LIBRARIANSHIP AND SUSTAINABLE . ~EVELOPMENT IN HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM: SPECIAL FOCUS ON

BIBLIOTOURISM

ADEGBILERO- IWARI, ldowu, OWOEYE, O. I., ODEFADEHAN, 0. 0. & CHRISTOPHER, Abraham

l nh·ersi~\ UbtmJ,, Fli 1 l t l nil' •rsi~}'. !lora-A4( kin, Ondo .\1

/ale, Nigeria

ABSTRACT Th, , mt >.r. m-il · il\'i! mm m (f !il rm:\' in tin:_ / .11 ·e111111:y !,as given way lo diversity (4' lihrcuy

S t n'i · 'S. T/w Iii r u:r h 1s m 1,·t l j ivm th • era cf /win~ a place where people come lo conduct n s n :horn: 1 ting r > wh u is n ll ' k11oll'11 all over ti, ' globe as il?fonomics,· moving.from the era ? • thinking m It 1/ki110: f lihr 11:, i1!lormolion materials as asset /mt, giving it the economic

1· /11 > th t ii actually 11 · rrh. ln the sam , vein, lihrmy, 110 do"bl has prominent role lo play in sustainabilizr f h Sf it 1/i~r 111d I mrism l li n· ,fop111e11l 11·l,ich has great iJ?fluence on the nation :Y

. :c II( mi ~n ll'ih "I sust 1i11al iii~\'. 1-lospitaliO and /011ris111 can he promoted and sustained thr ugh bihlfr t mrism. '/'his p Tfh.r theniore, e.\1101111d\· the concept cf hibliotourism and its il{ 711 'JI :c 71 s11sta in 1bilizr t?{ !, Sf ita/i~r and tourism development. For libraries in Nigeria lo succ ssfulh' :ourt /( 11rism r I, Tl'lll~ss hib!ioto11rism, co11certed effort must be made by the .. .. .. gur rnm ml an I 1/1 smk ·/1( I Ii .rs in it?fcm11atio11 prcd'essio11 to make our Ii braries centers of .xc 'Jll 11 '( md 1ttr 1 ·ti Jll. Th ! J a1 !l' there.fore recommends that the library must be r hit ct11rnl~, · imposing t .rndin!.'!:, b 011~, , and awe as is 11s11a/ lyfo1111d of Ii braries in other nations

an I o.[fcr (rn mi · scn •i · 1s md r •sc m· :cs Iha/ catch the.fancy cf all people.

Keywords: Billi tourism, libra1ianship, Library, Sustainable tourism development, Sustainable hospitalit) de, lopment.

INTRODUCTION

Librarianship ,, hich according to Herold (2001) has being in existence before both documentation and computing. has to do \\~th the professional management oflibrary resources and services. Library Science, evoh.ing from the application of scientific method to the field of bibliography (Herold 200 l) and being n multidisciplinary field 'applies the practices, perspectives, and tools of management, infonnation technology education, and other areas to libraries"("Library Science", 2018). The library which can be a physical building or a ,~rtual space, is the collection, organization, preservation, and dissemination ofinfonnation bearing matedals. The library has evolved with human civilization and dated back to as long as man began to codify infonnation in written fonn such as the clay tablets.

The link between library and tourism can be understood from the components oflibrary that define its purpose in the society. Such components as library being a place, physical or virtual, or the collection, organization, preservation, and dissemination ofinformation resources, make the role of libra1y the more important to the tourism sector. ln fact, Ksenija and I vo (2017) have described library as the store house oi\,vorks of cultural heritage that promote consciousness of the cultural identity of places. They further opined that libraties contribute to the economic development of societies through such programmes and services that arise from their cultural, educational and information functions. Tourism like librarianship is multidisciplinary and has thus given rise to new disciplines and areas of ~ndeavo~rs suc~1 asa?ritouris~n c~otourism, e-tmuism, gastrot.ourism, sports tourism and so on. The mtennamage of tounsm and hbrananship has brought about the emerging concept ofbibliotourism.

, Smith (~004) explained th.at touristn is as old as man and it is a normal and pleasurable featu:e f- humans. Tounsm and travel are ol1en used interchangeably~ in fact, the United States of America will

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prefer travel for tourism _(Page &Connell, 2009). According to Nyankey (2012) travel has become an important aspect of people lll modem times. Tourism, nonetheles.s, is associated with three travel issues:travelling away from one's home f~r 24 ho~rs, u 7 sing one's leisure time to travel and take holiday, and travelling for business. Although, tounsm has Its root in developed western economies, it has today become a part of a global process of change and development known as globalization (Page & Connell, 2009).

It has been reported that tourism is the world fastest growing industry and "one of the world's largest single industries, experiencing rapid expansion in recent decades" (Nyankey, 2012). The number ofinternational tourist arrivals grew from 441 million in 1990 to 903 million in 2007 (WTO, 2008). Describing tourism as one of the most important global industries, the World Tourism. Organisation (WTO) reported that it was worth $733billion in 2003 and employed 234.3 million people in 2006, a sharp rise from 112 million people it hired in 1991 (WTO, 2008). To further assert the fast pace of growth the industry has being enjoying;982 million people were reported to have traveled internationally in 2011 with international tourism receipts surpassing $1 trillion in the same year (United Nations World Tourism Organization, 2012).

DEFINITION AND KINDS OF TOURISM

With broad base in diverse disciplines, the definition of tourism has always taken root in the :field in which it is being defined. Buckart and Medlik( 1981) have highlighted five main characteristics of the concept of tourism:

Theyare: . . . 1. tourism arises from the movement of people to and their stay in vanous destmat1ons. . 2. there are two elements in all tourism: the journey to the destination and the stay mcludmg

3.

4.

5.

activities at the destination. the journey and the stay take place outside the normal place of residen~e and work, so t~at tourism give rise to activities which are distinct from th~se o~the residents and workmg populations of the places through which tourists travel and m which t?ey st~y. . . the movement to destination is of a temporary short-term character, with the mtent1on to return home within a few days, weeks or months. . destinations are visited for purposes other than taking up permanent residence or employment remunerated from within the place visited.

Notwithstanding, there has been the need to find more technical definitions ~ftourism ~ag.e& Connell, 2009). An appropriate definition was recomme~ded_ by the World Tou~1sm Orgamsat1on (WTO) at the International Conference of Travel and Tounsm m Ottawa, Canada m 1991 . The definition comprised of three technical issues: "

(a) Purpose of travel; l d · . · · · · tay of more than 24 hours away from 10me an a maxnnum (b) The time d1mens1on, a mmnnum s

o~les~ than a year; . may not be included as tourist e.g. as cruise-ship passengers. ( c) S1tuat1on where tounst may or . . . .

fj · · t ted that "tourism compnses of the activ1t1es of a person s ·1 th WTO de m1t1on s a . . · . um~an y~ e . t for less than a specified penod of time and whose mam

travelling outside his or her usual environmen f . .1

remunerated from the place visited" . h h rcise o - an acttv1 y purpose of travel 1s other t an t e exe

(WTO, 1991). . . · f' b d . . f fl d. internationaltounsm, which consist o m oun

Different kinds of tounsm have been idendl e ·b d'toLirism residents of a country visiting . . . . dents an out oun , &

tounsm, v1s1t to a country by non-rest · ' . d . ofa country visiting their own country (Page another country. Internal tourism involves rest ents Connell, 2009).

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IMPA-CT OF TOURISM . b _ adly classified into three, namely: economic impact The impact oftoun~m has balee_n tot (Fadipe 2014; Page & Connell, 2009, Mason, 2008/

. . d environment, nnpac ' . . t b h . . "ocioculturnl impact an . . . . t . 'b tion to national prospenty canno e overemp as12ed. s . . t ftounsm and its con n u. . . . I The econormc 1mpac o · . , . . 1 f their countries for their econotruc gams. t has been Governments develop the tounst P ... oten~a ~ o roved balance of payments bringing foreign spending

· benefits of tounsm imp · shO\Vll that the ecm.1011uc · . . 1. me and increasing the gross domestic product of the

1 y en.hancmg nat1ona mco to the loca econom , . . . b d' t . direct or induced are also created. countl)'. Employment which may e tree ' m . . . . .. .

. 1

al · t relate to changes in societal value system, mdtvidual behavior, social Social and cu tur unpac ' fr 1 harp

relationship lifustyles and modes of expression and community structures. Apart .om u~ge, S . ley

1994) op~ed that "~l tourists to a lesser or greater extent, inevitably}ak:e on holiday t_herr own ?eliefs,

( . db 1 · ·al des· wI1at may be tenned cultural baggage . In the same vem people m host values an e 1av101 mo · , · · di · ·

· · · t t ·t11toun'sts Tl1e result ofhost communities peoples drrect or m rect mteractton conunUiuties m erac WI . . with tourist has been tenned sociocultural impact of tourism by Mathieson and Wall (1982). So, these impacts may be felt on language, religion and other aspects of the people's culture.

Enviromnental impacts can be positive or negative. Since the groundbreaking work, "Tourism: Blessing or Blight" by Young(1973) there have been many studies on the environmental impact of tourism (Krippendorf, 1987; Wood & House, 1991). Holden (2008) has linked the debate on envirorunental consequences of tourism and the desirability of further development to the growth of tourism.

Although, there seem to be a symbiotic relationship between tourism and the environment such that without an attractive environment, there would be no tourism (Mathieson & Wall, 1982 ), the negative effect of tourism on the environment cannot be ignored. Page and Connell (2009)citing Grossling(2002) reported that tourism contributes to changes in land use, energy use, extinction of wild species, the geographical spread of disease and changes to the perception of the environment. However, they discussed the nature and scope of envirorunental impacts of tourism which they hinged on three broad aspects of tourism: travel, tourism destination development and tourism associated activities. All these put together has necessitated the birth of sustainable tourism development.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

. The growth of the tourism industry and its attendant impacts on, especially, the environment gave nse to the con~ept of sustainability of tourism development which is a derivative of sustainable develop~ent.. Sustamable development has been well discussed in literature. In fact, the erstwhile global f ii~) llenruum Develop~~nt Goals (NII)Gs ), have matured into Sustainable Development Goals

~P, 2016). This 1s to emphasize the importance of sustainable development.

h SAustamabl~ dev.elopment is a derivative of the broader term sustainability. Afolabi (2006) gave t e -Z ways m which sustainability can b d fined H · ' · bility is what exists when a so · t . e e · e opmed first and foremost that, sustama jeopardizing the future a~~~b~ants to contmue t~ derive be?efits from the earth's resources without systems. ty of resources while preservmg the integrity of natural and man- made

Historically, the idea of sustainabl d . developed in Europe in the e evelopment ts rooted in sustainable forest management Development is defined as dev!~venteen~h and eighteenth centuries (Blewitt, 2015). Sustainable ability of future generations to :m;n~ t. at meets the needs of the present without compromising the positive change that does not und=~=~~~wn ?eeds (Brundtland Report, 198 7). It is also seen a~ also means balancing the fulfillme 1 fh environmental or social systems on which we depend. 1

n ° uman needs with the protection of the natural envirorunent.

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· Sustainable tourism development derives :6 . · literature exist on the topic sustainable t ~om ~ustamable development. Whereas, large volumes of

(:Meek & Sullivan 2012) A.1th h hou~sm Is reported to be the most researched areas of tourism ' · oug , t ere Is no consen h d fi · · WTO (2004) has identified thre ·

1 sus on t e e m1t1on of sustainable tourism

e ma.i or e ements that underlie th · f · ' making optimal use of environmental res . e mea~g o sustamable tourism, viz: conunwuties and ensuring viabl 1 ources, respectmg the soc10cultural authenticity of host

' e, ong-tenn econotn1c o 1· 'd' · · to all stakeholders. pera ions provi mg soc10econom1c benefits

From the foregoing Page and c 11 .d . t1 1 al ·ty h ' h . . onne I ent1fied the need for a balanced relationship between let ~c b~o~~u :r 0

:., t e visitors and the environment. They further outlined the rationale for

li~us_ amaf e ounbsnl 1·

1 part om s~imulating awareness of tourism impact and planning well to identify

nuts o accepta e c 1anae/carrymg capa ·( th · · . . o . c1 tes, e rest of the rationale outlined by them focus on the local commwunes. Such focus mcludes employment generation am I al · bili. fl al · . . . . ong oc s, VIa ty o oc enterpnses, mc.ome r~te~tmn, respect for~e mtegnty of the local environment among others. Others are minimization of negative impact and help with conservation of national and built environment.

. In the same ve~n, Page and Connell (2009) reviewed tools and schemes for sustainability in tounsm development VIZ: corporate environmental management, environmentalimpact assessment for ?oth l~ge and sm~ projects, and environmental auditing to evaluate existing tourism business practice m relation to environmental performance. Others are: development of environmental policies and statements by stakeholders, growth management strategies, visitor management to protect the environment and guarantee enjoyment for visitors, and caITy~ng capacity and limits of acceptable change measurement. At the heart of all these is the need for information and data. The world has never demonstrated the thirst for data than now. The Library is the storehouse of data and information thus, the relationship between the librarianship and sustainable tourism development.

LIBRARY AND SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

The library is a core component of the tourism industry with enormous potential to contribute to its sustainability. The Corporate Committee for Library Investment (CCLI)in their advocacy against reduction in Federal funding of American libraries for fiscal year 2017 described library as "critical national infrastructure: ubiquitous, indispensable, and economically essential". In fact, they reported that the more than 120,000 libraries of all types in America received visitors 1.4 billion times a year. This projects libraries as first and foremost a critical part of the tourism industry.

In addition, as cultural institution, the library helps preserve the hlstory of the communities it serves in the most sustainable way. Through its preservation and archival services, library avails historical resources for the users of today and the future. This is a key element of sustainability. In fact, locals are often employed in public libraries to undertake certain parts of their services such as the story telling services. The Library of Congress, the largest library in the world, for instance, has staff and volunteers who guide tourists/visitors through the historic library located at the heart ofWashington, D.C. Also, libraries keep information materials called collections that can help tourists understand the tourists 'sites they visit. Through their reference collections such as guides, directories and magazines, prospective tourists can gain access to useful infonnation to make tourist decisions which Sobalaje and Ogunmodede (2015) called marketing of tourism.

Public Libraries have started loaning "materials more than book" such as .s~wing n:iachine (Garrison, 2015) . Many·other technologies such as computers and internet connectivity servtces ~r~ rendered by libraries. This may enhance sustainable tourism as tourist need not bother themsel~es w!t the issue of carrying about information gadgets and/or connectivity in foreign lands. In fact, libranhes n · . . / bl hi h an be taken to travel fort e ow circulate technologies such as mobile Wi-Ft,phones ta ets w c c

- . 57 VOLUME 8, NOS.1 & 2, Jan-Dec, 2019

. • J ·w,mn and l11J<>rn111tio11 Scic11cc? t?JOJ ,JS I .. .. . . . . . . . -owc,111 /011 111111 </ .I . , O'l 2 9.1 '% oflibrarios oiler (rec wlfclcss Internet to their patrons·

. . 'od ln the US, asat 2 '"' ' . · · 1 ·· t&D ·" 2o·t2) Al t fl'b · , enttre loan pen · . , 1 .. 1 logy trmnnn (H . llman, ~c, lo . avts, . o o 1 ranes ~ f . al or tnfom1,l lee lll . . . (" l and 90% ol1c;;r onn, 1 . 1-01

.1.110 t ·1011 needs c r t)cot1lc wt t.h the ca. se o lee mo\ogy. This has

· . \\ to meet. t 1e m n · • • . ~ . . .. , todayoperatcv~tt.un Y .. ·t • l l'braric which h st tots rtounsl lncndlymtormat1oniorcaseofaccess brought about dtgttal Ot vn .u,, t ' . -

and at all times. , . . . . .

dd. . . \'\ . :

1es phy critical role in literacy ol all kinds, from mformatton to media hteracy In a 1t10n, 1 )tat c.. · • · • .. • • , , • , , . • • •

. . l 11·,tct·acy Ma long ml'orrnatton available on susldm,tble use of the envuonment 1s and now envn on men a ' ( . ' . . ' a ' • • ' • • • • • .' •

{. 1 . · . c"1111111·t111ent ofthc lntcrnaltonal Pcdcrallon ol Llbt my Associattons and Instttutions patt o · t 1e ma Jot c, ·

(IFLA) in support or t.h~ so.~s \Bradl~y, 2012). She rcpor.t~~l ",~~~ ~'~PLA h~.~ a ~TG .fo~~sed on environmental and sustamab1hly issues and that l f LA secs increc.lscd access to mfotm,ttton and knowledge, underpinned by uni versa\ literacy" as a main frame )f sustainable development.

ln the same vein, libraries have been very active in the training and development of human capital and capacity. The Corporate Committee for Library lnve tment (CCLI) (2017) reported that 90% oflibraries train children and adults in computer literacy and other online skills and that 48% provide entrepreheurs and small business owners with on line resources. They averred that the "health of businesses", including the tourism industry, "workers and communities is inextricably linked to the health oflibraries". All these functionalities of libraries arc apart. from their capabilities to serve as tourist destinations themselves.

BIBLIOTOURISM: LIBRARY AS A TOURIST ATTRACTION

Fleur Morrison in her June 25, 2017 blog post titled "Uhrary 'Umrism Could Be The Next Big 'frend' hinted on the next big thing in travel which she coined as bibliotourism. Bibliotourism refers to visiting literary landmarks (Zimmerman, 20·12). It may also involve visits to bookstores and librades. Reading, which library represents, is travcling(Alcph, 20'18). He noted that one of the surest routes to the literary heart of a community is to visit its library. To him a book lover or bibliophile is a tourist.

Relying on basic commonalities between the library and other tourist attractions, Morris (2017) narrated how visiting New York made her consider libraries a8 lourist. attractions. This is in com1ection with her assertion that, like any tourist attraction, libraries speak much about a place. This view is corroborated by Aleph who related the feelings a tourist has al any tourist. site lo that of the library thal possess "a charming spirit that wil\ always offer something magnetic, at least, to those who appreciate books, their production processes, the paper ol· lhcir pages and even t.hcir unmistakable smell''. In addition, according to Morris, library might be a gathering place for the local community, or a hallowed space of hush and grandeur. Their design can vary greatly, from modern domes lo historic reading rooms of walnut and gold, depending on the era and place in which the library was bu ill. ln many cities, the library stands as a monument to the history of dcl>ign and sd1olarship.

Such libraries, as described above, attract more visitors than other regular tourist sites and events especially in America and Puropc. Jior instance, with 37 rnillion visitors in 20'14, the New York Public I ibraries had m re users than many profo88iona1 sports, performing arts, museums, natural gardens and zoos combined (Dwyer, 201 S ). This wn.s cnrrohorntcd by a bloggcr who ~talcd that "or the city's many destinations, New York libraricH have the moHt visitors" (Cucto,.20_1;5). Also, t~e Library of Congress in 2017 had 1.9 rnillion viHitorn. ln addition, libraries pJuycd 61S111 hcant roles m civilizations. Relics and/or modcrnizcu vcn,iom; of andcnl librurio8 remain Lop natioual monuments of ancient civilizatiOt18.

· 't · t · 9 bibliotourist sites. ''fhey arc·

l.

2.

Aleph fo,ted some ofthc world\~ Hix. top libraricA m.oHtly vim 0< a .· .' .· ·t crfth'-· B'bl ~. 1· ,. . . . . 11 t , ·r,plctc munuscaip . "' . 1 c ,inc fhe Vatican LJbntry, ioundcdrn 1475; Im · the o < eH coi · · · ab.t1ut 75,000 ancient coc.HccM; . 1. 1.1 .-o of Knrl Murx, M·ahatmn f~ ' . h · · d • ·1 sr.'"'7 U'l'·cl by t. w 'n.,D · ~-" ->nt1s Museum RcadmJ Romn, opcnc . m ;, , r" .. · . . . . · ·· . · -· · - _-

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Gandhi;

3 Bodleian Library, the main research Iibra f h u · · . N Yi k p bl' L'b . ry o t e ruvers1ty of Oxford, opened in 1602

4. ew or u ic 1 rary with the entrance gu d db . Fortitude, the third largest' libra · th

1 ~r e Y two enor~.ous lions, Patience and

L.b fAl d . h ry m e war d, With more than 50 m1lhon titles· s. 1 rary o exan na t e largest and m t · · '

t E f l'b , . . os important repository in the ancient world, the curre~ ~ ian t rary is a tnbute to what is today but a dream of the past"

6 Marc1ana Library founded in 1468 · Vi · h · · f 1 · alt . ' h 'm eruce, ome to one of the most important collections

0 c a.ssic . exts mt e world, including codices and ancient manuscripts from all cultures .

. Despite t~s huge potential, the Nigerian libraries are far cry from what is obtainable elsewhere Adegbdero-Iwan (2017).

THE NIGERIAN CASE? WHAT THERE IS, WHAT THERE CAN BE AND A CALL TO ACTION

. . Ac~or~ing.to ~ibrarians' Registration Council ofNigeria (LRCN), there are just over 316 p~blic ~branes m N1gena and as may libraries as the higher institutions that there exist. Altogether, they will be m few thousands, less than two, to estimate. So, there is a huge lacuna between the population and the public libraries that are available to serve them. Ekiti State for instance, has just one unattractive public library to serve ~ver 2 million people. The story is more worrisome at the Federal level. Although, about 26 branches of the National Library ofNigeria (NLN) exist across the nation, yet efforts to build a befitting headquarters in Abuja remain static since it was conceived more than a decade ago. Senator GbengaAshafa lamented on the floor of the Senate the abysmal state of the project last year as reported by the Punch ofNovember 1, 2017.

On what there can be, a monumental National Library building can be constructed to reflect the history ofNigeria in relation to education and culture. The Library must be architecturally imposing, exuding beauty and awe as is usually found of libraries of such stature in other nations. This way, it can become a landmark for bibliotourism center in the nation's capital. Also, state governments can also, on their own, embark on bibliotourism projects by building public libraries that will arouse reading culture and also serve as states' monuments for tourist attraction.

CONCLUSION The library is a very important sector to sustainable tourism development. The idea ofbibliotourism

should excite stakeholders in the tourism industry and spur them to join efforts with librarians to activate the potentials of the library in Nigeria. A call to action is now ~eing made ~o all stakeholders. to e~pl~re the new possibilities of bibliotourism as an avenue for sustamab!e t?unsm devel?pm~nt m ~1ge~a. Strong emphasis must be placed on library development. Modemisat1on and beautificat10n oflibranes must take priority position in the budget of governments and activities of stakeholders.

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