Modulo 02 - O quadro natural africano
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9º ano: Apostila 01 / Modulo 02
Professor Claudio Henrique Ramos Sales
GEOGRAFIA
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O continente africano possuiuma área de 30.272.922 Km2
(20% das terras emersas do globoou 3x e meia o tamanho do Brasil)com um total de 53 países evárias ilhas.
Observe o mapa político dessecontinente:
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A África é o terceiro maior continente domundo
É banhada pelos oceanos Atlânticos e Índico epelos mares Mediterrâneo e Vermelho.
Em seu imenso território há grande variedadede paisagens.
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ÁFRICADE A À Z
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África do Sul
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Angola
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Argélia
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Benim
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Botsuana
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Burquina Faso
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Burundi
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Cabo Verde
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Camarões
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Chade
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Comores
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Congo Brazzaville
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Congo Kinshasa
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Costa do Marfim
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Djibuti
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Egipto
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Eritreia
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Etiópia
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Gabão
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Gambia
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Gana
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Guiné
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Guiné-Bissau
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Guiné Equatorial
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Lesoto
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Libéria
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Líbia
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Madagáscar
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Malauí
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Mali
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Marrocos
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Maurícias
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Mauritânia
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Moçambique
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Namíbia
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Níger
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Nigéria
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Quénia
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República Centro -Africana
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Ruanda
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São Tomé e Príncipe
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Senegal
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Serra Leoa
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Seicheles
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Somália
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Sudão
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Suazilândia
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Tanzânia
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Togo
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Tunísia
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Uganda
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Zâmbia
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RELEVO
O Quilimanjaro é o monte mais alto
do continente africano.
Terreno antigo e desgastado pela erosão, rico em minérios
Predomínio de planaltos no centro e montanhas nas bordas (áreas de contatos entre placas tectônicas).
As áreas alaranjadas representam as médias altitudes (planaltos).
As áreas em lilás representam as maiores altitudes (montanhas).
A Cadeia do Atlas
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A Cadeia do Atlas impede que as nuvens carregadas com umidade entrem no interior do continente africano sendo um dos causadores da criação e manutenção do Deserto do Saara
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Marrakesh (SAARA). Sul do MARROCOS
Ceuta (Mediterrâneo) Norte do MARROCOS
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A Cordilheira do Cabo ou Drakensbergestende-se por mais de 1000 km,paralelamente à costa oriental daÁfrica do Sul. O nome desta cordilheiraem língua isiZulu é uKhahlamba, quesignifica “barreira de lanças”.
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O Rift Valley, assim como o Mar Vermelho, encontra-se em uma zona de contato entre placas tectônicas. Caso essa linha de falhas se alargue, futuramente, poderá se transformar em um braço de mar e o Chifre da Africa se transformará em uma Ilha.
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OBS: Monte Quilimanjaro, o ponto mais alto do continente com 6.010 metros de altitude. Também conhecido como Montanha Branca, pela presença de neves eternas no seu cume, situa-se entre o Quênia e a Tanzânia.
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Tendo suas regiões norte e sul praticamente tomadas por desertos, a África possui relativamente poucos rios.
Alguns deles são muito extensos e volumosos, por estarem localizados em regiões tropicais e equatoriais;
Outros atravessam áreas desérticas, tornando a vida possível ao longo de suas margens.
O relevo predominantemente planáltico permite aos rios apresentarem elevado potencial hidrelétrico, apesar de pouco aproveitado.
Principais Bacias:
a) Bacia do Nilo
b) Bacia do Congo
c) Bacia do Níger
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Rio Nilo
2º maior do mundo em extensão - 6 627,15 km
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O Rio Níger nasce na fronteira entre Serra Leoa e a Guiné (Montes Fouta Djalon),
Extensão: 4.200 Km.
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Ponte sobre o Rio Congo
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Os Grandes Lagos Africanos são um conjunto de lagos de origemtectônica, localizados na África oriental, que incluem alguns doslagos mais profundos do mundo.
São os únicos lagos do mundo onde tem ondas, pois são imensos eprofundos (tectônicos).
Os mais importantes são:
A) Vitória (nascente do Nilo)
B) Malawi ou Niassa
C) Tanganica
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A DIVERSIDADE CLIMÁTICA
AFRICANA
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Partindo da linha do Equador para o Norte e para o Sul, a África repete uma sequencia de climas e de paisagens vegetais muito parecida.
Costuma-se dizer que a vegetação africana é um espelho do clima, já que as paisagens se organizam no espaço geográfico de forma muito parecida com os tipos climáticos
EXEMPLOS:A) Clima Equatorial : Floresta Equatorial (Chuvosa e Quente, fechada e alta, heterogênea e latifoliada)B) Clima Tropical : Savanas (arbustiva média e aberta)C) Clima Semi-Árido: Estepes (rasteira)D) Clima Desértico: Xerófitas SAARA (ao sul) e Kaalahari e Namíbia(ao sudoeste)E) Clima Mediterrâneo: Vegetação Mediterrânea (arbustiva)F) Clima de Montanha : Tundra
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FLORESTASLATIFOLIADAS
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SAVANAS
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ESTEPES
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XERÓFILAS
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AUSENTE OU OÁSIS EVENTUAIS
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Maquis e Garrigues
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O continente africano enfrenta problemas ambientais agravados pelo crescimento da população, pelo alto grau de pobreza e pela urbanização acelerada.
Entre esses problemas, destaca-se a escassez de água, em razão das extensas áreas áridas e semiáridas e da reduzida rede hidrográfica.
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Com o crescimento da população, o consumo de água aumentou, ampliando-se os danos à paisagem vegetal e aos rios, o que dificulta ainda mais sua obtenção.
Um dos locais onde isso pode ser percebido é no Sahel
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Ao sul do Saara encontramos
uma faixa do território africano,
que se estende de leste para
oeste, denominada Sahel,
tradicionalmente ocupada pela
agricultura de desubsistência,
mas que passa por um
processo de desertificação e
avanço do Saara.
SAHEL
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Em quase todo o continente africano é difícil obter água potável, já que mesmo nas grandes cidades a água, em geral, não recebe tratamento, o que contribui para a disseminação de doenças.
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Outro problema ambiental da África é o uso de técnicas agrícolas ultrapassadas, especialmente de queimadas.
Além de destruir os nutrientes do solo e seus microrganismos, reduzindo a produtividade, as queimas o ressecam, retirando sua umidade natural e levando-o à desertificação.
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