrK…ó I wbK…ó msweav‡bi K_v e‡j‡Qb †K ? K. g¨v· I‡qevi; L. Gwi÷Uj; M. g¨vwiqU; N. †c−‡Uv|

mwVK DËi: 1.L; 2.K; 3.M; 4.L|

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. ivR‰bwZK KZ©„Z¡ ej‡Z wK eySvq ? 2. ivR‰bwZK ¶gZv I KZ…©‡Z¡i ¸i“Z¡ e¨vL¨v Ki“b | 3. ivR‰bwZK KZ…©‡Z¡i wZbwU iƒc Av‡jvPbv Ki“b| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. KZ©„‡Z¡i Drm¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki“b| 2. KZ©„‡Z¡i †kªYxwefvM m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-140

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

ivR‰bwZK AvbyMZ¨

cvV -3

D‡Ïk¨ G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb ⎯

ivR‰bwZK AvbyMZ¨ wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;y ivR‰bwZK AvbyM‡Z¨i Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; G wel‡q nem& I jK-Gi gZev` m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

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Af¨vm

Af¨vmekZt gvbyl ivóª I Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi wbqg Kvbyb †g‡b P‡j| m¨vi †nbix †gBb e‡jb, ÔÔivóª gvby‡li Af¨v‡mi Dci cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q|ÕÕ wPš—vwe` Aw÷bI G gZev‡` wek¦vmx| Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z wnDg GB gZev‡`i cÖwZ ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i e‡jb †h, AvbyMZ¨ I `vmZ¡ GZB ^vfvweK †h, AwaKvsk gvbyl Gi KviY I DrcwË m¤ú‡K© wPš—v K‡i bv| gvbyl Rb¥MÖnY K‡i ivóªxq AvbyM‡Z¨i cÖkœ‡K ¯^vfvweK I cÖ_v wfwËK wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i|

BDwbU-9 c„ôv-141

GmGmGBPGj

iv‡óªi DcKvwiZv iv‡óªi DcKvwiZvi Rb¨ gvbyl iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk K‡i| iv‡óªi m„wó gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨| `vk©wbK †eš’vg I wg‡ji g‡Z, ÔÔme©vwaK gvby‡li me©vwaK Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ iv‡óªi m„wó n‡q‡Q|ÕÕ GB DcKvwiZvi Rb¨ gvbyl iv‡óªi cÖwZ kª×vkxj n‡q D‡V| ivóªweÁvbx Gwi÷Uj e‡jb, ÔÔivóª LuvwU Ges ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© Rxe‡bi cÖKvk|ÕÕ wZwb AviI D‡j−L K‡ib †h, Rxe‡bi wbivcËvi Rb¨ iv‡óªi Avwe©fve N‡UwQj Ges my›`i Kj¨vYKi Rxe‡bi Rb¨ ivóª _vK‡e|

ˆbwZK `vwqZ¡ Av`k©ev`x‡`i g‡Z, ivóª gvby‡li gbyl¨Z¡ I e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki c_ Db¥y³ K‡i| wU, GBP MÖxb D‡j−L K‡ib †h, ivóª DbœZZi Rxe‡bi cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i| e¨w³ iv‡óªi wbKU †_‡K AwaKvi jvf K‡i| bvMwiK Rxe‡bi weKvk I Kj¨v‡Yi c‡_ †hme evav wecwË _v‡K ivóª Zv `~i Ki‡Z m‡Pó nq| Gme Kvi‡Y iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi Kiv ˆbwZK `vwqZ¡| Aa¨vcK jvw¯‹ e‡jb †h, ˆbwZK g~j¨‡eva m„wói Kvi‡YB iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk Kiv b¨vq m½Z|

nem, jK I i“‡kvi AvbyMZ¨ gZev` nem, jK I i“‡kvi †jLbxi g‡a¨ Pzw³ev‡`i mÜvb cvIqv hvq| mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` Abyhvqx RbMY Pzw³i gva¨‡g iv‡óªi wfwË ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| ne‡mi g‡Z, gvbyl kvw —i f‡q iv‡óªi Abykvmb †g‡b P‡j| iv‡óªi AvBb bv gvb‡j bvMwiK‡`i kvw¯— †fvM Ki‡Z nq| ivóª †h‡nZz Rbmvavi‡Yi kvwš—c~Y© I wbivc` Rxeb hvc‡bi wbðqZv w`‡q _v‡K †m‡nZz RbM‡Yi iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk Kiv Aek¨ KZ©e¨| Rb jK e‡jb †h, RbM‡Yi AvbyMZ¨ kZ© mv‡c¶| ivóª ev miKvi hZ¶Y h_vh_ fv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡e ZZ¶‡Y RbMY iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk Ki‡e| wZwb D‡j−L K‡ib, ÔÔbvMwi‡Ki Rxeb, m¤úwË I e¨w³ ^vaxbZv - GB wZbwU AwaKvi i¶v I wbivcËv weavb Kiv miKv‡ii cweÎ `vwqZ¡| miKvi hw` bvMwiK‡`i AwaKvi i¶v Ki‡Z e¨_© nq Zv n‡j Zv‡`i miKv‡ii wei“‡× Abv ’v cÖKvk Kivi AwaKvi _vK‡e|ÕÕ i“‡kvi g‡Z, ÔÔRbM‡Yi m¤§wZB ivR‰bwZK AvbyM‡Z¨i wfwË| Rbmvavi‡Yi m¤§wZ jvf K‡iB ivóª Amxg ¶gZvi AwaKvix nq| ivóª bvMwi‡Ki e¨w³Z¡ I gbyl¨Z¡ weKv‡ki cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i| ivóª Kj¨vYKi, DbœZZi I gnr Rxeb hvc‡bi mye¨e¯’v K‡i|

mviK_v bvMwiK‡`i AvbyM‡Z¨i wfwË iv‡óªi Kvh©vejxi g‡a¨ wbwnZ| ivóª hw` Rbmvavi‡Yi b¨vqm½Z I †hŠw³K `vwe c~iY Ki‡Z e¨_© nq Zvn‡j RbMY ivóªxq AvB‡bi we‡ivwaZv Ki‡Z cv‡i| GK_v mZ¨ †h, miKv‡ii we‡ivwaZv Kiv gvby‡li GKwU ˆbwZK AwaKvi, AvBbMZ AwaKvi bq| iv‡óªi KZ©„‡Z¡i cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ ^xKvi Kiv bvMwiK‡`i m¦vfvweK e¨vcvi|

ivóªweÁvb: ivóªZË¡ c„ôv-142

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ mwVK DËi wjLyb| 1. ivóª I bvMwiK‡`i m¤úK© wK‡mi Dci wbf©ikxj ? K. U¨v· †`qvi Dci; L. †`k †cÖ‡gi Dci; M. ˆe‡`wkK AvµgY cÖwZnZ Kivi Dci; N. AvbyM‡Z¨i Dci| 2. Hk¦wiK gZev‡`i mÜvb cvIqv hvq Kvi wPš—v avivq ? K. Ugvm GKzBbvm; L. nem; M. jK; N. i“‡kv| 3. ÔÔmnRvZ cÖe„wËi Kvi‡Y gvbyl ivóªxq KZ…©Z¡‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i ÕÕ⎯GB Dw³wU Kvi ? K. †c−‡Uv; L. Gwi÷Uj; M. m‡µwUm; N. wnDg| 4. gvby‡li Rxeb, m¤úwË I e¨w³ ^vaxbZv i¶v Kivi K_v †K e‡j‡Qb ? K. Rb jK; L. jvw¯‹; M. †nbix †gBb; N. wgj| 5. ˆbwZK g~j¨‡eva m„wói Kvi‡Y iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk Kiv b¨vq m½Z⎯ e³e¨wU Kvi? K. †eb_vg; L. wgj; M. jvw¯‹; N. Rb jK| mwVK DËi t 1.N, 2.K, 3.L, 4.K, 5.M | msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. ivR‰bwZK AvbyMZ¨ ej‡Z wK eySvq ? iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. ivR‰bwZK AvbyM‡Z¨i KviY¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Ki“b| mnvqK MÖš’ 1. Laski, A Grammar Politics (Lndon: Allen and Unwin 1931. 2. Gillmer, Conditions of Liberty, Civil society and its Rivals (London: penguin Books 1996. 3. Seligman, The Idea of civil Society (New york, The Free Press 1992. 4. Max weber, From Essays in Sociology . 5. Ebaly Dous, Restoring the Good Society (Michigan: Barker Books 1994.

BDwbU-9 c„ôv-143