JORNALISMO INVESTIGATIVO: a construção dos personagens no livro Meninas da Noite - a...

8/7/2019 JORNALISMO INVESTIGATIVO: a construção dos personagens no livro Meninas da Noite - a prostituição das meninas …

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mogo chw xvfwzöfw jf kczfyfwwf pñilkgo#

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xvf w÷ hgoczfgfv hp÷w h jkzhjvyh bklkzhy, fb 8;46, wfnvcjo hmkybh Moyzfw $9006+# Poyëb, phyh

o hvzoy, hzë doaf o aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o, bvkzhw }fqfw, cço ë mfkzo jf moybh hjfxvhjh# Cço

wço zojow ow pyomkwwkochkw jf kbpyfcwh xvf wço ghphqfw jf yfhlkqhy fwwf zkpo jf zyhihldo, pokwjfbhcjh zfbpo, jkwpowkîço f kczfyfwwf# Hlëb jkwwo, zhbiëb cço wço zojow ow }fâgvlow xvf

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wvh yfhlkqhîço# Jhjo fwzf gfcèyko, vbh jhw opîöfw phyh jfwfc}ol}fy fwzf zkpo jf zyhihldo

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ghbpo, gobo jf}fykh wfy# Jfwwh moybh, ë kbpoyzhczf xvf o pyomkwwkochl whkih gobo ë

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zëgckghw jf hpvyhîço bhkw vzklkqhjhw#

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lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb pojf gobpoy vb zyhihldo bvkzo bhkw hpyomvcjhjo f ykgo fb dkwz÷ykhw f

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xvf poy zfy h lkifyjhjf jf cço jkwgvzky hpfchw o mhgzvhl, flf hvtklkh hw pfwwohw h fczfcjfyfb o

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bfckchw fwgyh}hw co Iyhwkl, fwgykzo fb 8;;9, pflo aoychlkwzh Nklifyzo Jkbfcwzfkc, ivwghcjo

bowzyhy gobo mok yfhlkqhjh h gocwzyvîço jhw pfywochnfcw co lk}yo f jf xvf bfkow f zëgckghw o

hvzoy wf hpojfyov phyh mhqá"lo# Hlëb jkwwo, o zyhihldo pyogvyh pfygfify xvhkw ow yfgvywow jo

aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o f jo lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb moyhb fbpyfnhjow#

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jf jfzhldfw, jfwgykîöfw f jhjow xvf gobpyo}hb xvf zojhw hxvflhw dkwz÷ykhw yfzyhzhjhw jf

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gobpyffcjfy o bojvw opfyhcjk jo hvzoy#

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fwzh gocwkjfyhjh gobo kcâgko jo nácfyo aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o co phâw, xvf wfnvcjo Moyzfw

$9006+, gobfîov h ogoyyfy fb 8;46, poyëb w÷ mok bfldoy oynhckqhjo fb 8;;9# Kwwo mhq gob

xvf wfahb moycfgkjhw ihwfw phyh o fczfcjkbfczo jf gobo mok h kczyojvîço jfwwf zkpo jfaoychlkwbo co Iyhwkl#

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xvfwzöfw pyopowzhw#



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jk}vlnhîço jf kcmoybhîöfw jf hgoyjo gob o kczfyfwwf pñilkgo# Poy kwwo, o aoychlkwbo zfb

gobo vbh jf wvhw mvcîöfw wogkhkw mkwghlkqhy ow pojfyfw pñilkgow f ftplkgkzhy o xvf wf zfczh

ogvlzhy jh wogkfjhjf# Hwwkb, o aoychlkwzh jf}f ivwghy bowzyhy zojhw hw mhgfw jh }fyjhjf woiyf

vb jfzfybkchjo mhzo, wfvw hczfgfjfczfw f wvhw gocwfxvácgkhw, bfwbo xvf kwwo kbplkxvf

pyfavjkghy hlno xvf wfah jf wkbphzkh jo yfp÷yzfy, gobo vb phyzkjo polâzkgo ov vb zkbf jf

mvzfiol, poy ftfbplo# O jf}fy jo aoychlkwbo ë wfbpyf gob h wogkfjhjf# Flf zfb phyh gob flhh oiyknhîço jf moyzhlfgfy h wvh gkjhjhckh, jk}vlnhy o xvf pojf havjè"lh f jfcvcgkhy o xvf pojf

pyfavjkgè"lh# H ivwgh pflh zyhcwphyácgkh ë vbh mvcîço wogkhl kbpoyzhczf f ë jhâ xvf hj}ëb h

lfnkzkbkjhjf jfwwf omâgko, cço w÷ phyh h jfbogyhgkh#

O Aoychlkwbo ë gobpowzo poy }èykhw èyfhw, ghzfnoykhw f nácfyow# O aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o ë

vb jflfw8# Poyëb, hlnvcw hvzoyfw jk}fynfb woiyf fwzh jfmkckîço# Hxvflfw xvf wço goczyèykow

gocwkjfyhb h ftpyfwwço vb plfochwbo aè xvf zojh yfpoyzhnfb, pyfwwvpöf"wf, ë myvzo jf vbh

hpvyhîço, jf vbh gdfghnfb jf mhzow# Aè ow xvf wço mh}oyè}fkw hgyfjkzhb xvf zojo o zyhihldo

aoychlâwzkgo jf}fykh wfy, wkb, hpokhjo fb vbh kc}fwzknhîço# Bhw, cço ë o xvf hgoczfgf fb

hlnvcw ghwow, woiyfzvjo, xvhcjo aoychlkwzhw yfgfifb ow yflfhwfw jow hwwfwwoyfw jf kbpyfcwh aè

pyoczow f w÷ zfb o zyhihldo jf jk}vlnhy hw kcmoybhîöfw# Jfwwh moybh, co ghwo jfwwfw hvzoyfw,

o aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o ë hxvflf xvf lf}h vb bhkoy zfbpo phyh wfy yfhlkqhjo, xvf cço womyf

gob h pyfwwço jo mfgdhbfczo f xvf ivwgh wfbpyf h }fyjhjf jow mhzow#

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poczo jf }kwzh, Eozwgdo hpvj LOPFW F PYOFCÎH $9007+ hmkybh xvf o mhqfy aoychlâwzkgo

jf}fyè zyhqfy à zoch hxvklo xvf ckcnvëb whif hkcjh# W÷ xvf phyh kwwo ogoyyfy, ë cfgfwwèyko o

yfp÷yzfy whky àw yvhw, golfzhy jhjow, ivwghy kcmoybhîöfw# Ë o xvf hgoczfgf, poy ftfbplo, co

lk}yo Yozh == 9, fwgykzo poy Ghgo Ihygfllow, fb xvf o yfp÷yzfy, phyh jfwgoiyky h }fyjhjf woiyf

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; vbh vckjhjf jhw yocjhw Owzfcwk}hw Zoikhw jf Hnvkhy $h Yozh+, xvf moybh}h o fwxvhjyço jh

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fwzh}h bhzhcjo ihcjkjow, bhw wkb nyvpow jf ao}fcw jh glhwwf bëjkh jh gkjhjf# Hwwkb,

Ihygfllow bowzyh vbh polâgkh goyyvpzh f yf}flh h }fyjhjf phyh h wogkfjhjf, f cço h }fywço

omkgkhl#

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yfp÷yzfy gocwfnvf zyhcwkzhy poy }èykhw èyfhw jo gocdfgkbfczo, zhkw gobo hnykgvlzvyh, fwpoyzf,

gkácgkh fzg# Hwwkb, poy fwzhy fb vb hbikfczf pyk}klfnkhjo flf jf}f kc}fwzknhy wfbpyf#

Fwzh pyèzkgh fwzè }kcgvlhjh ho oldhy jo yfp÷yzfy woiyf o bvcjo, wfvw hwpfgzow, ghyhgzfyâwzkghw,

pfywochnfcw f wkzvhîöfw# Ioi Mfychcjfw,hpvj LOPFW F PYOFCÎH $9007+, ho jkwgoyyfy

woiyf ow hwpfgzow xvf h ghyhgzfykqhb, hmkybh xvf cço wço zojow ow yfp÷yzfyfw xvf ftfygfb jf

mhzo o aoychlkwbo# Cow jkhw jf doaf, nyhcjf phyzf jow aoychlkwzhw cço gocwfnvf bhkw pfygfify o

co}o, o jkmfyfczf, f ë jhâ xvf hj}ëb h kbpoyzécgkh jo oldhy# Wobfczf hxvflfw xvf záb o oldhy

jkmfyfcgkhjo gocwfnvfb ghpzhy h co}kjhjf $MFYCHCJFW hpvj LOPFW F PYOFCÎH,

9007+# Wfnvcjo ]hlfczf, hpvj WFXVFKYH $9006+, o kjfhl ë wfbpyf wf pyogvyhy mhqfy vbaoychlkwbo xvf cço wf goczfczf gob hw }fywöfw jhw moczfw omkgkhkw, xvf goyyh hzyèw f ivwxvf

wfbpyf h }fyjhjf jow mhzow#

Zojo zyhihldo aoychlâwzkgo jf}f wfy myvzo jf vbh kc}fwzknhîço, o xvf pyfwwvpöf jkqfy xvf zojo

aoychlkwbo ë kc}fwzknhzk}o $PFYFKYH hpvj LOPFW F PYOFCÎH, 9007+# Phyh Pfyfkyhhpvj

LOPFW F PYOFCÎH, h kc}fwzknhîço lf}h ow aoychlkwzhw h hgvbvlhy gocdfgkbfczow

wvmkgkfczfw phyh whify jkmfyfcgkhy o yflf}hczf jhxvklo xvf ë gobvb, wfcjo fwzf o wfnyfjo joiob aoychlkwbo# Hkcjh wfnvcjo ho hvzoy, o zyhihldo kc}fwzknhzk}o wknckmkgh hzykivky vbh

}fyjhjf bhkoy h vb mhzo o xvf hghih yfoynhckqhcjo h kczfypyfzhîço jhw pfwwohw woiyf flf# Poy

kwwo, jf hgoyjo gob Wovqh, hpvj LOPFW F PYOFCÎH $9007+, hzyh}ëw jo aoychlkwbo

kc}fwzknhzk}o ë powwâ}fl jfwfc}ol}fy vbh yfpoyzhnfb xvf powwh zfy phwwhjo fb hlnvb

bobfczo jfwpfygfikjh#



80 Hlnvcw hvzoyfw, poyëb, jkwgoyjhb jh ftkwzácgkh jf vb aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o gobo pyèzkgh

jkmfyfcgkhjh# Hlfnhb xvf zojh yfpoyzhnfb jf}f wfy pyfgfjkjh jf vbh hpvyhîço jfzhldhjh o

xvf ldf gocmfyf ghyèzfy kc}fwzknhzk}o# Hyift, hpvj LOPFW F PYOFCÎH $9007+, fczfcjf xvf

o nácfyo aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o cço jf}fykh ftkwzky, pokw zojo o zyhihldo aoychlâwzkgo jf}f

wfy mfkzo ihwfhjo fb vbh kc}fwzknhîço# Phyh flf, fwwh jk}kwço ë myvzo jh kcjñwzykh gvlzvyhl, vbh

}fq xvf o aoychlkwbo mfkzo wfb hpvyhîço, pfwxvkwh f gdfghnfb cço pojf wfy gocwkjfyhjo

gobo wfcjo aoychlkwbo# Fb gocgoyjécgkh h flf, zhbiëb Mfychcjfw, hpvj LOPFW F

PYOFCÎH $9007+, cço hgfkzh o zfybo# Wfnvcjo flf, zojo aoychlkwbo ë kc}fwzknhzk}o, h

jkmfyfcîh ë phyh xvf wfy}f fwwh kc}fwzknhîço# Bfwbo chw yf}kwzhw jf momoghw f gflfiykjhjfw ë

cfgfwwèykh vbh hpvyhîço# Aoychlkwbo ë aoychlkwbo kcjfpfcjfczfbfczf jo loghl ocjf wfyè

pvilkghjo f, poy kwwo, ë pyfgkwo gdfghy, pfwxvkwhy, gobphyhy }fywöfw fzg# Ghwo kwwo cço ogoyyh,cço pojf wfy gdhbhjo aoychlkwbo#

Yojyknvfw, hpvj LOPFW F PYOFCÎH $9007+, gocwkjfyh o nácfyo aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o

vb plfochwbo, poyëb flf fczfcjf xvf o zfybo ë vwhjo phyh yfpoyzhnfcw xvf cfgfwwkzhb jf

vb fwmoyîo bhkoy jo yfp÷yzfy, ov wfah, ë hxvflh fb xvf ë kbpoyzhczf mhqfy }èykhw fczyf}kwzhw,

}khnfcw, lfkzvyhw, jfczyf ovzyhw gokwhw#

Jh bfwbh moybh xvf Yojyknvfw, Moyzfw $9006+ hgyfjkzh xvf o omâgko jf flhioyhy yfpoyzhnfcw

co aoychlkwbo jkzo goc}fcgkochl f co kc}fwzknhzk}o ë wkbklhy, poyëb, phyh flf, dè jkwzkcîöfw#

Moyzfw $9006+ fcvbfyh hw gkygvcwzécgkhw bhkw gobplfthw jow mhzow xvf o fc}ol}fb, h

ftzfcwço cozkgkowh f o zfbpo jf jvyhîço phyh mhqá"lh, xvf coybhlbfczf ë bhkoy xvf hw ovzyhw

bhzëykhw f yfpoyzhnfcw# Jfwwh moybh, o hvzoy ghyhgzfykqh o aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o gobo

wfcjo hlno bhkw gobplfto, zyhihldowo f pfyknowo, cço wf hwwfbfldhcjo gob h yozkch chzvyhl

jhw yfjhîöfw, hlëb jf ftknky zhlfczo, zfbpo, jkcdfkyo, phgkácgkh f woyzf#

O aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o phyzf jf vb myhnbfczo jf vbh kcmoybhîço hzë zfczhy gdfnhy h wvh

zozhlkjhjf# F ë fwwh ivwgh pflh }fyjhjf xvf o jkmfyfcgkh jow ovzyow zkpow jf aoychlkwbo $MOC

hpvj LOPFW F PYOFCÎH, 9007+# Jfwwh moybh, h yfpoyzhnfb kc}fwzknhzk}h w÷ ë yfhlkqhjh wf

o aoychlkwzh whk à myfczf jh kc}fwzknhîço jhw ovzyhw kcwzkzvkîöfw ov xvhcjo yfhlkqh vbh

hpvyhîço phyhlflh h fwzhw# Poy ovzyo lhjo, cço wf pojf mhlhy fb aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o

xvhcjo o yfp÷yzfy yfgfif ow jhjow aè gobpklhjow, yfphwwhjow pflhw kcwzkzvkîöfw pñilkghw f

pyk}hjhw, gobplfbfczh"ow gob fczyf}kwzhw f ow pvilkgh#



88 Wfnvcjo Zfktfkyh, hpvj LOPFW F PYOFCÎH $9007+, h kc}fwzknhîço ë vb jkmfyfcgkhl jo

aoychlkwbo phyh mvnky jh bfwbkgf# Fwwf nácfyo aoychlâwzkgo, ihwfhjo fb mhzow gocgyfzow, ivwgh

zyhqfy ho pñilkgo hlno xvf wf fwzè zfczhcjo fwgocjfy# Wobhjo h kwwo, Goczk, hpvj LOPFW F

PYOFCÎH $9007+, hmkybh xvf o aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o wf yfmfyf àxvflfw mhzow xvf cço

hgoczfgfb zojow ow jkhw, xvf cço wço jk}vlnhjow# Ovzyo jkmfyfcgkhl hzykivâjo ho aoychlkwbo

kc}fwzknhzk}o ë o jf cço wf lkbkzhy hpfchw ho mhgzvhl, bhw wkb wvh ivwgh phyh jfcvcgkhy mhzow

xvf pyfavjkghb h wogkfjhjf $WFXVFKYH, 9006+#

O aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o jfboyov vb iob zfbpo phyh wf jfwfc}ol}fy co Iyhwkl, o xvf w÷

hgoczfgfv hp÷w h jkzhjvyh bklkzhy, fb 8;46# Hwwkb, jf hgoyjo gob Moyzfw $9006+, mok wobfczf

ch fyh Golloy xvf ow bëzojow jf kc}fwzknhîço moyhb bfldoy oynhckqhjow jfczyo jhw yfjhîöfw#O hvzoy hzykivk fwwf mhzo how }èykow fwgécjhlow xvf ogoyyfyhb jvyhczf h nfwzço jo pyfwkjfczf

Golloy, “xvf mkqfyhb gob xvf phwwhwwf h ogoyyfy vbh wfjf jf kc}fwzknhîço ch kbpyfcwh‒

$MOYZFW, 9006, pn# 0;+# Poy kwwo, Moyzfw $9006+ gocwkjfyh o kbpfhgdbfcz jf Golloy o bhygo

qfyo jo aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o co Iyhwkl#

O aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o zfb vb phpfl }kzhl co jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jhw wogkfjhjfw, pokw à

bfjkjh xvf hw yflhîöfw polâzkghw, fgocúbkghw f wogkhkw wf kczfcwkmkghb f wf zoychb bhkwgobplfthw ë cfgfwwèyko o fczfcjkbfczo jhxvklo xvf cço fwzè ftplkghjo $JHCZHW hpvj

LOPFW F PYOFCÎH, 9007+# O aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o powwkiklkzh o gocdfgkbfczo jf mhzow

xvf wf fwzè xvfyfcjo fwgocjfy jh opkckço pñilkgh# Cfwzf goczftzo, h hpvyhîço }hk hlëb jh

jfcñcgkh pvyh f wkbplfw5 ë pyfgkwo goyyfy hzyèw, gdfghy h mvcjo o hwwvczo zyhzhjo $JHCZHW

hpvj LOPFW F PYOFCÎH, 9007+#

Jf hgoyjo gob Wovqh, hpvj LOPFW F PYOFCÎH $9007+, f Zfktfkyh, hpvj LOPFW FPYOFCÎH $9007+, o aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o wfbpyf }hk wfy cfgfwwèyko, cço kbpoyzh o

yfnkbf polâzkgo }k}kjo pflo phâw, pokw kcjfpfcjfczfbfczf jo zkpo jf No}fyco wfbpyf dh}fyè h

zfczhzk}h jf wf fwgocjfy hlno, vbh }fq xvf o wfy dvbhco ë pyopfcwo h fyyow f fwzè wvafkzo h

goyyvpîço# Bflo, hpvj LOPFW F PYOFCÎH $9007+, zhbiëb hgyfjkzh ch kbpoyzécgkh jo

aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o phyh h wogkfjhjf# Phyh o hvzoy, h kc}fwzknhîço zfb gobo jf}fy

kcmoybhy, ivwghcjo gob kwwo gobihzfy h dkpogykwkh jo no}fyco f jh wogkfjhjf#

Ihygfllow, Wovqh f ^hhge $hpvj LOPFW F PYOFCÎH, 9007+ gocgoyjhb xvf, jf}kjo h wvh

kbpoyzécgkh phyh h wogkfjhjf, o aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o pojf f jf}f wfy pyhzkghjo fb zojow



89 ow bfkow jf gobvckghîço1 yèjko, Z], aoychl, yf}kwzh, jfwjf xvf dhah plhcfahbfczo f xvf wf

yfwpfkzfb hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw f ow yfgvywow ftkwzfczfw fb ghjh bfko#

9#9 Ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o

O aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o, hwwkb gobo zojow ow nácfyow aoychlâwzkgow, powwvk ghyhgzfyâwzkghw

py÷pykhw, xvf o jkmfyfcgkh jow jfbhkw# Fczyf fwwhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw fwzço h ivwgh jh }fyjhjf

woiyf hxvklo xvf wf pyogvyh fwgocjfy f h avcîço jf myhnbfczow jh yfhlkjhjf hzë xvf wfah

powwâ}fl fwzhiflfgfy vbh gocftço fczyf flfw#

Jfwwh moybh, o aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o mhq jo kczfyfwwf pñilkgo o wfv oiafzk}o pyhzkghcjo,gob kwwo, o }fyjhjfkyo phpfl xvf h kbpyfcwh zfb ch wogkfjhjf, xvf ë o jf jfcvcgkhy o xvf

fwzè ogvlzo# “Ho jfcvcgkhy h goyyvpîço, hw myhvjfw pñilkghw f zojh moybh jf hzk}kjhjf klfnhl

ov h bè gocjvzh fb nfyhl jo pojfy, h kbpyfcwh wf ovzoynh h yfwpocwhiklkjhjf jf wfy}ky jf

myfko how pojfyfw pñilkgow‒ $LOPFW, 9007, p# 86+#

Hwwkb gobo Lopfw, Moc, hpvj LOPFW F PYOFCÎH $9007+, hgyfjkzh co jf}fy jo aoychlkwbo

kc}fwzknhzk}o fb mkwghlkqhy o Fwzhjo# Phyh flf, wf o Fwzhjo cço gvbpyf gob wvhw oiyknhîöfw, oaoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o jf}f ivwghy ow fwglhyfgkbfczow phyh zhl mhzo f lf}hy ho gocdfgkbfczo

jh popvlhîço#

Wfnvcjo Lopfw $9007+, o aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o zfb gobo ghyhgzfyâwzkgh ièwkgh h

kcjfpfcjácgkh jh pyfwwço wogkhl# Flf cço zfb zfbpo jf mfgdhbfczo, cço pyfgkwh wfnvky h phvzh

jo aoychl ov wfy mfkzo woiyf hlnvb mhzo xvf fwzè fb hlzh co bobfczo# Hlëb jkwwo, o

aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o cço pyogvyh }kcnhcîh pfwwohl f cfb ivwgh h }fcjhnfb jf vb bhkoycñbfyo jf ftfbplhyfw# Wobh"wf h kwwo, hkcjh, o mhzo jf xvf h pyfgkwço f h fthzkjço wço jokw

jow pklhyfw pykcgkphkw jfwwf zkpo jf aoychlkwbo#

Ovzyh ghyhgzfyâwzkgh gkzhjh poy Lopfw $9007+ gobo wfcjo phyzf jo aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o ë h

nyhcjf xvhczkjhjf jf mhzow chyyhjow, o xvf pfybkzf xvf o py÷pyko lfkzoy zkyf wvhw gocglvwöfw#

H glhyfqh f o yknoy wço mvcjhbfczhkw cfwzf zkpo jf yfpoyzhnfb woi pfch jf nfyhy

hbiknvkjhjfw f, gobo gocwfxüácgkh, pyogfwwow goczyh o aoychlkwzh poy kcañykh ov jkmhbhîço,

Phyh o hvzoy, zojh phlh}yh fwgykzh jf}f wfy gobpyffcjkjh mhgklbfczf, cço wço pfybkzkjow

kcwvlzow f jf}f"wf zobhy gvkjhjo gob o }oghivlèyko xvf fwzè wfcjo vzklkqhjo# Hlëb jfwzfw



8: O fwzvjo fthvwzk}o jow hyxvk}ow pñilkgow pflo aoychlkwzh kc}fwzknhzk}o ë ovzyo poczo gyvgkhl

co zyhihldo jfwwf pyomkwwkochl# Fwwh zhyfmh pojf kcglvwk}f mhqfy gob xvf o yfp÷yzfy gocwknh vb

co}o zfbh phyh h kc}fwzknhîço# Poyëb, phyh xvf kwwo hgoczfîh ë cfgfwwèyko ho yfp÷yzfy zfy vb

pyomvcjo gocdfgkbfczo woiyf h ivyogyhgkh jo wkwzfbh $XVFWHJH hpvj WFXVFKYH, 9006+#

Phyh Lopfw $9007+, ë jf}fy jo aoychlkwzh kc}fwzknhzk}o gocdfgfy f gobpyffcjfy ifb o

mvcgkochbfczo jhw fbpyfwhw f kcwzkzvkîöfw pñilkghw, vbh }fq xvf flhw xvhwf wfbpyf fwzço

fczyf ow hwwvczow kc}fwzknhjow# Ë hkcjh cfgfwwèyko, ho yfp÷yzfy, zfy goczhzo myfxvfczf f whify

bhcfahy lkwzhw zflfmúckghw, yflhz÷ykow, wkzfw, nvkhw jf gobëygko, jf yvhw, jf kcwzkzvkîöfw, jo

gfcwo, jf hwwogkhîöfw polâzkghw, gvlzvyhkw, wogkhkw fzg, pflo mhzo jf bvkzhw kcmoybhîöfw cço

fwzhyfb jkwpocâ}fkw chw kcwzkzvkîöfw pñilkghw# Ovzyo poczo xvf jf}f mhqfy phyzf jo pfymkl joyfp÷yzfy wf yflhgkoch ho gocdfgkbfczo xvf flf jf}f zfy h yfwpfkzo jh lfnkwlhîço xvf

yfnvlhbfczh o hgfwwo h kcmoybhîço pñilkgh#7

H YHG $Yfpoyzhnfb hwwkwzkjh poy gobpvzhjoy+ zhbiëb jf}f wfy kcglvâjh fczyf hw dhiklkjhjfw

f gocdfgkbfczow xvf o aoychlkwzh kc}fwzknhzk}o jf}f zfy phyh ftfygfy wfv zyhihldo# Zyhzh"wf jo

vwo jh kczfycfz gobo hlkhjh jo aoychlkwbo# Wfnvcjo Xvfkyonh: $9080+, o gobpvzhjoy pojf wfy

ñzkl co pyogfwwhbfczo jf jk}fywhw kcmoybhîöfw f pojf kcglvwk}f mhqfy gob xvf ow jhjowgoldkjow wfahb vwhjow ch pyojvîço jf vbh cozâgkh ov wf zyhcwmoybfb ch py÷pykh cozâgkh6#

Hwwkb wfcjo, o aoychlkwzh, jf hgoyjo gob Xvfkyonh $9080+ f Hboykb= pojf pfwxvkwhy, }kh

kczfycfz, wkzfw jf ÷ynçow no}fychbfczhkw f pñilkgow, jfczyf ovzyow# Hlëb jkwwo, flf pojf mhqfy

vwo jf vwo plhckldhw flfzyúckghw $h bhkw vwhjh ë h jo Ftgfl+ f jf nfyfcgkhjoyfw jf ihcgow jf

jhjow, xvf }ço wfy}ky phyh goldfy hw kcmoybhîöfw f, fb gocwfxvácgkh, pyogfwwè"lhw phyh xvf

7 Ghjh phâw zfb hw wvhw py÷pykhw lfkw xvf yfnfb fwwh ivwgh cow hyxvk}ow pñilkgow# Co Iyhwkl, poyftfbplo, cço dè vbh lfk jf hgfwwo h fwwh jogvbfczhîço, o xvf ftkwzf, co fczhczo, ë vb jfgyfzo pyfwkjfcgkhl xvfyfnvlhbfczh h Lfk jf Hyxvk}ow f jfwknch o wknklo fzfyco# Ov wfah, pflh lfk jf hyxvk}ow ë mkthjo o pyhqo jf =0hcow phyh h yfwzykîço jf jogvbfczow gocwkjfyhjow wknklowow xvf zfcdhb yflhîço gob h wfnvyhcîh jo Fwzhjo f jhwogkfjhjf, bhw o jfgyfzo hbplkh ow lkbkzfw jhw ghzfnoykhw jow hyxvk}ow, jk}kjkjow fb yfwfy}hjo, gocmkjfcgkhl,wfgyfzo f vlzyh"wfgyfzo f gykh o pyhqo jf gkcxvfczh hcow xvf pojfb wfy pyoyyonhjow phyh wfbpyf $ YOJYKXVFWhpvj WFXVFKYH, 9006+#: XVFKYONH, Hczúcko# Vb mvzvyo phyh o Aoychlkwbo1 hw zfgcolonkhw jh cozâgkh# M÷yvb chgkochl jfpyomfwwoyfw jf pyomfwwoyfw jf aoychlkwbo# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 dzzp1//~~~#mcpa#oyn#iy/nyvpow#pdp?jfz24# Hgfwwo fb1Hnowzo jf 9080, 80 doyhw#6 Vb ftfbplo jkwwo pojf wfy }fykmkghjo ch yfpoyzhnfb “Nhwzo jo no}fyco gob wfnvyhcîh ë bfcoy xvf ohpyfwfczhjo poy Jklbh‒, pvilkghjh co Fwzhjo jf Bkchw co jkh 9= jf hnowzo jf 9080 $xvkczh "mfkyh+# Ow yfp÷yzfyfwjfwgoiykyhb xvf jkmfyfczfbfczf jo xvf jkq h ghcjkjhzh h pyfwkjfczf Jklbh Yovwwfmm xvf 4>& jo oyîhbfczo jh

Vckço ë jfwzkchjo h wfnvyhcîh pñilkgh, bfcow jf :& jow yfgvywow zk}fyhb jf mhzo zhl mkb#= HBOYKB, Iyvco# O xvf ë aoychlkwbo jf pyfgkwço# Jf Hboykb# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1dzzp1//jfhboykb#~oyjpyfww#gob/900;/0:/94/o"xvf"f"aoychlkwbo"jf"pyfgkwho/ # Hgfwwo fb1 Hnowzo jf 9080, 80190doyhw#

http://www.fnpj.org.br/grupos.php?det=8



http://deamorim.wordpress.com/2009/04/28/o-que-e-jornalismo-de-precisao/






86 powwhb wf zyhcwmoybhy fb bhzfykhl aoychlâwzkgo# H vzklkqhîço jfwwfw bfkow goyyfzhbfczf nfyh

gyfjkiklkjhjf phyh vbh ioh yfpoyzhnfb kc}fwzknhzk}h#>

9#7 Bëzojow f zëgckghw jf kc}fwzknhîço

Zojo o zyhihldo jf kc}fwzknhîço, xvf mhq phyzf jo aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o, cfgfwwkzh wfnvky

hlnvcw bëzojow f zëgckghw phyh xvf mvcgkocf goyyfzhbfczf# F fwwh ë h pykcgkphl jkmfyfcîh fczyf

fwwf nácfyo aoychlâwzkgo f ow jfbhkw# O aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o cço wf jkmfyf jf}kjo h wvh

hpyfwfczhîço ov moybhzo jo zftzo, bhw, wkb, pflh moybh jf zyhihldo jo aoychlkwzh# Cfwwf

nácfyo cço ihwzhb hpfchw yfgfify hw kcmoybhîöfw f pvilkgè"lhw, bhw jf}f"wf gdfghy, ivwghy

kcmoybhîöfw, ky hzyèw jf moczfw, jogvbfczow, hyxvk}ow fzg# Hwwkb, o aoychlkwbo w÷ pojf wfygocwkjfyhjo kc}fwzknhzk}o xvhcjo o yfp÷yzfy, ch hpvyhîço jow mhzow, ivwgh ovzyhw fwzyhzënkhw f

vzklkqh"wf jf ovzyhw zëgckghw xvf cço hxvflhw gobvcw co jkh"h"jkh jhw yfjhîöfw#

Cço dè vbh yfgfkzh goyyfzh woiyf gobo mhqfy vbh kc}fwzknhîço# O xvf dè, wfnvcjo Wfxvfkyh

$9006+, wço > mhwfw gobvcw fb zojo o zyhihldo kc}fwzknhzk}o# Wço flhw1 h ivwgh jf zfbh, h

}fykmkghîço jh }khiklkjhjf jfwzf zfbh, o fwzvjo hpyomvcjhjo jo hwwvczo pflo yfp÷yzfy, h

gocwzyvîço jf vb pyoafzo jf zyhihldo, h hpvyhîço, h gdfghnfb jhw kcmoybhîöfw, h yfjhîço f hfjkîço f pvilkghîço# Ghjh yfp÷yzfy, co fczhczo, zfb ow wfvw py÷pykow bfkow jf zyhihldhy h

pfwxvkwh# Bhw, bfwbo hw zëgckghw f bëzojow wfcjo bvkzhw }fqfw zço jkmfyfczfw, o oiafzk}o jo

aoychlkwzh kc}fwzknhzk}o, cço kbpoyzh o bfko jf gobvckghîço ov o }fâgvlo phyh xvhl zyhihldh, ë

wfbpyf o bfwbo1 ivwghy h }fyjhjf jow mhzow#

Hwwkb, jf hgoyjo gob ^hhge, hpvj LOPFW F PYOFCÎH $9007+, h bhzëykh kc}fwzknhzk}h

pojf chwgfy jf }èykow bojow# Pojf wvynky jf vbh cozh jf aoychl, vbh goc}fywh ov vbhjfcñcgkh# O xvf kbpoyzh ë h ghphgkjhjf jo yfp÷yzfy fb fctfynhy o xvf fwzè fyyhjo f pyogvyhy

hw pkwzhw phyh xvf lf}fb h vbh wolvîço# H bhzëykh kc}fwzknhzk}h pojf hkcjh wvynky jf vb

>

H YHG fwzè kcwfykjh jfczyo jo gocgfkzo jf aoychlkwbo jf pyfgkwço, pyopowzo poy Pdklkp Bf{fy fb 8;=0,fb xvf wf ivwgh}h h fthzkjço co aoychlkwbo zhl gobo h xvf fyh fcgoczyhjh chw gkácgkhw wogkhkw f wf jkmfykh joaoychlkwbo pyhzkghjo hzë fczço, mfkzo jf zëgckghw lkzfyèykhw# Gob wfv lk}yo, Pyfgkwkoc aoychlkwb, flf pyopúw hhplkghîço jf bëzojow gkfczâmkgow jf kc}fwzknhîço wogkhl f pwkgowwogkhl ho zyhihldo aoychlâwzkgo, zyhqfcjo h

vzklkqhîço jf zëgckghw fwzhzâwzkghw gobo hvtklkhyfw phyh h hpvyhîço# KC1 HBOYKB, Iyvco# O xvf ë aoychlkwbo jfpyfgkwço# Jf Hboykb# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 dzzp1//jfhboykb#~oyjpyfww#gob/900;/0:/94/o"xvf"f"aoychlkwbo"jf"pyfgkwho/ # Hgfwwo fb1 Hnowzo jf 9080, 80190 doyhw#








8= }hqhbfczo jf kcmoybhîço jf vbh kc}fwzknhîço omkgkhl fb hcjhbfczo $EO]HE5

YOWFCZKFL hpvj WFXVFKYH, 9006+#

Lopfw $9007+ gkzh xvf h moybh bhkw mègkl jf wf jfzfgzhy vbh kc}fwzknhîço fwzè ch zëgckgh jh

oiwfy}hîço jkyfzh jow hgoczfgkbfczow, xvf gocwkwzf fb wf pfynvczhy o poyxvá jhw gokwhw#

Ovzyh zëgckgh wfykh h jh kcmklzyhîço, fb xvf o aoychlkwzh wf kcmklzyh co loghl fb xvf flf hgdh xvf

fwzço ow mhzow f cço wf kjfczkmkgh# Fwwh zëgckgh powwkiklkzh vbh hpyotkbhîço bhkoy gob o ghwo,

pfybkzkcjo hwwkb xvf o aoychlkwzh gobpyo}f kc logo o xvf flf jfwfah jfwgoiyky# Dè hkcjh h

zëgckgh jf wf gobikchy h oiwfy}hîço gob pfwxvkwh f gob o fwzvjo jow hyxvk}ow pñilkgow#

Wfnvcjo Moc, hpvj LOPFW F PYOFCÎH $9007+, ftkwzf zhbiëb h zëgckgh jh fwpkyhlgocgáczykgh, fb xvf h phyzky jf vb mhzo ov poy bfko jf vbh pfwxvkwh, ë powwâ}fl oizfy ow

jfzhldfw, hw gkygvcwzécgkhw f ow hzoyfw gohjav}hczfw, pfybkzkcjo hwwkb h gobpyffcwço jo zojo#

Ch kc}fwzknhîço pyopykhbfczf jkzh, wfnvcjo Lopfw $9007+ ftkwzfb zyáw mhwfw pykboyjkhkw# H

pykbfkyh ë h ivwgh jf jogvbfczhîço xvf yfwphljf ov yfmvzf hw dkp÷zfwfw xvf moyhb

fwzhiflfgkjhw# Hwwkb, hp÷w o yfp÷yzfy moybhy h kjëkh jf xvf hlno bfyfîh wfy kc}fwzknhjo jf}f

lf}hczhy zojo o bhzfykhl xvf gocwfnvky oizfy woiyf o zfbh, gocwvlzhy wfv hyxvk}o pfwwohl f jo}fâgvlo ocjf zyhihldh# H gocwzyvîço jf pfymkw ikonyèmkgow jow pykcgkphkw fc}ol}kjow, hzyh}ëw

jow hyxvk}ow oizkjow, pfybkzf gocdfgá"low bfldoy f gobpyffcjfy ow wfvw hzow#

Wfnvcjo Lopfw $9007+, ë wobfczf hzyh}ëw jh gobpyo}hîço jo xvf fwzè wfcjo jkzo gob

hyxvk}ow f jogvbfczhîço xvf o zyhihldo jo yfp÷yzfy fwzhyè yfwphljhjo, jhâ hj}ëb h

kbpoyzécgkh jfwwh mhwf jh kc}fwzknhîço# ]hlfczf, hpvj WFXVFKYH $9006+, hzykivk hkcjh ovzyh

kbpoyzécgkh à vzklkqhîço jf jogvbfczow# Phyh o hvzoy, o yfp÷yzfy cço jf}f ahbhkw ky h vbhfczyf}kwzh wfb poyzhy jogvbfczow woiyf o mhzo xvf wf fwzè ivwghcjo jfw}fcjhy, kwwo f}kzh xvf

o fczyf}kwzhjo o bhckpvlf, hlëb jf pfybkzky xvf o yfp÷yzfy gocmyoczf o fczyf}kwzhjo#

Ë kbpoyzhczf zhbiëb gdfghy hw kcmoybhîöfw gob bhkw jf vbh moczf, zëgckgh, jf hgoyjo gob

^hhge, hpvj LOPFW F PYOFCÎH $9007+, gocdfgkjh gobo Jovilf gdfgekcn, xvf wknckmkgh

gdfghy gob co bâckbo jvhw moczfw# Wovqh, hpvj WFXVFKYH $9006+, hmkybh xvf hw moczfw jo

9± f 7± fwghlöfw, bvkzhw }fqfw jfwpyfqhjhw pflow aoychlkwzhw, zhbiëb jf}fb wfy ov}kjhw, aè

xvf pojfb zfy kcmoybhîöfw kbpoyzhczfw, vbh }fq xvf, poy fwzhyfb fb loghkw fwzyhzënkgow,

gobo cow flf}hjoyfw, goyyfjoyfw, gocwfnvfb ghpzhy kcmoybhîöfw phyh yfphwwhy ho yfp÷yzfy#



8> Ovzyo poczo mh}oyè}fl ë xvf fwwhw moczfw záb bhkw zfbpo f jkwpockiklkjhjf phyh mhlhy gob ow

aoychlkwzhw, ho goczyèyko jhw jo 8± fwghlço xvf, fb nyhcjf phyzf jhw }fqfw, ov fwzço ogvphjhw

ov cço jfwfahb mhlhy gob h kbpyfcwh#

Jf powwf jow mhzow, phyh Wovqh, hpvj LOPFW F PYOFCÎH $9007+, ë cfgfwwèyko whify

gocwzyvky o yhgkogâcko, jfzhldhy o bobfczo, jfwgyf}fy vb pfywochnfb f, poy kwwo, ë

kbpoyzhczf zfy jfwfbihyhîo f jkwgfyckbfczo# F, fczço, h yfpoyzhnfb ë mkchlkqhjh#

Hp÷w h mkchlkqhîço jh yfpoyzhnfb ë cfgfwwèyko mhqfy h fjkîço# Jf hgoyjo gob ]hwgocgflow,

hpvj WFXVFKYH $9006+, o kjfhl ë o aoychlkwzh hgobphcdhy h fjkîço jf wvh bhzëykh, pokw

xvhlxvfy fxvâ}ogo, gobo vb zâzvlo hbiânvo, poy ftfbplo, pojf wfy pyfavjkgkhl phyh o aoychl f

phyh o aoychlkwzh# H pyfgkwço ë mvcjhbfczhl#

9#7#8 H Fczyf}kwzh

H fczyf}kwzh, ov wfah, o fcgoczyo gob hlnvëb }kwhcjo kczfyyonè"lo woiyf hlnvb hzo ov oiafzo

jo xvhl flf zfcdh kcmoybhîöfw, ë vbh jhw pykcgkphkw zëgckghw vwhjhw co zyhihldo aoychlâwzkgo,

pykcgkphlbfczf co xvf wf yfmfyf ho aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o# Wfb h fczyf}kwzh, cfb wfbpyf dè

gobo pyo}hy hxvklo xvf fwzè wfcjo jk}vlnhjo pflo yfp÷yzfy# Wobhjo h kwwo, h fczyf}kwzhgocmfyf gyfjkiklkjhjf à bhzëykh ov yfpoyzhnfb#

Phyh Bfjkch $9000+, h fczyf}kwzh ë vb bëzojo jf kczfyhîço wogkhl f }kwh h xvfiyh zhczo jf

kwolhbfczow nyvphkw, xvhczo wogkhkw f kcjk}kjvhkw# H fczyf}kwzh pojf wfy}ky hkcjh à jkwzykivkîço

jh kcmoybhîço f h plvyhlkqhîço jf }oqfw, xvf, poy }fqfw, wço fwxvfgkjhw pflh wogkfjhjf# O

oiafzk}o jh fczyf}kwzh ë wfbpyf o kczfy"yflhgkochbfczo dvbhco# F xvhcjo fczyf}kwzhjo f

fczyf}kwzhjoy whfb jf hlnvbh moybh bojkmkghjow jfwwf fcgoczyo xvfy jkqfy xvf o bëzojo mokvlzyhphwwhjo pflh kczkbkjhjf fczyf o fv f o zv, mhqfcjo gob xvf, jfwwh moybh, hgoczfîh h hvzo"

gobpyffcwço f h gobpyfwwço jo bvcjo# O “jkèlono powwâ}fl‒ ë hwwkb fwzhiflfgkjo#

Xvhcjo vbh fczyf}kwzh, xvf hgoczfgf hzyh}ëw jo jkèlono kczfyhzk}o, phwwh fboîço f

hvzfczkgkjhjf co wfv jkwgvywo, zhczo poy phyzf jo fczyf}kwzhjo gobo jo fczyf}kwzhjoy, o

pñilkgo zhbiëb wfczf fwwh fboîço# Xvhcjo kwwo ogoyyf, h moczf, o yfp÷yzfy f o yfgfpzoy wf

kczfylknhb fb vbh gokwh w÷# Bhw, ho goczyèyko, xvhcjo o xvf ogoyyf ë vbh fczyf}kwzh

vcklhzfyhl, wobfczf pfynvczh f yfwpowzh, fwzhcxvf, ov xvhcjo o aoychlkwzh wf mkth fb kjfkhw

pyffwzhiflfgkjhw, wfb lf}hy fb goczh h opkckço jh wvh moczf, o yfwvlzhjo jfgfpgkoch o pñilkgo,



84 pokw ë powwâ}fl, h fwwf bfwbo pñilkgo, }fykmkghy h hvwácgkh jo jkèlono fwzhiflfgkjo fczyf hw

jvhw phyzfw, o fczyf}kwzhjo f o fczyf}kwzhjoy $BFJKCH, 9000+#

H fczyf}kwzh hifyzh, wfnvcjo Boykc, hpvj BFJKCH $9000+, powwkiklkzh o fcykxvfgkbfczo jh

kcmoybhîço, vbh }fq xvf o gfczyo jh fczyf}kwzh wf jfwlogh phyh o fczyf}kwzhjo f, hwwkb, o

jkèlono gocwfnvf mlvky, ho goczyèyko jo xvf ogoyyf co xvfwzkocèyko mfgdhjo#

Jf hgoyjo gob Chdovb, hpvj BFJKCH $9000+, h fczyf}kwzh pojf wfy glhwwkmkghjh fb zyáw

phyzfw1 h yfgoldh jow mhzow, kcmoybhy f bozk}hy# Nhyyfz, hpvj BFJKCH $9000+, hgyfwgfczh xvf

zojhw hw pfwwohw wço fc}ol}kjhw fb vbh fczyf}kwzh, wfah wfcjo fczyf}kwzhjh ov fczyf}kwzhcjo,

f vbh fczyf}kwzh wfbpyf fc}ol}f hwpfgzow oiafzk}ow f wviafzk}ow jf hbihw hw phyzfw#

Poy kwwo, wfnvcjo Boykc, hpvj BFJKCH $9000+, gobo h fczyf}kwzh wf fwzhiflfgf poy bfko jh

phlh}yh, xvf ë ho bfwbo zfbpo h bhkw ykgh jhw moczfw, poyëb zhbiëb h bhkw jv}kjowh, flh

goyyf o ykwgo jf xvf hgoczfîh vbh jkwwkbvlhîço poy phyzf jf fczyf}kwzhjo# F fwwhw

ghbvmlhnfcw jf opkcköfw pojfb ogoyyfy jf}kjo h zfbhw gocwkjfyhjow zhivw, gobo wfto,

yflknkço, polâzkgh# Pojfbow gkzhy, poy ftfbplo, o ghwo jf vbh bvldfy xvf wfah mh}oyè}fl ho

hioyzo f hzë aè o zfcdh mfkzo, pojf jkqfy, fb vbh fczyf}kwzh, xvf ë zozhlbfczf goczyèykh h flf5gocwkjfyhîöfw jf pyfwzânko, wkzvhîço wogkhl, dkwz÷ykgh, jfzfybkchîço pwkgol÷nkgh, o glkbh f o

ghyèzfy jh fczyf}kwzh, zhbiëb pojfb kcmlvfcgkhy#

Phyh Bfjkch f Boykc, hpvj BFJKCH $9000+, cfwwfw ghwow, o yfp÷yzfy jf}f zfy h wfcwkiklkjhjf

jf pfygfify ow mhzoyfw xvf powwhb hzyhphldhy h mlvácgkh jh fczyf}kwzh “jfwfc}ol}fy o

fcghjfhbfczo jf pfynvczhw5 mhqfy kczfymfyácgkhw, kczfyyvpîöfw, yf"oykfczhîöfw co jkwgvywo jo

fczyf}kwzhjo ë, wfb jñ}kjh, h jfbocwzyhîço jf vb jfwfbpfcdo bhjvyo jo yfp÷yzfy‒$BFJKCH, 9000+#

Bhw, cfwwh yflhîço fczyf yfp÷yzfy f fczyf}kwzhjo, zhbiëb jf}f wfy lf}hjo fb goczh o

yfhl/kbhnkcèyko jo aoychlkwzh# Bfwbo xvf wfah kbpowzo h flf vb jkwzhcgkhbfczo gob wvh moczf

jf kcmoybhîço f gob o mhzo zyhzhjo, cço dè gobo f}kzhy h wviafzk}kjhjf jo yfp÷yzfy# O

fczyf}kwzhjo f o yfp÷yzfy wf fcgoczyhb hzyh}ëw jf vbh lkcnvhnfb f fwzh zfb yflhîço gob o

yfhl f o kbhnkcèyko jf ghjh vb, o xvf pojf kczfymfyky, bfwbo goczyh wvh }oczhjf, co yfp÷yzfy

$BFJKCH, 9000+#



8; Bfjkch $9000+ ftplkgh xvf, hp÷w wfy oizkjh, vbh fczyf}kwzh ë fwzyvzvyhjh fb vb zftzo f wf

zoych vbh yfpoyzhnfb# Jfwwh moybh, gobo dè vbh hîço phyh wf goczhy cfwwh bhzëykh wknckmkgh

xvf dè hâ vbh yfpyfwfczhîço wkbi÷lkgh jo mhzo# Hwwkb, h bhnkh jf vbh dkwz÷ykh xvf ë goczhjh

ch bhzëykh, bfwbo xvhcjo zyhzh"wf jf vbh fczyf}kwzh fwzhcxvf, ë fc}ol}kjh pflh fboîço# F ë

pyfgkwo yfwnhzhy fwwh fboîço xvf }fb jo wfy dvbhco# O wfnyfjo jo jkèlono powwâ}fl wf

fcgoczyh co fxvklâiyko fczyf h kco}hîço h wfy}kîo jh ftpyfwwk}kjhjf f h glhyfqh ch fmkgkácgkh

jh bfcwhnfb#

9#: H Xvfwzço ëzkgh

Zojo aoychlkwzh fb wfv zyhihldo, wfah flf jf kc}fwzknhîço ov cço, jf}f wfy nvkhjo poy vbhëzkgh xvf o mhîh hwwfnvyhy xvf h kcmoybhîço xvf fwzè wfcjo zyhcwbkzkjh wfah }fyjhjfkyh f xvf

cço }hk, hpfchw phyh }fcjfy bhkw ftfbplhyfw ov hvbfczhy h hvjkácgkh, jfwzyvky h yfpvzhîço jf

vbh pfwwoh ov kcwzkzvkîço kcavwzhbfczf# Hlkhjo h kwwo, h hjbkyhîço ov h}fywço jo aoychlkwzh

poy hlno ov hlnvëb cço jf}f kcmlvfcgkhy fb wfv zyhihldo, o xvf flf jf}f ë goczhy wfbpyf h

}fyjhjf f ivwghy zojhw hw pkwzhw xvf lf}fb h flh#

O yfp÷yzfy, gobo hmkybh Pfyfkyh, hpvj LOPFW F PYOFCÎH $9007+, jf}f wfbpyf yfwpfkzhy hwpfwwohw, poyëb cço jf}f fcgoiyky wfvw fyyow f, phyh kwwo, jf}f jfwfc}ol}fy vbh kc}fwzknhîço

vwhcjo zojow ow yfgvywow jkwpocâ}fkw, jfwjf xvf flfw wfahb ëzkgow f lfnâzkbow# “Cço wf pojf

hzykivky ho kczfyfwwf pñilkgo o vwo kcjf}kjo jf gfyzow bëzojow, h }kolhîço jow jkyfkzow jo

ovzyo‒ $PFYFKYH hpvj LOPFW F PYOFCÎH, 9007+#

Wfcjo hwwkb, phyh Lopfw $9007+, bo}kjo pflh ëzkgh pyomkwwkochl o aoychlkwzh jf}f gocdfgfy

pyomvcjhbfczf o hwwvczo zyhzhjo, cço jf}f jkwzoygfy ow mhzow ov }kolhy hw lfkw f jf}f jhy hopoyzvckjhjf phyh ow hgvwhjow wf jfmfcjfyfb# “O yfp÷yzfy mhq dkwz÷ykh f zobh gocwgkácgkh

jfwwf phpfl xvhcjo kc}fwzknh docfwzhbfczf f pyogvyh zoychy bfcow wvpfymkgkhl o zfwzfbvcdo

xvf jfkthyè phyh h powzfykjhjf‒ $LOPFW, 9007+#

Ow lkbkzfw ëzkgow wf jfmkcfb hzyh}ëw jf g÷jknow pfwwohkw f záb yfnyhw fwzhiflfgkjhw xvf

}hykhb jf pfwwoh phyh pfwwoh $MOC hpvj LOPFW F PYOFCÎH, 9007+# Hlëb jkwwo, Hyift,

hpvj LOPFW F PYOFCÎH $9007+, hgyfwgfczh xvf fwwfw bfwbow lkbkzfw zhbiëb jf}hb wfy

fwzhiflfgkjow poy vbh yflhîço jf gobpyobkwwo fczyf o }fâgvlo fb xvf o aoychlkwzh zyhihldh f

ow wfvw py÷pykow lkbkzfw#



90 Co fczhczo, phyh hlnvcw hvzoyfw, cço }hlf zvjo fb vbh kc}fwzknhîço# Jf hgoyjo gob Pfyfkyh,

hpvj LOPFW F PYOFCÎH $9007+, o yfp÷yzfy zfb jf whify zyhzhy ow mhzow gobo pyomkwwkochl#

Flf cço pojf wf gologhy gobo hj}fywèyko jf xvfb fwzè wfcjo hgvwhjo, bhw wkb jf}f pyogvyhy

xvf h }fyjhjfkyh dkwz÷ykh wfah goczhjh# Wfnvcjo o hvzoy, vb yfp÷yzfy cço ë ëzkgo xvhcjo ftpöf

hw pfwwohw wfb kc}fwzknhy f vwh hpfchw hw pyo}hw jhxvflfw xvf zfb kczfyfwwf ch hgvwhîço#

Fb gocgoyjécgkh, Mfychcjfw, hpvj LOPFW F PYOFCÎH $9007+, hgyfjkzh xvf o aoychlkwzh,

pykbfkyhbfczf, hczfw jf jk}vlnhy vbh cozâgkh, jf}f zfy yfwpocwhiklkjhjf# Phyh flf, cço wf jf}f

jk}vlnhy vbh kcmoybhîço jh }kjh pyk}hjh jf vbh pfwwoh, h cço wfy xvf kwwo pyfavjkxvf h

wogkfjhjf#

O vwo jf hlnvcw hyzkmâgkow zëgckgow phyh h oizfcîço jf vbh kcmoybhîço hkcjh wvwgkzhb

polábkghw fczyf ow aoychlkwzhw f ow bfkow jf gobvckghîço, aè xvf wço vwhjow poy hlnvcw, bhw

gykzkghjow poy ovzyow# Vb ftfbplo ë h obkwwço jh kjfczkjhjf jo yfp÷yzfy# Ghiykck, hpvj

LOPFW F PYOFCÎH $9007+, hp÷kh o vwo jfwwf bëzojo, vbh }fq xvf, co wfv fczfcjkbfczo,

o aoychlkwzh gocwfnvf oizfy kcmoybhîöfw wfb yf}flhy wvh kjfczkjhjf xvf ahbhkw gocwfnvkykh

ghwo wf hpyfwfczhwwf gobo aoychlkwzh# Wovqh f Eozwgdo, hpvj LOPFW F PYOFCÎH $9007+,

zhbiëb wço mh}oyè}fkw h obkwwço xvhcjo flh ë cfgfwwèykh phyh oizfy jhjow jf kczfyfwwfpñilkgo#

Aè Chwgkbfczo, hpvj LOPFW F PYOFCÎH $9007+, jkq xvf h obkwwço ë }èlkjh jfwjf xvf

ckcnvëb pfynvczf ho yfp÷yzfy o xvf flf ë, wf ckcnvëb pfynvczhy chjh, flf pojf obkzk"lh# Bhw,

ho goczyèyko, wf moy xvfwzkochjo, o aoychlkwzh jf}f jkqfy h }fyjhjf, pokw h bfczkyh goyyfwpocjf

à mhlwkjhjf kjfol÷nkgh# O aoychlkwzh cço jf}f wf hpyfwfczhy wfcjo o xvf cço ë#

H kcmklzyhîço, xvf ë vbh }hykhczf jh obkwwço, zhbiëb nfyh jñ}kjhw xvhczo h wfv vwo# Jf

hgoyjo gob ]hlfczf, hpvj WFXVFKYH $9006+, o G÷jkno jf Ëzkgh jow Aoychlkwzhw cço pyoâif o

vwo jfwwf yfgvywo, bhw o vwo jhw kcmoybhîöfw oizkjhw poy bfko jfwwh zëgckgh ë xvf nfyhb

jñ}kjhw fczyf ow pyomkwwkochkw# Phyh o hvzoy, o xvf mok golfzhjo gob fwwf bëzojo cço jf}f

ahbhkw wfy}ky gobo poczo mkchl jh kc}fwzknhîço, o xvf mok jfwgoifyzo jf}f wfy}ky hpfchw gobo

poczo jf phyzkjh f gologhjo à pyo}h gob ovzyhw moczfw f jhjow#

O vwo jf gébfyhw ogvlzhw, nyh}hîöfw glhcjfwzkchw f nyhbpow zhbiëb wço yfgvywow

goczyo}fywow# Phyh Wovqh, hpvj LOPFW F PYOFCÎH $9007+, zojow fwwfw bëzojow wço, ch



98 }fyjhjf, hybhjkldhw zëgckghw, pokw, fb cobf jo kczfyfwwf pñilkgo, ow aoychlkwzhw f ow bfkow jf

gobvckghîço hghihb poy mfyky ow pyfgfkzow ëzkgow# Ë pyfgkwo whify wfphyhy o kczfyfwwf pñilkgo

jo kczfyfwwf jo pñilkgo# Co xvf zhcnf hw nyh}hîöfw, ]hlfczf, hpvj WFXVFKYH $9007+, hmkybh

xvf xvhcjo o aoychlkwzh phyzkgkph jh goc}fywh h nyh}hîço ë }èlkjh, pokw pojf wfy}ky gobo vbh

hvzojfmfwh jo aoychlkwzh phyh xvhcjo vbh moczf }kfy h pñilkgo jkqfy xvf cvcgh mhlov hxvklo

xvf mok jk}vlnhjo#

Hpfwhy jhw jkmfyfcîhw jf opkcköfw fczyf ow aoychlkwzhw, ë gfyzo xvf fb zojh kc}fwzknhîço jf}f

dh}fy vb lkbkzf, wfcjo xvf o jo aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o goyyfwpocjf how }hloyfw pfwwohkw jo

yfp÷yzfy f o lkbkzf jh bhzëykh kc}fwzknhzk}h fwzè ch ëzkgh f ch ivwgh jh }fyjhjf $Bflo hpvj

LOPFW F PYOFCÎH, 9007+# Phyh Búckgh Zfktfkyh, hpvj LOPFW F PYOFCÎH $9007+, ogvkjhjo phyh cço wf mvnky jfwwfw lkbkzfw ëzkgow jf}f wfy wfbpyf pykoykjhjf ch kc}fwzknhîço,

poyëb fwwfw lkbkzfw pojfb }hykhy jf ghwo phyh ghwo, jfwjf xvf cço gobpyobfzhb h

gyfjkiklkjhjf jh kcmoybhîço#

Wfnvcjo Ivggk $9000+, zojh jfgkwço zobhjh pflo aoychlkwzh jf}f wfy kcmoybhjh f ftplkghjh ho

lfkzoy/ zflfwpfgzhjoy/ ov}kczf ch pvilkghîço jh bhzëykh, pokw xvhcjo vb jfzfybkchjo

gobpoyzhbfczo cço pojf wfy ftplkghjo cço fwzè jf hgoyjo gob h ëzkgh jh pyomkwwço# Hw yfnyhwphyh o aoychlkwzh wço hw bfwbhw xvf hzkcnfb zojh h wogkfjhjf xvf flf fwzè yfpyfwfczhcjo f,

poy kwwo, flf cço pojf wf }hlfy jf yfgvywow xvf fwzço moyh jfwwh èyfh “Co ftfygâgko jh

pyomkwwço, flf fwzè hvzoykqhjo h hnky jfczyo jfwwfw bhygow# Pojf mhqfy zvjo xvf ë wogkhlbfczf

zolfyhjo xvf wf mhîh à lvq jo jkh# Cço pojf mhqfy o xvf pyfgkwh wfy fwgocjkjo‒ $IVGGK, 9000,

p#87>+#



99 7 H GOCWZYVÎÇO JO PFYWOCHNFB CO LK]YO"YFPOYZHNFB

7#8 O lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb f wfvw zyhîow ghyhgzfyâwzkgow

Poy zyhqfy vbh }kwço hbplkhjh f kcmoybhîöfw }hykhjhw woiyf vb jfzfybkchjo hwwvczo, hlëb jf

pojfy zyhzhy jf jk}fywow zfbhw jkmfyfczfw, ë xvf o lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb zfb vb phpfl jf

yflf}écgkh phyh hw wogkfjhjfw, wfahb flhw jfbogyèzkghw ov cço# Poy bfko jflf, ë powwâ}fl vb

hpyomvcjhbfczo bhkoy woiyf jfzfybkchjo mhzo, wfb h pyfwwh ch hpvyhîço xvf ogoyyf cow

jfbhkw }fâgvlow jf gobvckghîço#

Lkbh $8;;6+ jfmkcf o lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb gobo wfcjo vb bfko jf gobvckghîço, cço "pfyk÷jkgo, xvf hpyfwfczh, chw yfpoyzhnfcw xvf pyojvq, vb nyhv jf wvpfykoykjhjf fb yflhîço ho

aoychl, yf}kwzh, zflf}kwço, yèjko ov kczfycfz#

Wfnvcjo Lkbh $8;;6+, o lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb jfwfbpfcdh vb phpfl fwpfgâmkgo, xvf ë o jf jhy

kcmoybhîöfw bhkw ifb flhioyhjhw woiyf wkzvhîöfw f mhzow xvf zfcdhb kbpoyzécgkh phyh h

wogkfjhjf#

O lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb gvbpyf vb yflf}hczf phpfl, pyffcgdfcjo }hqkow jfkthjow pflo aoychl,pflh yf}kwzh, pflhw fbkwwoyhw jf yèjko, pflow cozkgkèykow jh zflf}kwço# Bhkw jo xvf kwwo,h}hcîh phyh o hpyomvcjhbfczo jo gocdfgkbfczo jo cowwo zfbpo, flkbkchcjo, phygkhlbfczfxvf wfah, o hwpfgzo fmábfyo jh bfcwhnfb jh hzvhlkjhjf pyhzkghjh pflow ghchkw gozkjkhcowjh kcmoybhîço aoychlâwzkgh $LKBH, 8;;6, p# 8=+#

Kwwo hgoczfgf poyxvf o zyhihldo jh kbpyfcwh gozkjkhch ë mfkzo gob wvpfymkgkhlkjhjf f bvkzhw

}fqfw, gob opoyzvckwbo# Gocfgzhjow how mhzow xvf fwzço ogoyyfcjo, ow bfkow jf gobvckghîço

zyh}hb vbh lvzh kcgfwwhczf goczyh o yfl÷nko f goczyh h gocgoyyácgkh, o xvf hghih poy

jfwfcghjfhy vbh kcmoybhîço pñilkgh kbpyfgkwh f kcgobplfzh, gocglvk Lkbh $8;;6+# Hlëbjkwwo, vb jow mhzoyfw xvf goczykivfb phyh fwwh jfmkgkácgkh ë o bojo gobo ë gocjvqkjo o

zyhihldo jo aoychlkwzh, fb xvf, bvkzhw }fqfw, yfgfif vb cñbfyo kbfcwo jf phvzhw h gvbpyky,

wfb cfcdvbh oykfczhîço woiyf o zfbh xvf }hk wfy zyhzhjo f, flf py÷pyko, wfb whify chjh ov

bvkzo povgo woiyf o hwwvczo# $LKBH, 8;;6+#

Phyh Iflo $900=+, o lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb ë o bfko fb xvf wf pojf yfvcky h bhkoy xvhczkjhjf

oynhckqhjh f goczftzvhlkqhjh jf kcmoybhîöfw woiyf vb mhzo# Hlëb jkwwo, pfybkzf vbh bhkoy}hykfjhjf jf ftpfykbfczhîço, vwo jf zëgckghw aoychlâwzkghw, hpyomvcjhbfczo jh hioyjhnfb f



9: O lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb ë bvkzhw }fqfw myvzo jh kcxvkfzvjf jo aoychlkwzh xvf xvfy jkqfy hlno fb

pyomvcjkjhjf, poyëb cço fcgoczyh fwphîo phyh mhqfy kwwo cow }fâgvlow jf gobvckghîço jo

gozkjkhco# Ov zhbiëb, pojf wfy myvzo jh kcxvkfzvjf jf ivwghy vb bfko xvf ldf pfybkzh

vzklkqhy zojo o wfv pozfcgkhl jf gocwzyvzoy jf dkwz÷ykhw jh yfhlkjhjf# Hwwkb, fwwfw mhzoyfw

bozk}hjoyfw kbpvlwkochb hlnvcw jow pyomkwwkochkw jf kbpyfcwh h pyogvyhy co lk}yo"

yfpoyzhnfb h bfjkjh fthzh phyh ftknky ho bètkbo wvhw dhiklkjhjfw jf gobvckghjoy jo yfhl

$LKBH, 8;;6, p#77+#

Ovzyo mhzoy hpoczhjo poy Lkbh $8;;6+ phyh h pyojvîço jf lk}yow"yfpoyzhnfcw ë o jf xvf

hlnvcw zfbhw cço hnyhjhb how }fâgvlow jf kbpyfcwh, ov poy yhqöfw fjkzoykhkw ov poyxvf cço

zfyço pñilkgo ov}kczf ov lfkzoy, ov bfwbo h ghyácgkh jf vb câ}fl jf fwpfgkhlkqhîço poy phyzfjow bfkow jf gobvckghîço# Jfwwh moybh, h ñckgh whâjh phyh o aoychlkwzh pvilkghy o xvf

gocwkjfyh jf kczfyfwwf jh wogkfjhjf ë o lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb#

Jow flfbfczow xvf gobpöfb o lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb fcxvhczo wviwkwzfbh jo aoychlkwbo, wfvghzhlkwhjoy, ov jkwphyhjoy, ë h nyhcjf"yfpoyzhnfb, hwwkb gobo co aoychlkwbo gozkjkhco oghzhlkwhjoy ë h cozâgkh# Wço hw zëgckghw jh yfpoyzhnfb o jf xvf wf }hlf o lk}yo jf yflhzo joyfhl phyh wf gobvckghy# Ë }kwhcjo vbh chyyhzk}h hbplkhjh xvf o aoychlkwzh wf pyopöf hpyojvqky vb lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb $LKBH, 8;;6, p# 7>+#

Lkbh $8;;6+ ftplkgh xvf vb lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb pojf wf oyknkchy jf vbh nyhcjf"yfpoyzhnfb ovjf vbh wëykf jf yfpoyzhnfcw }fkgvlhjhw ch kbpyfcwh f xvf jfpokw wço zyhcwmoybhjhw fb

lk}yo#80 Ov pojf wfy oyknkchjo, jfwjf wfv kcâgko, jf vb pyoafzo aè jfwzkchjo h }kyhy vb lk}yo88#

Xvhczo h wvh lknhîço gob h yfhlkjhjf, Lkbh $8;;6+ jkwzkcnvf jvhw moybhw jf lk}yow"

yfpoyzhnfcw# H pykbfkyh hpyo}fkzh vb mhzo jf yfpfygvwwço hzvhl f o ftployh gob bhkoy

kczfcwkjhjf5 f h wfnvcjh cço wf lkbkzh yknoyowhbfczf ho hzvhl, zyhihldhcjo zfbhw jkwzhczfw co

zfbpo f zyhqfcjo, h phyzky jflfw, ftplkghîöfw phyh hw oyknfcw jhw yfhlkjhjfw goczfbpoyécfhw#

O lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb phyh gobpoy wvh bfcwhnfb f hzkcnky o oiafzk}o h xvf wf pyopúw vzklkqh"wf

jf }èykhw zëgckghw jf zyhzhbfczo jf wvhw lkcnvhnfcw1 kczfnyhl"}fyihl, plèwzkgh f klvwzyhjh# Co

lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb, h chyyhîço wvynf, ch bhkoykh jhw }fqfw, jf vbh hîço jhjh, bhw pyk}klfnkh

80 Vb ftfbplo ë o lk}yo ]khnfb à lkzfyhzvyh poyzvnvfwh goczfbpoyécfh, fwgykzo poy Gyfbkljh Bfjkch fpvilkghjo fb 8;47# O lk}yo yfwvlzov jf vbh wëykf jf yfpoyzhnfcw pvilkghjhw co aoychl O Fwzhjo jf Wço Phvlo fyfgocwzy÷k h poczf fczyf Iyhwkl f Poyzvnhl ch ëpogh, zyhzhcjo zhbiëb woiyf hw myoczfkyhw fczyf o câ}fl lkzfyèyko fgvlzvyhl jow jokw phâwfw#88 O lk}yo Ocjf mok xvf }ogáw fczfyyhyhb cowwow boyzow, jf Hlvâqko Phlbhy ë vb ftfbplo# O lk}yopvilkghjo fb 900= ë myvzo jf 9= hcow jf kc}fwzknhîço jf Phlbhy woiyf hw gkygvcwzécgkhw jhw boyzfw f o loghl fbxvf moyhb fczfyyhjow gkcgo iyhwklfkyow f vb hynfczkco xvf jfwhphyfgfyhb ho gdfnhy ho phâw phyh pyobo}fy h lvzhhybhjh goczyh h jkzhjvyh co Wvl jo Phâw#



96 bhkw h kczfcwkjhjf f bfcow o hbikfczf# H jfwgykîço ë zhbiëb bvkzo vzklkqhjh ch gocwzyvîço

jo jkwgvywo# H pyowoponyhmkh ë ovzyo yfgvywo gobvb, xvf wfy}f phyh yfhlîhy o pyozhnockwzh jf

vb yflhzo f fcykxvfgfy"ldf h mknvyh# $LKBH, 8;;6+#

Ovzyo yfgvywo gkzhjo poy Lkbh $8;;6+ ë o jh ftpowkîço, fbpyfnhjh xvhcjo o aoychlkwzh xvfy

jkwgvzky vbh xvfwzço ièwkgh f hynvbfczhy jf moybh h zfczhy goc}fcgfy o lfkzoy h zfy h bfwbh

opkckço xvf h wvh# Lkbh hmkybh, hkcjh, xvf h fwgoldh jo écnvlo jf hioyjhnfb ë jf nyhcjf

kbpoyzécgkh phyh vbh chyyhzk}h# Ovzyo mhzoy zhbiëb kbpyfwgkcjâ}fl ë h fwgoldh jo poczo jf

}kwzh “U###R jf}f opzhy ch fwgoldh jow oldow" f jf xvfb" xvf wfy}kyço gobo ftzfcwoyfw jh }kwço

jo lfkzoy‒ $LKBH, 8;;6, p# 899+#

Hw zëgckghw jf fjkîço wço ovzyo poczo mh}oyè}fl h gocwzyvîço jh bfcwhnfb jo lk}yo"

yfpoyzhnfb# Phyh Lkbh $8;;6+, ow wfnbfczow xvf moybhb vbh chyyhzk}h nyhcjf, zhl gobo o

lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb, cfgfwwkzhb jf vb zyhzhbfczo jf boczhnfb, fwzyvzvyhîço f oyjfchîço jo

gocavczo jf hîöfw, hbikfczfw, pfywochnfcw, jkwgvwwöfw f xvfwzöfw, jf moybh xvf dhah, co zojo,

vbh vckjhjf oynhckqhjh f powwvkjoyh jf vbh l÷nkgh f dhybockh#Lkbh $8;;6+ ftplkgh xvf

xvhczo bhkw ihlhcgfhjh moy h gobikchîço jf zojow fwwfw flfbfczow, bfldoy wfyè o yfwvlzhjo

mkchl jo lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb#

Wf powwvky hlnvbhw jfwwhw zëgckghw f vzklkqhy ow flfbfczow cfgfwwèykow, hmkybh Lkbh $8;;6+, o

lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb phwwh h wfy vb kcwzyvbfczo jf gocdfgkbfczo# Ë hzyh}ëw jflf xvf o pñilkgo

pojf gobpyffcjfy hw yfhlkjhjfw goczfbpoyécfhw, fcgoczyhy moybhw py÷pykhw f co}hw jf

gocdfgkbfczo# Hlëb jkwwo, flvgkjh o wfczkjo f h jkyfîço jow f}fczow, zyhjvq wfv wknckmkghjo f,

poy wf jhy h lkifyjhjf jf cço jkwgvzky hpfchw o mhgzvhl, hvtklkh o dobfb bojfyco co

hgobphcdhbfczo jhw nyhcjfw xvfwzöfw jf cowwo zfbpo $LKBH, 8;;6+#

7#8#8 H kbpoyzécgkh jo lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb co Iyhwkl

O lk}yo ‗ yfpoyzhnfb, hpfwhy jf wvh kbpoyzécgkh, hkcjh cço ë bvkzo gocdfgkjo co Iyhwkl# Co

phâw, h kjfkh xvf wf fwzhiflfgf ë h jf xvf o lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb ë hpfchw vb flfbfczo wfgvcjèyko

jo aoychlkwbo, vb jfwjoiyhbfczo jhw yfpoyzhnfcw xvf aè moyhb jk}vlnhjhw co ovzyow bfkow

jf gobvckghîço f cço hlno xvf }kwh ivwghy h co}kjhjf, o ovzyo lhjo jow mhzow#



9= Fb cowwo phâw, h ftpfykácgkh jo aoychlkwbo }kcgvlhjo à lkzfyhzvyh wvynkv fb 8;94, gob h

Yf}kwzh O Gyvqfkyo89, xvhcjo zyovtf h yfpoyzhnfb phyh hw wvhw pènkchw ch jëghjh jf 8;:0

$IFLO, 900=+# Co fczhczo, h m÷ybvlh jh yf}kwzh w÷ oizf}f átkzo hzë 8;60# Hp÷w fwwh jhzh, h

bvjhcîh cow phjyöfw ëzkgow, o gyfwgkbfczo jo aoychlkwbo co yèjko f, jfpokw, h bojfyckqhîço

zëgckgh f h ftphcwço jh zflf}kwço h jfgyfzhyhb hczkxvhjh aè fb 8;>0 $IFLO, 900=+#

Jf hgoyjo gob Iflo $900=+, jfpokw jf O Gyvqfkyo, ovzyow pfyk÷jkgow phwwhyhb h kc}fwzky bhkw

ch kco}hîço jh lkcnvhnfb f lkifyjhjf jf fcmoxvf jf wvhw pvilkghîöfw, gobo h Yf}kwzh

Jkyfzykqfw87 f Yfhlkjhjf8: hzë xvf, gob h fczyhjh jo wëgvlo TT, h yfpoyzhnfb wf zoycov bhkw

pyfwfczf cow bfkow jf gobvckghîço, wfnvkcjo o bojflo xvf aè fyh pyfjobkchczf co ftzfykoy#

Aè co xvf wf yflhgkoch fwpfgkmkghbfczf h pyojvîço jf lk}yow"yfpoyzhnfb, Iflo $900=+ ftplkgh

xvf h hbplkhîço jo bfyghjo iyhwklfkyo h fwzf pyojvzo wf jf}f ho gyfwgkbfczo jo wfzoy

fjkzoykhl cow hcow jf 8;40# Cfwwh ëpogh, ow }fâgvlow kbpyfwwow fwzh}hb }k}fcjo vbh gykwf, o

yfnkbf bklkzhy dh}kh hghihjo, h hifyzvyh polâzkgh zf}f kcâgko f h fgocobkh iyhwklfkyh }k}kh vbh

nyhcjf kcwzhiklkjhjf, o xvf pyfavjkgov hw pvilkghîöfw jf nyhcjfw yfpoyzhnfcw cow ovzyow

bfkow jf gobvckghîço, bhw ifcfmkgkov ow lk}yow"yfpoyzhnfb# Jfwwh moybh, h

yfjfbogyhzkqhîço jo phâw powwkiklkzov h pvilkghîço jf oiyhw xvf jfw}fcjh}hb ow ñlzkbowhcow jo pfyâojo bklkzhy f ow pykbfkyow jh }olzh ho pojfy gk}kl# Vb jow lk}yow xvf wvynkyhb

cfwwh ëpogh mok o Yfpñilkgh jow Phjykcdow1 gdhczhnfb f goyyvpîço fb Iyhwâlkh86, fwgykzo poy

Nklifyzo Jkbfcwzfkc, fb 8;44 f xvf zyhzh jf vbh nvfyyh wfgyfzh goczyh o pyfwkjfczf Aowë

89 H Yf}kwzh O Gyvqfkyo mok pvilkghjh jf 8;94 h 8;>6 f mhqkh phyzf jo nyvpo jow Jkèykow Hwwogkhjow, jfHwwkw Gdhzfviykhcj# H yf}kwzh, jf pfykojkgkjhjf bfcwhl, gobfîov gob vbh zkyhnfb jf 60 bkl ftfbplhyfw, bhwgdfnov how >90 bkl, xvhcjo goiykv o wvkgâjko jf Nfzñlko ]hynhw, fb hnowzo jf 8;6:# O Gyvqfkyo zyhzh}h jf

jk}fywow hwwvczow jkmfyfczfw, fczyf flfw bhzëykhw phyh o wfto mfbkckco, gkcfbh, hwzyow jf Doll{~ooj, fwpoyzfw,whñjf, gvlkcèykh, polâzkgh, golvch wogkhl f bojh $MFYYHYK, 9004+#87 H Yf}kwzh Jkyfzykqfw mok pvilkghjh fczyf 8;74 f 8;::# Pyojvqkjh co Yko jf Ahcfkyo mok jkwzykivâjh fb}èykow poczow jo phâw# H Yf}kwzh co wfv kcâgko pfyzfcgfv h Whbvfl ^hkcfy f h Hqf}fjo Hbhyhl, bhw hkcgobphzkiklkjhjf jf }kwço polâzkgh fczyf Hbhyhl f ow jfbhkw golhioyhjoyfw jh yf}kwzh o mfq yfzkyhy"wf jhpvilkghîço# Gob h whâjh jf Hbhyhl h jkyfîço jh yf}kwzh mkgov poy goczh jf ^hkcfy # Jkyfzykqfw fyh lknhjh ho PGIf mhqkh opowkîço h Nfzñlko ]hynhw# Wvh pfykojkgkjhjf fyh bfcwhl f wvh zkyhnfb nkyh}h fb zoyco jow 6 bklftfbplhyfw $MFYYHYK, 9004+#8: Yfhlkjhjf mok vbh yf}kwzh jh fjkzoyh Hiykl, jf pfykojkgkjhjf bfcwhl, pvilkghjh jf 8;== h 8;>= f xvf wfghyhgzfykqh}h poy vbh hioyjhnfb bhkw gykhzk}h zhczo ch moybh xvhczo co goczfñjo# Mok kcwpkyhjh co cf~aovychlkwb# Gob zkyhnfb jf 900 bkl ftfbplhyfw gocwkwzkh ihwkghbfczf jf yfpoyzhnfcw wogkhkw, zyhzhcjo woiyf hwxvfwzöfw jh wogkfjhjf, xvf hzë fczço fyhb kncoyhjow pflow ovzyow }fâgvlow $GHCJKH, ]hcfwwh#Hczyopogfczykwbo lkzfyèyko# Ghchl jh Kbpyfcwh# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1

dzzp1//~~~#ghchljhkbpyfcwh#gob#iy/ghchlhcz/cowzhlnkh/zykcz4/cowzhlnkh8#dzb# Hgfwwo fb1 Wfzfbiyo jf 9080#8416= doyhw#86

JKBFCWZFKC, Nklifyzo# Yfpñilkgh jow phjykcdow1 gdhczhnfb f goyyvpîço fb Iyhwâlkh# 7 fj# WçoPhvlo1 Iyhwklkfcwf, 8;44#

http://www.canaldaimprensa.com.br/canalant/nostalgia/trint8/nostalgia1.htm





9> Whycf{# O lk}yo jfw}fcjh vb aono jf kczyknhw, gdhczhnfcw, jfcñcgkhw jf goyyvpîço }kwhcjo

jfpoy o hzë fczço pyfwkjfczf Whycf{# Ë vbh jkwpvzh pflo bhcjhzo pyfwkjfcgkhl#

Lkbh $8;;6+ whlkfczh xvf, cow jkhw jf doaf, hpfwhy jo zkpo jf lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb bhkw gobvb

co phâw wfy hxvflf xvf gvbpyf vb phpfl phwwk}o jf hbplkhîço jo xvf ë mfkzo pflh kbpyfcwh

gozkjkhch, fb phyhlflo, ftkwzfb zhbiëb, ow lk}yow"yfpoyzhnfcw jf yvpzvyh, xvf vlzyhphwwhb

fwwfw lkbkzfw f pojfb wfy}ky gobo bojflo phyh vb co}o aoychlkwbo xvf powwh wvynky co

mvzvyo# Vb ftfbplo ë o lk}yo Hivwhjo1 O joco jo Boyyo Joch Bhyzh, fwgykzo poy Ghgo

Ihygfllow, fb 900;#8=

Kwwo ogoyyf poyxvf o lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb ë phyzf jo bvcjo jo aoychlkwbo, bhw powwvk wvhpy÷pykh hvzocobkh, o xvf o powwkiklkzh h mhqfy co}hw ftpfykbfczhîöfw1 jf ghpzhîço, ftphcjky o

lfxvf jf moczfw jf gocwvlzh, gykhy co}hw bhcfkyhw jf kczfyhîço fczyf o yfp÷yzfy f wfvw

fczyf}kwzhjow f bvcky"wf jf kcwzyvbfczow kco}hjoyfw ch oiwfy}hîço jo yfhl, hlno xvf ë

kbpowwâ}fl chw yfjhîöfw jow ovzyow bfkow jf gobvckghîço $LKBH, 8;;6+#

Jf hgoyjo gob Lkbh $8;;6+, o Iyhwkl wf fcgoczyh fb vb bobfczo dkwz÷ykgo kbpoyzhczf fb

xvf co}hw moyîhw polâzkghw f wogkhkw fwzço fb hwgfcwço f dè o yèpkjo hbhjvyfgkbfczo jo phâw hwvh gocjkîço jfbogyèzkgh# Bhw, hlkhjo h fwwfw mhzoyfw, fwzço h }kolácgkh vyihch, h poiyfqh jh

popvlhîço f o pëwwkbo câ}fl jf fcwkco xvf hbfhîhb o mvzvyo jo phâw#

Jfwwh moybh, o lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb wvynf gobo vbh whâjh à wogkfjhjf ho omfyfgfy vbh lfkzvyh

hpyomvcjhjh jh goczfbpoyhcfkjhjf f jo wogkhl# Aè co xvf wf yfmfyf ho lfkzoy, o oiafzk}o jo

lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb ë pyobo}fy cflf vbh ghzhywf bfczhl jf moybh h omfyfgfy vbh lfkzvyh jo yfhl

xvf kcgoypoyf, zhczo oiafzk}hbfczf xvhczo wviafzk}hbfczf, h wvh ftkwzácgkh gobo kcjk}âjvoco bvcjo, f ë jhâ xvf }fb h kbpoyzécgkh jfwwf zkpo jf pvilkghîço co phâw $LKBH, 8;;6+#

Wfnvcjo Iflo $900=+, ë phyh o lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb xvf bknyhb ow yfp÷yzfyfw xvf záb bvkzhw

dkwz÷ykhw phyh goczhy f, gob kwwo, o mlvto jhw fjkîöfw }hk gyfwgfcjo f kbpvlwkoch o bfyghjo#

Aè o bfyghjo, poy wvh }fq, hbplkh wfv fwphîo phyh co}hw oiyhw# Ow xvf kc}fwzfb fb lk}yow"

8= O lk}yo hioyjh h fczyhjh jo Gobhcjo ]fybfldo ch mh}flh Whczh Bhyzh, co Yko jf Ahcfkyo, f ogocwfxüfczf hlkgkhbfczo f moybhîço jf zyhmkghczfw ch mh}flh# Ihygfllow ftployh h dkwz÷ykh jo zyhmkghczf Avlkhco]P f zyhîh h fwghlhjh jh gykbkchlkjhjf co Yko, ifb gobo g÷jkno jf ëzkgh xvf h yfnf#



94 yfpoyzhnfb o mhqfb fb cobf jf vb aoychlkwbo bhkw }kiyhczf f, ho bfwbo zfbpo, bhkw

kcwpkyhjo f gykhzk}o jo xvf o ftkwzfczf ch kbpyfcwh jkèykh#

7#9 O zftzo jo lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb

Zojo zftzo powwvk jvhw mhgfw, vbh xvf wf yfmfyf h wvh fwzyvzvyh ftzfych f ovzyh xvf wf yfmfyf h

wvh fwzyvzvyh kczfych# F gob o lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb cço wfykh jkmfyfczf# H pykbfkyh mhgf zfb

yflhîço gob o goczftzo ftzyh}fyihl jo zftzo, ov wfah, o wknckmkghjo jo zftzo phyh o wfv lfkzoy#

Aè h wfnvcjh mhgf fwzè lknhjh h oynhckqhîço jow flfbfczow kczfycow, h fwzyvzvyh jo fcvcgkhjo#

Jfwwh moybh, phyh o zftzo jo lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb mhqfy wfczkjo phyh o lfkzoy, hw jvhw mhgfw jf}fb

fwzhy gocfgzhjhw, o xvf w÷ hgoczfgf wf o hvzoy wovify vzklkqhy ow bfkow cfgfwwèykow phyh zhl

mkb#

Nvkbhyçfw, hpvj GOKBIYH $8;;7+, ftplkgh xvf vb flfbfczo xvhlxvfy ho wfy kczfnyhjo co

zojo, xvf ë o zftzo, phwwh h jfwfbpfcdhy vbh mvcîço, f ë fwwh mvcîço xvf }hk jfzfybkchy o

wknckmkghjo jfwwf flfbfczo phyh hxvflh oiyh# Ho hgyfwgfczhy, poy ftfbplo, vb hjafzk}o ho

zftzo, gobo “Phvlh ë lkcjh‒, flf fwzè hzykivkcjo vbh ghyhgzfyâwzkgh à bfckch f, jfwwh moybh,

jfwfbpfcdh h mvcîço jf ghyhgzfykqè"lh pfyhczf o lfkzoy# Ov wfah, ho mhqfy kwwo, o hvzoy cço fwzè

wobfczf fwzyvzvyhcjo o zftzo, bhw zhbiëb fwzè zyhqfcjo vb wknckmkghcjo phyh o lfkzoy# Gobkwwo, flf gocwfnvf mhqfy gob xvf hw mhgfw kczfych f ftzfych wf kczfylknvfb, moybhcjo vb zftzo

gofwo f gob wfczkjo#

Hwwkb wfcjo, o zftzo w÷ phwwh h ftkwzky jf mhzo xvhcjo o goczftzo jh mhgf ftzfych wf kczfylknh

gob o jh kczfych moybhcjo vbh vckjhjf# Wfnvcjo Bfwxvkzh, hpvj GOKBIYH $8;;7+, o zftzo

aoychlâwzkgo jf}f wfy wfbpyf zyhcwphyfczf phyh o lfkzoy f cço jf}f cvcgh wf gologhy fczyf h

lfkzvyh f ow hgoczfgkbfczow chyyhjow# Phyh kwwo hgoczfgfy, o hvzoy jf}f zfy o jobâcko jo zfbh,whify o xvf goczhy f hw yflhîöfw xvf jf}f fwzhiflfgfy ho locno jh chyyhzk}h# Kwwo wf zoych

powwâ}fl gob o gobplfzo fczfcjkbfczo jo hwwvczo zyhzhjo f gob vbh hpvyhîço ykgh zhczo fb

jfzhldfw xvhczo fb pfywpfgzk}hw $IFLO, 900=+#

O fcvcgkhjo jo lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb pojf wfy fwgykzo poy bfko jf zyáw moybhw jkmfyfczfw1

chyyhîço, jkwwfyzhîço f jfwgykîço5 ov pojf hkcjh wfy chyyhzk}o"jfwgykzk}o# F, phyh ghjh vbh

jfwzhw zëgckghw dè vbh bhcfkyh jkmfyfczf jf goczhy h dkwz÷ykh# H jkwwfyzhîço zfb gobo

oiafzk}o pykcgkphl h ftpowkîço, h ftplkghîço ov h kczfypyfzhîço jf kjfkhw f, poy kwwo, zfb

yflhîço gob h hynvbfczhîço, aè xvf ch yfpoyzhnfb jkwwfyzhzk}h h mvcîço jf kcmoybhy hlkh"wf ho



70 Co jfwfc}ol}kbfczo, ftkwzfb }èykow bfkow jf zoychy o zftzo gofyfczf phyh o lfkzoy# Fczyf flfw

fwzço1 h fcvbfyhîço, fb xvf dè h kcjkghîço jf mhzoyfw, mvcîöfw, glhwwkmkghîço ov jf jk}kwço jf

vb oiafzo5 h jfwgykîço jf jfzhldfw5 o gocmyoczo, fb xvf wf ivwgh yfhlîhy hw jkmfyfcîhw fczyf

kjfkhw, mhzow fzg5 h gobphyhîço, ocjf wf pyogvyh hpoczhy wfbfldhcîhw fczyf ow mhzow, kjfkhw,

wfyfw fzg5 h ftfbplkmkghîço, xvf pojf wfy}ky jf pyo}h ov fwglhyfgkbfczo jo xvf ë jkzo5 ghvwh f

fmfkzo5 jfmkckîço, co xvhl wf avczh jokw ov bhkw jfwwfw pyogfwwow jf jfwfc}ol}kbfczo, gobo h

fcvbfyhîço gob o gocmyoczo, gob h gobphyhîço fzg5 h jk}kwço f ftplhchîço jf kjfkhw fb

ghjfkh fb xvf h kjfkh cñglfo ë jk}kjkjh fb jvhw ov fb }èykhw phyzfw5 h oyjfchîço poy zfbpo,

fb xvf ow flfbfczow wço gologhjow fb vbh jkbfcwço zfbpoyhl f h jkbfcwço poy fwphîo, co

xvhl h oynhckqhîço jfwwfw flfbfczow ogoyyf fb vb plhco jf fwphîo $GOKBIYH, 8;;7+#

Co xvf zhcnf à gocglvwço, wfnvcjo GOKBIYH $8;;7+, cço wço zojow ow phyènyhmow xvf h

záb# Bhw, chxvflfw xvf h powwvfb, flh pojf hgoczfgfy jf zyáw moybhw1 h gocglvwço"pyopowzh,

fb xvf wf ivwgh wvnfyky bfjkjhw h wfyfb zobhjhw gob yflhîço ho mhzo, ivwgh whâjhw, wolvîöfw

fzg5 h gocglvwço"yfwvbo, xvf mhq vb yfwvbo jo mhzo f h gocglvwço"wvypyfwh, xvf o oiafzk}o ë h

gykhzk}kjhjf# Ë pfybkzkjo gologhy gkzhîöfw, goczhy vb mhzo gvykowo, zyhqfy vbh pkhjh, jfczyf

ovzyow#

Aè co ghwo jh chyyhîço, phyh Nvkbhyçfw, hpvj GOKBIYH $8;;7+, zyáw ghzfnoykhw mhqfb phyzf

jo fwxvfbh1 h ftpowkîço, h gobplkghîço f h yfwolvîço# Wobhjo h kwwo, zojo zftzo chyyhzk}o

powwvk vbh jkbfcwço zfbpoyhl5 zojow ow mhzow fwzço oynhckqhjow jfczyo jf vbh yflhîço jf

hczfykoykjhjf f jf powzfykoykjhjf, bowzyhcjo bvjhcîhw pyonyfwwk}hw co fwzhjo jhw gokwhw ov

jhw pfwwohw# F, jkmfyfczfbfczf jo xvf ogoyyf gob hw chyyhzk}hw lkzfyèykhw, co zftzo aoychlâwzkgo

h yfpyfwfczhîço jo yfhl ë mfkzh hzyh}ëw jow hgoczfgkbfczow jo jkh"h"jkh jo yfp÷yzfy# Hwwkb, o

zftzo aoychlâwzkgo }kwh kcmoybhy, ho goczyèyko jow ovzyow xvf ivwghb goc}fcgfy, jogvbfczhyfzg#

H chyyhîço, wfnvcjo Gokbiyh $8;;7+, pojf wfy mfkzh poy vb chyyhjoy zfwzfbvcdh, xvf pojf

wfy vb chyyhjoy pfywochnfb ov wobfczf vbh zfwzfbvcdh jow mhzow# Vb ftfbplo fwzè co

zyfgdo1



78

O }knkh fwzyhcdov h ghbphkcdh jh ghwh hlvnhjh co ihkyyo Ahzkñgh wohy zço gfjo# Àw wfkw fbfkh jh bhcdç, cfb o wol phyfgkh zfy jfwpfyzhjo zozhlbfczf chxvflh xvkczh"mfkyh ch ghpkzhlhlhnohch# H ghbphkcdh ë zoghjh jf co}o# O }knkh wf hpyfwwh, pöf o yf}÷l}fy ghlkiyf 74 chgkczvyh f }hk }fy xvfb ë hczfw xvf wfvw phzyöfw hgoyjfb# Ho hiyky h poyzh, }á vb dobfbftkikcjo vb jkwzkczk}o jh polâgkh Mfjfyhl h vb phlbo jf wfv chykq, flkbkchcjo xvhlxvfy

powwkiklkjhjf jf yfhîço# Wfb jhy gdhcgf jf o }knklhczf hiyky h iogh, o jflfnhjo wf hpyfwfczhf bhcjh gdhbhy o joco jh ghwh, o kzhlkhco chzvyhlkqhjo iyhwklfkyo, Jobfckgo ]fyjf,jkqfcjo xvf zyhqkh vbh oyjfb jf pykwço goczyh flf, fbkzkjh pflo Wvpyfbo Zykivchl Mfjfyhl,yfmfyfczf ho pyogfwwo cñbfyo 947"8 $MKNVFKYFJO, 9000, p# 96+

Phyh Gokbiyh $8;;7+, h chyyhîço cfwwf ghwo mkgh ihwzhczf lkbkzhjh, pokw o chyyhjoy w÷ chyyh

poy bfko jhw kcmoybhîöfw xvf goldfv f hxvklo xvf }kv ov ov}kv# Flh pojf zhbiëb wfy

flhioyhjh h phyzky jf vb chyyhjoy pyozhnockwzh, ocjf h chyyhzk}h wf lkbkzh wobfczf hw wvhw

pfygfpîöfw, pfcwhbfczow f wfczkbfczow5 poy vb chyyhjoy ockwgkfczf, fwgykzo fb 7¡ pfwwoh,

xvhcjo o chyyhjoy gologh co phpfl cço wobfczf ow hgoczfgkbfczow fb wk, bhw zhbiëb ow

pfcwhbfczow f wfczkbfczow jow pfywochnfcw, gobo fb1

Cço mowwfb ow locnow wvwpkyow f hlnvbhw phlh}yhw jkzhw fczyf jfczfw cvb fwphcdolkcgobpyffcwâ}fl, ow nvhyjhw pfcwhykhb xvf Nvwzh}o Jflnhjo fwzh}h boyzo# F fyh hwwkb xvfflf wf wfczkh# Flf aè fwzh}h ch bfwbh powkîço dh}kh doyhw, jfkzhjo ch ghbh co mvcjo jhgflh, jf gowzhw phyh hw nyhjfw, kb÷}fl# O gdfmf jh }knklécgkh zkcdh yfgfikjow oyjfcw jf jhyhzfcîço fwpfgkhl h flf, bhw Jflnhjo cço pfjkh gokwh hlnvbh# H pykwço flkbkchyh zojh h wvh}oczhjf $MKNVFKYFJO, 9000, p# 8>+#

H chyyhzk}h pojf hkcjh wfy mfkzh co bojo jyhbèzkgo, bfko bhkw vwhjo co aoychlkwbo, fb xvf o

chyyhjoy wf lkbkzh h kcmoybhy o xvf ow pfywochnfcw mhlhb ov mhqfb f o zftzo ë gobpowzo poy

vbh wvgfwwço jf gfchw $GOKBIYH, 8;;7+#

Jf hgoyjo gob Gokbiyh $8;;7+, h chyyhzk}h zhbiëb pojf wfy yfzhyjhjh ov hgflfyhjh

jfpfcjfcjo jo fmfkzo xvf o hvzoy xvfy jo wfv lfkzoy# Hlëb jkwwo, cço dè cfgfwwhykhbfczf vbh

goyyfwpocjácgkh fczyf h jvyhîço jf vb mhzo f h ftzfcwço jf fwphîo xvf flf ogvph ch chyyhzk}h,flh wfyè bhkoy ov bfcoy jfpfcjfcjo jo xvf jfwfah yfphwwhy o hvzoy#

Ow hgoczfgkbfczow hioyjhjow hgoczfgfb cvb fwphîo jfzfybkchjo, poyëb, ow mhzow chyyhjow f

ow pfywochnfcw pojfb wfy jkwzykivâjow pflo chyyhjoy fb lvnhyfw jkwzkczow jo fcvcgkhjo#

Hwwkb wfcjo, fb xvhlxvfy zftzo ftkwzfb wfbpyf ow jfbhyghjoyfw, xvf wfy}fb phyh jflkbkzhy

ow fwphîow# Ow jfbhyghjoyfw wço ow hjavczow hj}fyikhkw jf lvnhy, ow wviwzhczk}ow xvf

jfcobkchb fwphîo f phlh}yhw xvf yfpyfwfczhb jfwloghbfczow, gobo, poy ftfbplo, h myhwf1

whâjh jf ghwh $GOKBIYH, 8;;7+# O xvf pojf wfy }kwzo fb1



7= yfnkço mhq phyzf o pfywochnfb, h wvh kjhjf, pyomkwwço, powkîço wogkhl, nyhv jf fwgolhykjhjf,

jfczyf ovzyow $NVKYHVJ hpvj GOKBIYH, 8;;7+# Zfbow gobo ftfbplo o wfnvkczf jkèlono

jo lk}yo ]kjh jf Jyonh, jf ^hlg{y Ghyyhwgo981

" Wf o phk }fcjfwwf o ghyyço, pojkh gobpyhy jvhw pfyvhw# Fv havjh}h cvbh f }ogá ch ovzyh#Jh}h pyh gobfy doz jon hzë whky pflhw oyfldhw( Wovif jf vb wvafkzo cow Fwzhjow Vckjow xvfgobfîov }fcjfcjo doz jon f doaf ë bklkocèyko(" Nvlowo( Zobhyh xvf }ogá wf hmonvf cvbh ihcdfkyh jf bhkocfwf gob bowzhyjh f ghzgdvp(Cvcgh xvfyo phwwhy poy fwwh dvbkldhîço $GHYYHWGO, 9007, p# 87+#

H zyhcwgykîço jo jkèlono cow pfybkzf pfygfify xvf wf zyhzh jf vbh goc}fywh fczyf jokw

hjolfwgfczfw f xvf pyo}h}flbfczf wço kybçow ov phyfczfw, kwwo jf}kjo h lkcnvhnfb f o

goczfñjo jflh#

Ovzyh moybh jf ghyhgzfykqhîço jow pfywochnfcw, wfnvcjo Lopfw f Yfkw, hpvj GOKBIYH

$8;;7+, ë hzyh}ëw jo fwphîo xvf flfw ogvphb# Fwphîo fwwf kczfnyhjo pflow gobpocfczfw

mâwkgow xvf wfy}fb jf phco jf mvcjo phyh h bo}kbfczhîço jow pfywochnfcw, kcglvwow hâ ow

hbikfczfw kczfykoyfw, gobo hw jfgoyhîöfw f ow oiafzow f ow hbikfczfw ftzfykoyfw# H yovph

zhbiëb ë ovzyo poczo jf nyhcjf kbpoyzécgkh, pokw ë ghphq jf yf}flhy cço w÷ o fwzhjo jf

fwpâykzo jo pfywochnfb gobo h phwwhnfb jf vb fwzhjo jf fwpâykzo phyh ovzyo $GOKBIYH,

8;;7+#

Iyhkz $8;;;+ kcmoybh xvf zojhw fwwhw wço moybhw vwhjhw pflo hvzoy gob o ñckgo oiafzk}o jf

mhqfy gob xvf wfvw pfywochnfcw ftkwzhb phyh hlëb jo phpfl# Jfpfcjfcjo jf xvhl moy wvh

kczfcîço gob hxvflf pfywochnfb, fwwf fwgykzoy }hk gocwzyvky o jkwgvywo jh moybh xvf flf

gocwkjfyh cfgfwwèykh phyh xvf, jfpokw jf gocwzyvâjow, fwwfw pfywochnfcw mvahb h wfv jobâcko

f pfybhcfîhb co bvcjo jhw phlh}yhw phyh xvf powwhb wfy hpyfgkhjow ov cço pflow wfvw

yfgfpzoyfw#

7#7#8 O pfywochnfb co lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb

Ho goczyèyko jhw ikonyhmkhw, h gocwzyvîço jow pfywochnfcw fb lk}yo, zhbiëb gocdfgkjo gobo

pfymkl, pojf yfzyhzhy hpfchw hlnvbhw mhwfw ov bobfczow kbpoyzhczfw jh }kjh jhxvflf

pfywochnfb# Poyzhczo, fwwf ë vb zftzo gvyzo f hvzoyhl fb xvf ghjh hvzoy o mhq h wfv py÷pyko

98

GHYYHWGO, ^hlg{y# ]kjh jf jyonh# Wço Phvlo1 Èzkgh, 9007#



7> bojo# H kbpoyzécgkh jo pfywochnfb jfczyo jo lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb hj}ëb jh wvh ghphgkjhjf jf

nfyhy fbphzkh, ov wfah, h ghphgkjhjf jo lfkzoy jf wf wfczky gobo wf mowwf hxvflf pfywochnfb,

gobo wf fwzk}fwwf chxvflh wkzvhîço# Poyëb, phyh kwwo hgoczfgfy ë cfgfwwèyko ho hvzoy fwgyf}fy

vb pfymkl ifb mfkzo, mhqfy o pfywochnfb ftkwzky phyh hlëb jo phpfl#

Wfnvcjo ]klhw Iohw $9007+, phyh xvf o pfywochnfb mkxvf ch bfb÷ykh jo lfkzoy ë cfgfwwèyko

hzkcnky xvhzyo câ}fkw1 h lfbiyhcîh, fb xvf mlvk h wvh dkwz÷ykh jf }kjh5 o fwphîo, xvf ë h

nfonyhmkh jo fcgoczyo5 h gkygvcwzécgkh, xvf yfpyfwfczh o bobfczo wknckmkghzk}o f h kczfyhîço

xvf lf}h h hlnvbh ftpyfwwço, wfah flh nfwzvhl, opkchzk}h, jfczyf ovzyhw# O pfywochnfb pyfgkwh

wfy gocwzyvâjo jf moybh xvf zhczo o lfkzoy xvhczo flf py÷pyko wf kczfyfwwfb poy fwwh

gocwzyvîço, ghwo goczyèyko flf ahbhkw zfyè wknckmkgécgkh#

Ow pyogfwwow jf gykhîço jf vb pfymkl wço bvlzkjkbfcwkochkw, vbh }fq xvf wço gobikchjow

bfb÷ykh, gocdfgkbfczo, kbhnkchîço, wâczfwfw f wfczkbfczow# Ch gocwzyvîço jfwwfw

pfywochnfcw, jf hgoyjo ]klhw Iohw $9007+, cço ë cfgfwwèyko h mykfqh f o jkwzhcgkhbfczo jo

yfp÷yzfy, flf pojf wf fc}ol}fy gob o fczyf}kwzhjo wfb poy kwwo pfyjfy o mogo jo wfv zyhihldo,

fbioyh flf jf}h wfbpyf lf}hy fb goczh hw zëgckghw jf yfpoyzhnfb# Vb ftfbplo ë xvf o

yfp÷yzfy cço pojf f cfb jf}f jkyfgkochy hw phlh}yhw, ow nfwzow fzg jo wfv pfywochnfb poybhkw kczkbkjhjf xvf zfcdh gob flf# Kwwo cço jf}f ogoyyfy poyxvf wço avwzhbfczf hw yfhîöfw f

hzkzvjfw jo pfywochnfb xvf gocwzkzvfb o wfv pfymkl# Ow pfymkw aoychlâwzkgow ftpyfwwhb vbh

zyhafz÷ykh xvf ë bowzyhjh hzyh}ëw jf vbh dkwz÷ykh chyyhjh xvf zfb vb phwwhjo f vb pyfwfczf f,

wf o yfp÷yzfy kczfymfyky cflh, o xvf flf hzkcnkyè ë vb pfymkl mhlwo, xvf chjh zfb h }fy gob h

yfhlkjhjf $]KLHW IOHW, 9007+#

Phyh ]klhw Iohw $9007+, ch gocwzyvîço jf vb pfymkl, wobfczf o oldhy cço ihwzh, ë kbpoyzhczfzhbiëb vwhy jf zojh kcmoybhîço xvf powwh wfy oizkjh jf bojo wfcwoykhl, wfah pflo olmhzo,

pflo zhzo, hvjkîço# Hw hîöfw f yfhîöfw jf vb pfywochnfb wfbpyf jfkthb zyhcwphyfgfy

hlnvbhw jf wvhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw f h powwkiklkjhjf jf jfwgyf}fy vbh pfwwoh ftplkghcjo o xvf

flh mhq, gobo mhq wço jf ftzyfbh kbpoyzécgkh ch gocwzyvîço jfwwh pfwwoh jkhczf jo lfkzoy#

Ow pfywochnfcw zhbiëb pojfb wfy glhwwkmkghjow jf }èykhw moybhw jkmfyfczfw co lk}yo"

yfpoyzhnfb# Xvhczo h gobpowkîço flfw pojfb wfy glhwwkmkghjow fb pfywochnfb plhch, fb xvf

o pfywochnfb ë gocwzyvâjo fb zoyco jf vbh ñckgh kjfkh ov xvhlkjhjf, f pfywochnfb yfjocjh,

xvf ë jkcébkgh f bvlzkmhgfzhjh, zfb bhkoy jfcwkjhjf f ë gocwzyvâjh h phyzky jh yf}flhîço



74 nyhjvhl jf wfvw zyhvbhw, }hgklhîöfw, bfjow, fzg $MOYWZFY f LOPFW F YFKW hpvj

GOKBIYH, 8;;7+#

Ovzyhw moybhw jf glhwwkmkghîço jo pfywochnfb lf}hb fb goczh o yflf}o, h mvcîço jflf, jfczyf

ovzyow# Jf hgoyjo gob Dhboc, hpvj GOKBIYH $8;;7+, o pfywochnfb pojf wfy yfmfyfcgkhl,

fb xvf yfbfzf h vb wfczkjo mkto, kboiklkqhjo poy vbh gvlzvyh, cfwwf ghwo, o yfgocdfgkbfczo

jfwwf pfywochnfb pflo lfkzoy jfpfcjf jo nyhv jf kcwfyîço jflf jfczyo jfwwh gvlzvyh5

pfywochnfb hcèmoyh, xvf w÷ pojf wfy gobpyffcjkjh jfczyo jo zftzo pflh yfjf jf yflhîöfw

fwzhiflfgkjhw fczyf ow wfvw flfbfczow5 ov pojf hkcjh wfy, wfnvcjo IYHKZ hpvj GOKBIYH

$8;;7+ pfywochnfb mknvyhczf, xvf zfb vbh mvcîço bfyhbfczf jfgoyhzk}h, ogvphcjo vb lvnhy

jkwzhcgkhjo jow hgoczfgkbfczow# Bhw, cfb poy kwwo flf jf}f wfy jkwpfcwè}fl, aè xvf wfy}f phyhklvwzyhy o hbikfczf, vbh pyomkwwço, vbh hzkzvjf jhxvflh gvlzvyh fzg#

Ovzyow flfbfczow, gobo hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw pwkgol÷nkghw, o bojo gobo mhlh, ow nfwzow, h

powzvyh, h ftpyfwwço mhgkhl, o ykwo, o oldhy, o wklácgko goczykivfb phyh h gocwzyvîço jf vb

pfywochnfb co lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb, pokw bowzyhb wfv fwzhjo jf dvboy jo pfywochnfb, o wfv

afkzo jf hnky, jf wf gobpoyzhy, wf fwzè ghlbo ov zfcwo, mflkq ov zykwzf fzg# Hlëb jfwzfw, ow wocw

ov hw bojkmkghîöfw jfwwfw wocw, gocdfgkjow gobo phyhlkcnvhnfb, zhbiëb mhqfb phyzf jfwwhgocwzyvîço# Fczyf fwzfw zfbow ow xvhlkmkghjoyfw }oghkw, xvf bojvlhb h }oq f pojfb hjkgkochy

kczfcwkjhjf, zob ov zfbpo à bfcwhnfb phwwhjh5 ow wfnyfnhjoyfw }oghkw, ov wfah, ow yvâjow,

xvf jço kjfkh jf dfwkzhîço5 ow nykzow, gogdkgdow, gdoyo, pknhyyo, iogfao, wvwpkyo fzg $HVWZKC

hpvj GOKBIYH, 8;;7+#

Hwwkb wfcjo, o pfywochnfb ë gocwzyvâjo fb nyhcjf phyzf pflo yfp÷yzfy, bhw flf py÷pyko

zhbiëb goczykivk phyh h wvh py÷pykh gocwzyvîço f o mhq kc}fczhcjo"wf f wf yfkc}fczhcjogocmoybf hw gkygvcwzécgkhw, o loghl f o dvboy fzg $]KLHW IOHW, 9007+#

Jfwwh moybh, pojfbow pfygfify xvf cço hpfchw hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw mâwkghw mhqfb phyzf jh

gocwzyvîço jf vb pfywochnfb, bhw zhbiëb zvjo xvf o gfygh f zvjo o xvf flf mhq# Wfcjo

hwwkb, phyh gocwzyvky vb iob pfywochnfb, o hvzoy jf}f pyogvyhy cço w÷ poy hxvklo xvf flf }á

jkhczf jflf f wkb poy xvhlxvfy gokwh xvf o havjf ch gocwzyvîço jfwwf pfymkl, gobo o hcjhy, o

afkzo, h zkbkjfq ov o ftzyo}fyzkbfczo fzg#



:0 }fcjkjhw pflhw py÷pykhw mhbâlkhw, aè xvf fwzhw wço cvbfyowhw f ow phkw cço gocwfnvfb bhczfy

zojow ow mkldow# Hlëb jkwwo, Jkbfcwzfkc jkwgvzf h xvfwzço jow lfklöfw jhw bfckchw }kynfcw f o

mhzo jf bvkzhw zfczhyfb mvnky jfwwf fwxvfbh, bhw ahbhkw gocwfnvkyfb#

:#9 Bfzojolonkh

Phyh h yfhlkqhîço jh pfwxvkwh pyopowzh, o bëzojo vzklkqhjo mok h hcèlkwf jf goczfñjo h phyzky

jf gykzëykow woiyf gocwzyvîço jf pfywochnfcw f zëgckghw jf yfpoyzhnfb, hlkhjow how gocgfkzow

jf aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o f lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb# Hwwkb wfcjo, o xvf wf pyfzfcjfv mhqfy mok

vbh hcèlkwf jo bhzfykhl fbpâykgo ivwghcjo gocgfkzvhy h moybh vzklkqhjh f xvhkw hw zëgckghw jf

xvf Nklifyzo Jkbfcwzfkc wf hpojfyov phyh gocwzyvky wfvw pfywochnfcw jf bojo xvf flfwphyfîhb yfhkw, zhl gobo o wço, phyh o lfkzoy#

Phyh h hcèlkwf moyhb fwzhiflfgkjhw hw ghzfnoykhw xvf wf wfnvfb1

h+ Zëgckghw jf yfpoyzhnfb

" Moybh jf hifyzvyh $chyyhîço, jfwgykîço f jkwwfyzhîço+" Ghyhgzfyâwzkghw

" Poczo jf }kwzh jo hvzoy

" Moczfw

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" Hvwácgkh jf pyfwwço wogkhl" Glhyfqh f yknoy

" Phgkácgkh, pfywkwzácgkh, oynhckqhîço f oiwzkchîço, poy phyzf jo yfp÷yzfy

" Kwfcîço jo yfp÷yzfy pfyhczf ow hgoczfgkbfczow

" Bëzojow jf kc}fwzknhîço $pfwxvkwh, gdfghnfb jf jhjow, ivwgh jf moczfw, jogvbfczow+

" Pyfgfkzow ëzkgow

g+ O pfywochnfb

" Jfwgykîço jo pfywochnfb



:8 " Moybh jf hpyfwfczhîço jo pfywochnfb phyh o lfkzoy $pflo py÷pyko pfywochnfb, pflo

chyyhjoy, poy vbh zfwzfbvcdh+

" Zkpow jf pfywochnfb

" Moybh jf hpyfwfczhîço $chyyhzk}h, jfwgykzk}h, jkwwfyzhzk}h+

j+ Fwzklo jo zftzo

" Hzvhlkjhjf

" Zkpow jf lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb

" Myvkîço $chyyhîço, jfwgykîço, ftpowkîço+

:#7 Hcèlkwf Xvhlkzhzk}h woiyf h gocwzyvîço jow pfywochnfcw co lk}yo Bfckchw jh Cokzf

:#7#8 Zëgckghw jf yfpoyzhnfb vzklkqhjhw co lk}yo Bfckchw jh Cokzf

Wço okzo doyhw jfwzh cokzf jf 8; jf ahcfkyo jf 8;;9# Fwzhbow cvbh fwxvkch jh yvh 9: jfbhko, co Gfczyo jf Bhchvw# À cowwh myfczf, wfczhjh ch ghlîhjh, jf wdoyz pyfzo avwzo,ghbkwfzh }fyjf"hihghzf xvf goiyf hpfchw o ivwzo, golhyfw, pvlwfkyhw, bhw jfwghlîh, vbhbfckch gdoyh wfb phyhy, gob h ghifîh hpokhjh woiyf ow aofldow# H wfv lhjo, zfczhcjo

gocwolè"lh, fwzè h gooyjfchjoyh fwzhjvhl jo Bo}kbfczo Bfckcow jf Yvh, LhvykfzfChwgkbfczo $JKBFCWZFKC, 8;;9, p# =0+

H phwwhnfb hgkbh, zyhcwgykzh jo lk}yo Bfckchw jh Cokzf, yfpyfwfczh h hifyzvyh jo wfv :±

ghpâzvlo $Bhchvw+# H zëgckgh gocwkwzf fb vbh bkwzvyh jo xvf ë gdhbhjo poy Gokbiyh $8;;7+

jf jfwgykîço f chyyhîço# Hwwkb, o oiafzk}o ë goczhy phyh o lfkzoy h gfch xvf fwzè wf phwwhcjo

hzyh}ëw jf vb chyyhjoy zfwzfbvcdh, xvf ë zhbiëb pfywochnfb

jh dkwz÷ykh f yfnkwzyh zvjo o xvf }á# Ho bfwbo zfbpo, hzyh}ëw jh poybfcoykqhîço jow mhzow f

jow }fyiow co pyfwfczf ivwgh"wf hzfczhy phyh ow jfzhldfw bhkw kbpoyzhczfw, jfwgyf}fcjo"ow

phyh o lfkzoy# Kwwo cço hgoczfgf wobfczf co :± ghpâzvlo, fb xvf ë goczhjh h gfch jf vbh jhw

bfckchw pyowzkzvzhw xvf, ho pfyjfy h bçf f, avczo gob flh, mkghy wfb cozâgkhw jo mkldo gobfîh

h gdoyhy, bhw zhbiëb ë vb yfgvywo vzklkqhjo jvyhczf pyhzkghbfczf zojow ow jfbhkw ghpâzvlow#

Ovzyo ftfbplo jfwwh zëgckgh pojf wfy fcgoczyhjo co ghpâzvlo wfkw $Yko Iyhcgo+1



:9

Hw âcjkhw oldh}hb kczyknhjhw hxvflfw oldow }fyjfw ‗ oldh}hb f wfczkhb bfjo# Hgdh}hbxvf fyh hwwobiyhîço# Hmkchl, cvcgh zkcdhb }kwzo vb wfy dvbhco jf oldow }fyjfw# Jfpokw wfhgowzvbhyhb gob o bëjkgo Bhygow Pflfnykck, moybhjo ch Fwgolh Phvlkwzh jf Bfjkgkch, opykbfkyo dobfb iyhcgo h mhqfy goczhzo, fb 8;4=, gob vbh zykio jh chîço Khcobhbk, chyfnkço jo Bothmf, fb Yoyhkbh# Phyh gdfnhy hzë lè, flf fcmyfczov wfzf jkhw jf }khnfb, zyáw

jflfw h pë, co bfko jh wfl}h $JKBFCWZFKC, 8;;9, p# 4:+#

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gdfnhjh jo dobfb iyhcgo à zykio Khcobhbk, bowzyhcjo hwwkb o phwwhjo jh zykio f gobo mok

kczyojvqkjo cflh h pyowzkzvkîço jf bvldfyfw, pykcgkphlbfczf jhw gykhcîhw#

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chyyhîço/jfwgykîço, poyëb jh pfwwoh $pfywochnfb+ f cço jh gfch# Fb hifyzvyhw jfwwf zkpo

goczh"wf h dkwz÷ykh pfwwohl jf hlnvëb# Ë o ghwo, poy ftfbplo, jo pykbfkyo ghpâzvlo $Iflëb+,

xvf wf kckgkh jh wfnvkczf moybh1

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phyh fcgoczyè"lh f woiyf h wvh }kjh ch pyowzkzvkîço f, gob kwwo, zyhîh phyh o lfkzoy vb yflhzoyfhl jf xvfb ë hxvflh pfwwoh xvf flf mhlh f xvf flh ftkwzf yfhlbfczf, f cço ë hpfchw myvzo jf

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fcgoczyhjh fb Bfckchw jh Cokzf# Fb cfcdvb bobfczo Jkbfcwzfkc mhq vwo jfwwh zëgckgh

phyh hiyky o ghpâzvlo ho lfkzoy ov mhlhy woiyf h gfch ov h pfywochnfb#

Xvhczo àw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jh yfpoyzhnfb, mok powwâ}fl jfzfgzhy xvf jvyhczf zojo o lk}yo o hvzoy

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:7 yflhzow wço ihwfhjow ch hîço f cow jfzhldfw jow hgoczfgkbfczow# Ow mhzow cço wço hpfchw

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xvf fwzè ogoyyfcjo# H hîço f h jfwgykîço nhcdhb lvnhy phyh hpyfwfczhy zojow ow

hgoczfgkbfczow ho lfkzoy# Zfbow gobo ftfbplo o wfnvkczf zyfgdo pyfwfczf co ghpâzvlo jfq

$Gvkñ"Gvkñ+1

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jfwgviyo xvf wf zyhzh jh hczknh pkwzh jf h}kço# Hw ghwhw moyhb wvynkcjo àw wvhw ioyjhw#Hpfwhy jh bhlèykh, cço dè powzo jf whñjf f bvkzo bfcow dowpkzhl# Xvhcjo hlnvëb hjofgf,wfbpyf ftkwzf vb lfkno xvf wf kbhnkch jozhjo jf gocdfgkbfczo bëjkgo f whk yfgfkzhcjohczkik÷zkgow }fcjkjow ch ghczkch ‗ fcgoczyhjow ch bfwbh pyhzflfkyh jo whiço, fwgo}h jfjfczfw f gfy}fah $ JKBFCWZFKC, 8;;9, p# 8:0+#

Cfwwh phwwhnfb, Jkbfcwzfkc cço yflhzh hpfchw jhjow ivyogyèzkgow woiyf h xvhczkjhjf jf

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pyfwfczkmkghcjo hw hîöfw phyh o lfkzoy f, hwwkb, h wfcwhîço xvf wf zfb ë jf hxvflh gfch fwzè

hgoczfgfcjo hnoyh f cço co phwwhjo#

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poczo jf }kwzh jf Jkbfcwzfkc xvhczo h wkzvhîço jhw bfckchw pyowzkzvzhw# Fb hlnvbhw

phwwhnfcw hzyh}ëw jo chyyhjoy"zfwzfbvcdh dè vb zob jf h}hlkhîço co jkwgvywo f wf kbpykbf

ho zftzo vb ghyèzfy jf avlnhbfczo pyffwzhiflfgkjo# Poyëb, gocmoybf ftplkgh Lkbh $8;;6+ o

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o wfv poczo jf }kwzh woiyf h kc}fwzknhîço yfhlkqhjh# Vb ftfbplo jkwwo fwzè co ghpâzvlo gkcgo

$Poyzo ]fldo+1

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:: Ho mhlhy woiyf h gfch xvf }á fb Poyzo ]fldo, o hvzoy hghih poy jfkthy ifb glhyo o wfv poczo

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ifb glhyo wfv powkgkochbfczo#

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$Kzhkzvih+, xvhcjo flf mhlh woiyf h hzvhîço jo jflfnhjo Hlgky Gocjf co ghwo jhw bfckchw

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fwwfw zkpow jf ghwo#

Co xvf zhcnf àw moczfw vzklkqhjhw poy Jkbfcwzfkc, pojfbow jkqfy xvf, hlëb jhw bfckchw

pyowzkzvzhw, vzklkqov moczfw omkgkhkw $jflfnhjow jf polâgkh f o ghpkzço jo jfphyzhbfczo jfgykhcîhw f hjolfwgfczfw Polâgkh Bklkzhy jf Yocjúckh+ f moczfw fwpfgkhlkqhjhw f omkgkowhw

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pykcgkphl jkyknfczf jh VCK99, Hczúcko Hpvykcç1

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:#7#9 Ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o pyfwfczfw co lk}yo

Gobo vbh jhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw pykcgkphkw jo aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o, wfnvcjo Lopfw $9007+,

zfbow h wvh kcjfpfcjácgkh jh pyfwwço wogkhl zço gobvb cow ovzyow nácfyow jf aoychlkwbo# F ë

99 Vckço Chgkochl Kcjânfch



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lf}hybow fb gocwkjfyhîço o jfhjlkcf jhw yfjhîöfw, poyzhczo, o hvzoy cço zf}f pyfwwh ch

hpvyhîço jf wvh kc}fwzknhîço f pojf gdfghy zvjo jf moybh jfzhldhjh f ov}ky o bhkoy cñbfyo

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hgkjfczf, wfxvfwzyo ov fwgécjhlo polâzkgo, bhw mok woiyf vb hwwvczo cço bvkzo gobfczhjo ch

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aoychlkwzh cço zf}f h cfgfwwkjhjf jf wfnvky h phvzh jo aoychl f pojf fwgoldfy gob xvfb mhlhy,

gobo kykh mhqfy wfv zyhihldo fzg# Ow jfzhldfw woiyf h kc}fwzknhîço wço goczhjow pflo py÷pyko

Jkbfcwzfkc ch kczyojvîço jo lk}yo1

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Wobhjo h kwwo, Lopfw $9007+ hmkybh xvf h glhyfqh f o yknoy wço zhbiëb kbpoyzhczfw

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gologh ow mhzow phyh o lfkzoy jf moybh mègkl jf wfy gobpyffcjkjh# Vb ftfbplo jfwwh glhyfqh

jhw kcmoybhîöfw pojf wfy }kwvhlkqhjo co ghpâzvlo jokw

Vbh jf cowwhw zyhjvzoyhw, Gdkgh Ihnhîo, boyh ch Mhyyh ]fldh, xvhwf fb myfczf à ghwh jfGflbh ‗ flh ë vb iob ftfbplo jf gobo h cfgfwwkjhjf hghih lf}hcjo gob kbpfygfpzâ}flchzvyhlkjhjf à pyobkwgvkjhjf#Flh mok phyh Kbpfyhzykq phyh zyhihldhy gobo goqkcdfkyh# Cço zkcdh chjh h pfyjfy# Fwzh}h wfbfbpyfno f wfb bhykjo# Ho gdfnhy, jfwgoiykv xvf zfykh xvf zyhihldhy cvbh iohzf# Flh wflfbiyh jh pykbfkyh }fq xvf mok phyh h ghbh gob vb glkfczf“Xvhcjo flf zkyov h yovph f }k o zhbhcdo jhxvklo, whâ goyyfcjo phyh h yvh‒# O zfbpo h fcwkcov h pfyjfy fwwf f ovzyow bfjow# Bhw, ho goczyèyko jh bhkoykh jhwpyowzkzvzhw, gocwfnvkv bvjhy jf }kjh# Fczyov ch Phwzoyhl jh Bvldfy Bhynkchlkqhjh,kcgvbikjh jf hzyhky bfckchw phyh gvywow gobo goyzf f gowzvyh, hyzfwhchzo f gvlkcèykh#Fwzh}h mflkq ‗ nhcdh}h jkcdfkyo wfb pyfgkwhy }fcjfy o goypo f hnüfczhy dobfcw ihihjow f}kolfczow $JKBFCWZFKC, 8;;9, p# 79+#

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kcgoyyfv ch ëzkgh, aè xvf ckcnvëb pfynvczov h wvh kjfczkjhjf#

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goczyh ow pykcgâpkow ëzkgow, vbh }fq xvf cço jfv opoyzvckjhjf phyh ow hgvwhjow, co ghwo ow

jocow jf ioyjëkw, wf jfmfcjfyfb#

:#7#7 H gocwzyvîço jow pfywochnfcw mfkzh poy Nklifyzo Jkbfcwzfkc co lk}yo Bfckchw jh

Cokzf

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gocwzyvîço pojf wfy mfkzh, h gobfîhy jh hpyfwfczhîço jfwwf pfywochnfb phyh o lfkzoy# Hpfwhy

jf ftkwzkyfb zyáw moybhw phyh fwwh hpyfwfczhîço, jf hgoyjo gob Iyhkz $8;;;+, xvf wço h

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Cokzf wobfczf jvhw jflhw wço vwhjhw# Vbh jflhw ë h hpyfwfczhîço fb 7¡ pfwwoh, vzklkqhjh pflo

hvzoy phyh goczhy hw dkwz÷ykhw jhw bfckchw xvf flf cço pyfwfcgkov, gobo co ghpâzvlo okzo1

How ocqf hcow, Bhykh Hphyfgkjh jh Wkl}h }kv h gdhcgf jf yfhlkqhy vb wocdo1 nhcdhy vbhiocfgh iockzh, jhxvflhw xvf pfybkzfb h zyogh jf yovphw# Ihwzh}h wviky ch nhyvph jf vbhikgkglfzh ‗ o dobfb, ifb bhkw }fldo, pyobfzfv whzkwmhqfy wfv jfwfao jfwjf xvf hgfkzhwwfhlnvbhw iykcghjfkyhw# Ho }olzhy phyh ghwh, cço dh}kh yfgfikjo o pyfwfczf pyobfzkjo# Hlëbjh myvwzyhîço, ghyyfnh}h vb wfnyfjo1 zkcdh pfyjkjo h }kynkcjhjf $JKBFCWZFKC, 8;;9, p#804+#

Fwzh, gobo wf pojf pfygfify, cço mok vbh gfch pyfwfcgkhjh pflo hvzoy, poyëb ë flf xvfb, jf

powwf jhw kcmoybhîöfw xvf oizf}f gob h wvh pfywochnfb f gob h kybç Qfmfykch, hpyfwfczh h

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pfyjfv wvh }kynkcjhjf, bowzyhcjo, ho bfwbo zfbpo, gobo h kcogácgkh havjh ch fczyhjh jhw

bfckchw phyh h pyowzkzvkîço#

H ovzyh moybh ë h hpyfwfczhîço jo pfywochnfb poy vb chyyhjoy zfwzfbvcdh, xvf mhq phyzf jh

dkwz÷ykh f }á zvjo o xvf fwzè hgoczfgfcjo1 hw yfhîöfw jo pfywochnfb, wfv afkzo, wvhw hzkzvjfw

fzg# Zfbow gobo ftfbplo co ghpâzvlo zyáw h hpyfwfczhîço jf Ahchâch Phzyâgkh Pfyfkyh1



67

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vb woyykwo jogf f kcnácvo $ JKBFCWZFKC, 8;;9, p# 74+#

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phwwhb f woiyf o pfymkl jf Ahchâch#

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ftfbplo jkwwo fwzè co ghpâzvlo xvhzyo1

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gdfnhjh jf Fj}hljh hzë o hvzoy f phyh ghyhgzfykqè"lh#

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co}f1



6:

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Hbhqúckh#

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pojf"wf pfygfify kwwo glhyhbfczf#

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66 gobo zhbiëb pojf, gocmoybf jkq Iflo $900=+, jkhczf jow jhjow moycfgkjow, hpyomvcjhy"wf co

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8;;9, p# 7; f :9+#

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pyowzkzvkîço jhw bfckchw fb Lhyhcahl jo Ahyk, f mok hzyèw jf kcmoybhîöfw xvf o lf}hwwfb ho

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pvilkghîço jhw bhzëykhw cfwwfw }fâgvlow jf gobvckghîço#

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pyowzkzvkîço, wvh jkcébkgh, fzg# F pújf, hwwkb, fcykxvfgfy wfv zyhihldo zhczo co xvf jkq

yfwpfkzo ho aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o xvhczo ho lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb#

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64 Cfwwf zyfgdo, h ftpowkîço jo mhzo ogoyyf lono chw pykbfkyhw lkcdhw, fb xvf o hvzoy goczh jf

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whikhb xvf fwzh}hb kcjo phyh o loghl zyhihldhy gobo pyowzkzvzhw f pflh jfwgykîço jh yfgfpîço

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pyowzkzvzhw f ftplkgh o xvf hgoczfgf xvhcjo hw nhyozhw zoychb"wf hczknhw co lvnhy1 wço

}fcjkjhw poy bfko jh lfk jo phwwf phyh ovzyow nhykbpow#



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Aowë Lvâw $oyn#+# Aoychlkwbo Kc}fwzknhzk}o# Wço Phvlo1 Fj# VWP, 9007#

http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:Q8dZPa6qoXwJ:www.historica.arquivoestado.sp.gov.br/materias/anteriores/edicao31/materia01/texto01







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JORNALISMO INVESTIGATIVO: a construção dos personagens no livro Meninas da Noite - a...

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