JORNALISMO EMPRESARIAL X IMPRENSA: SOMOS TODOS IGUAIS? Uma análise sobre o fazer jornalístico...

8/7/2019 JORNALISMO EMPRESARIAL X IMPRENSA: SOMOS TODOS IGUAIS? Uma análise sobre o fazer jornalístico empresarial …

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/jornalismo-empresarial-x-imprensa-somos-todos-iguais-uma-analise-sobre-o 1/80

Lvhch Wkxvfkyh Iyhnh jf Wovwh

AOYCHLKWBO FBPYFWHYKHL T KBPYFCWH1 WOBOW ZOJKNVHKW?

Vbh hcèlkwf woiyf o mhqfy aoychlâwzkgo fbpyfwhykhl h phyzky jow gykzëychzvyfqh aoychlâwzkgh jh nyhcjf kbpyfcwh

Iflo DoykqoczfGfczyo Vck}fywkzèyko jf Iflo Doykqoczf $VCK"ID+

9080



9

HNYHJFGKBFCZOW

“Gobo hnyhjfgfy, pflo ifb xvf zfcw mfkzo h bkb# Xvf }fb jfbocwzyhy xvhczo hboy zv zfcwod, Jfvw, poy bkb# Hw }oqfw jf bkldöfw jf hcaow cço pojfykhb ftpyfwwhy h nyhzkjço jo bfvpfxvfco wfy, xvf w÷ pfyzfcgf h zk‒# Cfwzf pfxvfco }fywo, gocwkno jkqfy h bfv Jfvw, o xvhczowov nyhzh h Flf poy fwzh }kz÷ykh# Moyhb bobfczow jkmâgfkw, jf lvzhw f pyo}hw, bhw cfgphyh fv gyfwgfy# H zk, Wfcdoy, xvfyo jkqfy1 bvkzo oiyknhjh poy bf mhqfy }fcgfjoyh(

Jfjkgo fwzh gocxvkwzh àxvflf xvf wfbpyf, wfbpyf fwzf}f h bfv lhjo# Xvf wovif gobpyffcjfy bfvw bobfczow jf gdoyo, jf hvwácgkh, jf bhv dvboy# Xvf wovif fwpfyhy h doyh gfyzh jf wfjkyknky h bkb# Hxvflf xvf wfbpyf bf jkwwf1 }ogá ë h bfldoy# F xvf, goczkcvhbfczf, zkcdh vbhphlh}yh jf kcgfczk}o# Ho hboy jh bkcdh }kjh, Glh{zoc, w÷ zfcdo h jkqfy o xvf wfbpyf jkno1 Fzf hbo(

F, h zojow xvf fwzk}fyhb ho bfv lhjo, wkczhb"wf phyzkgkphczfw jfwzh }kz÷ykh( Fb fwphnyhjfîo ho bfwzyf Fjbvcjo jf Co}hfw, xvf whikhbfczf wovif oykfczhy bfvw pfcwhbfczow fbf gocjvqky h vb yfwvlzhjo ftfbplhy#



7

FPÂNYHMF

“Poyxvf jfwjf h hczknvkjhjf cço wf ov}kv, cfb gob ov}kjow wf pfygfifv, cfb gob ow oldow

wf }kv vb Jfvw hlëb jf zk, xvf zyhihldh phyh hxvflf xvf cflf fwpfyh‒#

Kwhâhw, =:1 :



:

YFWVBO

Dè vbh hczknh jkwgvwwço co ghbpo aoychlâwzkgo xvf jkq yfwpfkzo à pyèzkgh jo aoyc

fbpyfwhykhl, mfkzo pflhw oynhckqhîöfw# Phyh bvkzow, h hzk}kjhjf }hk goczyh how pykcgcoyzfkhb o mhqfy aoychlâwzkgo jh gdhbhjh nyhcjf kbpyfcwh# Fb goczyhphyzkjh, dè fwzvjxvf jfmfcjfb o aoychlkwbo oynhckqhgkochl gobo vbh hzk}kjhjf xvf powwvk o bfwbo }hloy fkbpoyzécgkh, vbh }fq xvf, cflf, ow gocgfkzow jf chzvyfqh aoychlâwzkgh, hjxvkyfb wknckmfwpfgkhl# Ovzyh xvfwzço xvf zhbiëb nfyh polábkgh ë xvhczo à pyomkwwkochlkqhîço jhxvflzyhihldh cfwzh èyfh# Dè xvfb jknh xvf hwwfwwoy jf kbpyfcwh cço ë aoychlkwzh# Gocpfygfif"wf xvf ow hynvbfczow xvf jfmfcjfb fwzh ghvwh cço wvwzfczhb h yfhlkjhjf hzvh

Hwwkb, fwzh pfwxvkwh zfb gobo pyopowzh hchlkwhy o aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl h phgocgfkzow jfmfcjkjow pflh nyhcjf kbpyfcwh, h mkb jf }fykmkghy wf fwzf zyhihldo ë aoychlkwwvh fwwácgkh# Phyh kwwo, wfyço hchlkwhjhw zyáw pvilkghîöfw, fwzhw yfmfyfczfw how bfhiykl f bhko jf 9080 jhYf}kwzh jo Bkchw, }fâgvlo kcwzkzvgkochl jf vbh jhw bhkoyfwoynhckqhîöfw wogkojfwpoyzk}hw jo phâw#

Phlh}yhw gdh}f1 aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl, cozâgkh, oiafzk}kjhjf, aoychlkwzh, nyhcjf kbpyfcw



6

LKWZH JF KLVWZYHÎÖFW

Mknvyh 8 ‗ Ghph jf bhyîo #######################################################Mknvyh 9 ‗ Ghph jf hiykl #######################################################Mknvyh 7 ‗ Ghph jf bhko########################################################Mknvyh : ‗ Fjkzoykhl jo báw jf bhyîo##############################################Mknvyh 6 ‗ Fjkzoykhl jo báw jf hiykl##############################################Mknvyh = ‗ Fjkzoykhl jo báw jf bhko##############################################Mknvyh > ‗ Wvbèyko jo báw jf bhyîo##############################################Mknvyh 4 ‗ Wvbèyko jo báw jf hiykl##############################################Mknvyh ; ‗ Wvbèyko jo báw jf bhko###############################################

Mknvyh 80 ‗ Wfbpyf Co}o ‗ bhzëykh jh wfîço Bhcvzfcîço f Oiyhw######################Mknvyh 88 ‗ Hcñcgko pvilkgkzèyko###############################################Mknvyh 89 " Ihcdo jf Whvch ‗ bhzëykh jh wfîço Jowfw jf Whñjf########################Mknvyh 87 ‗ Hgfwwo Vck}fywhl ‗ bhzëykh jh wfîço Hjbkckwzyhîço####################Mknvyh 8: ‗ Fczyf}kwzh gob Glfjoy}kco Iflkck ‗ pyfwkjfczf jh Mkhz Hbëykgh Lhzkch######Mknvyh 86 ‗ Fczyf}kwzh gob Hëgko Ioyih ]hwgocgflow ‗ pyfwkjfczf jh GIMW###########Mknvyh 8= ‗ Fczyf}kwzh gob ̂ hjwoc Chzdhckfl Ykifkyo ‗ avkq"moyhco#################



4

Ë jf}kjo h fwzhw xvfwzöfw xvf pfybfkhb woiyf o mhqfy aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl, xvf pfwxvkwh ivwgh poy bfko jf yfmfyácgkhw zf÷ykghw yfwpocjfy wf o bojo jf mhqfy fwzf aoycë o bfwbo jh nyhcjf kbpyfcwh# Ow hzykivzow phyh fwzh kjfczkmkghîço wfyço ow gykzëykow

jo aoychlkwbo1 cozâgkh f oiafzk}kjhjf# Cfwwf wfczkjo, fwzf zyhihldo ivwghyè gobpyffcjfy, fbfwbo jfwbkwzkmkghy, h pyèzkgh jo aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl#

Jfwzf bojo, gobo oiafzo jf hcèlkwf jfwzh pfwxvkwh, moyhb fwgoldkjhw zyáw fjkîöfw jh Yf}kjo Bkchw, }fâgvlo kcwzkzvgkochl jo Bkchw Záckw Glvif, vbh jhw bhkw zyhjkgkochkw kcwzwogkojfwpoyzk}hw jo phâw# Hw fjkîöfw wflfgkochjhw gobpyffcjfb ow bfwfw jf bhyîo, hiykbhko jo hco jf 9080# Fb ghjh pvilkghîço wfyè hchlkwhjo o goczfñjo jh yf}kwzh, f

fwpfgkmkghbfczf o fjkzoykhl, h bhzëykh jf ghph f h fczyf}kwzh ftglvwk}h# Phyh mvcjhbfcpyogfwwo jf hcèlkwf, moyhb wflfgkochjow lk}yow f hyzknow ghphqfw jf fwzhiflfgfy yflfwglhyfgfy gocgfkzow woiyf o zfbh pyopowzo#

Co pykbfkyo ghpâzvlo, fwzhiflfgfv"wf h yflhîço fczyf oiafzk}kjhjf ch pyèzkgh aoychlâwgykzëykow jf cozâgkh f h gobvckghîço gobo pojfy chw oynhckqhîöfw# H phyzky jow gocgzyhihldhjow poy Fyiolhzo $8;;8+, Wpocdolq $9007+ f Lhnf $8;49+, pyogvyov"wf fwglhyfg

xvf ë oiafzk}kjhjf ch pyèzkgh aoychlâwzkgh# Aè h kbpoyzécgkh jh cozâgkh fcxvhczo mhzo kmok ftplhchjh gob ihwf cow fwzvjow jf Lhnf $8;49+, Fyiolhzo $8;;8+ f yfmfyácgkh fb ovzyohvzoyfw# Hlëb jkwwo, h jfmkckîço jf gobvckghîço oynhckqhgkochl, hwwkb gobo o pojfy jf wkcmlvácgkh cow ÷ynçow kcwzkzvgkochkw, moyhb phvzhjow cow fwzvjow jf Wgyomfycfefyxvf h hvzoyh gkzh jk}fywow pfwxvkwhjoyfw jh èyfh#

Co wfnvcjo ghpâzvlo, pyogvyov"wf gocdfgfy h chzvyfqh jo aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl f w

mvcgkochlkjhjfw# Fb vb pykbfkyo bobfczo, kjfczkmkghbow ow }fâgvlow pkocfkyow jfwzh ph phyzky jf lfkzvyhw ihwfhjhw fb Yfno $8;4>+, Bhmfk $900:+ f Wghlqo $900=+# fwpfgkmkghbfczf co xvf wf yfmfyf àw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo aoychl jf fbpyfwh, moyhb gocwow fwzvjow Yfno $8;4>+, Yowh f Gvcdh $8;;;+, Lfbow f Nhljkco $9007+ f gkzhîöfw jf Phlb$8;;:+ f Wghlqo $900=+# Co xvf jkq yfwpfkzo àw phyzkgvlhykjhjfw fwzhiflfgkjhw fczyf hwwaoychlkwzh, ivwgov"wf, hlëb jo fczfcjkbfczo jf Bhmfk $900:+, bfcgkochy Nyhîh Ghljhw$9007+#

F, poy mkb, co zfygfkyo ghpâzvlo, ivwgov"wf gobpyffcjfy hw fwpfgkmkgkjhjfw jo zftzoyf}kwzh, aè xvf, wfnvcjo Wghlqo $900=+ f ]kllhw Iohw $8;;=+, o }fâgvlo wfnvf vb l÷nk



;

jk}fynfczf jo aoychl jkèyko# Phyh kwzo, pyogvyov"wf kjfczkmkghy co zftzo hw ghyhgzfyâwgocmknvyhb fwzf moybhzo# Co xvf jkq yfwpfkzo ho fwzklo, pyogvyov"wf h hynvbfczhîço pypoy Lhnf $8;49+#

Hwwkb, h pyopowzh jfwzh pfwxvkwh fwzè fb mhqfy vbh hcèlkwf gobphyhzk}h fczyf h zfpyèzkgh jo aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl f h nyhcjf kbpyfcwh# Phyh kwzo wfyè cfgfwwèyko gochzvyfqh dkwz÷ykgh jo aoychlkwbo jf fbpyfwh, }fykmkghy hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw xvfaoychlkwbo wfy o xvf ë, hpvyhy ow gocgfkzow jf gobvckghîço, f fcmkb, kjfczkmkghy hw bmvcgkochlkjhjfw fb hbihw hw pyèzkghw#



88

wfbfldhcîh fwzyvzvyhl fczyf yfhlkjhjf wogkhl f yfhlkjhjf bkjkèzkgh‒ $WPOCDOLQ, 90p#888+#Wpocdolq $9007+ hgyfjkzh xvf wfb oiwfy}hy h yfhlkjhjf, wfah kbpowwâ}fl jkwgvzky oiafzk

aè xvf, yfwvbf h oiafzk}kjhjf aoychlâwzkgh gobo vb gocavczo jf coybhw xvf gocjkgkochb oaoychlkwzh h oiwfy}hy h yfhlkjhjf# Jfczyo jfwzh hcèlkwf, Lhnf ftplkgh xvf ho aoychlkwzhyfnkwzyhy hxvklo xvf wf }á# “H gobpfzácgkh pyomkwwkochl phwwh h bfjky"wf pflo pyoiwfy}hîço fthzh f bkcvgkowh jow hgoczfgkbfczow jo jkh h jkh‒ $LHNF, 8;49, p#96+#

H yfhlkjhjf jfwfcdhjh poy Wpocdolq phyzf jo pyfwwvpowzo jf xvf ftkwzf vb bvcjo ftzfyco,ov wfah, vbh yfhlkjhjf pyë"ftkwzfczf à cowwh pfygfpîço, kcjfpfcjfczfbfczf jo kcjk}âjvo phyh

ftkwzky, hwwkb, ë powwâ}fl fwzhiflfgfy vb goczhzo gob flh, f, poy bfko jfwzf goczhzo, gocdlh# “O gocdfgkbfczo jh yfhlkjhjf ë wfbpyf wflfzk}o, pfywpfgzk}o f gocwzyvzk}o# Fwzfwhwpfgzow gocwzkzvzk}ow jo pyogfwwo jf gocdfgkbfczo‒ $WPOCDOLQ, 9007, p#889+#

Wpocdolq $9007+ jfwzhgh xvf, bfwbo gocdfgfcjo h yfhlkjhjf, ë kbpowwâ}fl hpyffcjá"lh poygobplfzo, f kwwo wf jf}f h cowwh gocjkîço dvbhch# Jf}kjo h fwzh lkbkzhîço, flh jkq xvf odobfb fwgoldf f wflfgkoch o xvf xvfy whify# Kwzo zhbiëb hgoczfgf co aoychlkwbo, vbh }fq

xvf o aoychlkwzh cço zyhcwgyf}f h yfhlkjhjf fb wk, bhw wkb h kczfypyfzhîço xvf mhq jh bfwb

Jfwzh moybh, pojfbow fczyhy ch jkwgvwwço fczyf oiafzk}kjhjf f wviafzk}kjhjf, aè xfczfcjfbow xvf h yfhlkjhjf ë bfyhbfczf vbh gocwzyvîço wflfzk}h jhxvklo xvf wf }á# PhyhWpocdolq, ë pyfgkwo fczfcjfy xvf wviafzk}kjhjf cço ë o opowzo jf oiafzk}kjhjf, pokw flh mphyzf jo pyogfwwo jf ivwgh jh hpyotkbhîço gob h yfhlkjhjf# Phyh h hvzoyh, h oiafzk}kjhjfhiwolvzh cço ftkwzf# “Wviafzk}kjhjf ë vbh gocjkîço phyh h oiafzk}kjhjf, vbh }fq xvf h ivwgh

pflh yfhlkjhjf woiyf vb jfzfybkchjo pyoilfbh pyfwwvpöf kczfyfwwf‒ $WPOCDOLQ, 9007p#886+#

Ho pyk}klfnkhy hphyácgkhw f jfgkjky fczyf vb f ovzyo hwpfgzo, Lhnf ftplkgh xvf o aoychjfkth, jf bhcfkyh kcf}kzè}fl, kczfy}ky mhzoyfw wviafzk}ow# “H kczfymfyácgkh jh wviafzk}kfwgoldhw f ch oyjfchîço, wfyè zhczo bhkoy xvhczo bhkw oiafzk}o, ov pyfwo àw hphyácgkzftzo pyfzfcjh wfy‒ $LHNF, 8;49, p#96+#

Poy ovzyo lhjo, Wpocdolq hgyfjkzh xvf1



89

U###R h fwgoldh jf vb hwpfgzo pykcgkphl jfczyo jf vb zfbh ov hgoczfgkbfczo cço wfnvf gykzëyjf oiafzk}kjhjf, bhw wkb jf yflf}écgkh# Fwgyf}fy vb zftzo co xvhl o pykbfkyo phyènyhmoyfwpocjf àw pfynvczhw woiyf o xvf, xvfb, xvhcjo, ocjf gobo f poy xvf cço nhyhczf xvf o xvfwf goczh ë }fyâjkgo $WPOCDOLQ, 9007, p#887+#

Ovzyo hwpfgzo jkwgvzkjo ë h oiafzk}kjhjf gobo glhyfqh f fthzkjço ov pyfgkwço# O xvf wf }ávwo gocwzhczf jfwzfw gocgfkzow gobo wkcúckbow xvf hvtklkhb ch “gocwzyvîço‒ jh oiafzk}Poyëb, o xvf cço wf mhlh ë wf ftkwzf vb fwzvjo xvf pyo}f hzë ocjf h glhyfqh f h fthzkjçokczfymfyfb ch oiafzk}kjhjf aoychlâwzkgh# Wf phyzkybow jo pyfwwvpowzo jf xvf h pyfgkglhyfqh goczykivfb phyh h ivwgh jh yfhlkjhjf, pojfbow hmkybhy xvf flhw jf mhzo goczykivfphyh h oiafzk}kjhjf# Poyëb, cço wf pojf yfjvqky h oiafzk}kjhjf h fwzfw jokw mhzoyfw#

H jkwgvwwço pyowwfnvf ho zfczhy jkmfyfcgkhy kbphygkhlkjhjf jf oiafzk}kjhjf# WfWgdýcdhnfc $8;;4+, ë pyfgkwo fczfcjfy xvf h coybh jh kbphygkhlkjhjf ov jh oiafzk}kjhjf fwzèyflhgkochjh, fb pykbfkyo kcwzhczf, à mvcîço jo aoychlkwbo# Wpocdolq ftplkgh fwzh kjfkwfnvkczf moybh1

U###R h ftknácgkh jf cfvzyhlkjhjf, kbphygkhlkjhjf ov plvyhlkwbo yfwpocjf à cfgfwwkjhjf jxvf o aoychlkwbo wfah o fwphîo fb xvf jkmfyfczfw wfnbfczow wogkhkw gob powzvyhw }hykhzë bfwbo goczyhjkz÷ykhw wf fcgoczyfb phyh jkwgvzky ow pyoilfbhw xvf hmfzhb h wogkf

Phyh xvf o aoychlkwbo yfpyfwfczf fwzf ènoyh, ë pyfgkwo wfy plvyhl# Kwzo, co fczhczo, ccfgfwwhykhbfczf h }fy gob oiafzk}kjhjf co wfczkjo jf ivwgh ov hpyotkbhîço jh yfhlkjhjf$WPOCDOLQ, 9007, p#88>+#

Kwzo cow bowzyh xvf h kbphygkhlkjhjf pojf hvtklkhy ch ivwgh jh yfhlkjhjf, poyëb cço wvmkgkfczf phyh wfy yozvlhjh gobo oiafzk}h# Phyzkcjo jo pyfwwvpowzo jf xvf wfah poyfzyhzhy h yfhlkjhjf, Wpocdolq hmkybh xvf o pykbfkyo phwwo h wfy jhjo pflo aoychlkwzh whify ivwgè"lh, poy bfkow lfnâzkbow, gobo h pfwxvkwh f h kc}fwzknhîço#

Hw phlh}yhw"gdh}f phyh h oiafzk}kjhjf aoychlâwzkgh wço pfwxvkwhy, kc}fwzknhy, kcmoybhîöfw, pyogvyhy jfyyvihy hw zfwfw zkjhw hzë o bobfczo gobo gfyzhw hzyh}ëw jf cfcmoxvfw, jf moczfw xvf hkcjh cço moyhb ov}kjhw f pfywpfgzk}hw xvf hkcjh cço moygocwkjfyhjhw# Fwzhw wço hw gocjkîöfw ièwkghw phyh xvf wf powwh pyojvqky vb zftzo aoyoiafzk}o# Oiafzk}kjhjf zhbiëb cço wknckmkgh hpfchw ov}ky moczfw xvf hpyfwfczfb ow jlhjow jf vbh xvfwzço, bhw wkb moczfw jf zojow ow lhjow powwâ}fkw, kcglvwk}f hxvflhw xvzáb cfgfwwhykhbfczf vbh opkckço h ftpyfwwhy $WPOCDOLQ, 9007, p# 890+#

Jfwzh moybh, pojfbow gocglvky xvf o gocgfkzo jf oiafzk}kjhjf fwzè bvkzo bhkw yflhgkochjoivwgh jh yfhlkjhjf, jo xvf fb jkqfy, xvf h bfwbh ë goczyèykh à wviafzk}kjhjf# Wpocdolq

$9007+ bowzyh xvf, phyh kczfypyfzhy o bvcjo, ow kczfyfwwfw woiyfpöfb ow gykzëykow f



87

oiafzk}hw# Ë kbpowwâ}fl phyh vb aoychlkwzh yfzyhzhy vb mhzo wfb mhqfy wvh py÷pykh kjh yfhlkjhjf, wkzvhîço fwzh xvf gobpyo}h bhkw vbh }fq h pyfwfcîh jh wviafzk}kjhjf#9#9 O xvf wf fczfcjf poy cozâgkh

H cozâgkh powwvk jfmkckîöfw zyhjkgkochkw# Lhnf $8;49+ gkzh hlnvbhw mhbowhw# H gëlHbvw Gvbbkcnw,“Wf vb ghgdoyyo boyjf vb dobfb, cço ë cozâgkh5 bhw wf vb dobfb

boyjf vb ghgdoyyo, hâ, fczço h cozâgkh ë wfcwhgkochl‒, ftfbplkmkgh jf moybh kcvwkzhjh oflfbfczo aoychlâwzkgo# Lvkq Hbhyhl, fb“Kcmoybhîço hzvhl, }fyjhjfkyh, ghyyfnhjh jf

kczfyfwwf dvbhco f ghphq jf jfwpfyzhy h hzfcîço f h gvykowkjhjf jf nyhcjf cñbfyo jf

pfwwohw‒,ë bhkw jkjèzkgo ho jfwgyf}á"lh# H phyzky jfwzfw gocgfkzow, Lhnf jfmkcf h cozâgk

gobo o yflhzo jf vbh wëykf jf mhzow h phyzky jo mhzo bhkw kbpoyzhczf, f fwzf, jf wfv hwbhkw kbpoyzhczf‒ $LHNF, 8;49, p#7=+#

Fyiolhzo $8;;8+ gocwkjfyh h cozâgkh gobo hlno kcjfmkcâ}fl, pokw wfnvcjo o bfwbo, ckcnvëgocwfnvkv gocgfkzvè"lh whzkwmhzoykhbfczf# O hvzoy hmkybh xvf ow zf÷ykgow jkqfb gobwfy, bhw cço gdfnhb h vbh jfmkckîço hgfkzè}fl woiyf o xvf }fyjhjfkyhbfczf ë# Fb wvhgocgfpîço, jfmkcf “hw cozâgkhw wço gobvckghîöfw woiyf mhzow co}ow xvf wvynfb ch lvz

ftkwzácgkh jo kcjk}âjvo f jh py÷pykh wogkfjhjf‒ $FYIOLHZO, 8;;8, p#69+#

Cfwwf wfczkjo, Fyiolhzo h gocwkjfyh gobo o gfycf jh pyèzkgh aoychlâwzkgh# “Hw cozâgkbhzëykh"pykbh jo aoychlkwbo, pokw wobfczf jfpokw jf gocdfgkjhw ov jk}vlnhjhw ë xvf hwwvczow how xvhkw wf yfmfyfb pojfb wfy gobfczhjow, kczfypyfzhjow f pfwxvkwhjow, wzhbiëb jf bozk}o phyh nyèmkgow f gdhynfw‒ $FYIOLHZO, 8;;8, p#:;+#

Aè Yowh f Gvcdh jfmkcfb h cozâgkh gobo “vbh chyyhzk}h jf vb mhzo, vb hgoczfgkbfczokbpoyzhczf ov gvykowo, ghphq jf gdhbhy h hzfcîço poy xvhlxvfy yhqço‒ $YOWH f GVCD8;;;, p#:>+# Jkhczf jow gocgfkzow, cozh"wf xvf ow zf÷ykgow gocwkjfyhb"ch h phyzky jfjfmkckîço fb gobvb1 hlno co}o, ghphq jf gdhbhy o kczfyfwwf, poy xvhlxvfy bozk}o xvf wfah#

Pfygfif"wf xvf h cozâgkh powwkiklkzh jk}fywhw kczfypyfzhîöfw# Vbhw bhkw jkjèzkghw ozhczo, bhw zojhw gob o kczfyfwwf jf ftplkghy o xvf }fb h wfy o flfbfczo pykboyjkhl jhchzvyfqh aoychlâwzkgh phyh hwwkb pfybkzky h pyèzkgh jh pyomkwwço#



8:

H jfmkckîço jo xvf jf}f ov cço wfy cozkgkhjo ë mvcîço jo py÷pyko }fâgvlo jf gobvckghîço#Kwzo zfb h }fy gob ow }hloyfw f pykcgâpkow kjfol÷nkgow jf ghjh fbpyfwh aoychlâwzkgh# Fftplkgh xvf “ghjh vbh jflhw zfb wfvw gykzëykow f pyfmfyácgkhw woiyf jfzfybkchjow hwwv

$FYIOLHZO, 8;;8, p#6;+#

Hwwkb, gocglvk xvf cço dè vbh yfnyh mkth phyh fwgoldfy f wflfgkochy vb mhzo cozkgkowwvh xvhlkjhjf, hwwkb gobo poy wvh kbpoyzécgkh, zhl mhzo kyè hzyhky cñbfyo jf lfkzoyfwjfzfybkchyè o wfv zhbhcdo# “Jkhczf jh kbpowwkiklkjhjf jf wf jfmkcky cozâgkh, ow aoypyogvyhb pvilkghy hxvflhw xvf fcgoczyfb bhkoy cñbfyo jf lfkzoyfw‒ $FYIOLHZO, 8;;8,p#6>+# Poyëb, Fyiolhzo $8;;8+ xvf w÷ wfyè gobplfzh xvhcjo flh pyopoygkochy ho lfkzoy h k

fthzh woiyf vb mhzo#

Co xvf wf yfmfyf ho zfbpo jf woiyf}k}ácgkh jh kcmoybhîço, Fyiolhzo $8;;8+ jkq xvf hwcozâgkhw wço pfyfcfw# Jvyhb poy povgo zfbpo, boyyfb fb povghw doyhw# Fbioyh, wfnvcjLhnf $8;49+, o phwwhjo wfah o zfbpo jh cozâgkh#

Ovzyh pfgvlkhykjhjf jh cozâgkh ë xvhczo à }fyhgkjhjf# Phyh Fyiolhzo $8;;8+ cço dè fwphîo ph

o kyyfhl co lvnhy yfwfy}hjo à kcmoybhîço# Poy kwwo, h cozâgkh jf}f wfy }fyjhjfkyh, pokw, wflf, h mkgîço ë oiafzo jf yobhcgfw#

Phyh Yfno $8;4>+, chw oynhckqhîöfw, ow gykzëykow kcfyfczfw ho aoychlkwbo zobwknckmkghjo fwpfgkhl, gobo ë o ghwo jh cozâgkh#

Wf vb jow gykzëykow vzklkqhjow pflhw fbpyfwhw aoychlâwzkghw phyh jfzfybkchy o xvf cozâgkh fwzè ch polâzkgh fjkzoykhl, ov wfah, ch oykfczhîço kjfol÷nkgh jhw pvilkghîöfw, o gybhkw }èlkjo phyh jfzfybkchy o gocgfkzo jf cozâgkh ch fbpyfwh ë h py÷pykh polâzkgh fbpyfwh

$YFNO, 8;4>, p#:8+#

Yfno $8;4>+ ftplkgh xvf fwzh polâzkgh ë vbh moybh jf kbpfjky xvf kcmoybhîöfwwfcwhgkochlkwzhw ov xvf powwhb pyo}oghy jñ}kjhw xvhczo à kczfnykjhjf jh fbpyfwh wcozkgkhjhw# H kcmoybhîço fbpyfwhykhl cço jf}f ghvwhy pyfavâqow how kczfyfwwfw jh fbpjh golfzk}kjhjf#

Ch gocgfpîço jf Nyhîh Myhcîh Boczfkyo $9007+, cfb zvjo o xvf ogoyyf ch kcwzkzvkîçzyhcwmoybh"wf fb cozâgkh# H cozâgkh kcwzkzvgkochl pyogvyh pyobo}fy h kbhnfb jh fb“Ho pyojvqky cozâgkhw phyh h kbpyfcwh, hw kcwzkzvkîöfw fwzço zyhcwmoybhcjo o



86

kcwzkzvgkochkw fb hgoczfgkbfczow pñilkgow, fwzço"wf pocjo fb }kwkiklkjhjf‒ $BOCZF9007, p#8:=+#Phyh Lfbow f Nhljkco, fwgyf}fy cozâgkhw ë goczhy dkwz÷ykhw# F fwzh ghyhgzfyâwzkgh z

moybh co aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl# Hwwkb gobo ow aoychlkwzhw jh nyhcjf kbpyfcwh pydkwz÷ykhw xvf kjfczkmkxvfb ow lfkzoyfw, ch oynhckqhîço, ow mvcgkocèykow xvfyfb gohîöfw jow jfbhkw, f ho aoychlkwzh ghif zyhcwbkzk"lhw# “Ov}ky yflhzow woiyf h hîço jhw pmfkzow poy vb chyyhjoy xvf wf jkwzhcgkh jo oiafzo jf wvh chyyhîço f o hpyfwfczh jf bhcfjkmfyfcgkhjh f gobpyffcwâ}fl# Ë kwwo xvf o aoychlkwzh mhq fb vbh fbpyfwh#‒ $LFBONHLJKCO, 9007, p#9=7+#

Pykcgâpkow jo aoychlkwbo gobo oiafzk}kjhjf, glhyfqh, pyfgkwço f gocgkwço wço jfmfcjkjopflow hvzoyfw gobo ghyhgzfyâwzkghw mvcjhbfczhkw jh cozâgkh kcwzkzvgkochl# Jfwzh moxvf h cozâgkh fbpyfwhykhl zfcjf h wfnvky ow bfwbow gykzëykow jh chzvyfqh aoychwoiyfzvjo, gobo hmkybh Yfno $8;4>+, xvhcjo ë jfmkckjh pflh oykfczhîço kjfol÷nkgh jhoynhckqhîço#

9#7 H gobvckghîço gobo pojfy chw oynhckqhîöfw

H gobvckghîço mhq phyzf jh }kjh jow kcjk}âjvow, kcjfpfcjfczf jf wvh }oczhjf$WGYOMFYCFEFY, 900=+# Hpyfwfczh"wf jf jk}fywhw bhcfkyhw f yfxvfy h kczfypyfzhîwfvw wkncow f wknckmkghjow# “H gobvckghîço kbplkgh fb zyoghw, hzow f hîöfw gobphyz$WGYOMFYCFEFY, 900=, p#:>+# Zfoykghbfczf, pojfbow fczfcjfy gobvckghîço gobo vbpyogfwwo jf kczfyhîço#

Ow fwzvjow jh gobvckghîço oynhckqhgkochl pojfb wfy hchlkwhjow h phyzky jf jvhw mpykbfkyh jf 8;00"8;>0, f h wfnvcjh jf 8;>0 hzë ow jkhw hzvhkw# Wgyomfycfefy $900=+Pvzchb, Pdkllkw f Gdhpbhc $900:+ phyh ftplkghy xvf ow zyhihldow jf gobvckghîçooynhckqhgkochl moyhb boljhjow pflo kczfyfwwf ch gobvckghîço fbpyfwhykhl f kcjvwzykhl#

Jf hgoyjo gob Pvzchb, Pdkllkpw f Gdhpbhc $900:+, hw oynhckqhîöfw fyhb zkjhw gobo vbhyfhlkjhjf oiafzk}h, ov wfah, fyhb fczkjhjfw yhgkochkw, fb xvf h gobvckghîço kcgoypoyh}h v}këw vzklkzhykwzh ov kcwzyvbfczhl# H phyzky jf fczço, h gobvckghîço pojkh wfy fczfcjkjhvbh mfyyhbfczh xvf }khiklkqh}h o gvbpykbfczo jow oiafzk}ow f jhw bfzhw oynhckqhgkochkw



8=

H jëghjh jf 40 zyhq vbh yf}kyh}olzh co gocdfgkbfczo hghjábkgo jf gobvckghîçooynhckqhgkochl $PVZCHB, PDKLLKPW, GDHPBHC, 900:+# Ë cfwzf goczftzo xvf chwgco}hw zfoykhw, jfczyf flhw, hw gdhbhjhw Chzvyhlkwzh f Gyâzkgh#

H Zfoykh Chzvyhlkwzhjfmfcjf h }kjh oynhckqhgkochl gobo myvzo jf vbh gocwzyvîço wogkhl# ]á,zhbiëb, h oynhckqhîço gobo vbh fczkjhjf gvlzvyhl fwpfgâmkgh, gocgfikjh gobo vbhgobvckjhjf ñckgh jf lkcnvhnfb f jf ovzyhw moybhw jf hîço wkbi÷lkgh $WGYOMFYCFEFY900=+# H gobvckghîço ë phyzf kczfnyhczf jh oynhckqhîço, co wfczkjo jf xvf h gobvckghîço mh oynhckqhîço, ov wfah, ë gocjkîço cfgfwwèykh phyh xvf flh ftkwzh#

Ch Zfoykh Gyâzkgh,h oynhckqhîço ë vb phlgo jf gocmlkzow jf glhwwfw, ocjf h yfhlkjhjf

oynhckqhgkochl ë o yfmlfto jfwwhw ihzhldhw, wfcjo gocwkjfyhjh vb kcwzyvbfczo jf jobkchîçopyfwwço# “H gobvckghîço hwwvbf, hwwkb, vb phpfl jf bfghckwbo jf bhwghyhbfczo jhwyfhlkjhjfw bhzfykhkw jh oynhckqhîço‒ $WGYOMFYCFEFY, 900=, p#:4+#

Cow hcow ;0, fbfynfb vbh wëykf jf zfoykhw f pyopowzhw xvf ivwghb $yf+ kczfypyfzhoynhckqhîöfw# Ë cfwzh jëghjh xvf wvynfb hZfoykh Chyyhzk}h P÷w"Bojfych f h Zfoykh jh

Hjbkckwzyhîço #

H Zfoykh Chyyhzk}h pojf wfy gobpyffcjkjh woi zyáw hwpfgzow1 h gocjkîço p÷w"bojfych fbxvf h dkwz÷ykh ë o nyhcjf pyojvzo $L[OZHYJ, 8;4;hpvj VYKIF F QVLVHNH, 9007+ hfgocobkh phwzkgdf xvf ë o golhpwo jhw chyyhzk}hw jobkchczfw ch bojfyckjhjf $VYKIF FQVLVHNH, 9007+ f o wkbvlhgyo, o fwphîo co xvhl h yfhlkjhjf fbpâykgh f wkbi÷lkgh wgoc}fyzf fb wkncow }hqkow $IHVJYKLLHYJ, 8;;7+#

Aè hZfoykh jh Hjbkckwzyhîço ë ihwfhjh fb fxvkpfw, xvf wf ghyhgzfykqh, fwwfcgkhlbfczf, pflhgobvckghîço bvlzkjkyfgkochl chw oynhckqhîöfw# Phyh Vykif f Qvlvhnh $9007+, fwpfywpfgzk}hw kbphgzhyhb wknckmkghzk}hbfczf chw oynhckqhîöfw f moyzhlfgfyhb hw pygobvckghîço $WGYOMFYCFEFY, 900=+#

Fczfcjf"wf xvf h gobvckghîço oynhckqhgkochl hiyhcnf zojhw hw moybhw jf gobvckghîçvzklkqhjhw pflh oynhckqhîço phyh yflhgkochy"wf gob wfvw pñilkgow# Dhll $8;4:+ fwgobvckghîço woi ow mhzoyfw xvf hmfzhb o fc}ko, o yfgfikbfczo, h pfygfpîço f hwkczfypyfzhîöfw jfwwhw gobvckghîöfw#



8>

Poyzhczo, h kbpyfwwço xvf o yfgfpzoy jh gobvckghîço zfb jo gobvckghjoy, o phpfl xvf okcjk}âjvo jfwfbpfcdh ch oynhckqhîço, wzhzvw wço hlnvbhw wkzvhîöfw $mhzoyfw+mh}oyfgfb ov jkmkgvlzhb h gobvckghîço $WGYOMFYCFEFY, 900=, p#:;+#

Wgyomfycfefy $900=+ gkzh Eyfpw $8;;0+ phyh jfmkcky h gobvckghîço oynhckqhgkochl gopyogfwwo fb xvf hwwvbf h mvcîço jf wfy h moczf jf kcmoybhîço phyh ow kcjk}âjvowoynhckqhîço# Aè Noljdhify $8;;8+ zhbiëb bfcgkochjo poy Wgyomfycfefy $900=+ jfmkcgobvckghîço oynhckqhgkochl gobo vb mlvto jf bfcwhnfcw pyogfwwhjhw fb vbh yfjf jfyflhîöfw kcjfpfcjfczfw#

Wgyomfycfefy $900=+ zhbiëb bfcgkoch Ykfl $8;;6+, phyh jkqfy xvf h gobvckghîço

oynhckqhgkochl fcnloih yflhîöfw pñilkghw, fwzyhzënkhw oynhckqhgkochkw, bhyefzkcn goyppyophnhcjh goypoyhzk}h, gobvckghîço kczfych f ftzfych, fcmkb, vb nyvpo jf hzk}kjhjfw#

Gocwkjfyhcjo xvf h gobvckghîço oynhckqhgkochl jkq yfwpfkzo how pyogfwwow xvf ghyhgzhw oynhckqhîöfw dvbhchw, Wgyomfycfefy $900=+ gkzh Jhckflw, Wpkefy f Phph $8;;>+gocgfkzvhb h phyzky jf zyáw bojflow# Co bojflo zyhjkgkochl, h gobvckghîço ë zkjh gobo vbhhzk}kjhjf fb xvf o gobpoyzhbfczo pojf wfy bfjkjo, phjyockqhjo f glhwwkmkghjo# Aè cokczfypyfzhzk}o, hw oynhckqhîöfw wço }kwzhw gobo gvlzvyhw, f fwwhw gvlzvyhw wço gvbh yfjf jf wknckmkghjow# Cfwzf bojflo, h gobvckghîço ë vb pyogfwwo poy bfko jo xvhlogoyyf h gocwzyvîço wogkhl, ov wfah, ow wâbiolow f wkncow xvf fc}ol}fb o gobpoyzhboynhckqhgkochl#

Poyzhczo, h pfywpfgzk}h kczfypyfzhzk}h gocgfczyh"wf co pyogfwwo wkbi÷lkgo hzyh}ëw jyfhlkjhjf oynhckqhgkochl ë wogkhlbfczf gocwzyvâjh# F fwwh yfhlkjhjf oynhckqhgkochwogkhlbfczf gocwzyvâjh hzyh}ëw jh gobvckghîço, kwzo ë, h yfhlkjhjf ë gykhjh f bhczkjhzyh}ëw jh kczfyhîço fczyf ow kcjk}âjvow $WGYOMFYCFEFY, 900=, p#:;+#

Co gdhbhjo bojflo gyâzkgo, h oynhckqhîço ë kczfypyfzhjh gobo vb kcwzyvbfczo jf opyfwwçofb xvf wvh hzfcîço fwzè gocgfczyhjh chw glhwwfw opykbkjhw# Cfwwh pfywpfgzgobvckghîço ë vb kcwzyvbfczo jf jobkchîço#

Wgyomfycfefy $900=+ yfmfyf"wf h Noojhll Ay f Fkwfcifyn $8;;>+ xvhcjo hpyfwfczhb gbojflow jf gobvckghîço oynhckqhgkochl1 o pykbfkyo ë h zyhcwmfyácgkh jf kcmoybhîço, xvfyfwpfkzo h gobvckghîço co wfczkjo lhzo# Ë dhikzvhlbfczf vzklkqhjh phyh zyhcwbkzky bf

oiafzk}ow jh hlzh jkyknácgkh phyh ow kcjk}âjvow jh oynhckqhîço#



84

O wfnvcjo wfykh o pyogfwwo zyhcwhgkochl, xvf fcmhzkqh omffjihge, fb xvf o gobpoyzhbfczobhckmfwzhjo ë bhkw kbpoyzhczf jo xvf h gobvckghîço }fyihl# Aè o zfygfkyo, o bojflo jfgoczyolf fwzyhzënkgo glhwwkmkgh o gobvckghjoy gobpfzfczf gobo hxvflf xvf wflfgk

hjfxvhjhbfczf hw fwzyhzënkhw# O xvhyzo bojflo hpyfwfczh h gobvckghîço gobo o fxvklâiyfczyf h gykhzk}kjhjf f h wvafkîço# F poy mkb, o fwphîo jf jkèlono, xvf wfykh h gobvckghîço xvf ghjh kcjk}âjvo zfb h opoyzvckjhjf jf mhlhy f wfy ov}kjo#

Evcwgd fczfcjf xvf h gobvckghîço oynhckqhgkochl “jfwknch zojo o zyhihldo jf gobvckghîçolf}hjo h fmfkzo pflhw oynhckqhîöfw fb nfyhl $EVCWGD, 9007, p#8:;"860+# Jfwzh moyEvcwgd pyopöf xvf hw oynhckqhîöfw nfyfb wvh gobvckghîço h phyzky jf vbh pfywpfgzk

kczfnyhjh, xvf jf}f hiyhcnfy hw gobvckghîöfw kcwzkzvgkochl, bfyghjol÷nkgh, kczfychhjbkckwzyhzk}h#

Phyh Yfno, h gobvckghîço oynhckqhgkochl ë o gocavczo xvf yfñcf hw gobvckghîöfw gvlzvyhjbkckwzyhzk}h f wogkhl, bhkw ow wkwzfbhw jf kcmoybhîço# Fwzf hvzoy hpokh wvhw kjfkjf Wkwzfbhw f chw èyfhw jh Wogkolonkh f Pwkgolonkh jh Hjbkckwzyhîço# Jf kcâgko hpyffbpyfwh gobo vb wkwzfbh gobpowzo poy jk}fywow hnfczfw gvah mkchlkjhjf cço fwzè wob

hzyflhjh h ifcw fgocúbkgow, f wkb à yfpyfwfczhzk}kjhjf co zfgkjo wogkhl# Phyh Yfno, fbpyfw“vb wkwzfbh xvf yfñcf ghpkzhl, zyhihldo, coybhw, polâzkghw, chzvyfqh zëgckgh‒# $YFNOp#87+#

Ovzyh jfmkckîço xvf wf mhq pfyzkcfczf ë jf wkwzfbh, f, zhbiëb, h jf oynhckqhîço# WfnvcjoZfoykh jf Wkwzfbhw, o wkwzfbh ë h oynhckqhîço jo zojo, gobpocjo"wf ch kczfnyhîço zëgckopfyhgkochl jhw phyzfw, jf bhcfkyh kczfyghbikhjh f kczfyjfpfcjfczf# Yfno $8;4=+ gkzh ^hlzf

Ivgelf{ $8;>8+, xvf ftplkgh xvf “o wkwzfbh ë vbh fczkjhjf gocgyfzh ov hiwzyhzh, xvf yfñcfgobpocfczfw xvf wf yflhgkochb bvzvhbfczf‒ $YFNO, 8;4=, p#8:+#

Ghyhgzfykqhcjo o wkwzfbh gobo vbh fczkjhjf hiwzyhzh, Ivgelf{ $8;>8+ bowzyh xvf ftkwzwkwzfbhw gvaow lkbkzfw wço jkmâgfkw jf wfyfb jflkcfhjow, gobo o wkwzfbh polâzkgo#

Gobo wkwzfbh, h fbpyfwh powwvk lkbkzfw jfmkckjow, jf vb lhjo, pflow gobpocfczfwhjbkckwzyhzk}ow cfgfwwèykow à nfyhîço jf ifcw f wfy}kîow, f jf ovzyo, yfgfif kcmlvácgkhw jo hbikfczf, pojfcjo"wf hjvqky, poy kcmfyácgkh, xvf vbh fbpyfwh cço ë hpfchw yfwvlzhczf jfgobpocfczfw gocgyfzow jo bkgyowwkwzfbh oynhckqhgkochl, bhw ë gocwfxüácgkh jf moypyfwwöfw, yfgvywow f wkzvhîöfw, cfb wfbpyf mègfkw jf jfzfgzhy, pyfwfczfw co goypo w$YFNO, 8;4=, p#8:+#



90

Jf hgoyjo gob o hvzoy, h gobvckghîço ftfygf ch fbpyfwh pojfy, fczfcjfcjo pojfy gobo hpowwkiklkjhjf jf vbh pfwwoh ov fczkjhjf nfyhy kcmlvácgkh woiyf h ovzyh# H phyzky jgobvckghîço fcxvhczo pyogfwwo, ë ghphq, pflo wkbplfw mhzo jf ftkwzky, jf zhbiëb nfyh

kcmlvácgkhw#

H gobvckghîço, gobo pyogfwwo f zëgckgh, mvcjhbfczh"wf cow goczfñjow jf jk}fywhwjkwgkplkchw jo gocdfgkbfczo dvbhco, kczfybfjkh o jkwgvywo oynhckqhgkochl, havwkczfyfwwfw, goczyolh ow phyzkgkphczfw kczfycow f ftzfycow, pyobo}f, fcmkb, bhgfkzhiklkjhjf jh kjfolonkh fbpyfwhykhl $YFNO, 8;4=, p#8>+#

Phyh gocglvky, Yfno jfmfcjf xvf “ow iocw hjbkckwzyhjoyfw wço hxvflfw xvf gocwfnvfpyojvqky wknckmkghîöfw, zhczo xvhczo jkcdfkyo‒ $YFNO, 8;4=, p#84+# F gob fwzh goc

Yowh f Gvcdh $8;;;+ hmkybhb xvf h gobvckghîço zoych"wf pfîh gdh}f phyh hw fbpyfwhw hjfxvhyfb àw ftknácgkhw mvzvyhw jo bfyghjo#

7 Aoychlkwbo Fbpyfwhykhl

7#8 Ow pykb÷yjkow jhw pvilkghîöfw kcwzkzvgkochkw

O aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl pyfgfjf o wvynkbfczo jhw Yflhîöfw Pñilkghw, bhw mok h phyzkyxvf hw pvilkghîöfw aoychlâwzkghw, h wfy}kîo jhw oynhckqhîöfw, kckgkhyhb wvhw hzk}kboljfw hzvhkw $YFNO, 8;4>+#

Phyh hlnvcw fwzvjkowow, o chwgkbfczo jo aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl fwzè }kcgvlhjo àw ghjkchwzkh Dhc $909 h#G+, pfyâojo fb xvf h Gdkch }k}kh vbh nyhcjf ftphcwço fgocúbkgh gvlzvyhl $YFNO, 8;4>, p#8>+# Poyëb, h jhzh bhkw hgfkzh gokcgkjf gob o pfyâojo dkwz÷yknyhcjfw zyhcwmoybhîöfw1 h Yf}olvîço Kcjvwzykhl#

O jfwfc}ol}kbfczo kcjvwzykhl yfwvlzov ch moybhîço jhw bhwwhw zyhihldhjoyhwgocwfxvfczfbfczf, co wvynkbfczo jow pykbfkyow wkcjkghzow f hwwogkhîöfw, gob kjfologoczyèykhw ho wkwzfbh }knfczf# Bhmfk $900:+ ftplkgh xvf ow aoychkw zyhjkgkochkw cço bo}kbfczow wkcjkghkw o jkyfkzo jf ftpyfwwço# Jhâ, ow zyhihldhjoyfw gobfîhyhb h fwgyf}fypvilkghîöfw py÷pykhw# Fb goczyhphyzkjh, ow fbpyfnhjoyfw yfwpocjfyhb gykhcjo aoyjkyfgkochjow how mvcgkocèykow, gobo moybh jf wf goczyhpoy how ow kjfhkw yf}olvgkocèy



98

Gob o h}hcîo jh kbpyfcwh wkcjkghl, h gobvckghîço fbpyfwhykhl wvynf gobo vbh zfczhzk}h jhw oynhckqhîöfw fwzhiflfgfyfb vbh yflhîço gob wfvw pñilkgow, zhczo kczfyco xvhczo ftzfycCo fczhczo, Bhmfk $900:+ jkq xvf h mvcîço jf hwwfwwoy jf kbpyfcwh w÷ phwwov h ftkwzky

fczyf h }kyhjh jo wëgvlo TKT phyh o TT, co pyogfwwo jf fwzhiklkqhîço jo wkwzfbh ghpkzhlk

Mok gob h kc}fcîço jh yozhzk}h $8488+ f jo lkcozkpo $8446+ ‗ poyzhczo, 700 hcow jfpokwgykhîço jh pyfcwh jf zkpow b÷}fkw poy Nvzfcifyn ‗ xvf h fjkîço jf phcmlfzow, iolfzkcw f jfbhkwbfkow kbpyfwwow zoycov"wf bhkw hgfwwâ}fl h nyvpow bhkoyfw jf lfkzoyfw $BHMFK, 900:, p

Hwwkb, wvynkyhb ow pykbfkyowdovwf oynhcw, ftpyfwwço xvf wknckmkgh “pvilkghîöfw jh ghwh‒1yf}kwzhw, moldfzow, iolfzkcw, f, hzvhlbfczf, aoychkw, bvyhkw f flfzyúckgow, zojow gob o o

jf pyobo}fy h gobvckghîço jkyfzh fczyf h kcwzkzvkîço f ow mvcgkocèykow $BHMFK, 900:+#

O pykbfkyo aoychl jf fbpyfwh wvynkv ch Kcnlhzfyyh,Llo{j‛w Lkwz,co hco jf 8=;=# Aè h pykbfkyhpvilkghîço yfnvlhy jf fbpyfwh, fbioyh hkcjh cço cow zfybow hzvhkw, mok hLo~fll Ommfykcn ,fwgykzh f pvilkghjh poy vb nyvpo jf mvcgkocèykow jhLo~fll Gozzoc Bkllw , cow Fwzhjow Vckjow$YFNO, 8;4>, p#90+# Fb 84=6, wvynkv cow Fwzhjow Vckjow h pykbfkyh pvilkghîço jf fbpypfyk÷jkgh,Zdf Zyh}flfyw Yfgoyj , xvf powzfykoybfczf phwwov h wf gdhbhy Pyozfgzkoc# Fbioyhcço mowwf jkyfgkochjh phyh ow mvcgkocèykow, f wkb phyh ow yfpyfwfczhczfw jh fbpyfwh#

O pykbfkyo aoychl fwpfgkhlbfczf jkyknkjo how mvcgkocèykow phyfgf zfy wkjo oIfynbhccwmyfvcj ,vb pfyk÷jkgo hlfbço jf fczyfzfckbfczo f kcwzyvîço jow opfyèykow# Bhw “o pykbfkyo aoychlfbpyfwh jfwzkchjo how mvcgkocèykow, opfyhcjo jfczyo jow boljfw hzvhlbfczf goc}fcgkochjophyh o aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl f gvah ftkwzácgkh cço ë powzh fb jñ}kjh phyfgf wfy o cohbfykghcoZdf Zykpdhbbfy , pvilkghjo fb 8446‒ $YFNO, 8;4>, p#98+#

Fb 8444, ow aoychkw fbpyfwhykhkw gobfîhyhb h wvynky yfnvlhybfczf fb }èykow phâwfw# h K Nvfyyh Bvcjkhl pyo}ogov vbh kczfyyvpîço cfwzf pyonyfwwo# Hp÷w wfv zëybkco, }fkftplowço jf aoychkw f yf}kwzhw jf fbpyfwh $YFNO, 8;4>+#H gykwf jf 8;9;, fb Co}h Koyxvf, zhbiëb pyfavjkgov o pyonyfwwo jo aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhAè ch KK Nvfyyh Bvcjkhl, dov}f vbh jfwhgflfyhîço wfnvkjh jf vb nyhcjf yfchwgkbfczo jhpyèzkgh#

Wf gocwkjfyhybow oLo~fll Ommfykcn gobo h pykbfkyh pvilkghîço fbpyfwhykhl, o Iyhwkl w÷gocdfgfv o aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl 800 hcow jfpokw# Kwzo wf jf}f ho hzyhwo kcjvwzykhl



99

fb yflhîço how phâwfw jfwfc}ol}kjow# “Ovzyo bozk}o xvf zhl}fq zfcdh pyo}oghjo yfzhyjhbfczo jow aoychkw jf fbpyfwh fb cowwo phâw mok o hzyhwo gob xvf yfgfifbowh}hcîow zfgcol÷nkgow chw hyzfw nyèmkghw f fjkzoykhkw‒ $YFNO, 8;4>, p#9=+#

O aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl iyhwklfkyo hgobphcdh o pyogfwwo jf kcjvwzykhlkqhîço f fwzè zjkyfzhbfczf yflhgkochjo ho gyfwgkbfczo jhw Yflhîöfw Pñilkghw# Mok fczyf 8;:0 f 8;=0 xvf aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl mkybov"wf co phâw#

Hpfwhy jf o pyonyfwwo wfy yfnkwzyhjo chw jëghjhw gkzhjhw, Bhmfk $900:+ hmkybh xvf oIolfzkb

Lkndz mok vb pyfgvywoy jh pyèzkgh# O aoychl mok mvcjhjo fb 8;96 poy vb nyvpo jf mvcgkoc

jh fbpyfwhLkndz , f ë gocwkjfyhjo o pykbfkyodovwf oynhc jo Iyhwkl#

Woiyfzvjo, Wghlqo $900=+ goczyhpöf Bhmfk ho jkqfy xvf hw pvilkghîöfw kcwzkzvgkochkwco Iyhwkl jfwjf o wëgvlo TKT# “H pykbfkyh mokO ]flogâpfjf , jh Ghwh Gobfygkhl Ihqhy =6, chIhdkh fb 84>6# Fb wfnvkjh, }èykhw loahw jf yovphw jo gfczyo jf Wço Phvlo lhcîhyhb hw wv$WGHLQO, 900=, p#:=+#

H Nfcfyhl Bozoyw mvcjhjh fb 8;9=, zhbiëb hpoczh vbh kckgkhzk}h hczfykoy à jhzh xvf bhygho kcâgko jo aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl iyhwklfkyo# Jkwzykivâjh bfcwhlbfczf phyh ow opfyèyf}kwzh jhNfcfyhl Bozoyw bhygov ëpogh pflh xvhlkjhjf nyèmkgh f yfjhgkochl# Ovzyhpvilkghîço jf jfwzhxvf mok hCowwh Fwzyhjh,jf 8;9;, f h Mfyyo}kh, jf 8;74, xvf phyh Yfnocço yfpyfwfczhb ifb o “fwpâykzo‒ jo aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl, bhw xvf wço kbpoyzhcpyfgvywoyfw jf aoychkw f yf}kwzhw co phâw#

Hw jëghjhw jf :0 f 60 bhyghyhb o wvynkbfczo jf }èykow ÷ynçow fbpyfwhykhkw# Bhw mYf}olvîço jf 70, gob h gdfnhjh jf Nfzñlko ]hynhw ho pojfy, xvf o Iyhwkl pyfwfcgkov vbnyhcjf fwmoyîo phyh vcky pyèzkghw jf Yflhîöfw Pñilkghw f hwwfwwoykh jf kbpyfcwh# Ch kpyk}hjh, h]olew~hnfb mok pkocfkyh ho goc}kjhy aoychlkwzhw phyh gobpoy o wfv Jfphyzhbfjf Kbpyfcwh $BHMFK, 900:+#

Ow hcow =0 moyhb wknckmkghczfw phyh h pyomkwwkochlkqhîço jh gobvckghîço co phâwjf}f fb phyzf à mvcjhîço jh Hwwogkhîço Iyhwklfkyh jf Fjkzoyfw jf Yf}kwzhw f AoychkwFbpyfwh $HIFYAF+, fb 8;=># Bhkw yfgfczfbfczf, fb 9009, mok gykhjh h Hwwogkhîç



97

Iyhwklfkyh jhw Hnácgkhw jf Gobvckghîço $Hiyhgob+, xvf zfb gobo pyopowzh jfmfcjfy okczfyfwwfw jhw fbpyfwhw jh èyfh#

Hpfwhy jf zfy chwgkjo fb ifyîo ghpkzhlkwzh, o aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl cço ë pyojvqkjo ñckftglvwk}hbfczf cow phâwfw pfyzfcgfczfw h fwzf wkwzfbh# Fbioyh fwzh pyèzkgh aoychlâwvb fwphîo phyh h yfwolvîço jf pyoilfbhw f fwglhyfgkbfczow, nyhcjf phyzf jo fbpyfwhykhjohkcjh o }á gobo vb pyojvzo wvpëymlvo $YFNO, 8;4>+#

7#9 O aoychlkwbo oynhckqhgkochl f wvhw mvcgkochlkjhjfw

O aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl fwzè h wfy}kîo jh oynhckqhîço# Fb nfyhl, wfv oiafzk}o ë powwkigobvckghîço gob o hbikfczf fb xvf h goypoyhîço hzvh, moyzhlfgfcjo wvh kbhnfb cobfyghjo f avczo how mvcgkocèykow# “Kwzo ë, ow aoychkw f yf}kwzhw wço kcwzygobvckghîço gob o wkwzfbh hbikfczhl, o wkwzfbh gobpfzkzk}o f o wkwzfbh oynhckqhgko$YFNO, 8;4>, p#808+#

O aoychl fbpyfwhykhl ë, hczfw jf zvjo, vb aoychl, o xvf xvfy jkqfy xvf flf jf}f wfnvky hw

bfwbhw yfnyhw xvf pyfjobkchb ch nyhcjf kbpyfcwh1 gobkzá jf yfjhîço, pfykojkgkjhjf,yfjhîço aoychlâwzkgh jhw bhzëykhw, pykcgâpkow jf jkhnyhbhîço, fczyf ovzyow#

Yfno $8;4>+ gkzh o zf÷ykgo hlfbço Ozzo Nyozd xvf hzykivk ho aoychlkwbo xvhzyo ghyhgzfh hzvhlkjhjf, xvf gocwkwzf ch zyhcwbkwwço jf mhzow yfgfczfw5 h pfykojkgkjhjf, xvpvilkghîço yfnvlhy jow mhzow ogoyykjow5 h vck}fywhlkjhjf, xvf wknckmkgh h }hykfjhjf jf zfpoy ñlzkbo, h jkmvwço, xvf fwzè lknhjh ho hgfwwo jo pñilkgo ho oiafzo jo aoychlkwbo#

Jfwzf bojo, hw pvilkghîöfw fbpyfwhykhkw fcxvhczo }fâgvlow aoychlâwzkgow jf}fb hzfcjffwzhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw, pokw flhw moybhzhb h chzvyfqh aoychlâwzkgh# Jf}fb zfy pfykgkygvlhy fb kczfy}hlow yfnvlhyfw, pyfgkwhb goczfy hgoczfgkbfczow xvf gocwzkzvfb o pyfwjf}fb gdfnhy ho pñilkgo h xvf wf jfwzkchb $YFNO, 8;4>+#

Wfnvcjo Yfno, hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo aoychlkwbo hwwvbfb cow ÷ynçow kcwzkzvgkochkwphyzkgvlhy# H vck}fywhlkjhjf jf}f wfy gobpyffcjkjh gobo lfxvf jf bfcwhnfcw woiyf hwwvczojf zojhw hw èyfhw jh oynhckqhîço# H pfykojkgkjhjf jhw pvilkghîöfw hpyfwfczh kczfy}bhkoyfw fczyf hw fjkîöfw# H hzvhlkjhjf pfyjf h kjfkh jh yhpkjfq, jo kbfjkhzkwbo xvf bhygh o



9:

aoychlkwbo jh nyhcjf kbpyfcwh# “Ow mhzow hzvhkw jh fbpyfwh pojfb wfy ow aè hgoczfgkkczfy}hlo jf zyáw bfwfw hczfykoyfw ho hphyfgkbfczo jf vbh fjkîço ov pojfb wfy owhgoczfgkbfczow xvf ogoyyfyço co báw ov bfwfw wfnvkczfw‒ $YFNO, 8;4>, p#:8+#

Wfnvcjo Yowh f Gvcdh $8;;;+, hw yfnyhw xvf coyzfkhb o bojo jf mhqfy h cozâgkh ch nyhckbpyfcwh pyf}hlfgfb cow aoychkw kczfycow# Flfw ftplkghb xvf, fbioyh h cozâgkh kcwzkzvpowwh hjxvkyky ovzyow hwpfgzow, h fwzyvzvyh zhbiëb wfnvf o oyjfchbfczo jow mhzkbpoyzécgkh, o xvf co aoychlkwbo gdhbh"wf pkyébkjf kc}fyzkjh# O lfhj, h oyjfb jkyfzh jhmyhwfw, h hjfxvhîço jow }fyiow wço flfbfczow pyfwfczfw cfwzf bojo jf mhqfy cozâgkh zhbiëb

Lfbow f Nhljkco $9007+ gkzhb Ghzdflkc, Iowwvz f Bhkldow, xvf hmkybhb xvf o aoycfbpyfwhykhl ftkwzf pflh }oczhjf jh jkyfîço jh oynhckqhîço f pflo kczfyfwwf jo mvcgkocèykWghlqo $900=+ hmkybh xvf hw fbpyfwhw pyojvqfb yf}kwzhw phyh wf gobvckghy jkyfzhbfwfvw glkfczfw f mvcgkocèykow, hlëb jf wfy vb kcwzyvbfczo ñzkl phyh mkybhy h kbhnfbpyfwh co bfyghjo# Fczyfzhczo, Phlbh hgyfjkzh xvf “hw pvilkghîöfw kcwzkzvgkochkw wyfzyhzo mkfl jow wfvw fjkzoyfw# Poyzhczo, ë cfgfwwèyko xvf fwzfw yfzyhzfb h mklowomkhgobvckghîço jh fbpyfwh‒ $PHLBH, 8;;:, p#800+#

Jfwzh moybh, cço ihwzh zfy zëgckgh, ilogo jf cozhw, ghcfzh f nyh}hjoy phyh pyojvqky vyfpoyzhnfb# Phyh mhqfy vb iob aoychl, ë pyfgkwo fczyhcdhy ch gvlzvyh jh kcwzkzvkîço,hzfczo how wâbiolow, wfczky hw pfwwohw, gocdfgfy h fwzyhzënkh, whify o poyxvá jopfynvczh, wf yfwpocjf f wf fwgyf}f#

O goczfñjo jf vb }fâgvlo fbpyfwhykhl kczfyco, phyh kczfyfwwhy how lfkzoyfw f gvbpyky wmvcîöfw ch fwzyhzënkh jf nfwzço, jf}f wfy hzvhl f hpyomvcjhjo, fxvklkiyhcjo hwwvczow

jkqfb yfwpfkzo jkyfzhbfczf ho fbpyfnhjo f ow xvf h fbpyfwh pyfzfcjf jk}vlnhy $LFBOW,NHLJKCO, 9007, p#9=:+#

Xvhczo ow zkpow jf }fâgvlow vzklkqhjow pflhw fbpyfwhw, Yfno ftplkgh xvf ow aoychkw, hwf ow iolfzkcw wço ow pykcgkphkw bfkow xvf hwwvbfb zojhw hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo aoychyfwwhlzh xvf flfw cço hw ñckghw pvilkghîöfw oynhckqhgkochkw# Poyëb, hmkybh xvf kbpyfwwh zfb wkjo hzë hnoyh h ihwf bhkoy jf wvwzfczhîço jo ghbpo‒ $YFNO, 8;4>, p#:9+#

Phyh fwglhyfgfy hw cvhcgfw jfwzfw }fâgvlow, o hvzoy fwglhyfgf xvf ow aoychkw jf}fb goczpfykojkgkjhjf bëjkh f ow mhzow jf}fb wfy zyhzhjow jf moybh h cço pfyjfyfb o ghyèzfy hzv



96

Pyfwzh"wf ho aoychlkwbo kcmoybhzk}o, kczfypyfzhzk}o f opkchzk}o# Aè ow iolfzkcw kczfy}hlow bfcow fwphîhjow fczyf hw fjkîöfw, jf}kjo à cfgfwwkjhjf jf jk}vlnhîço kbfjkhzh jhcozâgkh# Zyhzh"wf jf vbh pvilkghîço gob bfcoy }hykfjhjf zfbèzkgh# F hw yf}kwzhw jf}fb z

fwphîow bhkoyfw jf vbh fjkîço phyh h ovzyh, f}kzhcjo kcmoybhîöfw vynfczfw, hpyfwfczhwfbpyf vb goczfñjo jf kczfyfwwf pfybhcfczf#

Yfno zhbiëb fcwkch xvf ow nácfyow hjozhjow }hykhb jf hgoyjo gob h chzvyfqh jow }fâgvlowJhâ, o hvzoy hpyfwfczh ow zyáw fwzklow# O aoychlkwbo kcmoybhzk}o5 xvf fc}ol}f zbhzëykhw jf yfnkwzyo f gvcdo fwwfcgkhlbfczf kcmoybhzk}o# O kczfypyfzhzk}o, xvf nfyhlbhplkghjo fb bhzëykhw bhkw ftplkghzk}hw, jfzhldhjhw, f zhbiëb ë py÷pyko phyh hwwv

jfphyzhbfczhkw, pfymkw f dkwz÷ykhw jf kczfyfwwf dvbhco# F, poy ñlzkbo, o aoychlkwbo opnácfyo hjozhjo phyh bhzëykhw gob avâqo jf }hloy# Fwzfw wço ow zftzow hwwkchjow, ow fjk

O goczfñjo jhw pvilkghîöfw fbpyfwhykhkw ë vb mhzoy jfzfybkchczf phyh wfv wvgfwwmyhghwwo $YFNO, 8;4>+# Wf mhlhyfb hpfchw jh jkyfîço, wfyè jf gfyzh moybh h ftpyfwphzfychlkwbo# Wf yfnkwzyhyfb hpfchw ow kczfyfwwfw jow fbpyfnhjow, pojfb wf zoycfwphîo jf yfk}kcjkghîöfw# Hwwkb, Yfno wvnfyf xvf dhah vb fxvklâiyko fczyf ow kczfyfw

yfwpfkzhcjo wfbpyf hw jk}fywkjhjfw, pokw jo goczyèyko h pvilkghîço wf zoychyè kcopoyzvc

O aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl jf}f wfy kczfypyfzhzk}o, yhqço poy xvf cflf h yfpoyzhnfb ë bkbpoyzhczf xvf h cozâgkh, vbh }fq xvf h yfpoyzhnfb ë hzfbpoyhl, jvyh bhkw f ë bhkwgoc}fckfczf how kczfyfwwfw zhczo jh fbpyfwh xvhczo jow lfkzoyfw#

Pflh wvh pfykojkgkjhjf bhkoy, o goczfñjo jo aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl ftknf vbh hcnvlhîço bhkwjvyhjovyh f pfybhcfczf# Ow lfkzoyfw cfgfwwkzhb jf zftzow xvf, hlëb jf ftplkghy h wkzvhîço f/ov

mhzo, powwhb wfy lkjow bvkzo jfpokw jf pvilkghjow, wfb mkghyfb wvpfyhjow $YFNO, 8p#887+#

H lkcnvhnfb hjozhjh zhbiëb ë jfgkwk}h# Wfnvcjo Yfno $8;4>+, hw pfwwohw cço w÷ lffbhxvklo xvf wflfgkochb, bhw zhbiëb jço wknckmkghîöfw hw bfcwhnfcw, xvf pojfb gdfnhy h wgobplfzhbfczf jkmfyfczfw jo xvf wf pyfzfcjf jkqfy# Hwwkb, o hvzoy yfgobfcjh o vwo jf vbhlkcnvhnfb gobvb ho nyvpo, vb }oghivlèyko mhbklkhy h zojow ow kcjk}âjvow jh oynhckqhîço#

Cfwwf wfczkjo, o aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl jf}f wfy hchlkwhjo gobo vbh pyopowzh fwpfgkhljh hzk}kjhjf aoychlâwzkgh f cço gobo vbh mvcîço bfcoy ov bfcow kbpoyzhczf xvf h jh nyhcjf



9>

Bhmfk jfmfcjf xvf ow hwwfwwoyfw jf kbpyfcwh wf bowzyhyhb ghjh }fq bhkw “fczyowhjow‒gocgfkzo jf cozâgkh, f xvf, gob h gyfwgfczf bknyhîço jow aoychlkwzhw jh nyhcjf kbpyfcwh phw hnácgkhw jf gobvckghîço, o yflhgkochbfczo jf gocmlkzo f pyfgocgfkzo fczyf hbiow, m

ihwzhczf hzfcvhjo# Nyhîh Ghljhw $9007+ gobplfzh jkqfcjo xvf bfwbo zyhihldhcjo gob oaoychlkwbo jf fbpyfwh, o aoychlkwzh cço pojf pfyjfy o mhyo jh cozâgkh

H hvzoyh mhq h jfmfwh jf xvf o hwwfwwoy jf kbpyfcwh jf}f wkb zfy moybhîço fb aoychlkwbpyhzkghbfczf gocwfcwvhl h jfmfwh jf xvf o hwwfwwoy jf kbpyfcwh jf}h wfy aoychlkwmoybhîço# Wf zk}fy phwwhjo poy nyhcjf yfjhîöfw, bfldoy hkcjh# U###R o hwwfwwoy pwfczkjo fwzh ftpfykácgkh ch pflf phyh kcjkghy ho yfp÷yzfy f ho fjkzoy xvf wfv hwwfwwoyh

cozâgkh phyh omfyfgfy‒ $BHMFK, 900:, p#:7+#

Yfno zhbiëb hgyfjkzh xvf h yfwpocwhiklkjhjf jo aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl kczfyco jf}h"wf h vfwpfgkhlkwzh jh èyfh aoychlâwzkgh# “Dè vb gocwfcwo gobvb, hzë fczyf ow hvzoyfw jf YfPñilkghw, co wfczkjo jf jfkthy h ftfgvîço jhw pvilkghîöfw h ghyno jf vb aoychlkwzhpyomkwwkochl# U###R Cow Fwzhjow Vckjow, fb 8;>4, =7& jow yfjhzoyfw jf aoychkw jfyhb moybhjow fb Aoychlkwbo, wfcjo o bhkoy âcjkgf jh fwghlh $YFNO, 8;4>, p#>6+#

Vb hwpfgzo xvfwzkochjo xvhczo à hzvhîço jow aoychlkwzhw jf hwwfwwoykhw jkq yfwpfkzojfmfcjfyfb ow kczfyfwwfw jf wfvw hwwfwwoyhjow# O xvfwkzo cfvzyhlkjhjf, jfmfcjkjo pflh nkbpyfcwh, ë gologhjo fb “gdfxvf‒ poy Bhmfk#

“H cfvzyhlkjhjf? Yfwpocjo gob ovzyh pfynvczh1 o aoychlkwzh fb yfjhîço fwgyf}f goczyh opy÷pyko aoychl ov pyojvq bhzëykhw xvf mfyfb ow kczfyfwwfw jow jocow jo }fâgvlo phyh ozyhihldh? H yfwpowzh ë1 cço# Wfcjo hwwkb, cço }fao jkmfyfcîh fczyf o ftfygâgko jh hzk}kjhjfhwwfwwoy jf kbpyfcwh f jf aoychlkwzh jf yfjhîço‒ $BHMFK, 900:, p#:>+#

Fb gfyzow ghwow, o zyhihldo yfhlkqhjo pflow hwwfwwoyfw zfb o bfwbo }hloy jf yfpoyzxvhczo hxvflf mfkzo pflow aoychlkwzhw xvf hwwkchb hw bhzëykhw# Hw kcmoybhîöfw gifb hpvyhjhw, zço ifb oynhckqhjhw f goc}kcgfczfw, xvf o yfp÷yzfy nhwzh o bâckbo jf zfbpophyh gocmkybè"lhw f jhy yfjhîço py÷pykh ho mhzo $BHMFK, 900:+#

Hwwkb, jkhczf jhw gkygvcwzécgkhw hpyfwfczhjhw, pojfbow gocwkjfyhy xvf o pyomkww

hwwfwwoykh ë, fb wvh fwwácgkh, aoychlkwzh# “U###R hwwfwwoy jf kbpyfcwh ë, wkb



94

zyhihldh gob h fthzkjço jh cozâgkh, gob h kcmoybhîço jf kczfyfwwf pñilkgo xvf cço jf}f wfopoy ho kczfyfwwf jo hwwfwwoyhjo‒ $BHMFK, 900:, p#:>+#

: Yf}kwzh fb mogo

:#8 O zftzo f o fwzklo

Zftzo jf yf}kwzh ë jkmfyfczf, wkb, jo zftzo jf aoychl, jf kczfycfz, jf zflf}kwço, jf lk}yo f jfyèjko# Pykcgkphlbfczf, o zftzo jf vbh ioh yf}kwzh $WGHLQO, 900=+# Phyh Wghlqo $900=+

jf kcmoybhîöfw jf xvhlkjhjf, ftglvwk}hw f ifb fwgykzhw, o zftzo jf yf}kwzh pyfgkwh jf v“zfbpfyo‒ h bhkw#

Wfnvcjo ]kllhw Iohw $8;;=+, h yf}kwzh wf hpyopykh jf zëgckghw lkzfyèykhw, hpyotkbhcjo"wjh lkzfyhzvyh jo xvf xvhlxvfy ovzyo bfko aoychlâwzkgo kbpyfwwo# Ftkwzf vbh gocgklkhîçohw zëgckghw aoychlâwzkgh f lkzfyèykh# Poyëb, Wghlqo $900=+ hmkybh xvf aoychlklkzfyhzvyh, bhw hw zëgckghw lkzfyèykhw pojfb havjhy, f bvkzo, vb aoychlkwzh h fwgyf}fy b

Phyh Lhnf $8;49+, h yf}kwzh ë bhkw lkzfyèykh xvf o aoychl co zyhzhbfczo jo zftzo, f bhkw hych pyonyhbhîço }kwvhl# Flf hkcjh ftplkgh xvf o }fâgvlo hjbkzf vwow fwzëzkgow jhw phlh}ybojo bhkw }kwâ}fl#

Hw yf}kwzhw zyhqfb hxvklo xvf fwzè fb f}kjácgkh cow aoychkw jkèykow, wobhjo h pfwjogvbfczhîço f ykxvfqh zftzvhl# Jf hgoyjo gob ]kllhw Iohw, $8;;=+ kwzo ë o xvf powwkiklkzh

pyojvîço jf vb zftzo bhkw womkwzkghjo, hzyhfczf5 xvf }hk goczyh hw coybhw jh phjyockqaoychlâwzkgh f wf hpyotkbh jo fwzklo lkzfyèyko#

]kllhw Iohw $8;;=+ hgyfjkzh xvf o zftzo phyh vbh yf}kwzh zhbiëb wfnvf ow phjyöfwaoychlâwzkgow, bhw kwzo cço kbpfjf xvf phlh}yhw, myhwfw f pfyâojow wfahb fbpyfnhjohpfchw gob o wfczkjo xvf ldfw hzykivfb ow jkgkocèykow# Wfnvcjo Lhnf $8;49+, yfgvywowwfykhb pyokikjow fb vb aoychl hjxvkyfb }khiklkjhjf ch yf}kwzh# Hwwkb, cço jf}fbow fwpfxvf hw yf}kwzhw zfcdhb m÷ybvlhw jf yfjhîço zço yknkjhbfczf fwzhiflfgkjhw xvhczo hgoczfgaoychl jkèyko#



9;

Wghlqo $900=+ jfmfcjf xvf o iob zftzo jf yf}kwzh ë o xvf jfkth o lfkzoy mflkq, hlëb jf wvpykwvhw cfgfwwkjhjfw jf kcmoybhîço f gvlzvyh# Bhw, hwwkb gobo Lhnf $8;49+, flh zhbihgyfjkzh xvf jkmfyfczfbfczf jf vb aoychl, cço dè vb bhcvhl jf yfjhîço jfzhldhjo f

fwpfgâmkgo phyh xvfb zyhihldh co }fâgvlo#H yf}kwzh pfybkzf o fcghjfhbfczo fczyf mhzow phwwhjow f yfgëb hgoczfgkjow, wkzvhîçojfbocwzyh wvh }fywhzklkjhjf# “H yf}kwzh, coybhlbfczf, bkwzvyh mhzow jo phwwhjo gobhkcjh fb f}kjácgkh co aoychlkwbo jkèyko‒ $]KLLHW IOHW, 8;;=, p#99+#

Gocmyoczhy hw kjfkhw, poy ftfbplo, ë bvkzo gobvb f fmkghq co zftzo jh yf}kwzh, jfpfcjfcjo,oi}khbfczf, jo goczftzo $]KLLHW IOHW, 8;;=+# Woiyfzvjo, Wghlqo $900=+ jfmfcjf xvf o

fcghjfhbfczo jhw kjfkhw wfah o hyyfbhzf jf vb iob zftzo#

Wf o zftzo cço fwzk}fy ifb fcghjfhjo, gob gfyzfqh ow lfkzoyfw o lhynhyço ho pykbfkyozyopfîo# Phyh fcghjfhy ifb vb zftzo cço dè wfnyfjo1 ë pyfgkwo fwzhiflfgfy vb plhcojo xvf wf }hk fwgyf}fy $kwwo wfy}f fwpfgkhlbfczf phyh bhzëykhw locnhw+ f jfppyogvyhy hw bfldoyfw phlh}yhw, hw bfldoyfw myhwfw f yffwgyf}á"lhw xvhczhw }fqcfgfwwèyko, ov powwâ}fl $WGHLQO, 900=, p# >>+#

Hwwkb gobo cow aoychkw, h gofyácgkh jf kjfkhw, fwzyvzvyhjhw f oynhckqhjhw, ë vb phww

vckjhjf jo zftzo, yhqço bhkoy jh ivwgh kcghcwè}fl jh glhyfqh f pfymfkîço# Phyh ]kllhw Ioh$8;;=+, o zoxvf jf lf}fqh zyhcwmoybh myhwfw ftplâgkzhw fb wvzklfqhw xvf wvypyffcjkbpflfb o lfkzoy h goczkcvhy# “Jhy vb zoxvf jf lf}fqh wknckmkgh whify h doyh jf f}kzhy hjafzk}o jfwcfgfwwèyko f xvhcjo flkbkchy vb hj}ëyiko gvao wfczkjo aè fwzè kbplâgkzo co }fjhw myhwfw‒ $]KLLHW IOHW, 8;;=, p#9;+#

H yfpoyzhnfb jf yf}kwzh zyhq co zftzo, jf bojo kbplâgkzo ov cço, vbh fwpëgkf jf poczo jf}kwzh, xvf cço jf}f wfy gocmvcjkjh gob xvhlxvfy zkpo jf opkckço# O poczo jf }kwzh ë vbpyop÷wkzo, cço cfgfwwhykhbfczf ftplâgkzo jf wf gdfnhy h hlnvb lvnhy, jf pyopoy hlnvbh gokphyh o lfkzoy# “O poczo jf }kwzh ë bhkw ov bfcow h boyhl jh dkwz÷ykh‒ $]KLLHW IOHWp#98+#

O zftzo jf yf}kwzh pfybkzf ho aoychlkwzh gologhy co phpfl hxvklo xvf flf }á, wfczf f ov}f# Wfwzh pfywpfgzk}h, ]kllhw Iohw gkzh Bèygkh Cfjfy phyh jkqfy xvf ow zftzow jf zhlfczo wço gob zojow ow wfczkjow, pokw h bfwbh hgyfjkzh xvf o zftzo zhbiëb zfb goy, gdfkyo f moybh#

O zftzo wço zojow ow wfczkjow jh nfczf, f zfbow xvf ftfygkzè"low phyh fwgyf}fy ifb# Vb zftzzhbiëb zfb goy, zfb gdfkyo, zfb moybh# U###R Xvhcjo o yfp÷yzfy fwzè hpvyhcjo vbh bhzëykh



70

wfczf o gdfkyo jhxvflf lvnhy fwwf gdfkyo zfb xvf fczyhy ch bhzëykh# Hlëb jo mhzo wfgo, wfbpyf vb fczoyco, xvf }ogá pfygfif gob ow ovzyow wfczkjo f zfcjf lf}hy phyh h bhzëykh#$Ghyzh jo Fjkzoy, 8;;7, p#7+

Hwwkb gobo ]kllhw Iohw $8;;=+, Wghlqo jfmfcjf xvf hw goyfw, gdfkyow f jfwgykîöfw ghifbzftzo jf yf}kwzh# “Hpyfwfczhy ow pfywochnfcw, zëgckghw chyyhzk}hw f jfwgykzk}hw ë mphyh xvfb xvfy fwgyf}fy nyhcjfw yfpoyzhnfcw‒ $WGHLQO, 900=, p#>>+#

]kllhw Iohw $8;;=+ jkq xvf, poy jkwpoy jf vb zfbpo bhkoy phyh kcmoybhy, hchlkwhykczfypyfzhy o mhzo, h yf}kwzh cço ivwgh ftzyfbow jf kbphygkhlkjhjf, f xvf kwzo ë vb bkz

kbpyfcwh jkèykh# Ovzyh ghyhgzfyâwzkgh jfmfcjkjh poy ]kllhw Iohw $8;;=+ ë xvf h yf}kwzhbhkw jfglhyhjhbfczf o phpfl jf moybhjoyh jf opkckço#

O nyhcjf jfwhmko jh yf}kwzh ë phwwhy h kcmoybhîço jf vb bojo wfjvzoy f jfwgoiyky h bfldbhcfkyh jf mhlhy o xvf aè mok jkzo, hlëb jf pykcgkphlbfczf, cço gocmvcjky# “Zojh yf}kwzh wo bfwbo pyfgfkzo jow aoychkw jkèykow# O mvcjhbfczhl ë mhqfy gob xvf h lkcnvhnfb wfamègkl hwwkbklhîço pflo lfkzoy‒ $]KLLHW IOHW, 8;;=, p#7;+#

O aoychlkwbo jf yf}kwzh ftknf bvkzo bhkw jhxvflf xvf fwgyf}f# $]KLLHW IOHW, 8;;=+ Ftkyhgkogâcko, ghphgkjhjf jf zyhcwmoybhy h kcmoybhîço fb vb zftzo pyhqfyowo, ghphqkcmoybhy, f hzë bfwbo fczyfzfy# “Gobo ch lkzfyhzvyh, ë pyfgkwo kcwpkyhîço phyh fwgyfyf}kwzh, wfb pfyjfy jf }kwzh, ë glhyo, o fwzklo aoychlâwzkgo‒ $]KLLHW IOHW, 8;;=,Hwwkb, o zftzo kyè hzyhky o lfkzoy, wfah pflh fboîço ov pflh yhqço#

Poy kwwo wfah wfbpyf oyknkchl# F}kzf moybhw xvf }ogá aè gocdfgf# Pyogvyf vbh hcnvlhîço c

havwzf o zob jh chyyhzk}h ho hwwvczo ov zfbh# F, fb wf zyhzhcjo jf yf}kwzh, wfah wvypyffcjLfbiyf"wf1 zfcwço, gocjfcwhîço f co}kjhjf wço mvcjhbfczhkw phyh wf oizfy moyîh# Aè h glhyfë mvcjhbfczhl hzë vb zftzo myhgo $]KLLHW IOHW, 8;;=, p#==+#

Phyh jfwgoiyky vb fwzklo py÷pyko jf fwgyf}fy, cço ftkwzf yfgfkzh pyoczh, lf}h zfbpo f jfjkgh$]KLLHW IOHW, 8;;=+# O fwzklo ë vbh moybh pfwwohl jf ftpyfwwço, bhw cço cfgfwwhykhkcjk}kjvhl co wfczkjo jo kcjk}âjvo# Ov wfah, ghjh }fâgvlo powwvk vb fwzklo jkmfyfczf, zojow yfpyfwfczhb o fwzklo aoychlâwzkgo#

O xvf nfyhlbfczf ghyhgzfykqh vb fwzklo ë h jfgkwço jf fwgoldfy vb flfbfczo fb }fq jfkcñbfyow ovzyow kcjkwpocâ}fkw# “O fwzklo fwzè }kcgvlhjo ho zfbpo, ho fwphîo, à kczfyp



78

xvf o hvzoy jh àw wvhw ftpfykácgkhw, lfkzvyhw f h zojh wvh yflhîço gob o xvf o gfyg$]KLLHW IOHW, 8;;=, p#77+Cfwwf wfczkjo, zfy fwzklo py÷pyko fb aoychlkwbo ë hwwvbky vbh moybh pfgvlkhy jf lkcn

xvf xvfy jkqfy h dhybockh fczyf o ykzbo, afkzo, fxvklâiyko, lkcnvhnfb, hpyfwfczhîço, wâbioloëzkgh f pfywochlkjhjf# Co ghwo jhw yf}kwzhw, kcjfpfcjfczfbfczf jh chzvyfqh, h yfnyh ëbfwbh# Ghjh }fâgvlo zfb wfv bojo jf wfy, wvh lkcnvhnfb $]KLLHW IOHW, 8;;=+#

:#9 Yf}kwzh t Aoychl jkèyko1 o xvf mhq h jkmfyfcîh?

Yf}kwzh f aoychl wço gkygvcwzhcgkhlbfczf jkmfyfczfw $]KLLHW IOHW, 8;;=+# Wfnvcjo

$900=+, o jf}fy jh yf}kwzh }hk hlëb jf cozkgkhy# “Fwzvjhcjo h dkwz÷ykh jhw yf}kwzhw, cozh fb pykbfkyo lvnhy cço ë }oghîço cozkgkowh jo bfko, bhw wkb h hmkybhîço jf jokghbkcdow ifb f}kjfczfw1 o jh fjvghîço f o jo fczyfzfckbfczo‒ $WGHLQO, 900=, p#87+#

Wghlqo $900=+ ftplkgh xvf hw yf}kwzhw }kfyhb phyh havjhy ch gobplfbfczhîço jh fjvghîço, hpyomvcjhbfczo jf hwwvczow# “Flhw goiyfb mvcîöfw gvlzvyhkw bhkw gobplfthw xvf h wkzyhcwbkwwço jf cozâgkhw# Fczyfzáb, zyhqfb hcèlkwf, yfmlftço, gocgfczyhîço f ftpfykácg

lfkzvyh‒ $WGHLQO, 900=, p#87+#

Jf hgoyjo gob ]kllhw Iohw $8;;=+, o fwzklo aoychlâwzkgo ë mvcjhbfczhjo fb jvhw fwzyvzvyphjyockqhîço f h yhgkochlkqhîço# Aè h yf}kwzh zfb ovzyh bhcfkyh jf wfy# Wfnvf phjyöfwwfykhb kcgobphzâ}fkw gob h }flogkjhjf, jkchbkwbo f phjyockqhîço jo aoychlkwbo jkèyko#

H yfjhîço jf vbh cozâgkh, co aoychlkwbo jkèyko, lf}h fb goczh vbh dkfyhyxvkh jf kbpoyzécgk

f jf hzvhlkjhjf $]KLLHW IOHW, 8;;=+# O moybhzo jo zftzo ë ihwzhczf yhgkochl, ov wfaoyjfchjo cow pykcgâpkow jf }hloy# Oifjfgf h coybhw goc}fcgkochjhw xvf }kwhb hnklkqhypyogfwwo jf pyojvîço zftzvhl#

H kbpyfcwh ivwgh vckjhjf, lfnkiklkjhjf f kjfczkjhjf jo zftzo# Jhâ hw coybhw jf yfjhîço,bvkzhw }fqfw gobpklhjhw fb bhcvhkw jf fwzklo f jf lkcnvhnfb, xvf oykfczhb yfp÷yzfyfw,yfjhzoyfw, yf}kwoyfw, jkhnyhbhjoyfw, hyzf"mkchlkwzhw fzg $]KLLHW IOHW, 8;;=, p#:0+#

Wfnvcjo ]kllhw Iohw $8;;=+, h yf}kwzh cço fwzè zozhlbfczf kbvcf h fwzhw coybhw, poyëb,

zfb bhkw lkifyjhjf jo xvf o aoychl jkèyko# Wvh fwzyvzvyh pfybkzf ovwhy bhkw, pojfc



79

kcglvwk}f vzklkqhy jkzhjow popvlhyfw, myhwfw mfkzhw, zyoghjkldow, f hzë bfwbo nâykgoc}fckfczf# H yf}kwzh ë bhkw kc}fwzknhzk}h, kczfypyfzhzk}h, bfcow oiafzk}h f bhkw gykh

Phyh fwgyf}fy fb yf}kwzh ë pyfgkwo zëgckgh, bhw zhbiëb kcwpkyhîço f gykhzk}kjhjf $]KIOHW, 8;;=+# Poy kwwo cço dè yfnyhw fwzhiflfgkjhw, bhw ftkwzfb ihlkqhjoyfw xvf wfy}fb xvf ow zftzow cço pfyghb fb ykzbo, glhyfqh f gocgkwço, zyáw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw ièwkghw aoychlâwzkgo# “Zojh fwwh lkifyjhjf, co fczhczo, cço jfw}kh o pyomkwwkochl jhw ihlkqhw zëzkghw jo aoychlkwbo, xvf cço pfyjf h mvcîço ièwkgh jf kcmoybhy‒ $]KLLHW IOHW, 8p#806+#

Xvfb zyhihldh fb aoychl, zf}á, yèjko ov kczfycfz zfb vbh bhcfkyh pfgvlkhy jf pfcwhy, fwzègocjkgkochjo phyh yfwpocjfy bhkw yèpkjo how mhzow# H bvjhcîh jf wkczockh f jf ykzbo xjf}f, oiyknhzoykhbfczf, ogoyyfy ch ghifîh jf vb aoychlkwzh xvf, jfpokw jf zyhihldhy cvb aoychl,}hk ihzfy poczo cvbh yf}kwzh cfb wfbpyf ë ÷i}kh ov mègkl jf hwwkbklhy $WGHLQO, 900=, p#

Xvhcjo gobphyhjh ho aoychl jkèyko, ]kllhw Iohw $8;;=+ gkzh Nfyhljkcdo ]kfkyh phyh jkqfy x“Cço ë powwâ}fl mhqfy vb aoychl, pflh pyfwwço jo zfbpo, gob vb zftzo zço yfmkchjo xvhczojf vbh ioh yf}kwzh, bhw cço ë pyfgkwo wfy cfgfwwhykhbfczf zço zowgo gobo ë doaf# Ë pyfwgyf}fy gob flfnécgkh f wkbplkgkjhjf‒ $]kfkyh, 8;;0, p#8=+#

Fbioyh o aoychl cço zfcdh gocjkîöfw jf pyojvqky vb zftzo co câ}fl jh yf}kwzh fb zfybow jfwomkwzkghîço, ]kfkyh $8;;8+ hgyfjkzh xvf wfah powwâ}fl mhqfy vb aoychlkwbo bfldoy joomfyfgkjo cow jkhw hzvhkw#

Phyh ]kllhw Iohw $8;;=+, fwgyf}fy phyh vbh yf}kwzh wfbhchl yfxvfy dhiklkjhjf gob hphlh}yhw# O hvzoy ë fcmèzkgo ho jkqfy xvf fwzh ghphgkjhjf }fb jf jvhw gokwhw ‗ lfy f fwgy

Dè xvfb jknh xvf ë powwâ}fl hpyfcjfy h fwgyf}fy gfyzo, bhw cço h fwgyf}fy ifb, gob fwzklopy÷pyko# U###R Pojf phyfgfy vb glkgdá, bhw o dèikzo jf fwgyf}fy f lfy mhq o aoychlkwzhgobo ‗ jkqfb ‗ mhq o bocnf# Hlëb jo bhkw, dè hlno jf fwgykzoy xvf wf kcwkcvh co aoychlkwzgob iob zftzo $]KLLHW IOHW, 8;;=, p#:4+#

Wghlqo $900=+ jfmfcjf xvf, phyh fwgyf}fy ifb, cço dè wfnyfjo# Bhw zhbiëb cço dèmhgklkjhjfw# Gocgoyjh gob ]kllhw Iohw $8;;=+ ho jkqfy xvf h yfgfkzh ë fwgyf}fy bvkzo f

hkcjh bhkw# “Gocdfgfy ifb h lâcnvh ë kcjkwpfcwè}fl ho aoychlkwzh# Hmkchl, h phlh}yh fwwácgkh, h wvh mfyyhbfczh ièwkgh jf zyhihldo‒ $WGHLQO, 900=, p#6>+#



77

]kllhw Iohw ftplkgh xvf h yf}kwzh zfb xvf yfwpocjfy how poyxváw jo mhzo# “Ow aoychkw jftzyfbhbfczf oiafzk}ow, ivwghb h bfcoy hbiknükjhjf powwâ}fl# Ch yf}kwzh, ho goczyèyko,

zftzo pyfgkwh zfy fgow f yfwwocécgkh# Poy kwwo h gocwzyvîço jhw myhwfw ë bhkw $]KLLHW IOHW, 8;;=, p#48+#

Wfnvcjo Wghlqo $900=+, cço jè phyh kbhnkchy vbh yf}kwzh wfbhchl jf kcmoybhîöfw xvlkbkzf h hpyfwfczhy phyh o lfkzoy vb bfyo yfwvbo jo xvf flf aè }kv f yf}kv jvyhczf h wfbhch“Ë wfbpyf cfgfwwèyko ftployhy co}ow écnvlow, ivwghy cozâgkhw ftglvwk}hw, havwzhy o mhxvklo xvf wf jfwfah whify, f fczfcjfy o lfkzoy jf ghjh pvilkghîço‒ $WGHLQO, 900=, p#:8+#

H yf}kwzh pyfgkwh jf hzyhzk}ow phyh hw jkmfyfcgkhyfb jo aoychlkwbo jkcébkgo f }floq# Ovb jfwwfw fcghczow# H yf}kwzh wf hpyopykh jf hlnvbhw moybhw lkzfyèykhw, f hwwkaoychlkwbo xvf jkhncowzkgh, kc}fwzknh f kczfypyfzh, pokw pfybkzf hgyfwgfczhy hlnvcw h“wviafzk}ow‒1 iflfqh, flfnécgkh, womkwzkghîço, wfcwkiklkjhjf fzg# “Cvbh yf}kwzh wfbkcmoybhîöfw, ë pfymfkzhbfczf powwâ}fl o aoychlkwzh wfy lkzfyèyko# Cço gobo vb mkb fb gobo moybh jf wfy aoychlkwzkghbfczf bhkw ftpyfwwk}o, jo poczo jf }kwzh jh iflfqh f j

gykhzk}kjhjf‒ $]KLLHW IOHW, 8;;=, p# 807+#

Phyh ]kllhw Iohw $8;;=+, h oiafzk}kjhjf lf}ov o aoychl h ftzyfbow jf yhgkochlkqhîço jopyogfwwo jf cozkgkhy# Gob kwwo, hw yf}kwzhw wfbhchkw hghihyhb jfwgoiykcjo phjyöfwxvf hw jkmfyfcgkhb fczyf wk# Poyëb, Wghlqo gdhbh hzfcîço phyh vbh ghyhgzfyâwzkgh, xvpyf}hlfgfy fb xvhlxvfy bfko aoychlâwzkgo# “Pyogvyf wfbpyf h wkbplkgkjhjf gobo yfnyh# Zftwkbplfw wço bhkw mègfkw jf fczfcjfy, hlëb jf bhkw flfnhczfw‒ $WGHLQO, 900=, p#64+#

F hkcjh jfmfcjf o vwo jf yfgvywow }kwvhkw phyh gobplfbfczhy h bhzëykh# “O zftzo, poy bpfymfkzo xvf wfah, wfyè wfbpyf bfldoy gobpyffcjkjo f hzyhfczf xvhcjo hgobphcdhjo jf vbhioh mozonyhmkh ov jf vb kcmonyèmkgo ifb mfkzo‒ $WGHLQO, 900=, p# 64+#

O wfcwhgkochlkwbo ë vbh mfyyhbfczh jf hzyhîço jow zftzow aoychlâwzkgow# ]kllhw Iohwgkzh Wojyë $8;>6+ phyh fwglhyfgfy xvf ow hwwvczow gocwkjfyhjow jf kczfyfwwf, wço fwécnvlow fwpfzhgvlhyfw# Co aoychl jkèyko, o wfcwhgkochlkwbo wf yfmfyf h vb mhzo py÷jhzh jf flhioyhîço jo bfwbo# Aè ch yf}kwzh, h gocwzyvîço jow zftzow wfcwhgkochkw pojf fjkwzhczf jo mhzo xvf h nfyov#



7:

Wfnvcjo ]kllhw Iohw $8;;=+, h lfkzvyh jo aoychl jkèyko wf mhq bvkzhw }fqfw poy cfgfwwkjphyh whzkwmhqfy vb jfwfao kbfjkhzo jf kcmoybhîço# Ho goczyèyko jkwzo, lfy vbh yf}kwzh

vb pyonyhbh#

Zhl}fq o bhkoy pyhqfy ch lfkzvyh jf vbh yf}kwzh wf jf}h fthzhbfczf h fwzh “yvpzvyh‒ gob okbfjkhzkwbo jo aoychl# Hlghcîh"wf vbh gfyzh fwzhiklkjhjf fbogkochl fb yflhîço ho mhzo, pokwpowwâ}fl o lfkzoy pyonyhbhy h doyh jf lfkzvyh ov wkbplfwbfczf jfkthy xvf wvyah vb doyèyko }phyh mhqá"lo, kcjfpfcjfczfbfczf jo xvhcjo# Jhâ h kbpoyzécgkh jf wf }hloykqhy hw cozâgkhw jvbh yf}kwzh wfnvcjo gykzëykow jf hzvhlkjhjf $]KLLHW IOHW, 8;;=, p#49+#

:#7 Bhnhqkcfw1 fwzklow py÷pykow

H yf}kwzh fc}ol}f vbh }hykfjhjf jf fwzklow# O fwzklo bhnhqkcf, poy wvh }fq, zhbiëb nvhyjfwpfgkmkgkjhjfw, ch bfjkjh fb xvf pyhzkgh vb aoychlkwbo jf bhkoy pyomvcjkjhjf# “Bhkkczfypyfzhzk}o f jogvbfczhl jo xvf o aoychl, o yèjko f h Z]5 f cço zço h}hcîhjo f dkwz÷ykgxvhczo o lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb‒ $]KLLHW IOHW, 8;;=, p# ;+#

Ow bhnhqkcfw wço jkyfgkochjow h pñilkgow jkwzkczow# Ov wfah, hzfcjfb h kczfyfwwfw fw

xvf pojfb wfy jfmkckjow poy gykzëykow fgocúbkgow, wogkhkw, polâzkgow f gvlzvyhkw# gob Lhnf, fwzf zkpo jf yf}kwzh “gobpyffcjf vbh }hykfjhjf nyhcjf jf fwzklow f gocwzkzvk, wfjñ}kjh vbh pyèzkgh aoychlâwzkgh jkmfyfcgkhjh‒ $LHNF, 8;49, p#4=+#

Wghlqo ftplkgh xvf h wfnbfczhîço poy hwwvczo f zkpo jf pñilkgo mhq phyzf jh py÷pykh fwwjo }fâgvlo# Bhw h hvzoyh jfmfcjf xvf h yf}kwzh ë o }fâgvlo xvf zhl}fq gocdfîh bfldoy wfvpñilkgo# Whif"wf fthzhbfczf gob xvfb fwzè mhlhcjo# “Ë kwzo1 yf}kwzh zfb mogo co lfkzgocdfgf wfv yowzo, mhlh gob flf jkyfzhbfczf# Zyhzh"o poy }ogá‒ $WGHLQO, 900=, p# 86+#

Gowzvbh"wf glhwwkmkghy hw yf}kwzhw"bhnhqkcfw fb zyáw nyvpow1 klvwzyhjhw, jf kcmofwpfgkhlkqhjhw# Fczyfzhczo, Lhnf $8;49+ hmkybh xvf xvhlxvfy yf}kwzh ë, jf gfyzh mfwpfgkhlkqhjh f xvf h fwpfgkhlkqhîço oyh wf hpyfwfczh zfbèzkgh, oyh wfnvcjo ow pyfwvblfkzoyfw#

Wfnvcjo Lhnf $8;49+, chw yf}kwzhw klvwzyhjhw, h phlh}yh fwgykzh ë gob myfxvácghgobphcdhczf, cfgfwwèykh, poyëb jkwgyfzh, jh ftpowkîço mozonyèmkgh#



76

Xvfb yfhlbfczf pyojvq h bhzëykh ë xvfb wflfgkoch hw mozow# H zëgckgh ë fwwfcgkhlbfchvjko}kwvhl, gobo h jo gkcfbh ov jh Z]# U###R O zftzo gkygvcwzhcgkh hw mozow, cço o gocbhw o wfczkjo jh bfcwhnfb fwzhyè jfzfybkchjo, ov pflo bfcow gkygvcwgykzo, pflh wflfîçomozonyèmkgh $LHNF, 8;49, p#;8+#

Aè cow bhnhqkcfw jf kcmoybhîço nfyhl, h fwzyvzvyh jo zftzo yfgvpfyh h oynhckqhîço jo jkwgfb z÷pkgow myhwhkw f jogvbfczhkw# “U###R zyhzh"wf jf hioyjhy o hwwvczo f o cço o mhpoy goczh jow aoychkw U###R‒ $LHNF, 8;49, p#;8+#

Chw yf}kwzhw fwpfgkhlkqhjhw, h ghzfnoykqhîço jo pñilkgo f jo hwwvczo pyfwkjf h oynhcfwzklâwzkgh# Gocwkjfyhcjo"wf ow fwzklow, hkcjh hâ wfyço yhyhw hw pvilkghîöfw kcklvwzyhjhw, jf kcmoybhîço nfyhl ov fwpfgkhlkqhjhw#

H yf}kwzh cço wf oiyknh h yfnkwzyhy ogoyyácgkhw aoychlkwzkghbfczf cozè}fkw xvf cço wf fcfb wfv hpflo, fb wvh kczfcîço jf lfkzvyh5 pojf hwwvbky glhyhbfczf jkhczf jow mhzow jo bvcjohzkzvjfw gyâzkghw, gobpvcnkjhw, gobo}kjhw, jf jkwzhcgkhbfczo ov fczvwkhwbo $LHNF, 8;p#;8+#

H cozâgkh “cvh f gyvh‒ cvcgh zf}f lvnhy jf jfwzhxvf fb yf}kwzhw $WGHLQO, 900=+# Hwyfpoyzhnfb zoycov"wf h fwwácgkh# Phyh Lhnf $8;49+, gobo fwzklo jf zftzo, h yfpoyzhnfjkmâgkl jf jfmkcky, pokw gobpyffcjf jfwjf h wkbplfw gobplfbfczhîço jf vbh cozâgkh hzë o

fcwhko, ghphq jf yf}flhy goczfñjow jf kczfyfwwf pfybhcfczf# Aè ]kllhw Iohw $8;;=+ gocwkjgobo ioh h yfpoyzhnfb xvf gocwfnvf hpyfwfczhy h cozâgkh fb pyomvcjkjhjf, gob oiafzk}kjhjff phjyço ëzkgo#

Wfnvcjo Lhnf $8;49+, jo poczo jf }kwzh jf pyojvîço, dè zyáw zkpow h gocwkjfyhy# kc}fwzknhzk}h, xvf phyzf jf vb mhzo phyh yf}flhy ovzyow, bhkw ov bfcow ogvlzhjow f, poyjflfw, o pfymkl jf vbh wkzvhîço jf kczfyfwwf aoychlâwzkgo# O zkpo kczfypyfzhîço, fb x

gocavczo jf mhzow ë oiwfy}hjo jh pfywpfgzk}h bfzojol÷nkgh jf vbh jhjh gkácgkh# Hxvk, }hlfbiyhy xvf hw kczfypyfzhîöfw bhkw myfxvfczfw wço wogkol÷nkghw f fgocúbkghw# H jfmkckîço wfykh pyètkw, xvf, phyh flf, ë h yf}flhîço jf zvjo o xvf fc}ol}f o gobpoyzhbfczodvbhco, xvf ivwgh hpyffcjfy h fwwácgkh jo mfcúbfco hplkghcjo zëgckghw lkzfyèykhw gocwzyvîço jf wkzvhîöfw f fpkw÷jkow chyyhjow#

Phyh ]kllhw Iohw, h chyyhîço ë h moybh pyfpocjfyhczf jh yfpoyzhnfb, xvf pyfgkwh jpfywochnfcw, pokw, wfnvcjo o bfwbo, “chyyhy ë goczhy mhzow cow xvhkw kczfy}áb owdvbhcow‒ $]KLLHW IOHW, 8;;=, p#:7+# Jfwzh moybh, ë kbpowwâ}fl goczhy vbh ioh dkwwfb pfywochnfb, hîço f hbikfczf#



7=

]kllhw Iohw $8;;=+ ftplkgh xvf o zkpo chyyhzk}o jh yfpoyzhnfb ë jfzfybkchjo pflh yfjhîço,pflh oyjfchîço jow mhzow# Wf chyyhjh pflo nyhv jf kbpoyzécgkh, oifjfgfcjo h phjyockqhîço jhpkyébkjf kc}fyzkjh, gdhbh"wf “yfpoyzhnfb jf mhzow‒5 wf o yflhzo ë ghphq jf fc}ol}fy aè

pykbfkyhw lkcdhw f nhcdh bo}kbfczo ho oldow jo lfkzoy, fwzh ë h “yfpoyzhnfb jf hîço‒# Ho ë mvcjhbfczhjo fb pfwxvkwhw, gob ow flfbfczow oyjfchjow jf moybh oiafzk}h, gocwkjfyh"w“yfpoyzhnfb jogvbfczhl‒#

O xvf hzyhk phyh h lfkzvyh jf vbh yfpoyzhnfb ë h hifyzvyh# Wfnvcjo ]kllhw Iohw $8;;=+, fpyfgkwh wfy bfcow kcmoybhzk}h f bhkw fc}ol}fczf, co wfczkjo jf zyhqfy flfbfczow xjfwpfyzfb o kczfyfwwf jo lfkzoy# Hw kcmoybhîöfw pykcgkphkw cço záb cfgfwwhykhbfczf

chw pykbfkyhw lkcdhw# Ho goczyèyko jow aoychkw jkèykow, h yf}kwzh cço pyfgkwh wfnvjo lfhj#

H hifyzvyh pojf wfy jfwgykzk}h ov gobfîhy poy vbh jfglhyhîço"gkzhîço5 pojf yfhlîhy hkbhnkchîço jo lfkzoy ov goczhy vbh dkwz÷ykh pfwwoh5 ov hkcjh, wf moy o ghwo, hiyky gob mfkzhw, glkgdáw, mhqfy zyoghjkldow, phyhjotow, hcfjozhw fzg $]KLLHW IOHW, 8;;=, p#:6+#

]kllhw Iohw $8;;=+ hkcjh ftplkgh xvf h hifyzvyh zhl}fq wfah vb jow pykcgkphkw jkmfyfcgkhjo zftzo jo aoychl f jh yf}kwzh#

Poyzhczo, gobo cço dè lfhj gfyzo, zhbiëb cço ftkwzfb yfnyhw phyh o mfgdhbfczo# Bhw ojfwmfgdo zfb xvf omfyfgfy whzkwmhîço# Phyh ]kllhw Iohw, o wfnyfjo fwzè fb jfwg“kbhnfcw‒, gkzhîöfw ov hcfjozhw yflhgkochjhw gob o hwwvczo jh bhzëykh f poy mkb hbhyykjfkh gfczyhl# “U###R o mfgdo bhkw oyknkchl jf}f gokcgkjky gob h fwgoldh jh moybh jf hifyzftzo jf wvh yfpoyzhnfb‒ $]KLLHW IOHW, 8;;=, p#:>+#

H mozonyhmkh ë vb hzyhzk}o moyzfbfczf vzklkqhjo pflhw yf}kwzhw# Wfnvcjo Wghlqo $8jf lfy xvhlxvfy phlh}yh, ë h mozonyhmkh xvf }hk pyfcjá"lo àxvflh pènkch ov cço# H hvzhgyfjkzh xvf zfy iohw mozow ë mvcjhbfczhl#

Flhw jf}fb ftgkzhy, fczyfzfy, wvypyffcjfy, kcmoybhy, gobvckghy kjfkhw ov havjhy olfkzoy h fczfcjfy h bhzëykh# Cvbh ëpogh ghyyfnhjh jf hpflow }kwvhkw, o vwo jhmozonyhmkh zoycov"wf hkcjh bhkw yflf}hczf $]KLLHW IOHW, 900=, p#>0+#

Poyëb, Wghlqo $900=+ gdhbh h hzfcîço phyh o wfv vwo# Wfnvcjo h bfwbh, ë pyfgkwo wpowkgkocè"lhw cow lvnhyfw coiyfw jf ghjh pènkch# “Hmkchl, cço hjkhczh zfy vbh mozo ftg



7>

ch bço f fwpyfbá"lh co pë jh pènkch ov goyzè"lh ch avcîço fczyf jvhw pènkchw jkmfyfczfw$WGHLQO, 900=, p# >0+#

Hw yf}kwzhw wfbhchkw jf kcmoybhîço wço hw xvf bhkw vwhb o mozoaoychlkwbo $WGHLBhw, hlëb jo mozoaoychlkwbo, hw mozow pyojvqkjhw zhbiëb nhcdhyhb fwphîo chw pvilkghîWoiyf zhl zyhihldo, Wghlqo $900=+ ftplkgh xvf dè jokw zkpow jkmfyfczfw1 hw xvf mvcgkocklvwzyhîöfw f hw xvf wço vbh fwpëgkf jf yfpoyzhnfb }kwvhl# “Hw pykbfkyhw, wfbfldhcmozow jf pvilkgkjhjf U###R# Aè h yfpoyzhnfb }kwvhl chwgf jf vbh phvzh, f ë fthzhbfczf o xcobf jkq1 vbh ioh dkwz÷ykh goczhjh poy bfko jf kbhnfcw mozonyèmkghw‒ $WGHLQO, 90>8 f >9+#

Gobo h mozonyhmkh, ow kcmonyèmkgow fwzço co pykbfkyo câ}fl jf lfkzvyh jf xvhlxvkbpyfwwo# Flfw wço gobo hw mozow, h poyzh jf fczyhjh phyh ow zftzow# Ë vbh moybh jf mkcmoybhîöfw jf bhcfkyh bhkw hzyhfczf, poy bfko jf nyèmkgow, zhiflhw, jfwfcdow, bhphw Goczvjo, cvcgh h vwf gobo bfyo fcmfkzf# Flh pojf wfy iflh5 bhw ë, hgkbh jf zvjo, kcmoybhîço}kwvhl $WGHLQO, 900=+# O mhzo ë xvf h mozonyhmkh f h yf}kwzh phyfgfb zfy chwgkjo ovzyh#



7;

xvf fwgyf}fv, f cço o goczyèyko jh wviafzk}kjhjf# Cfwwf wfczkjo, h pfwxvkwh hchlkwhyè hgobo h oiafzk}kjhjf ë ftpowzh co }fâgvlo#

H lkcnvhnfb jh yf}kwzh ë ovzyo mhzoy xvf bfyfgfyè wfy xvfwzkochjo, pokw Wghlqo $jfmfcjf xvf o zftzo jf yf}kwzh powwvk ghyhgzfyâwzkghw py÷pykhw, f, jkmfyfczfbfczf jo ftknf bhkw jhxvflf xvf fwgyf}f# Phyh h hvzoyh, hlëb jf kcmoybhîöfw ftglvwk}hw f ifbyfjknkjhw, o zftzo jf yf}kwzh pyfgkwh jf hlno h bhkw#

Phyh h yfhlkqhîço jh pfwxvkwh, wfyè hchlkwhjo o goczfñjo f h lkcnvhnfb jhYf}kwzh jo Bkchw,

jo pfyâojo fczyf bhyîo f bhko jf 9080# Phyh kwzo, wfyço gykhjhw jk}kwöfw phyh jkyfgkoch

fwzvjo# O kzfb “goczfñjo‒ zfyè hw ghzfnoykhw ‗ Dovwf Oynhcw, Mvcgkochlkjhjf, Kczfyfwwf f

Kbhnfb, gvah pyopowzh ë fwzvjhy hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw xvf moybhzhb fwzh mfyyhbfczh# A“lkcnvhnfb‒ gobpyffcjfyèZftzo, Cozâgkh f Oiafzk}kjhjf, h mkb jf gobpyffcjfy hwpfgvlkhykjhjfw jfwzfw flfbfczow ch gobpowkîço jf vbh yf}kwzh#

Cobfhjo o oiafzo, kyfbow }fykmkghy gobo hw bhzëykhw wço zyhihldhjhw, pykcgkphlbfczf pzyhzhy jf vbh yf}kwzh, aè xvf cfwzf }fâgvlo o zftzo ë bfcow oiafzk}o f bhkw lkzfyèyko# Pyfz

wf zhbiëb xvf fwzf zyhihldo havjf h yfwpocjfy h wfnvkczf xvfwzço1 aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykkbpyfcwh, wobow zojow knvhkw? Hlëb jkwzo, ivwghyfbow }fykmkghy wf o pyomkwwkochlpflo }fâgvlo oiyknhzoykhbfczf jf}f zfy moybhîço fb aoychlkwbo#

6#9 Hpyfwfczhîço jh Yf}kwzh jo Bkchw

O Bkchw Záckw Glvif ë gocwkjfyhjo vbh jhw bhkoyfw kcwzkzvkîöfw wogkojfwpoyzk}hw f g

jo phâw# Mvcjhjo fb 86 jf co}fbiyo jf 8;76, hzvhlbfczf ë moybhjo poy xvhzyo vckjhjfw1Bkchw K, Bkchw KK, Bkchw Govczy{ f o Bkchw Záckw Cèvzkgo Glvif#

H Yf}kwzh jo Bkchw ë vbh pvilkghîço bfcwhl gob zkyhnfb jf 9=#700 ftfbplhyfw# Ëpyojvqkjh pflh Hwwfwwoykh jf Gobvckghîço jo Bkchw Záckw Glvif, woi h gooyjfchîço jaoychlkwzh Glèvjkh Lfhl ]khch ‗ BN 7799 AP# Hw yf}kwzhw wflfgkochjhw goyyfwpocjbfwfw jf bhyîo, hiykl f bhko jo hco jf 9080, ghjh vbh gob o zozhl jf 64 pènkchw#

O }fâgvlo ftkwzf dè gkcgo hcow# H fxvkpf ë moybhjh poy xvhzyo aoychlkwzhw f vbh fwzhnkpyojvzow jh hwwfwwoykh jf kbpyfcwh wço flhioyhjow kczfychbfczf pflh fxvkpf# Wobfc



:0

mozonyhmkh f h kbpyfwwço wço zfygfkykqhjhw# Jkwzykivâjh fb wfîöfw, hw yf}kwzhw zyhcozhw f mozonyhmkhw moghjhw chw hîöfw jo Bkchw Záckw Glvif f jf wfvw hwwogkhjow#wfy vbdovwf oynhc, cozh"wf zhbiëb vb boczhczf jf pvilkgkjhjf jf fbpyfwhw jf }èykow

wfnbfczow, xvf }ço jfwjf gvywow à }fcjh jf hphyzhbfczow#

Hlëb jf pyfwzhy wfy}kîo gobo hwwfwwoykh jf fwpoyzf, jf hgoyjo gob Glèvjkh Lfhl, h hwwfwë o ghchl jf gobvckghîço fczyf o w÷gko f h kbpyfcwh phyh jk}vlnhy kcmoybhîço# “O oiafzkcço ë fcgdfy h iolh jo glvif, f wkb, kcmoybhy‒ $LFHL, 900;+# H hwwfwwoykh zhbiëbyfwpocwè}fl pflo plhcfahbfczo jf f}fczow#

6#9#8 Fjkîço jf bhyîo1 Fwpoyzf t Fwgolh

H ghph jh fjkîço jf bhyîo, c± 6:, zyhq vbh mknvyh gobpowzh poy }èykow oiafzow fwpoyzkgobo yhxvfzf, iolhw jf }úlfk, ihwxvfzf, záckw, ÷gvlow jf chzhîço f vb xvkboco5 woiyfpowzowlk}yow, ghjfycow f ghcfzhw# Pfygfif"wf xvf h kbhnfb wfy}f phyh goczftzvhlkqhy h bhcgdfzfghph, xvf gdhbh h hzfcîço phyh ow fwpoyzfw f ow fwzvjow# O zâzvlo ëFwpoyzf t Fwgolh, iknojf1Hzlfzhw bkchwzfckwzhw bowzyhb gobo ë powwâ}fl wf jhy ifb co fwpoyzf f cow fwzvjow#Phyh fwzh

bhzëykh wço jfjkghjhw gkcgo pènkchw, 90 h 9:# O fjkzoykhl ë hwwkchjo pflo pyfwkjfczkcwzkzvkîço, Wfynko Iyvco Qfgd Gofldo, f fwzè loghlkqhjo ch pènkch ># H fczyf}kwzh ftgjfwzh fjkîço ë gob o pyfwkjfczf jh Mkhz Hbëykgh Lhzkch, Glfjoy}kco Iflkck, xvf zhbiëb ë hbhzëykh jf hifyzvyh#

Mknvyh 8 ‗ Ghph fjkîço jf bhyîo jf 9080Moczf1 Yf}kwzh jo Bkchw



:8

O pfyk÷jkgo goczëb 8: wfîöfw1 Fjkzoykhl, Hjbkckwzyhîço, Bhcvzfcîço f Oiyhw, PhygfykhJowfw jf Whñjf, Ghifîh jf Pyhzh, ]olvczhykhjo, Hnfcjh, Gvywow, Goyyfjoyfw jf Yvh, Lfk jfKcgfczk}o, Gfchw, Cozhw f Bfb÷ykh# Powwvk zhbiëb okzo wfîöfw fwpfgâmkghw

yflhgkochjhw how fwpoyzfw1 }úlfk bhwgvlkco, }úlfk mfbkckco, avjú, ihwxvfzf, nkcèwzzyhbpolkb, nkcèwzkgh hyzâwzkgh, mvzwhl f záckw#

6#9#9 Fjkîço jf hiykl1 Hzyhîço Kczfychgkochl

Fb hiykl, h fjkîço c± 66 zf}f ch ghph h mozo jo ghczoy coyzf"hbfykghco Aodcc{ Yk}fyw#bhcgdfzf1 Hzyhîço Kczfychgkochl5 iknojf1 Mfwzh jhw Bçfw, fb 8± jf bhko, zfyè wdo~

ftglvwk}o jo ghczoy coyzf"hbfykghco Aodcc{ Yk}fyw# H bhzëykh woiyf h yfmfykjh ghphgobpyffcjf hpfchw vbh pènkch $90+, f, jkmfyfczfbfczf jhw jfbhkw, fb xvf h wfîço gdhbh"wfGhph, cfwzh fjkîço fwzè kczkzvlhjh gobo Phlgo Kczfychgkochl#

Mknvyh 9 ‗ Ghph fjkîço jf hiykl jf 9080Moczf1 Yf}kwzh jo Bkchw

O fjkzoykhl fwzè ch pènkch > f ë hwwkchjo pflo pyfwkjfczf, Wfynko Iyvco Qfgd Gofldofczyf}kwzh ë gob o pyfwkjfczf jh Gocmfjfyhîço Iyhwklfkyh jf Mvzwhl, Hëgko jf Ioy]hwgocgflow, wkzvhjh fczyf hw pènkchw 4 f 80# H fjkîço goczëb 8: wfîöfw1 Fjkzoykhl, PJBBhcvzfcîço f Oiyhw, Phygfykhw, Jowfw jf Whñjf, Ghifîh jf Pyhzh, Hnfcjh, Goyyfjoyfw jf yvh,

Glvif jo Bkchw, Lfk jf Kcgfczk}o, Yfgyfhîço f Lhqfy, Gfchw, Cozhw f Bfb÷ykh# Goczh gob



:9

okzo wfîöfw fwpfgâmkghw1 avjú, chzhîço, ihwxvfzf, nkcèwzkgh jf zyhbpolkb, nkcèwzkgh hmvzwhl, }úlfk bhwgvlkco, }úlfk mfbkckco f záckw#

6#9#7 Fjkîço jf bhko1 Zkfzfw Fwpfgkhkw

H mozo jf vbh bçf f wfvw zyáw mkldow fwzhbph h ghph jh fjkîço jo báw jf bhko, c±6=# bhcgdfzf ëZkfzfw fwpfgkhkw,iknojf1Bçfw bkchwzfckwzhw kcgfczk}hb h ghyyfkyh fwpoyzk}h jow

mkldow f mhqfb h jkmfyfcîh chw hyxvkihcghjhw#Hw gkcgo pènkchw, 84 h 99, wço jfjkghjhw hohwwvczo jh ghph# Gobo chw ovzyhw fjkîöfw, o fjkzoykhl fwzè ch pènkch > f ë hwwkchjpyfwkjfczf, Wfynko Iyvco Qfgd Gofldo#

Mknvyh 7 ‗ Ghph fjkîço jf bhko jf 9080Moczf1 Yf}kwzh jo Bkchw

Cfwzh pvilkghîço, h fczyf}kwzh ë gob o ft"wfgyfzèyko ftfgvzk}o jo Bkckwzëyko jo Fwpo^hjwoc Ykifkyo# Jkmfyfczfbfczf jhw ovzyhw pvilkghîöfw, h fjkîço jf bhko hpyfwfczh 8=wfîöfw1 Fjkzoykhl, PJBK, Kc}fwzkbfczow, Bhcvzfcîço f Oiyh, Hjbkckwzyhîço, Jowfw jf WhñGvywow, ]olvczhykhjo, Ghifîh jf Pyhzh, Hnfcjh, Lhqfy, Lfk jf Kcgfczk}o, Fwpfgkhl, GfchwCozhw f Bfb÷ykh# Chw wfîöfw fwpoyzk}hw, goczh gob vbh h bfcow fb gobphyhîço gob hjfbhkw1 chzhîço, avjú, ihwxvfzf, nkcèwzkgh hyzâwzkgh / zyhbpolkb, záckw, }úlfk bhwgvlkco

mfbkckco#



:7

6#7 Hcèlkwf jf goczfñjo

6#7#8 Dovwf Oynhc

Fczfcjf"wf dovwf oynhc gobo vb kcwzyvbfczo jf kcmoybhîço woiyf vbh jfzfybkchjhkcwzkzvkîço# Zyhjvqkcjo, o zfybo wknckmkgh pvilkghîço jh ghwh f zfb gobo pyopowzh, jfwjpykbfkyow hcow jf }kjh, pyobo}fy h gobvckghîço fczyf vbh oynhckqhîço f wfvw pñilkgowPhyzkcjo jfwzf pyfwwvpowzo, ë powwâ}fl kjfczkmkghy chYf}kwzh jo Bkchw flfbfczow xvf hgocmknvyhb gobo vbdovwf oynhc#

O }fâgvlo zyhq o cobf jh oynhckqhîçoYf}kwzh jo Bkchw, mhzoy xvf goczykivk phyh kjfczkmkghy h

fbpyfwh xvf yfpyfwfczh# Dè zhbiëb, fb zojhw hw fjkîöfw, h lonobhygh jh kcwzkzvkîço co lhjwvpfykoy jkyfkzo jh ghph# Cow ftfbplhyfw jow bfwfw jf bhyîo f bhko, h bhcgdfzf zyhq vbcobf py÷pyko jhjo how w÷gkow jo glvif,bkchwzfckwzhw#Pfygfif"wf gob kwzo xvf h yf}kwzhhpyfwfczh gobpocfczfw xvf hpyotkbhb hw hîöfw jo glvif jh py÷pykh }kjh jf wfvw hwwogkhjoOv wfah, cozh"wf vbh zfczhzk}h jf fwzhiflfgfy vb ghchl jf “yflhgkochbfczo‒ gob wfvyfwpfgzk}o pñilkgo#

Fcxvhczo }fâgvlo aoychlâwzkgo, odovwf oynhc jf}f hzfcjfy how pykcgâpkow pykboyjkhkw joaoychlkwbo, gobo h vck}fywhlkjhjf jf hwwvczow, xvf wknckmkgh phvzhy zojhw hw èkcwzkzvkîço# Ch jk}kwço jo goczfñjo poy wfîöfw, ë powwâ}fl jkhncowzkghy h }hykfjhwwvczow xvf o }fâgvlo goczëb# Jkmfyfczfbfczf jo aoychl jkèyko, xvf powwvk fjkzoykhfgocobkh, polâzkgh, gkjhjfw, fczyf ovzyhw, h yf}kwzh powwvk fjkzoykhw py÷pykhw, bhw gzhbiëb yflhgkochjow h zhkw wfnbfczow#

Hwwkb gobo ow }fâgvlow jh nyhcjf kbpyfcwh, owdovwf oynhcw jf}fb zfy pfykojkgkjhjf, ovwfah, pyfgkwhb gkygvlhy fb kczfy}hlow yfnvlhyfw, wfcjo xvf hw yf}kwzhw goczfy fwphîowjf vbh fjkîço phyh h ovzyh# HYf}kwzh jo Bkchw oifjfgf fwzf gykzëyko, pokw ë jf gkygvlhîçobfcwhl, hlëb jf wfy fczyfnvf nyhzvkzhbfczf ch boyhjkh jow w÷gkow f phygfkyow, mhzo goczykivk phyh o hgfwwo jo pñilkgo hl}o# O }fâgvlo kcwzkzvgkochl ë vbh mfyyhbfczh ñzgocwolkjhy h kbhnfb jh goypoyhîço co bfyghjo# O Bkchw, poy wfy vbh kcwzkzvkîwogkojfwpoyzk}h, goczh gob phzyogkchjoyfw phyh wvwzfczhy wvhw fxvkpfw# Jfwzh moybë vbh mfyyhbfczh kcjkwpfcwè}fl phyh pyophnhy vbh ioh kbhnfb#



::

6#7#9 Mvcgkochlkjhjfw

O aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl fwzè h wfy}kîo jh oynhckqhîço f ë vb bfko fmkghq phy

moyzhlfgkbfczo jh kbhnfb goypoyhzk}h, wfah fb yflhîço how mvcgkocèykow, wfah fb mvcîbfyghjo# Cozh"wf fwzf kczfyfwwf chw pykbfkyhw pènkchw jh yf}kwzh poy bfko jo fjkzoyhgoyjo gob Bflo $8;46+, o fjkzoykhl ë o nácfyo aoychlâwzkgo xvf ftpyfwwh h opkckçofbpyfwh jkhczf jow mhzow jo bobfczo# Ë o fwphîo jfjkghjo ho poczo jf }kwzh jh oynhckqhîçoHwwkb gobo cow }fâgvlow jh nyhcjf kbpyfcwh, chYf}kwzh jo Bkchw, o fjkzoykhl fcgoczyh"wffczyf hw pykbfkyhw pènkchw mvcgkochcjo gobo “poyzh"}oq‒ jhw kjfolonkhw kcwzkzvgkoghjh fjkîço flf fwzè loghlkqhjo ch pènkch wfzf#

O fjkzoykhl powwvk hzykivzow fwpfgâmkgow phyh ghyhgzfykqè"lo# Phyh vb jogvbglhwwkmkghjo jfwzf bojo ë pyfgkwo xvf goczfcdh ow hzykivzow jh kbpfwwohlkjhjf, fwgykpfwwoh jo wkcnvlhy ov 8¡ jo plvyhl5 jh zopkghlkjhjf, hwwvczo ifb jflkbkzhjo, gocjfcwhlkjhjfbhkoy ácmhwf chw hmkybhîöfw xvf chw jfbocwzyhîöfw f h mlftkiklkjhjf#

Co fjkzoykhl jo báw jf bhyîo, h hifyzvyh gflfiyh o bobfczo dkwz÷ykgo f jf yfgocdfgkbfczo jo

pojfy pñilkgo à hzvhîço jhw hnyfbkhîöfw gobo pklhyfw jo fwpoyzf chgkochl# Mhlh woiyhpyo}hîço jo Wviwzkzvzk}o 68=4/06 à Lfk Pflë, xvf jfzfybkch h johîço jf yfgvywow phymoybhîço jf hzlfzhw olâbpkgow f phyholâbpkgow, hlëb jf kcglvky ow glvifw co Wkwzfbh Chgjo Fwpoyzf# Wfnvcjo o zftzo, o mhzo hkcjh fwzè fb zyhbkzhîço, bhw aè yfpyfwfczh vbh }kzpokw ow glvifw nhwzhb wfvw py÷pykow yfgvywow phyh moybhyfb hzlfzhw, hlëb jf phnhykbpowzow#

Lono fb wfnvkjh, o fjkzoykhl hpyfwfczh h bhzëykh jf ghph xvf, ch fjkîço, bowzyh h hîço joBkchw co wfczkjo jf fwzkbvlhy ow hzlfzhw h gocgklkhy fwpoyzf f fjvghîço, jhcjo jfwzhxvf pow ftfbplow jf wvgfwwo# Mhlh zhbiëb woiyf h fczyf}kwzh ftglvwk}h gob o pyfwkjfczf jh Myfmoyîhcjo h phygfkyh ftkwzfczf dè 94 hcow fczyf h fbpyfwh f o glvif# Jfpokw, hpyfwfczhf}fczow xvf hgoczfgfyço co jfgoyyfy jo báw f, poy ñlzkbo, hiyf fwphîo phyh mhlhy woiyf ghbpfochzow f phyh h phyzkgkphîço jf bkchwzfckwzhw#



:6

Mknvyh : ‗ Fjkzoykhl jo báw jf bhyîoMoczf1 Yf}kwzh jo Bkchw ‗ fjkîço c± 6: ‗ pènkch >

Ch fjkîço c± 66, yfmfyfczf ho báw jf hiykl, o fjkzoykhl hiyf gob o wdo~ xvf wfyè omfyfgkjo fbgobfboyhîço à mfwzh jo Jkh jhw Bçfw# Cfwzh pvilkghîço, pojf"wf pfygfify xvf,jkmfyfczfbfczf jhw jfbhkw, h bhzëykh jf ghph cço nhcdh o bfwbo cñbfyo jf pènkchw# Bhw,

gobo o hwwvczo ë pfyzkcfczf, pokw wf zyhzh jf vbh hzyhîço kczfychgkochl, o hwwvczo jfwzhxvf, kcglvwk}f ch hifyzvyh jo zftzo fjkzoykhl# Hwwkb, o fjkzoykhl pyowwfnvf kcmoybfbpfcdo jo Bkchw fb hzfcjfy h jfbhcjh jow hwwogkhjow, ho kcwzhlhy, ch Vckjhjf KK jo glvif,vb ghyjèpko fwpfgkhl, xvf kcglvk pyojvzow jf pyfmfyácgkh jow w÷gkow ch lhcgdocfzf Dhiki‛

Fb wfnvkjh, mhlh woiyf hw yfmoybhw zhczo co Bkchw K, xvhczo co Govczy{# Jfpokw, jfwoiyhw jo Gfczyo jf Mhgklkjhjfw f o fcghbkcdhbfczo jo pyoafzo jo Fwphîo Gvlzvyhl jo co}o

pyëjko ho Bkckwzëyko jh Gvlzvyh, phyh hpyo}hîço ch Lfk Yovhcfz, pokw o fwphîo wfyè hifypñilkgo# Jfpokw kcmoybh woiyf hw gobpfzkîöfw fwpoyzk}hw#



:=

Mknvyh 6 ‗ Fjkzoykhl báw jf hiyklMoczf1 Yf}kwzh jo Bkchw ‗ fjkîço c± 66 ‗ pènkch >

Ch fjkîço jf bhko, h fwzyvzvyh jo zftzo ë wfbfldhczf àw jfbhkw# Kckgkh gob h bhzëykh jf ghpxvf, ch fjkîço, mhlh woiyf o hpoko jhw bçfw bkchwzfckwzhw how mkldow hzlfzhw, jfwzhbiëb h mfwzh fb gobfboyhîço ho Jkh jhw Bçfw gob o wdo~ jo ghczoy coyzf"hbfykghcoAodcc{ Yk}fyw# Jfpokw, phyzf phyh h hnfcjh jo báw, poczvhcjo oiyhw f yfmoybhw chw vckj

jo glvif# H mkchlkqhîço jo zftzo bfcgkoch ow fwpoyzfw, gob jfwzhxvf phyh ow ghbpfochzow xvhkw fxvkpfw f hzlfzhw jo glvif kyço gobpfzky#

Mknvyh = ‗ Fjkzoykhl báw jf bhko

Moczf1 Yf}kwzh jo Bkchw ‗ fjkîço c± 6= ‗ pènkch >



:>

Cfwwf wfczkjo, pojf"wf pfygfify xvf, fb ghjh fjkîço, o fjkzoykhl yfwwhlzh hw kckgkhzk}hBkchw Záckw Glvif fb ifcfmâgko jow fwpoyzfw# Hlëb jkwwo, jfwzhgh ow f}fczow xvf hgoczfgfy, poczvh hw pykcgkphkw bhzëykhw jh yf}kwzh f vwh phlh}yhw fc}ol}fczfw, xvf m

gobo vb goc}kzf phyh gocdfgfy h kcwzkzvkîço f lfy o goczfñjo xvf h yf}kwzh omfyfgf#

Jf gfyzh moybh, dè pyfogvphîço fb fchlzfgfy o xvf hgoczfgf jf bfldoy co glvif# Gob zvjo,wfb jfkthy jf wfy kcmoybhzk}o, o zftzo fjkzoykhl oifjfgf àw yfnyhw aoychlâwzkghw, pykbhcjh hzvhlkjhjf f pflo fbpyfno jh pykbfkyh pfwwoh jo plvyhl#

Fb ghjh fjkîço, h yf}kwzh zyhq vbh fczyf}kwzh ftglvwk}h gob vbh pfywochlkjhjf jo bfyghjo#

Cço ë xvhlxvfy pfwwoh# Dè o gvkjhjo fb fwgoldfy kcjk}âjvow xvf zfcdhb hlnvb }âcgvlo gobo glvif, wfah flf jkyfzo ov kcjkyfzo# H fczyf}kwzh gobfîh gob vb zftzo kczyojvz÷yko, co xvhhpyfwfczhjo o pfymkl jo fczyf}kwzhjo f wvh yflhîço gob o Bkchw#

6#7#7 Kczfyfwwf

Gocmoybf jfmfcjkjo poy Lfbow f Nhljkco $9007+, jfw}fcjhy h gvlzvyh jo lvnhy ë

kbpyfwgkcjâ}fl phyh fwgyf}fy vb iob ÷ynço kcwzkzvgkochl# Gocdfgfy ow nowzow, ow pyhq}oczhjfw jo yfgfpzoy, mhgklkzh h hpyotkbhîço fczyf h oynhckqhîço f wfv pñikgo# Cfwwf wfch Yf}kwzh jo Bkchwwfbpyf jfwzhgh hw hîöfw fwpoyzk}hw, zhczo xvf powwvk vb fwphîo yfwfywobfczf phyh bhzëykhw woiyf fwpoyzfw#

H fjkîço c± 6: zyhq okzo bhzëykhw woiyf hw yfwpfgzk}hw bojhlkjhjfw1 }úlfk bhwgvlkco,mfbkckco, avjú, ihwxvfzf, nkcèwzkgh jf zyhbpolkb, nkcèwzkgh hyzâwzkgh, mvzwhl f záckw#

c± 66 hpyfwfczh co}f1 avjú, chzhîço, ihwxvfzf, nkcèwzkgh jf zyhbpolkb, nkcèwzkgh hyzâmvzwhl, }úlfk bhwgvlkco, }úlfk mfbkckco f záckw# F h fjkîço jf c± 6= zfb wfzf1 chzhîço, aihwxvfzf, nkcèwzkgh hyzâwzkgh/zyhbpolkb, záckw, }úlfk bhwgvlkco, }úlfk mfbkckco# Foynhckqhîço omfyfîh ovzyow zkpow jf pyèzkghw, pfygfif"wf xvf o oiafzk}o gfczyhl ë jfwzhfwpoyzk}hw, zhczo xvf hw bhzëykhw gob fwzh hioyjhnfb powwvfb loghlkqhîço jkmfyfcgkhyf}kwzh, gob vbh wfîço fwpfgâmkgh#

Yfno $8;4>+ wvnfyf xvf dhah vb fxvklâiyko co goczfñjo jhw pvilkghîöfw kcwzkzvgkochkwpyopöf xvf hw bhzëykhw mhlfb zhczo jhw hîöfw jh jkyfîço xvhczo jow kczfyfwwfw jow pñilkmkb jf cço nfyhy gocmlkzo fczyf hw phyzfw# Hw wfîöfw Fjkzoykhl, PJBK, Kc}fwzkbfczow, P



:4

Bhcvzfcîço f Oiyhw, Hjbkckwzyhîço f Lfk jf Kcgfczk}o wço fwphîow jfwzkchjow h bhzëykhwkczfyfwwf hjbkckwzyhzk}o, pokw ow zftzow hpyfwfczhb vbh hioyjhnfb jf ghyèzfy nfyfcgkhcfwzf wfczkjo, o kczfyfwwf fb jk}vlnhy o xvf h “flkzf jkyknfczf‒ fwzè mhqfcjo#

Jo bfwbo bojo, hw bhzëykhw jhw wfîöfw Ghifîh jf Pyhzh, Pyoafzo Ao}fb, Jowfw jf Whñjf,Cço Pfygh, Hnfcjh jo Bkchw, Glvif jh Gvlzvyh, Gvywow, Goyyfjoyfw jf Yvh, Glvif jo Bkchwbowzyhb ow f}fczow f hîöfw jf kczfyfwwf jow w÷gkow# Poyëb, cozh"wf xvf hw fjkîöfw cço zhw bfwbhw wfîöfw#

Fb bhyîo, h yf}kwzh zyhq 8: wfîöfw, jhw xvhkw gkcgo wço jf hîöfw hjbkckwzyhzk}hw ‗ Fjk

Hjbkckwzyhîço, Bhcvzfcîço f oiyhw, Phygfykhw, Lfk jf Kcgfczk}o# Wfkw wço jf kczfyfwpñilkgo1 Jowfw jf Whñjf, Ghifîh jf Pyhzh, ]olvczhykhjo, Hnfcjh, Gvywow, Goyyfjoyfw jf Yvh#Hw wfîöfw Gfchw, Cozhw f Bfb÷ykh bowzyhb"wf gobo jf kczfyfwwf nfyhl#

Mknvyh > ‗ Wvbèyko jo báw jf bhyîoMoczf1 Yf}kwzh jo Bkchw fjkîço c±6:

H fjkîço jf hiykl zhbiëb hpyfwfczh 8: wfîöfw, wfcjo gkcgo jf hîöfw hjbkckwzyhzk}hw ‗Fjkzoykhl, PJBK, Bhcvzfcîço f oiyhw, Phygfykhw f Lfk jf Kcgfczk}o# Wfkw jf kbpoyzécgkho w÷gko ‗ Jowfw jf Whñjf, Ghifîh jf Pyhzh, Hnfcjh, Goyyfjoyfw jf Yvh, Glvif jo Bkchw,Yfgyfhîço f Lhqfy#



:;

Mknvyh 4 ‗ Wvbèyko jo báw jf hiyklMoczf1 Yf}kwzh jo Bkchw ‗ fjkîço c± 66

F fb bhko, h yf}kwzh ftgfpgkochlbfczf yfnkwzyh 8= wfîöfw# Wfzf jf hîöfw hjbkckwzyhzk}Fjkzoykhl, PJBK, Kc}fwzkbfczow, Bhcvzfcîço f oiyh, Hjbkckwzyhîço, Lfk jf Kcgfczk}o Fwpfgkhl# Wfkw wfîöfw jf kczfyfwwf jo lfkzoy ‗ Jowfw jf Whñjf, Gvywow, ]olvczhykhjo, Gjf Pyhzh, Hnfcjh f Lhqfy# Jfwzh moybh, pojf"wf pfygfify chYf}kwzh jo Bkchwvbh bojfyhîço

fczyf ow hwwvczow jf kczfyfwwf fczyf hw phyzfw nfyácgkh f pñilkgo#

Mknvyh ; ‗ Wvbèyko jo báw jf bhkoMoczf1 Yf}kwzh jo Bkchw ‗ fjkîço c± 6=



60

6#7#: Kbhnfcw

Jk}fywow hvzoyfw jfmfcjfb xvf h mozonyhmkh ë o gfycf jh yf}kwzh f xvf, wfb flh, o }fâgpfyjfykh o yfxvkczf xvf ldf ë pyopowzo# Wghlqo $8;;=+ hmkybh xvf, ch yf}kwzh, h mozmvcgkoch gobo vb hzyhzk}o phyh h lfkzvyh# ChYf}kwzh jo Bkchw, }fbow xvf h bhkoykh jhwpènkchw zfb pflo bfcow vbh mozonyhmkh# Dè zhbiëb vbh wfîço fwpfgâmkgh ‗ Gfchw ‗ klvwzyh ow f}fczow jo glvif, jfwzhghcjo wfbpyf ow w÷gkow# Ghjh pènkch powwvk gfyghmozow#

Wghlqo $900=+ ftplkgh xvf dè jokw zkpow jkmfyfczfw jf mozonyhmkhw1 hw klvwzyhzkmvcgkochb gobo vbh yfpoyzhnfb }kwvhl# Co ghwo jhYf}kwzh jo Bkchw, pfygfif"wf xvf hwkbhnfcw wobfczf klvwzyhb ow zftzow, pokw h bhkoykh zyhq ow pfywochnfcw jh bhzëykfwphîo woiyf o xvhl h yfmfyácgkh hgoczfgf# Pojf"wf hmkybhy xvf hw mozow wço pyojvqkjhkwwo hw zoych bfyhbfczf klvwzyhzk}hw, mhqfcjo gob xvf cço mvcgkocfb gobo mozoaoychlk

Mknvyh 80 ‗ Wfbpyf Co}o " Bhzëykh jh wfîço Bhcvzfcîço f OiyhwMoczf1 Yf}kwzh jo Bkchw ‗ fjkîço c± 66

Xvhczo ho vwo jf kcmonyèmkgow, pfygfif"wf xvf h mfyyhbfczh ë povgo vzklkqhjh xvgobphyhjo à mozonyhmkh# Flf nhcdh jfwzhxvf ch wfîço Hnfcjh, loghlkqhjh ch phyzf gfczyhlyf}kwzh, ocjf fwzço yfnkwzyhjow zojow ow f}fczow jo báw# Ow bhnhqkcfw wço jkyfgko

pñilkgow jkwzkczow, xvf hzfcjfb h kczfyfwwfw fwpfgâmkgow# Pfygfif"wf xvf hYf}kwzh jo Bkchwë



68

fwpfgkhlkqhjh, gob mogo co bvcjo fwpoyzk}o# H phyzky jkwwo, cozh"wf h yflhîço gob phygh pyoboîço jow hzlfzhw, hîöfw gvlzvyhkw f wogkhkw#6#7#6 Pyoafzo Nyèmkgo

H Yf}kwzh jo Bkchw zfb o moybhzo 90,6 gb t 96,6 gb, zhbhcdo wfbfldhczf, wfcço knvhl, hojhw yf}kwzhw wfbhchkw# Pfygfif"wf xvf hw goyfw vzklkqhjhw chw wfîöfw }hykhb jf vbhphyh ovzyh, bhw hw jh wfîçoFwpoyzfwwço wfbpyf hw bfwbhw# Cozh"wf xvf o zâzvlo jh bhzëykhzfb o cobf jh fxvkpf jfwzhghjo chw goyfw oyknkchkw jh bhygh jo phzyogkchjoy f xvf zojhw fxvkpfw záb o cobf jo Bkchw f o cobf jo phzyogkchjoy# Ov wfah, wf h bhzëykh gdhbh"wPkzènoyhw/Bkchw ch yfzh mkchl jo CII, o cobf jh fxvkpf }kyè fb cfnykzo ch goy lhyhcah, fb

yfmfyácgkh à bhygh Pkzènoyhw# Pfygfif"wf gob kwzo h kczfcîço jf gykhy vbh kjfczkjhjf fczbojhlkjhjf fwpoyzk}h f h bhygh jo phzyogkchjoy#

Pfygfif"wf zhbiëb xvf o cñbfyo jf mozow woiyfpöf o jf kcmonyèmkgow, f xvf hw lfzyhw jo cobjh yf}kwzh wço hw bfwbhw jh lonobhygh jo glvif# Cfwwf wfczkjo, fczfcjf"wf xvf ho vzklkbhkw mozow, fwzhw xvf wço jow w÷gkow f jo hbikfczf jo glvif, dè o kczfyfwwf fb f}kjfcgkgvlzvyh jh kcwzkzvkîço, f, ho bfwbo zfbpo, pyobo}fy hw hîöfw jo glvif# Ho opzhy pflh bfwbh

moczf jh bhygh, cozh"wf o kczfyfwwf fb yfmoyîhy o cobf jh oynhckqhîço#

Wfnvcjo o jkhnyhbhjoy Aoço Ihzkwzh Nocîhl}fw, hw moczfw fwgoldkjhw phyh ow zâzvlowwço yfwpfgzk}hbfczf hdfl}ëzkgh f h jht # “Hdfl}ëzkgh ë vbh moczf jf pfwo gob ioh}kwkiklkjhjf# Aè hjht ë flfnhczf f jf mègkl lfkzvyh‒ $NOCÎHL]FW, 9080+# O jkhnyhbhjoy zhbiëb ftplkgh xvf o fwphîo jfjkghjo how hcñcgkow goyyfwpocjf h 70&, f xvf, wf o zhbhcdomoy yfwpfkzhjo, cço dè kczfymfyácgkh ch jkhnyhbhîço#

H jkhnyhbhîço jhYf}kwzh jo Bkchw ë mfkzh poy xvhzyo pyomkwwkochkw, xvf zhbiëb wyfwpocwè}fkw pflhw pfîhw nyèmkghw jo glvif#

6#7#= Pvilkgkjhjf f Pyophnhcjh

H Yf}kwzh jo Bkchw, hwwkb gobo hw yf}kwzhw jh nyhcjf kbpyfcwh, powwvk vb cñbfywknckmkghzk}o jf hcñcgkow pvilkgkzèykow# Fb zhbhcdow jk}fywow, cozh"wf xvf pyhzkghbhw pènkchw goczáb hcñcgko# O xvf gdhbh h hzfcîço ë o mhzo jow hcvcgkhczfw cço wf



67

6#: Hcèlkwf jh Lkcnvhnfb

6#:#8 Zftzo

O zftzo jh yf}kwzh zfb poy chzvyfqh vb moybhzo jkmfyfcgkhjo# Ho goczyèyko jo aoychl kbpyo }fâgvlo ivwgh vbh pyotkbkjhjf bhkoy gob wfv lfkzoy poy bfko jh lkcnvhnfb# Monf jowpykcgâpkow f yfnyhw xvf yfnfb o mhqfy aoychlâwzkgo jkèyko# Kcglvwk}f, dè vbh jfmfwh jfyf}kwzhw, hw zëgckghw lkzfyèykhw pojfb mh}oyfgfy, f bvkzo, h pyojvîço jf vb iob zftzo#

Cfwwf wfczkjo, pfygfif"wf xvf hYf}kwzh jo Bkchw pyopöf wfy mhbklkhy h wfv pñilkgo# Kwzo ëpfygfpzâ}fl chw bhzëykhw jf ghph, xvhcjo hw yfpoyzhnfcw zyhqfb ow hwwogkhjow, f, zhbiëmvcgkocèykow gobo pfywochnfcw# Dè, kcglvwk}f, zftzow xvf wço hwwkchjow pflow mvcgkocèykow jh kcwzkzvkîço, gobo ë o ghwo jh wfîço Jowfw jf Whñjf# O hyzknoFjvghîço f

Fwpoyzf, wkzvhjo ch pènkch 96 jh fjkîço jf bhyîo, mok fwgykzo poy Bhykh Yfnkch GhphcfbIhdkh, pwkg÷lonh jh Nfyácgkh jf Whñjf jo Bkchw# Co zftzo, h hvzoyh ftplkgh o xvf ë fjvghîçof mhlh woiyf h yfwpocwhiklkjhjf jh mhbâlkh co pyogfwwo fjvghgkochl# Flh hkcjh bowzyh gpyèzkgh fwpoyzk}h pojf hvtklkhy co jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jhw gykhcîhw f jow hjolfwgfczfw#

Ch fjkîço jf hiykl, o zftzo]k}h Bfldoy , wkzvhjo ch pènkch 9:, mhlh woiyf h kbpoyzécgkh, owgvkjhjow f ow ifcfmâgkow jo hlocnhbfczo# Ë hwwkchjo pflh mkwkozfyhpfvzh jh kcwzkGhyolkcf Wkl}fkyh Iollkcn# Aè o zftzoIhcdo jf Whvch, fwgykzo pflo bëjkgo IfdchbZhlfikpovy, yfnkwzyhjo ch pènkch 97 jh fjkîço jf bhko, goczh h dkwz÷ykh jo ihcdo, ftplkgh

mvcgkochbfczo f hpoczh ow ifcfmâgkow f gvkjhjow jh whvch# Cfwwf wfczkjo, cozh"wf pñilkgo kczfyco nhcdh fwphîo chw pvilkghîöfw#



6:

Mknvyh 89 ‗ Ihcdo jf Whvch ‗ Bhzëykh jh wfîço Jowfw jf WhñjfMoczf1 Yf}kwzh jo Bkchw ‗ fjkîço c±6=

H mhbklkhykjhjf xvf h kcwzkzvkîço zfczh fwzhiflfgfy gob ow hwwogkhjow, pojf wfy pfygfikyfpoyzhnfcw jh ghph# H fjkîço jo báw jf bhyîo, poy ftfbplo, zyhq o zâzvloJf bçow jhjhw ‗

Hzlfzhw jo Bkchw wço ftfbplow jf xvf fwpoyzf f fjvghîço pojfb ghbkcdhy avczow# Cflh,cozh"wf kcwzhczhcfhbfczf h hlvwço xvf kyè wf mhqfy ho iob jfwfbpfcdo jow hzlfzhw, f xvf cçowf zyhzh jf xvhlxvfy fwpoyzkwzh, f wkb, jow bkchwzfckwzhw# Gob o zâzvloZkfzfw fwpoyzkwzhw ‗

Bçfw bkchwzfckwzhw kcgfczk}hb h ghyyfkyh fwpoyzk}h jow mkldow f mhqfb h jkmfyfcîh chw

hyxvkihcghjhw, h fjkîço jf bhko bowzyh h kbpoyzécgkh jh mhbâlkh f jfwzhgh mkldow f bçfw xvwço hzlfzhw f hwwogkhjow jo glvif#

H ftfbplo jf ]kllhw Iohw $8;;=+, hxvk wf jfmfcjf xvf h hifyzvyh jh yfpoyzhnfb ë o mhzoy pykcgkphl phyh hzyhky o lfkzoy f xvf, poy kwwo, jf}f wfy bfcow kcmoybhzk}h f bhkw fc}ol}bhzëykhJf bçow jhjhw, o pykbfkyo phyènyhmo chyyh h yozkch jf }kjh jf vb hzlfzh f wvhwjkmkgvljhjfw# Pyowwfnvf jkqfcjo xvf ow fwpoyzkwzhw jo Bkchw yfgfifb hpoko f kcgfczk}owfnvkyfb h ghyyfkyh hghjábkgh# Bowzyh, fb cñbfyow, xvhczow hzlfzhw, fczyf ghlovy}fzfyhcow, fwzço ch mhgvljhjf, f hkcjh jfwzhgh xvf o iob yfcjkbfczo ë pyë"yfxvkwkzo phyh hzlfzhw jf ihwf goczkcvhyfb ch fxvkpf# Gob vbh lkcnvhnfb jf mègkl gobpyffcwço, hyfpoyzhnfb, aè chw pykbfkyhw lkcdhw, kczyojvq hwpfgzow jf kczfyfwwf golfzk}o, gob kcmoybhkw, xvf monfb jh phjyockqhîço aoychlâwzkgh#

Gobo ow aoychlkwzhw jh nyhcjf kbpyfcwh pyogvyhb dkwz÷ykhw xvf kjfczkmkxvfb ow lfkzoynhckqhîço, ow mvcgkocèykow xvfyfb gocdfgfy hw hîöfw jow jfbhkw# Co ghwo jo Bkchw Glvif, o hwwogkhjo zhbiëb mhq phyzf jo pñilkgo kczfyco, f ë flf o pykcgkphl kczfyfwwhjo, zh

xvf ë cozè}fl h pyfogvphîço jhYf}kwzh jo Bkchwfb pyobo}á"lo#



6=

Fb zojhw hw wfîöfw, cozh"wf o kczfyfwwf fb jfwzhghy h mklowomkh jh kcwzkzvkîço# Bhw jhjo àw hîöfw pyobo}kjhw pflh flkzf jkyknfczf ë pfygfpzâ}fl, pykcgkphlbfczf chw cozâgkhwwfîöfw PJBK, Kc}fwzkbfczow, Phygfykhw, Hjbkckwzyhîço f Bhcvzfcîço f Oiyhw, fb xvf h

bhzëykhw mvcgkochb gobo vbh pyfwzhîço jf goczhw#

O xvf jf}f wfy ov cço jk}vlnhjo ë jfmkckjo pflh kcwzkzvkîço# Pfygfif"wf gob kwzo xvcfcdvbh bhzëykh ë gyâzkgh h poczo jf ky goczyh h kjfolonkh goypoyhzk}h# Cozh"wf xvf o ghjozhjo phyh h fwgoldh ihwfkh"wf chw hîöfw powkzk}hw jo Bkchw Záckw Glvif#

Mknvyh 87 ‗ Hgfwwo Vck}fywhl ‗ Bhzëykh jh wfîço HjbkckwzyhîçoMoczf1 Yf}kwzh jo Bkchw ‗ fjkîço c± 6:

H kbpoyzécgkh jo hwwvczo ë o xvf jfzfybkch o zhbhcdo jh cozâgkh# Fb nyhcjf phyzf, hbhzëykhw }áb fb vbh ov bfkh pènkch, pokw gobo mok jkzo hczfykoybfczf dè vb nyhcjf cñbfyo

jf hcñcgkow pvilkgkzèykow# Aè hw bhzëykhw jf ghph wço bhkw ftzfcwhw# Fb gobphyhîço gob h yfpoyzhnfb, o zfbpo jf woiyf}k}ácgkh jh cozâgkh ë bfcoy, pokw zyhzh jfmhzow kbfjkhzow# Fbioyh ch yf}kwzh h gocgfpîço jf cozâgkh nhcdf ovzyo wfczkjo, pfygfif"whw bhzëykhw jhw wfîöfw jf Gvlzvyh, Lhqfy, Ghifîh jf Pyhzh, ]olvczhykhjo f Gvywow záb jhz}hlkjhjf# Fwzhw bhzëykhw mhlhb woiyf ow f}fczow xvf phwwhyhb f kcmoybh woiyf ow xvhgoczfgfyço#



6>

Ch yf}kwzh cço dè vblfhj gfyzo, hw bhzëykhw gobfîhb nfyhlbfczf goczhcjo vbh dkwz÷ykh, wfbyfwpocjfy cfgfwwhykhbfczf hw pfynvczhw zyhjkgkochkw1 xvfb, gobo, ocjf, xvhcjo, poy xvfxvá# Hpfwhy jf cço wfy gobo cow aoychkw jkèykow, hYf}kwzh jo Bkchw zfb vb povgo jfwzf

moybhzo# Mhlh woiyf o hwwvczo fb xvfwzço, jfwzhgh jhzhw, loghkw jhw gobpfzkîöfw f/ov fdoyèykow f hw fxvkpfw#]hlfy jkqfy xvf kwzo cfgfwwhykhbfczf yfwpocjf hw xvfwzöfw jolfhj#

Co aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl, hw bhzëykhw jf}fb zfy vb ghyèzfy bhkw jvyhjovyo, kwzo xvfyxvf ow zftzow jf}fb wfy hzfbpoyhkw f h }hlkjhjf jf}f wfy wvpfykoy à jf vb aoychl jkèyko# Fwfwmoyîo ë cozhjo chw fjkîöfw hchlkwhjhw, pykcgkphlbfczf chw fczyf}kwzhw# Fb bhypvilkghîço zyhq vbh fczyf}kwzh ftglvwk}h gob o pyfwkjfczf jh Mkhz Hbëykgh Lhzkch f MkIyhwkl, Glfjoy}kco Iflkck# Ch goc}fywh, Iflkck mhlh woiyf hw fwzyhzënkhw jh Mkhz phyh

ch lkjfyhcîh jo bfyghjo chgkochl, jfwzhgh h kbpoyzécgkh jhw lfkw jf kcgfczk}o mkwghl f h}ow pyoafzow jfwfc}ol}kjow pflh phygfykh Mkhz/Bkchw# Ch fczyf}kwzh wço mfkzhw jfq wfcjo xvf zyáw wf yfmfyfb jkyfzhbfczf hw hîöfw jh Mkhz, gkcgo zyhzhb jh phygfkyh fcfbpyfwh f o Bkchw f jvhw woiyf h yflhîço fczyf o fczyf}kwzhjo f o bvcjo fwpoyzk}o#

Mknvyh 8: ‗ Fczyf}kwzh gob Glfjoy}kco Iflkck ‗ pyfwkjfczf jh Mkhz Hbëykgh LhzkchMoczf1 Yf}kwzh jo Bkchw ‗ fjkîço c± 6:

Ch fjkîço jo báw jf hiykl, h fczyf}kwzh ë mfkzh gob o pyfwkjfczf jh Gocmfjfyhîço IyhwklfkyhMvzwhl $GIMW+ ‗ Hëgko Ioyih ]hwgocgflow# H fczyf}kwzh zyhq gobo zâzvloO mvzwhl yvbo àw

Olkbpâhjhw # Pfygfif"wf xvf o py÷pyko zâzvlo kjfczkmkgh xvf o zfbh h wfy zyhzhjo cço wf yfmvb hgoczfgkbfczo mhgzvhl, pokw hw py÷tkbhw Olkbpâhjhw hgoczfgfb jhxvk h jokw hcow, ov

wvnfyf"wf xvf h bhzëykh zfcdh pflo bfcow vb hco jf woiyf}k}ácgkh#



64

Mknvyh 86 ‗ Fczyf}kwzh gob Hëgko Ioyih ]hwgocgflow ‗ pyfwkjfczf jh GIMWMoczf1 Yf}kwzh jo Bkchw ‗ fjkîço c±66

H fczyf}kwzh mhlh woiyf h powwkiklkjhjf jf wf kcglvky o mvzwhl, vb fwpoyzf 800& iyhwklaonow olâbpkgow# Hlëb jkwwo, co jfgoyyfy jh goc}fywh, ]hwgocgflow gobfczh h f}olvîço mvzwhl fb wfvw >0 hcow jf ftkwzácgkh, h hzvhîço jh Gocmfjfyhîço f wvh ftpfykácgkh à myfc÷ynço# H flf moyhb jkyfgkochjhw okzo pfynvczhw# Jfwzhw, gkcgo wço woiyf h GIMW f hjo mvzwhl, jvhw woiyf h hzvhîço f h pyèzkgh fwpoyzk}h jf ]hwgocgflow f vbh woiyphyzkgkphîço jo Bkchw cow ghbpfochzow pyobo}kjow pflh Gocmfjfyhîço Iyhwklfkyh jf Mvzw

Fb bhko, h yf}kwzh zyhq h fczyf}kwzh mfkzh gob avkq"moyhco ^hjwoc Chzdhckfl Ykifkyo, flf mhlh woiyf ow h}hcîow oizkjow co wfnbfczo fwpoyzk}o cow ñlzkbow hcow f wfv ozkbkwbh Goph jf 908: f hw Olkbpâhjhw jf 908=# Jfczyf hw xvfwzöfw, xvhzyo zyhzhb jf xvfwzöfwpoyzk}hw, xvhzyo woiyf h pfywochlkjhjf jo fczyf}kwzhjo f vbh woiyf h hzvhîço jo BkcZáckw Glvif#



6;

MMknvyh 8= ‗ Fczyf}kwzh gob ^hjwoc Chzdhckfl Ykifkyo ‗ avkq"moyhcoMoczf1 Yf}kwzh jo Bkchw ‗ fjkîço c±6=

Gobo mok jkzo hczfykoybfczf, ow kcjk}âjvow fczyf}kwzhjow powwvfb vb }âcgvlo gob o b

fwpoyzk}o# F kwzo ë gobpyo}hjo co zftzo kczyojvz÷yko, xvf zyhq vbh fwpëgkf jf bkck"gvyyjh pfywochlkjhjf# Gob ihwf chw pfynvczhw f yfwpowzhw, pfygfif"wf o kczfyfwwf fb bowpfywochlkjhjfw jo bvcjo fwpoyzk}o, kcglvwk}f xvf zfcdh phygfykh ov hlnvbh hîço gocavcgob Bkchw# Ë powwâ}fl kjfczkmkghy xvf hw pfynvczhw, fbioyh hpoczfb hlnvcw jhjow, kczfymfyfb ch jvyhiklkjhjf jh kcmoybhîço# F bhkw h fczyf}kwzh ë jkyfgkochjh gob vb mohzfbpoyhl# Fb zojhw hw fjkîöfw, hw fczyf}kwzhw zk}fyhb o bfwbo cñbfyo jf pènkchw fbfwbh loghlkqhîço ch yf}kwzh#

Lhnf $8;49+ fczfcjf xvf h oiafzk}kjhjf gocwkwzf fb jfwgyf}fy ow mhzow jh bhcfkyh gobohphyfgfb, jh moybh bhkw pyfgkwh powwâ}fl# Poyëb, whif"wf xvf ë kbpowwâ}fl lfy h yfhlwfb kczfypyfzè"lh# Fbioyh wfah vb }fâgvlo kcwzkzvgkochl, }fbow fwzh zfczhzk}h chYf}kwzh jo

Bkchw#Wfb hpflhy phyh o vwo jf hjafzk}ow f ftpyfwwöfw wvpfylhzk}hw, cozh"wf o xvf o kczgfczyhl ë kcmoybhy, bhw, wfbpyf jfwzhghcjo hw hîöfw jh kcwzkzvkîço#

Fczfcjf"wf h oiafzk}kjhjf aoychlâwzkgh gobo vb gocavczo jf coybhw xvf gocjkgkochb oaoychlkwzh h oiwfy}hy h yfhlkjhjf# Wfcjo hwwkb, h yfhlkjhjf fb xvfwzço ë o vck}fbkchwzfckwzh# Ho aoychlkwzh, ghif kczfypyfzhy f gologhy zhl vck}fywo fb f}kjácgkh#



=0

= GOCGLVWÇO

Co bvcjo fgocúbkgo hzvhl, h gobpfzkzk}kjhjf ë, zhl}fq, h pykcgkphl ghyhgzfyâwzkgh xvf jfmhw fbpyfwhw co bfyghjo# Jkhczf jfwzh yfhlkjhjf, wfy yfgocdfgkjo zoych"wf vbh xvfwzço woiyf}k}ácgkh# Opzhy pflo vwo jf yfgvywow gobvckghgkochkw pojf wfy vbh hlzfychzk}hphyh gdfnhy ho pñilkgo kczfcgkochjo#

Fbioyh o aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl cço zfcdh chwgkjo cfgfwwhykhbfczf gob fwzf }këw, doaf, fvbh mfyyhbfczh fmfzk}h chw goypoyhîöfw# Poy bfko jflf, hw fbpyfwhw gocwfnvfb fwzhiflf



=8

vb ghchl jkyfzo gob wfv pñilkgo hl}o# Cfwwf wfczkjo, pojf"wf bfwbo jkqfy, avczo gob hvzoyfgocwhnyhjow, xvf h gobvckghîço kcwzkzvgkochl hiyhcnf zojhw hw mfyyhbfczhw vzklkqhjoynhckqhîço phyh yflhgkochy"wf gob wfvw pñilkgow#

Ho jfgkjky poy fwzh pyèzkgh, fczfcjf"wf xvf o kczfyfwwf jhw oynhckqhîöfw ë jkwwfbkgvlzvyh, h mklowomkh f wvhw hîöfw zhczo phyh ow glkfczfw kczfycow, xvhczo phyh oPoyëb, dè xvfb zyhzf o aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl gobo vb wkbplfw bojo jf jk}vlnhy kcmoybhîöfw wfb wf pyfogvphy gob o wknckmkghjo jo py÷pyko aoychlkwbo#

Poy bfko jh hcèlkwf yfhlkqhjh phyh fwzh pfwxvkwh, mok powwâ}fl gocwzhzhy xvf, hYf}kwzh jo

Bkchw, wço hplkghjow ow gykzëykow ièwkgow xvf coyzfkhb h nyhcjf kbpyfcwh# O gocgfcozâgkh jfmfcjkjo poy Yowh f Gvcdh $8;;;+, hxvk fwzvjhjo, bowzyh xvf o mhzo, phyh cozkgkhjo, jf}f wfy jf kczfyfwwf golfzk}o, ghphq jf gdhbhy h hzfcîço poy xvhlxvfy yhqçWvnfyf"wf xvf jf}h wfy hlno co}o, xvf woiyfpocdh ow hgoczfgkbfczow yozkcfkyow# Bfwgoldh jo xvf jf}fyè wfy ov cço pvilkghjo jfpfcjfyè jh kjfolonkh jo }fâgvlo, wfah flfkcwzkzvgkochl ov cço# Ov wfah, xvfb jfgkjf cço ë cfgfwwhykhbfczf vb pyomkwwkochl, f gvlzvyh jo lvnhy# Fwzf fwmoyîo ë cozhjo chYf}kwzh jo Bkchw, poy zyhqfy hwwvczow yflhgkochjow

how f}fczow, hgoczfgkbfczow jo bvcjo fwpoyzk}o f, zhbiëb, poy gologhy ow hwwogkhfcxvhczo pfywochnfcw chw bhzëykhw#

Phyh xvf wvh ftkwzácgkh mhîh wfczkjo, ow }fâgvlow kcwzkzvgkochkw pyfgkwhb gykhy kjfo yfgfpzoy# Cço ihwzh mhqfy o aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl poy mhqfy, pokw hw kcmoybhîöfw záb xvf gdfnhy h xvfb kczfyfwwh# Lfbow f Nhljkco $9007+ ftplkghb xvf jfwgoiyky h gvlzvyjo lvnhy ë kbpyfwgkcjâ}fl phyh fwgyf}fy vb iob ÷ynço kcwzkzvgkochl# Phyzkcjo jfwzh jfm

pújf"wf pfygfify xvf hYf}kwzh jo Bkchw gvbpyf zhbiëb fwzf oiafzk}o# Hw bhzëykhwjfwpfyzhb h hzfcîço phyh ow f}fczow, hîöfw f hgoczfgkbfczow jf kczfyfwwf jo hwwogkhKcglvwk}f mhqfb kwzo vzklkqhcjo mozonyhmkhw, yfmfyfcjhcjo h kjëkh jf Wghlqo $8;;=+ hxvf, ch yf}kwzh, h mozonyhmkh ë vb hzyhzk}o phyh h lfkzvyh#

Co xvf wf yfmfyf à oiafzk}kjhjf, fczfcjf"wf xvf o aoychlkwzh jf}h fwgyf}fy hxvklo xvf }á, f xvë kbpowwâ}fl zyhcwgyf}fy h yfhlkjhjf wfb kczfypyfzè"lh# Wpocdolq $9007+ ftplkgh xvkczfyfwwfw woiyfpöfb ow gykzëykow f coybhw oiafzk}hw, pfybkzkcjo hwwkb h pyfwwviafzk}kjhjf# Poy kwwo, cozh"wf xvf, chYf}kwzh jo Bkchw, ow mhzow wço hpyfwfczhjow wfnvkcjoo gykzëyko jf kbpoyzécgkh# Aè h kczfypyfzhîço jow hgoczfgkbfczow ë f}kjfcgkhjh poy bfk



=9

hîöfw kcwzkzvgkochkw# Jfwzh moybh, o goczfñjo ë jfzfybkchjo wfnvcjo ow kczfyfwwkcwzkzvkîço#

Poy wf zyhzhy jf vbh yf}kwzh, hwpfgzow pfgvlkhyfw jf}fb wfy oiwfy}hjow# ]kllhw Iohw jfmfcjf xvf phlh}yhw, myhwfw f pfyâojow pojfb nhcdhy wknckmkghjow jkmfyfczfw co }fâgvbhzëykhw jf ghph, h hifyzvyh jow zftzow ë o bobfczo xvf jfbocwzyh fwzh lkifyjhjf, pokw vzklkzfybow kchjbkwwâ}fkw co aoychlkwbo jkèyko# H gocgfpîço jolfhj ch yf}kwzh zhbiëb monf àwyfnyhw, f fwzf hwpfgzo zhbiëb ë cozhjo chw bhzëykhw jf ghph# Co fczhczo, chw bhzëykhwjfbhkw wfîöfw, o moybhzo jh pkyébkjf kc}fyzkjh pyf}hlfgf#

Ovzyh ghyhgzfyâwzkgh hchlkwhjh ë o gocgfkzo jf bhnhqkcf# Lhnf $8;49+ jfmfcjf xvf fwzf fgobpyffcjf vbh }hykfjhjf jf hwwvczow xvf hzfcjf h kczfyfwwfw fwpfgâmkgow# HYf}kwzh jo

Bkchw powwvk jk}fywhw wfîöfw, wfcjo xvf ghjh vbh zyhq vb goczfñjo py÷pyko, gob bhzëykyflhgkochjhw h whñjf, gvlzvyh, dkwz÷ykh, gvywow fczyf ovzyow#

Yfno $8;4>+ hgyfjkzh xvf h yfwpocwhiklkjhjf jo aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl kczfyco jf}h wgyfjkzhjh h vb fwpfgkhlkwzh jh èyfh aoychlâwzkgh# ChYf}kwzh jo Bkchw, h fxvkpf yfwpocwè}fl

pflo }fâgvlo ë gdfmkhjh poy vbh aoychlkwzh# Cozh"wf fwzh kbpoyzécgkh ch fwzyvzvyh f fwjow zftzow, pokw pojf"wf pfygfify xvf zhczo ow gykzëykow jo aoychlkwbo f gobopfgvlkhykjhjfw jo }fâgvlo “yf}kwzh‒ wço oifjfgkjow# Kwzo pyo}h xvf o gocdfgkbfczo jh pyaoychlâwzkgh ë fwwfcgkhl phyh pyojvqky vb }fâgvlo jf gyfjkiklkjhjf# Cfwzh bfwbh lkcdh, B$900:+ jfmfcjf xvf o zyhihldo mfkzo poy hwwfwwoyfw zfb o bfwbo }hloy jh nyhcjf kbpyfcpflo mhzo jhw kcmoybhîöfw wfyfb hpvyhjhw, oynhckqhjhw f }fyâjkghw, zhczo xvhczo hw bjow aoychlkwzhw jh nyhcjf kbpyfcwh# Pfygfif"wf fwzh pyfogvphîço ch fwzyvzvyh jow zftzo

bhcgdfzfw f hzë bfwbo co pyoafzo nyèmkgo jh yf}kwzh hchlkwhjh# Hlëb jkwwo, h cozâgkhbhkoy jh oiafzk}kjhjf zço pyfnhjh ch nyhcjf kbpyfcwh, zhbiëb ë jfgkwk}hbfczf pyhzkghjh coaoychlkwbo goypoyhzk}o, bfwbo zfcjo wfczkjow py÷pykow#

Cfwwf wfczkjo, jfpokw jf pfygoyyfy vb ghbkcdo xvf phwwh poy hvzoyfw yfwpfkzhjow f wf ch hcèlkwf hpvyhjh jf vb oiafzo fwpfgâmkgo f ihwzhczf ghyhgzfyâwzkgo jo zfbh pyopowzh kc}fwzknhîço, h xvfwzço pyopowzh, “aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl t kbpyfcwh, wobow zojow kpújf wfy yfwpocjkjh gob vb “wkb‒# Kwzo, vbh }fq xvf h pyèzkgh oifjfgf how gykzëykowgdhbhjh nyhcjf kbpyfcwh#



=7

Co jfgoyyfy jh hcèlkwf, }kv"wf xvf yfnyhw f mvcîöfw fwzhiflfgkjhw co aoychlkwbo pfgvlkhykjhjfw, bhw xvf, jf mhzo, h pyèzkgh ë h bfwbh# Phyh zyhihldhy gob fwzf zkpoaoychlkwbo, gocwzhzov"wf xvf ë cfgfwwèyko gocdfgfy h chzvyfqh aoychlâwzkgh, hwwkb g

yfnyhw# Ë kbpyfwgkcjâ}fl ho pyomkwwkochl jh èyfh fwgyf}fy goyyfzhbfczf, pokw jo goczgyfjkiklkjhjf fwzhykh wfcjo gologhjh fb ykwgo# Poy kwwo, h kbpoyzécgkh jf wf zfypyomkwwkochl moybhjo fb aoychlkwbo ch fxvkpf jf pyojvîço jf vb }fâgvlo jf gobvckghîçogoypoyhzk}h#

H }fyhgkjhjf jow mhzow ë jfmfcjkjh gobo yfnyh cñbfyo vb jo aoychlkwbo# Co fbpyfwhykhpújf"wf gocwzhzhy xvf zhl pyfgfkzo jf}f woiyfpoy kczfyfwwfw, vbh }fq xvf h pvilkghîço w

jfwzkchjh h vb pñilkgo mhbklkhy, xvf gocdfgf h yfhlkjhjf jh oynhckqhîço# Jfwzh moybh, bhkvb flfbfczo xvf goyyoioyh phyh o “wkb‒ xvf yfwpocjf à xvfwzço kckgkhl pújf wfy cozhjoFcmkb, ë powwâ}fl hmkybhy xvf o aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl fwzè h wfy}kîo jhw oynhckqhîöhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jfwzf bfwbo aoychlkwbo nhcdhb fb wvh pyèzkgh wvzklfqhw# Wvzmhqfb gob xvf fwzh pfwxvkwh cço wf fwnozf hxvk# Poy kwwo, h gocglvwço bhkw jfgkwk}hgdfnh hp÷w fwzf fwzvjo ë jf xvf h xvfwzço wf fcgoczyh hifyzh phyh mvzvyhw jkwgvwwöfw#

YFMFYÁCGKHW IKILKONYÈMKGHW

FYIOLHZO, Bhyko L#Zëgckghw jf gojkmkghîço fb aoychlkwbo1 yfjhîço, ghpzhîço f fjkîçoco aoychl jkèyko# Wço Phvlo1 Èzkgh, 8;;8#

YFNO, Myhcgkwgo Nhvjácgko Zoyxvhzo jo# Gobvckghîço fbpyfwhykhl/ Gobvckghîço

kcwzkzvgkochl ‗ Gocgfkzow, fwzyhzënkhw, wkwzfbhw, fwzyvzvyh, plhcfahbfczo f zëgckghw# WçoPhvlo1 Wvbbvw Fjkzoykhl, 8;4=#



=:

YFNO, Myhcgkwgo Nhvjácgko Zoyxvhzo jo# Aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl1 zfoykh f pyèzkgh# WçoPhvlo1 Wvbbvw Fjkzoykhl, 8;4>#

BOCZFKYO, Nyhîh Hyhcdh# H cozâgkh kcwzkzvgkochl#Kc1 JVHYZF, Aoynf $oyn+#Hwwfwwoykhjf kbpyfcwh f yflhgkochbfczo gob h Bâjkh ‗ Zfoykh f Zëgckgh # Wço Phvlo1 Hzlhw, 9007#

BHMFK, Bhykwzflh#Hwwfwwoykh jf kbpyfcwh ‗ Gobo wf yflhgkochy gob h bâjkh # Wço Phvlo1Goczftzo, 900:#

GHLJHW, Nyhîh# Yflhgkochbfczo hwwfwwoy jf kbpyfcwh / aoychlkwzh1 wobow zojowaoychlkwzhw(Kc1 JVHYZF, Aoynf $oyn+# Hwwfwwoykh jf kbpyfcwh f yflhgkochbfczo gob hbâjkh ‗ Zfoykh f zëgckgh# Wço Phvlo1 Hzlhw, 9007#

WGYOMFYCFEFY, Glfvwh Bhykh Hcjyhjf# Zyhafz÷ykhw zf÷ykgo"gocgfkzvhkw jh GobvckghîçoOynhckqhgkochl#Yf}kwzh Mhbfgow,Poyzo Hlfnyf, }#8, c± 78, p# :>"67, jfq# 900=#

LHNF, Cklwoc# Kjfolonkh f zëgckgh jh cozâgkh# 9¡ fj# Pfzy÷polkw1 ]oqfw, 8;49#

LFBOW, Glèvjkh5 NHVJKO, Yoqhlkh Jfl# Pvilkghîöfw Aoychlâwzkghw Fbpyfwhykhkw# Kc1JVHYZF, Aoynf# Hwwfwwoykh jf kbpyfcwh f yflhgkochbfczo gob h bâjkh5 zfoykh f zëgckgh# 9¡fj# Wço Phvlo1 Hzlhw, 9007# p#96="94:#

WPOCDOLQ, Lkykhb# Oiafzk}kjhjf fb Aoychlkwbo5 vbh pfywpfgzk}h jh zfoykh jogocdfgkbfczo# Yf}kwzh Mhbfgow,Poyzo Hlfnyf, }#8, c± 98, p# 880"890, hno# 9007#

PHLBH, Ahvyáw#Aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl#9¡fj# Poyzo Hlfnyf1 Whnyh JG Lvqqhzzo, 8;;:#

WFYNKO, ]kllhw Iohw#O fwzklo bhnhqkcf1 o zftzo fb yf}kwzh# Wço Phvlo1 Wvbbvw, 8;;=#

YOWH, Aowë Hczúcko5 GVCDH, Zdfyfqh Gykwzkch Nvfyyfkyh jh#Aoychl jf fbpyfwh1 gykhîço,flhioyhîço f hjbkckwzyhîço # Wço Phvlo1 Fjkzoyh WZW, 8;;;#

EVCWGD, Bhynhykjh B# Eyodlkcn#Plhcfahbfczo jf yflhîöfw pñilkghw ch gobvckghîçokczfnyhjh# Wço Phvlo1 Wvbbvw, 9007#

BFLO, Aowë Bhyxvfw jf# Aoychlkwbo Opkchzk}o1 nácfyow opkchzk}ow co aoychlkwbo iyhwklfkyo#Pfzy÷polkw1 ]oqfw, 8;46#

WGHLQO, Bhyâlkh#Aoychlkwbo jf yf}kwzh# 7¡fj# Wço Phvlo1 Goczftzo, 900=#NOCÎHL]FW, Aoço Ihzkwzh#Pyoafzo nyèmkgo jh Yf}kwzh jo Bkchw#Iflo Doykqoczf1 kczfycfz,9080# Fczyf}kwzh gocgfjkjh h Lvhch Iyhnh#

LFHL, Glèvjkh#Hwwfwwoykh jf kbpyfcwh jo Bkchw Záckw Glvif#Iflo Doykqoczf, 900;#Fczyf}kwzh gocgfjkjh h Lvhch Iyhnh#



=6

HCFTOW

Bhzëykh jf ghph fjkîço c± 6:



==



=>



=4



=;



>8

Bhzëykh jf ghph fjkîço c±66



>9

Bhzëykh jf ghph fjkîço c±6=



>7



>6



>=



>>

Fczyf}kwzh yfhlkqhjh co jkh 0: jf co}fbiyo jf 9080 gob Aoço Ihzkwzh Nocîhl}fw ‗ jkhnyhbhjoy jh Yf}kwzh jo Bkchw

Xvhczow pyomkwwkochkw wço yfwpocwè}fkw pflh jkhnyhbhîço?: pyomkwwkochkw, hlëb jh yf}kwzh mhqfbow zojhw hw pfîhw nyèmkghw jo Glvif# H jkwzykivkîço jhw mozonyhmkhw f jow zftzow oifjfgfb hlnvb gykzëyko?oifjfgfb o gykzëyko jo pyoafzo nyèmkgo oyknkchl Pfygfik, xvf hw goyfw jhw wfîöfw, co kcâgko jh yf}kwzh f zhbiëb chw pènkchw cço wçbfwbhw fb zojhw hw yf}kwzhw# Poy xvá?H nfczf }hykh h goy co kcâgko jh yf}kwzh phyh cço mkghy gob h bfwbh ghyh wfbpyf, fthzhbphyh jhy vbh }hykhjh#Aè hw pènkchw jf fwpoyzfw wfnvfb hw goyfw jo phzyogkchjoy# H moczf $lfzyh+ mok fwgoldkjh hlfhzoykhbfczf ov zf}f vb bozk}o?H moczf )jht) mok fwgoldkjh phyh o zftzo goyykjo jh yf}kwzh poy wfy vbh moczf flfnhczfmègkl lfkzvyh, f h moczf )dë}ëzkgh) phyh ow zâzvlow poy wfy vbh moczf gob vb iob pfwo}kwkiklkjhjf# ]k zhbiëb xvf o cobf jh yf}kwzh chw fjkîöfw jf bhyîo f hiykl fwzè ch goy iyhcgh f fb bhkoco hbhyflo, hlnvbh ftplkghîço pyh kwzo?H fwgoldh jh goy cço wfnvf vbh yfnyh, ë h goy xvf }hk jhy bhkw goczyhwzf gob h mozonyhm

ghph## Hw lfzyhw jo cobf ë h bfwbh xvf jh lonobhygh jo glvif?Wkb vwhbow h bfwbh moczf phyh jhy vbh kjfczkjhjf f phyh yfmoyîhy bhkw o cobf jo Glvif## Hw mozonyhmkhw wço jh fxvkpf jh Yf}kwzh ov o wfy}kîo ë zfygfkykqhjo?Zfygfkykqhjo, mkgh bhkw fb goczh zfygfkykqhy xvf bhczfy vb mvcgkocèyko mozonyhmo# Cozh"wf vbh xvhczkjhjf wknckmkghzk}h jf hcñcgkow# Flfw kczfymfyfb ch gocmfgîço jh Yf}kO kjfhl ë xvf ow hcñcgko cvcgh vlzyhphwwf 70& jh èyfh jf yf}kwzh# Oifjfgfcjo fwzxvhczkjhjf cço kczfymfyf ch jkhnyhbhîço Pfygfif"wf o xvf o cñbfyo jf kcmonyèmkgo ë pfxvfco, h bhkoykh jhw bhzëykhw wço klvwzgob mozow# Kwzo ë pyopowkzhl? Poy xvá?Pyfmfykbow vwhy mozow phyh klvwzyhy hw bhzëykhw, w÷ vwhbow kcmonyèmkgo xvhcjo c



>4

Fczyf}kwzh yfhlkqhjh co jkh 88 jf co}fbiyo jf 900; gob Glèvjkh Lfhl ‗ aoychlkwzhyfwpocwè}fl pflh Yf}kwzh jo Bkchw

Xvhcjo mok gykhjh h Hwwfwwoykh jf Gobvckghîço jo Bkchw?Fb 8;4= gob h gocwzyvîço jo Bkchw KK# Co kcâgko fyhb jokw aoychlkwzhw, vb yflhîöfw pñf vb goczhzo pvilkgkzèyko# Pyojvqâhbow vb aoychl gob 8= pènkchw#

F doaf, gobo ë h Hwwfwwoykh?Zfbow xvhzyo aoychlkwzhw f jvhw fwzhnkèykhw# O zyhihldo jf mozonyhmkh f kbzfygfkykqhjo# Mhqfbow o zyhihldo jf hwwfwwoykh jf kbpyfcwh ho fwpoyzf f ho hwwogkhjo

yfwpocwè}fkw pflo wkzf f poy zojh gobvckghîço }kwvhl#

Gobo ë o yflhgkochbfczo gob h kbpyfcwh?Ë ÷zkbh, f kwwo wf jf}f h yfgkpyogkjhjf, h mhgklkjhjf fb zyhcwbkwwço jf kcmoybhîöfw# yfzoyco mkgh mègkl#

Ch wvh opkckço, hwwfwwoy jf kbpyfcwh ë aoychlkwzh?

H nfczf ë zço aoychlkwzh, xvhczo ow aoychlkwzhw xvf zyhihldhb fb ovzyow }fâgvlgobvckghîço# O cowwo yflfhwf cço ë poyxvf xvhczo, poyxvf ocjf, mhqfbow vbh bhzëykgobplfzh# O cowwo oiafzk}o cço ë fcgdfy h iolh jo glvif, f wkb, kcmoybhy#

Xvhkw ow pyojvzow f wfy}kîow xvf hwwfwwoykh jo Bkchw omfyfgf?

Pyojvqkbow h yf}kwzh bfcwhl, Pyfww Ekz

Iolfzkb ‗ Fwpoyzf co Bkchw Doaf

Cf~wlfzzfy1 Hgoczfgf co BkchwAono Yèpkjo

Yflfhwfw ‗ pfywochlkqhjow

Iykcjfw " phzyogkchjoyfw



>;

JORNALISMO EMPRESARIAL X IMPRENSA: SOMOS TODOS IGUAIS? Uma análise sobre o fazer jornalístico...

Documents

Transcript of JORNALISMO EMPRESARIAL X IMPRENSA: SOMOS TODOS IGUAIS? Uma análise sobre o fazer jornalístico...