O Desafio daMicrogeração e das Microredes · 370 tonCO 2 /GWh (ERSE reference value) 0.05 €/kWh...
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Campus da FEUP Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 378 4200 - 465 Porto Portugal T +351 222 094 000 F +351 222 094 050 [email protected] © 2006 O Desafio da O Desafio da Microgera Microgeraç ão ão e das e das Microredes Microredes J. A. Peças Lopes 31 Março 2008 Sessões Técnicas OE 2 © 2006 Introduction • Driving forces for the future development of the electric power systems: – 1) Environmental issues – 2) Replacement of old infrastructures (generation and grid) – 3) Security of Supply – 4) Increase quality of service (more automation and remote control) – 5) Electricity market liberalization (energy and services). – 1) Increase renewable generation, exploit clean coal technologies, CCGT and others – 2) Increase Distributed Generation – 3) Built new central generation (increase efficiency and flexibility of operation) – 4) Interoperability of national grids: allow for a wider geographical market implementation, allow for long distance electricity transportation, efficient management of cross border flows, strength security of supply through enhanced transfer capabilities – 5) Demand Side Management (increase load consumption efficiency) – 6) Regulatory issues (harmonization of regulatory frameworks)
Transcript of O Desafio daMicrogeração e das Microredes · 370 tonCO 2 /GWh (ERSE reference value) 0.05 €/kWh...
Campus da FEUPRua Dr. Roberto Frias, 3784200 - 465 PortoPortugal
T +351 222 094 000F +351 222 094 050
© 2006
O Desafio daO Desafio da MicrogeraMicrogeraççãoãoe das e das MicroredesMicroredes
J. A. Peças Lopes
31 Março 2008Sessões Técnicas OE
2© 2006
Introduction
• Driving forces for the future development of the electric power systems:
– 1) Environmental issues
– 2) Replacement of old infrastructures (generation and grid)
– 3) Security of Supply
– 4) Increase quality of service (more automation and remote control)
– 5) Electricity market liberalization (energy and services).
– 1) Increase renewable generation, exploit clean coal technologies, CCGT and others
– 2) Increase Distributed Generation
– 3) Built new central generation (increase efficiency and flexibility of operation)
– 4) Interoperability of national grids: allow for a wider geographical market implementation, allow for long distance electricity transportation, efficient management of cross border flows, strength security of supply through enhanced transfer capabilities
– 5) Demand Side Management (increase load consumption efficiency)
– 6) Regulatory issues (harmonization of regulatory frameworks)
3© 2006
New Paradigmas
• The vision
From the SmartGrids document EU Commission
4© 2006
Microgeneration technologies
• Microwind generators (rural areas / urban environments)
• Solar PV
• Micro CHP (domestic Stirling engines, microturbines)
• Fuel cells
• +
• Storage energy systems: (batteries, flywheels)
5© 2006
Microgeneration technologies: Micro-wind turbines
6© 2006
Microgeneration technologies: Micro-wind turbines
7© 2006
Microgeneration technologies
• Solar PV
8© 2006
Microgeneration technologies: BIPV
Other solutions: surfaces coating (Glasses, Roofs, etc.) with thin films.
9© 2006
Micro CHP (Stirling engines)
• Packaged as a domestic boiler for mass market
10© 2006
Microgeneration - Microturbines
• Microturbine of 80 kW
In general the microturbine is
connected to the grid through an
electronic converter.
1,5 kHz to 4kHz
(single shaft)
11© 2006
Fuel-Cells
• Different Types (PEM, SOFC, Alkaline, PAC…)
12© 2006
Energy storage - flywheels
• Key element for the operation of a microgrid
13© 2006
Microgenerators grid interface
• The general model of a microgenerator can be of the followingtype
Inverter
14© 2006 14
PV
Wind Gen
MicroGrid: A Flexible Cell of the Electric Power System
Microturbine
Fuel Cell
Storage DeviceMGCC
MC
MC
MC
MC
MC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
MG Hierarchical Control:
• MGCC, LC, MC
• Communication infrastructure
15© 2006
The MicroGrid Concept
• A Low Voltage distribution system with small modular generation units providing power and heat to local loads
• A local communication infrastructure
• A hierarchical management and control system
Operation Modes:
• Interconnected Mode
• Emergency ModeMV
LV
MGCCMC
LC
Fuel CellMC
PV
MC
MC
LCLC
LC
MC
LC
ACDC
ACDC
ACDC
ACDC
Microturbine
Wind Generator
MC StorageACDC
Microturbine
PV
ACDC
MC
16© 2006
Normal interconnected mode
• Managing the microgrid
17© 2006 17
MicroGrid Black Start
MV
LV
Storage Device
Microturbine
PV
Fuel Cell
Wind Gen
Fault in the upstream MV network followed byunsuccessful MG islanding
18© 2006 18
MicroGrid Black Start
Storage Device
Microturbine
PV
Fuel Cell
Wind Gen
19© 2006
MV
LV
19
MicroGrid Black Start
Storage Device
Microturbine
PV
Fuel Cell
Wind Gen
20© 2006 20
MicroGrid Black Start
Storage Device
Microturbine
PV
Fuel Cell
Wind Gen
21© 2006 21
MicroGrid Black Start
Storage Device
Microturbine
PV
Fuel Cell
Wind Gen
22© 2006 22
MicroGrid Black Start
Storage Device
Microturbine
PV
Fuel Cell
Wind Gen
23© 2006 23
MicroGrid Black Start
Storage Device
Microturbine
PV
Fuel Cell
Wind Gen
24© 2006 24
MicroGrid Black Start
Storage Device
Microturbine
PV
Fuel Cell
Wind Gen
25© 2006 25
MicroGrid Black Start
Storage Device
Microturbine
PV
Fuel Cell
Wind Gen
26© 2006 26
MicroGrid Black Start
Storage Device
Microturbine
PV
Fuel Cell
Wind Gen
27© 2006 27
Results from Simulations – Long Term Dynamics
• An Overview of the Service Restoration Procedure
90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 22049.6
49.8
50
50.2
50.4Fr
eque
ncy
(Hz)
90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220-20
0
20
40
Act
ive
Pow
er (k
W)
90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220
0
20
40
60
Time (s)
Act
ive
Pow
er (k
w)
MG main storage
SSMT 1SSMT 2SSMT 3
load connection
PVs connectionWG connection
Motor load start up
28© 2006
Multi-microgrids
• Microgrids
– DFIM
– Fuel Cell
– Microturbine
– Storage(VSI)
– PV
• Large VSI
• Large DFIM
• Hydro
• CHP
• Small Diesel
• Sheddable Loads
HV Network
VSI
Diesel
DFIM
MicroGrid
MicroGrid
MicroGrid
CapacitorBank
Hydro
CHP
SheddableLoads
29© 2006
Some results from an impact analysis study
• Investigation of the impact of microgeneration on the
Portuguese Electrical Distribution System
– quantify overall benefits of microgrids in terms of
energy losses and avoided CO2 emissions
– quantify the impact of a widespread deployment of
microgrids on the future replacement and investment
strategies investment deferral
30© 2006
Methodology
• Hence, typical networks at the distribution level were identified (HV,
MV and LV)
• For each network it was necessary to define:
– load scenarios
– microgeneration scenarios
• For each network, load and microgeneration do:
– Calculate losses, by solving load-flows (with and without microgeneration integration)
– Estimate the amount of avoided CO2 emissions
– Evaluate benefits from investment deferral
For 1 year
For 25 years
31© 2006
Diferential
HV 5,15 134 127 7UMV 7,35 456 422 33RMV 4,79 304 289 15ULV 11,35 1237 1097 140RLV 7,55 825 763 62Total 8,72 2956 2698 258
Loss Rate (%) 7,0 6,4 0,6CO2 (ton) 1093653 998330 95324
Energy Loss Reduction (%)
Energy Loss per Network Type
(without µG) (GWh)
Energy Loss per Network Type (with µG)
(GWh)
Results
• 10% Microgeneration Penetration
Considering:370 tonCO2/GWh(ERSE reference value)
0.05 €/kWh(average energy cost) 12,9 M€ avoided costs in losses
32© 2006
Results
• 10% Microgeneration Penetration
Savings resulting from the reduction in the average annual energy losses for a time span of 25 years, at the present time
Avoided interests due to postponing for 25 years the line and transformer investments
∑=
−−
−
−
⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡+⋅
+++
⋅n
ii
a
aii
a
ic
ttI
ttC
11
11
1
0 )1()1()1(1 12,882 0,207
2 12,924 0,0003 12,967 0,1994 13,010 0,0005 13,053 0,1916 13,096 0,0007 13,140 0,1848 13,183 0,0009 13,227 0,177
10 13,271 0,00011 13,315 0,17112 13,359 0,00013 13,403 0,16414 13,448 0,00015 13,492 0,15816 13,537 0,00017 13,582 0,15218 13,627 0,00019 13,672 0,14720 13,718 0,00021 13,763 0,14122 13,809 0,00023 13,854 0,13624 13,900 0,00025 13,946 0,131 Total
Total 335,181 0,207 1,953 337,3403
Energy Loss Reduction (106
euros)Line Loading Reduction
(106 euros)YearLine Loading Reduction Year 1
(106 euros)
33© 2006
Daily Load Diagram
• 10% Microgeneration Penetration
0 5 10 15 20 250
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Hours
Load
(MW
)
Winter Scenario
Without uGWith uGuG
0 5 10 15 20 250
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Hours
Load
(MW
)
Summer Scenario
Without uGWith uGuG
Maximum μG contribution: 337 MW
μG contribution at peak load: 248 MW
Maximum μG contribution: 204 MW
μG contribution at peak load: 86 MW
Avoided energy generation : 1272 GWh (in year 2005)
With 534 MW of installed capacity in μG (100.000 - 150.000 installations)
34© 2006
Conclusions - Benefits
• Consequences of the SmartGrid concept
From Goran Strback
35© 2006
Conclusions - Benefits
• Large technical, economic and environmental benefits can be achieved by using microgeneration:
– Considerable amount of loss network reduction;
– Better voltage profiles;
– Reliability improvements;
– Increased economic performance of the distribution activity
• investment deferral network reinforcement costs;
• avoided costs in network losses.
– Avoided CO2 emissions
Specific and fair new remuneration schemes must be identified
Beneficiaries: Microgenerators, consumers, DSOs, society
36© 2006
Conclusions - Benefits
• Society benefits (less tangible benefits related to energy policy):
– increased security of power systems,
– diversification of primary energy sources,
– reduction on energy external dependence),
– potential economic benefits (new economic activities, increase in job creation,
improvements in social cohesion and environmental sustainability).
• Additional opportunities for electric power manufacturers will be created:
• Competitiveness in the electric power industry will increase
• Research is the Key element for the development of this SmartGridconcept
