O RELEASE E A CULTURA Comparação entre releases e matérias impressas que tratam das exposições...

8/8/2019 O RELEASE E A CULTURA Comparação entre releases e matérias impressas que tratam das exposições de Chagall …

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Obv{b Nfjce cb He{fe [fkbf{l

L [BJBEPB B E @RJSR[E

@loqe{eéàl bds{b {bjbepbp b oesæ{fep foq{bppep urb s{eseo cep b~qlpféòbp

cb @neiejj b [lcfd* {bejf}ecep de @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e bo ;116

Kbjl Nl{f}ldsb

@bds{l Rdfxb{pfså{fl cb Kbjl Nl{f}ldsb .RDF/KN&

;151



Obv{b Nfjce cb He{fe [fkbf{l

L [BJBEPB B E @RJSR[E

@loqe{eéàl bds{b {bjbepbp b oesæ{fep foq{bppep urb s{eseo cep b~qlpféòbp

cb @neiejj b [lcfd* {bejf}ecep de @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e bo ;116

Oldli{ehfe eq{bpbdsece el `r{pl cb Ml{dejfpol cl @bds{l

Rdfxb{pfså{fl cb Kbjl Nl{f}ldsb .RDF/KN& `lol {burfpfsl qe{`fej á

lksbdéàl cl i{er cb Ke`ne{bj bo Ml{dejfol$

L{fbdsecl{= Oer{ï`fl Irfjnb{ob Pfjxe Mrdfl{$

Kbjl Nl{f}ldsb

@bds{l Rdfxb{pfså{fl cb Kbjl Nl{f}ldsb .RDF/KN&

;151



Ei{ecbél e Cbrp* qbje lql{srdfcecb cb `ld`jrf{ l `r{pl cb

Ml{dejfpol7 á ofdne oàb* qbjl `rfcecl b cbcf`eéàl* b el Snfeil* ql{

slcl eol{* `ldhfedée b `loq{bbdpàl$ Ei{ecbél seokæo e @epe Hfes

cb @rjsr{e* e [bcb @lordf`eéàl cb [bprjsecl* e Qljjfedb Bjf}få{fl b

el obr q{lhbppl{ b l{fbdsecl{ Oer{ï`fl I$ P$ Mrdfl{7 boq{bpep b

qbpplep urb hl{eo hrdceobdsefp qe{e e `ld`{bsf}eéàl cbpsb s{ekejnl$



[BPROL

Bpsb bpsrcl edejfplr lp {bjbepbp b ep oesæ{fep cb ml{defp b {bxfpsep* eq{bpbdsecep dl `jfqqfdi

ce eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe ce @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e* plk{b ep b~qlpféòbp cb Oe{` @neiejj b

Erirpsb [lcfd* {bejf}ecep bo ;116$ Xb{fhf`lr/pb l s{ekejnl {bejf}ecl* cbpcb l qjedbmeobdsl

cb `lordfèéàl esæ l kejedél hfdej cep olps{ep$ Obcfedsb lp {bprjseclp* qócb/pb xb{fhfè{ urb

l {bsl{dl ofcfåsf`l cb @neiejj hlf oefl{ urb l cb [lcfd* q{fd`fqejobdsb cbds{b ep {bxfpsep$ E

@epe Hfes lksbxb 511" cb qrkjfèéòbp qlpfsfxep$

Qejex{ep/`nexb= Eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe7 [bjbepb7 @jfqqfdi7 @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e$



PROÅ[FL

5 FDS[LCRÉÀL $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 1>

; ML[DEJFPOL B @LDPS[RÉÀL CE DLSÏ@FE $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 55

;$5 Ml{dejfpol b xfce pl`fej $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 55

;$; Ml{dejfpol= ̀ ld`bfslp b q{åsfèp $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 50

;$;$5 L e`ldsb`fobdsl $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 53

;$;$; E dlsï`fe $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 58

;$;$;$5 @ld`bfslp $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 59

;$;$;$; @e{e`sb{ïpsfèp $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 5>

;$;$;$0 E dlsï`fe `lol q{lcrsl $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 56

;$;$0 L q{l`bppl cb bcféàl $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ;1

0 ML[DEJFPOL L[IEDF]E@FLDEJ B EPPBPPL[FE CB FOQ[BDPE $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ;0

0$5 L Ml{dejfpol L{iedf}e`fldej= roe xfpàl nfpsð{fè $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ;0

0$5$5 Ml{dejfpol boq{bpe{fej dl K{epfj $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ;3

0$; @ld`bfslp cb `lordfèéàl l{iedf}e`fldej $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ;3

0$0 Q{lcrslp b pb{xfélp $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ;8

0$0$5 Eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ;8

0$0$5$5 Hb{{eobdsep ce eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ;6

0$0$5$; L {bjbepb$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 05

0$0$5$;$5 L {bjbepb b pbrp q{lkjboep $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 08

0$0$5$0 L `jfqqfdi $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 09

3 @NEIEJJ B [LCFD= CLP [BJBEPBP ÁP OESÆ[FEP FOQ[BPPEP $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 06

3$5 Obslcljlife $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 06

3$5$5 Cbsb{ofdeéàl cb `{fsæ{flp cb edåjfpb $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 35

3$5$5$5$ Edåjfpb cb `ldsbýcl$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 35

3$5$5$; Bds{bxfpse bo q{lhrdcfcecb $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 33

3$;$ E @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 38

3$;$5 K{bxb ̀ lobdså{fl plk{b e eppbppl{fe ce @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 3>

3$0 Edåjfpb $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 36

3$0$5 Qepplp fdf`fefp $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 36

3$0$; [bjbepbp edejfpeclp$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 36



3$0$0 [bjbepbp ~ oesæ{fep $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 2;

3$0$0$5 E{irobdslp rsfjf}eclp qbje eppbppl{fe $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 2;

3$0$0$; Hldsbp cb Fdhl{oeéàl $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 23

3$0$0$0 Cfxb{iíd`fe cb Fdhl{oeéòbp $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 22

3$0$0$3 [bjbepbp qrkjf`eclp de ïdsbi{e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 22

3$0$0$2 Seoednl cep oesæ{fep $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 28

3$0$0$8 Xejl{f}eéàl cep oesæ{fep $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 29

3$0$0$9 Ekl{ceibo cep oesæ{fep cb {bxfpsep $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 29

3$0$3 Plk{b l qjedbmeobdsl bps{esæif`l $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 2>

2 @LD@JRPÀL $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 85

[BHB[ÍD@FEP $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 80



>

5 FDS[LCRÉÀL

De esrejfcecb* ep eppbppl{fep cb foq{bdpe pàl bppbd`fefp* dl K{epfj b dl ordcl* qe{e e

q{lcréàl cfå{fe cb dlsï`fep$ Pre hrdéàl æ cbsb{ofdedsb qe{e e foq{bdpe ql{urb* nlmb* qerseo

e oïcfe* `ljekl{edcl `lo e q{lcréàl ml{dejïpsfè$ Cb e`l{cl `lo Oe{fpsbje Oehbf .;113&* l

q{lhfppfldej urb eppbppl{e boq{bpep q{fxecep* ð{iàlp qýkjf`lp lr fdcfxïcrlp ‐ e{sfpsep*

mliecl{bp cb hrsbklj* s{ekejnecl{bp ersódlolp* bds{b lrs{lp ‐ * cbxb pekb{ ecofdfps{e{ kbo

slcep ep hb{{eobdsep cfpqldïxbfp* bdsbdcb{ urbo æ pbr `jfbdsb* urej l pbr s{ekejnl b urefp ep

prep db`bppfcecbp$

Qe{e l eppbppl{ecl* l foql{sedsb æ eqe{b`b{ de oïcfe* qe{e sb{ xfpfkfjfcecb b `ldps{rf{ klefoeibo$ Eppfo* æ qeqbj hrdceobdsej cl eppbppl{ qlppfkfjfse{ l e`bppl ce boq{bpe `lds{esedsb

elp xbï`rjlp ml{dejïpsf`lp* cb olcl e fdpb{f/je de foq{bdpe* `lol {bhb{íd`fe bo pre å{be cb

esreéàl$ Dl bdsedsl* sej q{lhfppfldej cbxb pb q{bl`rqe{* seokæo* `lo e xbf`rjeéàl cb

fdhl{oeéòbp xb{cecbf{ep plk{b pbr `jfbdsb* qlfp ep fdhl{oeéòbp lhb{b`fcep á oïcfe sío

bjbxecl i{er cb foql{sëd`fe* {bq{bpbdsedcl e qejex{e cl eppbppl{ecl .OEHBF* ;113&$

Cfxb{pep hb{{eobdsep pàl rpecep qbje eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe* e hfo cb ejèdée{ pbr lkmbsfxloefl{* urb æ* mrpseobdsb* e cfxrjieéàl clp `jfbdsbp mrdslp elp xbï`rjlp ml{dejïpsf`lp$ Cbds{b

sefp hb{{eobdsep b pb{xfélp bpsàl l q{bpp gfs 7 e {brdfàl cb oesb{fej cb eqlfl7 l oefjfdi jfps 7 l

hljjly rq7 l q{bpp/{bjbepb b e oefp s{ecf`fldej cep eéòbp= l bdxfl cb q{bpp/{bjbepbp lr* `lol

æ oefp `ldnb`fcl* cb {bjbepbp$

Bpsb ýjsfol æ roe cep hb{{eobdsep oefp foql{sedsbp cb roe eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe$ Ml{ib

Cre{sb .;11;& b~qjfè urb l {bjbepb qlcb pb{ `loq{bbdcfcl `lol ro oesb{fej fdhl{oesfxl*qlcbdcl sl{de{/pb roe qerse* sb{ roe cb prep qe{sbp eq{lxbfsecep qbjl ml{dejfpse lr* bdsàl* pb{

qrkjfècl de ïdsbi{e$ Ql{ fppl* cbxb pb{ bps{rsr{ecl cb hl{oe ml{dejïpsfè$

E @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e* ql{ b~boqjl5* æ roe bdsfcecb `rjsr{ej urb db`bppfse bpse{ de oïcfe

qe{e cfxrjie{ prep esfxfcecbp cbpbdxljxfcep b pb oedsb{ `lol {bhb{íd`fe dl èoql ce `rjsr{e*

b oefp bpqb`fhfèobdsb* cep e{sbp qjåpsfèp$ Qe{e sedsl* e fdpsfsrféàl `lds{eslr eiíd`fep cb

`lordfèéàl .;118 ‐ @ld`bfsl Bcfsl{fej7 ;119 e ;116 / [bcb @lordfèéàl cb [bprjsecl7

5 Pfsrece á [re Ml{dejfpse Cmejoe cb Edc{ecb* 5;21* Kbjxbcb{b ‐ Dlxe Jfoe , OI$



6

;151 ‐ Å{xl{b cb @lordfèéàl&* qe{e sb{ pre foeibo qb{edsb e oïcfe cbxfceobdsb qjedbmece*

s{ekejnece b `lds{ljece$ Eqbpe{ cep s{lèp cep boq{bpep cb eppbppl{fe* cb ;119 esæ nlmb* e

@epe Hfes oedsbxb e obpoe eppbppl{e cb foq{bdpe* e ml{dejfpse Qljjfedb @{fpsfdb Kesfpse

Bjf}få{fl b Pfjxe$

@{fece bo ;118* e @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e må es{efr oefp cb ;2; ofj qbpplep bo lfsl i{edcbp

b~qlpféòbp b lrs{ep esfxfcecbp cb obdl{ ql{sb* `lol l q{lmbsl Pboq{b ro Qeql$ Pbr ýjsfol

hbfsl* urb sbxb i{edcb xfpfkfjfcecb ofcfåsfè* hlf e {b`bqéàl cb crep i{edcbp b fdæcfsep

b~qlpféòbp= L pldnl b e xfce cb Oe{` @neiejj .cb 3 cb eilpsl e 3 cb lrsrk{l cb ;116& b

[lcfd= cl esbjfí el orpbr .cb 50 cb eilpsl e 50 cb lrsrk{l cb ;116&* urb hf}b{eo qe{sb cep

`lobol{eéòbp cl ‚Edl ce H{edée dl K{epfj‟* bo ;116 $

L s{ekejnl ce eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe cep b~qlpféòbp* urb de æqlè b{e e [bcb cb

@lordfèéàl* `ldpbirfr oefp cb 801 oesæ{fep qrkjfècep bpqldsedbeobdsb bo pfsbp* {bxfpsep*

ml{defp foq{bpplp* SX‖p b {åcflp$ Pekb/pb urb* qe{e sej* e [bcb @lordfèéàl kepblr/pb bo

qjedbmeobdsl bps{esæif`l* cb olcl e s{ekejne{ e cfxrjieéàl cep b~qlpféòbp cl edýd`fl cl

‚Edl ce H{edée dl K{epfj‟ esæ l ýjsfol cfe clp bxbdslp$ Dl qjedbmeobdsl* `ldpsexeo eéòbp

cfxb{pep* cl bdxfl cb pribpsòbp cb qersep á q{lcréàl cb dlsep cbpsfdecep elp `ljrdfpseppl`fefp$

Ejæo cfppl* b `lol dàl qlcb{fe cbf~e{ cb pb{* nlrxb seokæo e q{lcréàl b bdxfl cb {bjbepbp$

Dbpsb pbdsfcl* e q{bpbdsb qbpurfpe krp`lr edejfpe{ e fdpb{éàl cb sefp {bjbepbp dep {bceéòbp*

bpqb`fhfèobdsb bo xbï`rjlp foq{bpplp .ml{defp b {bxfpsep&* el jldil cl q{l`bppl cb

cfxrjieéàl cep b~qlpféòbp cb @neiejj b [lcfd* eokep {bejf}ecep de @epe Hfes bo ;116$

Q{bsbdcbr/pb bdsbdcb{ e rsfjfcecb cbpsb sfql cb sb~sl bo {bjeéàl á `lkb{sr{e ce oïcfe* qe{e*bdsàl* ̀ loq{bbdcb{ e db`bppfcecb ce hb{{eobdse qe{e l ml{dejfpol$

Dl pbirdcl èqïsrjl cbpse oldli{ehfe* bpsrce{eo/pb urbpsòbp {bje`fldecep el ml{dejfpol* cb

pbr qeqbj de pl`fbcecb áp è{e`sb{ïpsfèp b `ld`bfslp ce esfxfcecb$ Edejfplr/pb* efdce* l

e`ldsb`fobdsl ml{dejïpsf`l b e dlsï`fe$ Qe{e sedsl* rsfjf}lr/pb* `lol {bhb{íd`fe kfkjfli{åhfè*

ersl{bp `lol Oer{l Yljh .;115&7 Xb{e H{edée Xbfie .566>& b Dbjpld S{eurfde .5666&$

Må dl sb{`bf{l èqïsrjl cbpse qbpurfpe* q{l`r{lr/pb `ld`bfsre{ e `lordfèéàl b l ml{dejfpol

boq{bpe{fefp* e eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe b ep hb{{eobdsep cl eppbppl{* `lo ídhepb dl {bjbepb b



51

dl `jfqqfdi$ Ejirdp clp ersl{bp emrce{eo de cfp`rppàl cbppbp sboep* sefp `lol Iercíd`fl

Sl{uresl cl [bil .56>9&* Oe{fpsbje Oehbf .;113&* Ml{ib Cre{sb .;11;& b Ib{pld Ol{bf{e

Jfoe .56>2&$

Ql{ ýjsfol* dl ure{sl èqïsrjl* krp`lr/pb edejfpe{ slcl l oesb{fej cfpqldfkfjf}ecl qbje

eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe ce @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e* fd`jrfdcl/pb lp {bjbepbp b l `jfqqfdi ce

fdpsfsrféàl$ Qe{e sej* pbqe{e{eo/pb ep oesæ{fep ml{dejïpsfèp cb ml{defp b {bxfpsep b lp {bjbepbp

urb jnbp cb{eo l{fibo$ Cbppe oedbf{e* `ldpbirfr/pb edejfpe{ e bhf`å`fe cl s{ekejnl ce

eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe ce @epe Hfes* eppfo `lol hlf qlppïxbj fdxbpsfie{ lp olsfxlp cl

pr`bppl cl qjedbmeobdsl ce eppbppl{fe* {bpqldpåxbj qbjl {b`l{cb dl dýob{l cb qrkjfèéòbp

e`b{è ce fdpsfsrféàl bo xbï`rjlp ml{dejïpsf`lp$



55

; ML[DEJFPOL B @LDPS[RÉÀL CE DLSÏ@FE

;$5 Ml{dejfpol b xfce pl`fej

L ml{dejfpol æ e å{be ce `lordfèéàl {bpqldpåxbj qbje bofppàl,s{edpofppàl,eq{bpbdseéàl clp

heslp `lsfcfedlp es{exæp cep dlsï`fep b ce q{lcréàl cb fdhl{oeéàl$ Oefp cl urb fppl* s{ese/pb

cb ro cfp`r{pl fdpb{fcl dl xlèkrjå{fl pl`fej urb* bo proe* he} qe{sb cl ‚cf}b{‟ pl`fej$

.H[EDÉE* 566>* q$;8&$ L ml{dejfpol* qlfp* æ l bdrd`fe{ cl urb pb `ldpfcb{e db`bppå{fl á

pl`fbcecb* l urej æ pbjb`fldecl es{exæp cb `{fsæ{flp bpqb`ïhf`lp$ El obpol sboql bo urb pb

sl{de ‚ql{se/xl}‟ ceurfjl urb q{ldrd`fe* dl obfl bo urb pb bd`lds{e* l ml{dejfpol plh{b

xe{feéàl bo pre hl{oe b `ldsbýcl* sedsl dl ëokfsl `rjsr{ej uredsl pl`fej$

Bo pbrp q{foð{cflp* ql{ xljse cl pæ`rjl ^XF* pbirdcl Xb{e Xbfie H{edée .566>&* l cfp`r{pl

ofcfåsf`l kepbexe/pb de bdrd`feéàl cb epprdslp qb{sfdbdsbp e ro i{rql pl`fej b dàl qjbfsbexe

l ob{ècl cb èqfsej$ De b{e `ldsboql{ëdbe* e qe{sf{ cl pæ`rjl ^F^* l esl cb bdrd`fe{* urb pb

eq{bpbdse eèkecl* pbo fdsb{ofsíd`fep b xe}flp .[LC[FIRBP* ;11;* q$;59&* sl{dlr/pb*

bhbsfxeobdsb* ro q{lcrsl* l urej qeppe{fe ql{ bseqep cb `ldps{réàl$ Lp xbï`rjlp ml{dejïpsf`lp

bhbsfxe{eo/pb `lol boq{bpep b* ql{ fppl* qeppe{eo e qbdpe{ plk e jðifè cl ob{ècl b exbdcb{ bpqeélp qrkjf`fså{flp$

E qe{sf{ ce db`bppfcecb cb cfppbofde{ lp e`ldsb`fobdslp bds{b lp fdcfxïcrlp* ̀ ldpsfsrfr/pb ro

dlxl `ld`bfsl cb ml{dejfpol$ Cfedsb cep dlxep `ld`bqéòbp ce pl`fbcecb* cl cbpbdxljxfobdsl

ce `fíd`fe b cb lrs{lp hesl{bp urb s{lr~b{eo orcedéep á {bejfcecb pl`fej* `lol ep dlxep

sb`dljlifep* l ml{dejfpol bxljrfr .b bxljrf&$ Eppfo* pbirdcl Of`nebj Grd`}fg .;115&* l esl

cb q{lcr}f{ ro e`ldsb`fobdsl `ldps{ðf/pb el jldil ce .{b&`ldps{réàl ce pl`fbcecb$ L ml{dejfpol* ql{ pre xb}* æ `ldpfcb{ecl ‐ ql{ fdsb{oæcfl clp xbï`rjlp cb `lordfèéàl cb

oeppe ‐ ro cfpqb{pl{ cl {bej* cbsbdsl{ cb ro `neoecl ‚ure{sl qlcb{‟* urb sbdcb e pb{ ýsfj bo

sb{olp cb q{bpseéàl cb pb{xfélp* oep urb qlcb* dl bdsedsl* q{bmrcfè{ pbsl{bp ce pl`fbcecb

obcfedsb ep prep bp`ljnep$

Sefp bp`ljnep xàl cbpcb l ob{l esl cb cbsb`se{ l epprdsl,e`ldsb`fobdsl ekl{cecl esæ e

edirjeéàl dlsf`flpe$ Nå* efdce* urbpsòbp `lol cfps{fkrféàl ce dlsï`fe* bp`ljne cb hldsbp b

lrs{lp cfxb{plp cbsejnbp* qb{sbd`bdsbp elp xejl{bp/dlsï`fe b urb pb {bje`fldeo `lo lp `{fsæ{flp

cb dlsf`fekfjfcecb$ Oer{l Yljh .;115& b~qjfè urb e b~fpsíd`fe cb {bps{féòbp á qrkjfèéàl clp



5;

e`ldsb`fobdslp* qbjlp oepp obcfe* qerse/pb de nfqðsbpb cl Dbypoegfdi* bo urb pb bcfhfè

roe {lsfde b pb pfpsboesf}e l s{ekejnl clp `lordfècl{bp* bo bpqb`fej* l clp ml{dejfpsep$

Cbppe hl{oe* e q{lcréàl ml{dejïpsfè qepplr e sb{ hrdéàl,qeqbj foql{sedsb de pl`fbcecb b e

oïcfe qepplr e lhb{b`b{ {b`l{sbp ce {bejfcecb$ Ep fdhl{oeéòbp ofcfåsfèp sl{de{eo/pb e

`ldps{réàl ceurfjl urb `ldxæo lp oepp obcfe* urb qeppe{eo e bp`ljnb{ lp `loqjbobdslp cep

fdhl{oeéòbp obcfedsb ep `ldcféòbp {bje`fldecep `lo l sboql b l bpqeél* b*

`ldpburbdsbobdsb* q{lqf`fedcl e lqfdfàl qýkjfè$ Ejæo cfppl* lrs{l qeqbj hrdceobdsej cl

ml{dejfpol æ l eibdceobdsl cb fdhl{oeéòbp .eibdce pbssfdi&$ Pbirdcl Yljh .;115&* l esl cb

pbjb`flde{ lp heslp urb pb{àl qrkjfèclp sl{de/pb roe hl{oe cb nfb{e{urf}eéàl clp

e`ldsb`fobdslp qýkjf`lp$ Eppfo* e pl`fbcecb sloe `lol foql{sedsbp lp e`ldsb`fobdslpbdhesf}eclp qbje oïcfe$ Cbppe oedbf{e* lp {b`bqsl{bp sío e dléàl cl urb e`ldsb`b `lo kepb

dl urb æ lhb{b`fcl qbjlp oepp obcfe$

Lp obflp ml{dejïpsf`lp* el obpol sboql bo urb bxfcbd`feo e pl`fbcecb b e sl{deo oefp

`ldnb`fce* q{lcr}fdcl fdhl{oeéòbp dlsf`flpep plk{b l urb e`ldsb`b* seokæo `lds{fkrbo qe{e

e `ldps{réàl ce pl`fbcecb$ L ml{dejfpol q{lqf`fe oefp `ldnb`fobdsl qe{e lp nlobdp* qlfp

obcfesf}e l `ldnb`fobdsl clp fdcfxïcrlp uredsl á {bejfcecb bo urb xfxbo b eq{l~foe epqbpplep cb {bejfcecbp urb* ql{ olsfxlp cfxb{plp .cfpsëd`fe* `rjsr{ep cfhb{bdsbp* bds{b lrs{lp&*

efdce dàl `ldnb`bo$

Pbirdcl Ml{ib Qbc{l Plrpe .;111&* oefp cl urb fppl* lp oepp obcfe q{lqòbo urb e

pl`fbcecb* ejæo cb pekb{ l urb l`l{{b Wdl ordcl_* `ldpfie fdsb{q{bse{ l hesl$ Cb ejiroe

oedbf{e* lp obflp ml{dejïpsf`lp* urb dàl sío bpqeél qe{e qrkjfè{ srcl l urb `nbie áp prep

{bceéòbp* eèkeo ql{ oljce{ l `ldnb`fobdsl pl`fej$ Bo obfl e sedsep fdhl{oeéòbp pljsep*cfedsb ce bdl{ob cfxb{pfcecb cb e`ldsb`fobdslp* eqbdep ejirdp heslp pàl pbjb`fldeclp e

qeppe{ ql{ ro q{l`bppl cb eqr{eéàl* q{lcréàl b qrkjfèéàl$

Cb e`l{cl `lo Plrpe .;111&* cbds{b lp `{fsæ{flp cb dlsf`fekfjfcecb urb oefp bpsforjeo lr

foqbcbo e qrkjfè{ ro e`ldsb`fobdsl* bpså e urbpsàl ce q{l~fofcecb ibli{åhfè$ L qeqbj cl

ml{dejfpol xe{fe `ldhl{ob e pl`fbcecb ldcb bpså7 bo ejiroep pl`fbcecbp* e q{bpbdée ce

oïcfe æ oefp esbdrece cl urb bo lrs{ep$ Uredcl l e`ldsb`fobdsl æ oefp q{ð~fol ce

{bejfcecb cb ro i{rql pl`fej* bjb qlcb pb s{edphl{oe{* `lo oefp q{lkekfjfcecb* bo dlsï`fe$



50

;$; Ml{dejfpol= `ld`bfslp b q{åsfèp

Qe{e ekl{ce{ ep q{åsfèp cl ml{dejfpol* qlcb/pb qbdpe{ bo ro s{fqæ= Iesbgbbqb{p* Sbl{fe cl

Dbypoegfdi b Eibdce Pbssfdi$ L q{fobf{l {bje`flde/pb á hrdéàl clp q{lhfppfldefp ce {bceéàl*

urb {b`bkbo ep fdhl{oeéòbp b càl q{lppbirfobdsl á eqr{eéàl clp e`ldsb`fobdslp urb ib{eo

fdsb{bppb qýkjf`l .lr cl qýkjf`l&$ Lp qlppïxbfp heslp* bp`ljnfclp dbpsb q{fobf{l q{l`bppl cb

pbjbéàl cb fdhl{oeéòbp e pb{ bpofréecep qbjlp {bqð{sb{bp* pàl edejfpeclp qbjlp q{lcrsl{bp

qe{e urb pbmeo qerseclp* eqr{eclp b dlsf`feclp qbjl xbï`rjl ml{dejïpsf`l ldcb s{ekejneo$ Cb

e`l{cl `lo Oer{l Yljh .;115&* lp q{lhfppfldefp urb pbjb`fldeo l urb qlpprf qlsbd`fej qe{e

pb{ dlsï`fe {bq{bpbdseo roe bpqæ`fb cb hfjs{l cep {bceéòbp$

Pbirdcl Edsldfl Nlnjhbjcs .;115&* e nfqðsbpb cl Dbypoegfdi* urb {bib e {lsfde cl

ml{dejfpse,{bqð{sb{* qb{ofsb bp`ljnep kepbecep bo cfxb{plp `{fsæ{flp$ Pàl bjbp=

5$ @esbil{fep prkpsedsfxep* {bje`fldecep `lo l hesl b pbrp qb{pldeibdp .e$ foql{sëd`fe ‐ dïxbj

nfb{å{urf`l clp bdxljxfclp7 foqe`sl b fdsb{bppb ce deéàl7 uredsfcecb cb bdxljxfclp ‐ k$

fdsb{bppb ‐ èqe`fcecb cb bds{bsbdfobdsl7 fdsb{bppb nroedl7 `loqlpféàl burfjfk{ece cl

dlsf`få{fl&7

;$ @esbil{fep {bjesfxep el q{lcrsl* {bje`fldecep `lo e cfpqldfkfjfcecb cb oesb{fefp b

bpqb`fhf`fcecbp ce fdhl{oeéàl .e$ k{bxfcecb ‐ ecburecl elp jfofsbp cl dlsf`få{fl ‐ k$

`ldcféàl cb cbpxfl ce fdhl{oeéàl ‐ e`ldsb`fobdslp {rfdp èrpeo oefp foqe`slp cl urb lp

kldp ‐ `$ esrejfcecb ‐ `ld`jrpàl ce dlsï`fe edsbp cl cbecjfdb Whb`neobdsl cl ml{dej_7

`ldsfdreéàl b cbpclk{eobdslp ce fdhl{oeéàl ‐ c$ esrejfcecb fdsb{de ‐ hr{l ml{dejïpsf`l ‐ b$

urejfcecb ‐ `ldmrdsl cb oesb{fefp cfpqldïxbfp qe{e e de{{eéàl ‐ h$ burfjïk{fl&7

0$ @esbil{fep {bjesfxep elp obflp cb fdhl{oeéàl .e$ klo oesb{fej xfprej xb{prp sb~sl xb{kej7 k$

h{buríd`fe7 `$ hl{oesl&7

3$ @esbil{fep {bjesfxep el qýkjf`l .e$ bps{rsr{e de{{esfxe ‐ `je{b}e cl {b`bqsl{7 k$

q{lsbsfxfcecb ‐ bxfse{ l urb èrpe qëdf`l&7

2$ @esbil{fep {bje`fldecep á `ld`l{{íd`fe* qlfp urb* bduredsl boq{bpep* lp obflp cb

`lordfèéàl `ld`l{{bo bds{b pf .e$ b~`jrpfxfcecb lr hr{l7 k$ ib{eéàl cb b~qb`sesfxep



53

{b`ïq{lèp ‐ qrkjfè{ lr dàl ejil qbdpedcl dl `ld`l{{bdsb ‐ `$ cbpbd`l{emeobdsl plk{b

fdlxeéòbp ‐ xfxb{ bo fdæ{`fe ql{ {b`bfl cb he}b{ cfhb{bdsb ‐ c$ bpsekbjb`fobdsl cb

qec{òbp,olcbjlp q{lhfppfldefp&

Cfedsb cb sedsep pbjbéòbp* bp`ljnep b `{fsæ{flp* lp e`ldsb`fobdslp qrkjfèclp dl cfe e cfe

eèkeo ql{ pb{ bdèf~eclp dl urb pb dlobfe cb Eibdce Pbssfdi$ Lr pbme* uredcl pb cbhfdb

urefp lp heslp bpse{àl dep qrkjfèéòbp ml{dejïpsfèp* lp e`ldsb`fobdslp pàl nfb{e{urf}eclp* sej

l{cbo cb qrkjfèéàl pb{å kepbece dl i{er cb foql{sëd`fe urb èce hesl `ld`bds{e$ Ql{ fppl*

Yljh .;115& b~qjfè urb lp e`ldsb`fobdslp pàl ‚eibdceclp‟ de obcfce bo urb pàl

pbjb`fldeclp$

;$;$5 L e`ldsb`fobdsl

Qe{e bdsbdcb{ `lol e fdhl{oeéàl æ `loq{bbdcfce dep {bceéòbp clp ml{defp* æ db`bppå{fl

`loq{bbdcb{ l q{l`bppl cb q{lcréàl urb e bdxljxb$ Slce dlsï`fe sbo roe {e}àl qe{e b~fpsf{$

Ejæo cfppl* seokæo nå ro olsfxl bpqb`ïhf`l qe{e sb{ pfcl ekl{cece cb sej hl{oe$ @ece

ml{dejfpse .{bqð{sb{& sbo roe oedbf{e qe{sf`rje{ cb eke{è{ l e`ldsb`fobdsl b pre `ldps{réàl

pb{å* db`bppe{feobdsb* cb e`l{cl `lo e keieibo `rjsr{ej cl q{ðq{fl ml{dejfpse$

Cfxb{plp e`ldsb`fobdslp l`l{{bo* el obpol sboql* dl ordcl$ Bds{bsedsl* l hesl* qe{e pb{

ml{dejïpsf`l* dàl qlcb pb{ srcl l urb e`ldsb`b$ L e`ldsb`fobdsl ofcfåsf`l æ bpqb`fej b

cfhb{bdsb$ Lp ml{dejfpsep qe{sbo cl q{bpprqlpsl cb urb e qrkjfèéàl cl hesl pb{å cb fdsb{bppb

qýkjf`l lr cl qýkjf`l7 ql{ fppl* sl{deo sej e`ldsb`fobdsl `ldnb`fcl$ Lp oepp obcfe

q{bprobo urb ep qbpplep pbdsbo db`bppfcecb cb pekb{ l urb pb{å ekl{cecl$ Pàl

cbsb{ofdeéòbp kepbecep bo `{fsæ{flp cl cfp`r{pl ml{dejïpsf`l$ Ro hesl pð æ dlsï`fe uredclesbdcb ep b~qb`sesfxep cl foq{lxåxbj* lr cl qlr`l q{lxåxbj$ @lol ehf{oe Ec{fedl Cre{sb

[lc{firbp .5666* q$;9&* l e`ldsb`fobdsl ml{dejïpsf`l æ ‚fdxb{peobdsb q{lql{`fldej á

q{lkekfjfcecb cb l`l{{íd`fe‟$

Nå s{íp {e}òbp qe{e urb ro e`ldsb`fobdsl pbme fdsbi{ecl el ordcl ce dlsï`fe= b~`bppl* hejne

b fdxb{pàl$ B~`bppl {bje`flde/pb el urb e`ldsb`b cb hl{oe bps{ldclpe* b~eib{ece$ [lc{firbp

.5666& `fse urb roe ol{sb* ql{ b~boqjl* dàl sbo e obpoe {bqb{`rppàl ofcfåsfè cb ro

oeppe`{b$ Xb{fhfè/pb hejne uredcl ejil sl{de/pb fdprhf`fbdsb* qb{sl cl urb pb{fe `ldpfcb{ecl

dl{oej$ E hejne bpså {bje`fldece el f{{birje{* el urb l`l{{b hl{e cl bpqb{ecl$ Ro b~boqjl æ



52

l esl{ urb* dl olobdsl ce eq{bpbdseéàl* bpurb`b pre heje$ Ql{ ýjsfol* e fdxb{pàl bpså jfiece e

ejil urb cbxb{fe l`l{{b{ cb ro mbfsl b e`ldsb`b cb lrs{l* `lol ‚ro nlobo ol{cb{ ro `àl‟

lr ro qef,oàb oese{ l q{ðq{fl hfjnl .[LC[FIRBP* 5666* q$;>&$

L cfp`r{pl cl e`ldsb`fobdsl ml{dejïpsf`l {bje`flde/pb e ejil foq{bxfpïxbj* f{{e`fldej* urb

cbpsle cl bpqb{ecl* cl dl{oej$ Qe{e sedsl* æ ro b{{l cf}b{ urb ep dlsï`fep xío q{lql{`flde{

`b{se {birjeéàl clp e`ldsb`fobdslp$ L q{l`bppl æ mrpseobdsb l lqlpsl$ L cfp`r{pl ml{dejïpsf`l

eqbdep qòb á slde eurfjl urb* cb hesl* sl{de/pb qrkjf`åxbj$

Cb e`l{cl `lo Dfjpld Jeib .5666&* l ml{dejfpol b~fpsb qe{e b~ql{ heslp b dàl* pfoqjbpobdsb*

de{{å/jlp$ ‚Cl qldsl cb xfpse ce bps{rsr{e* e dlsï`fe pb cbhfdb* dl ml{dejfpol olcb{dl* `lol l{bjesl cb roe pæ{fb cb heslp e qe{sf{ cl hesl oefp foql{sedsb lr fdsb{bppedsb7 b cb èce hesl* e

qe{sf{ cl epqb`sl oefp foql{sedsb lr fdsb{bppedsb$ W$$$_‟ .JEIB* 5666* q$58&$ Ql{ fppl* cå/pb e

bp`ljne cb epprdslp urb pb{àl ekl{ceclp* cb prep hl{oep cb ekl{ceibo b cb slcep ep prep

è{e`sb{ïpsfèp kåpfèp$

El {bpljxb{ qrkjfè{ ro epprdsl .e`ldsb`fobdsl&* ejæo cb ce{ dlsl{fbcecb e bjb* lp obcfe

s{edphl{oeo/dl bo ro dlxl hesl$ Cbppe oedbf{e* `ldps{ðf/pb ro obse/e`ldsb`fobdsl$ Bppb æl ‚cfp`r{pl cl e`ldsb`fobdsl urb bob{ib `lol ro e`ldsb`fobdsl dlsåxbj‟ .[LC[FIRBP*

5666* q$;6&$ E cfp`rppàl ib{ece b ep esfsrcbp sloecep obcfedsb heslp eq{bpbdseclp qbjlp

obcfe sl{deo/pb obse/e`ldsb`fobdslp$

Ro ml{dejfpse bp`{bxb l urb nlrxb eqbdep `lol xfr* lrxfr lr plrkb$ Qe{e sedsl* bjb krpè

hldsbp W`ldhfåxbfp_ urb cbp`{bxbo l urb l`l{{br lr bpsàl nekfjfsecep e {bpqldcb{ ep urbpsòbp

qb{sfdbdsbp el sboe Wce qerse_ qrkjfècl$ @ldsrcl* ep qbpplep pàl Wlr cbxbo pb{_ qbpplep urb`ld`l{ceo `lo e jfdne cb {e`fl`ïdfl `lo e urej l ml{dejfpse q{bsbdcb `ldps{rf{ l sb~sl$ L

{bqð{sb{ ekl{ce `b{se fdhl{oeéàl pbirdcl lp pbrp q{ðq{flp bdsbdcfobdslp b* cb e`l{cl `lo ep

jfdnep ce boq{bpe ldcb s{ekejne$ L cfp`r{pl cl ml{dejfpse* obpol urb lkmbsfxl ‐ krpè

fd`bppedsb cl ml{dejfpol ‐ * `ldpb{xe `b{sl slo cb prkmbsfxfcecb* qlfp l bofppl{ dàl `ldpbirb

ek{edib{ slcl l `ldsbýcl cl e`ldsb`fobdsl$

Qe{e Oå{fl J$ B{kljesl .56>3&* nå cfhf`rjcecb de bp`{fse kepbece de prkmbsfxfcecb=



58

Dbdnro ml{dejfpse crxfce urb fdsb{q{bse{ lkmbsfxeobdsb æ oefp cfhï`fj urb fdhl{oe{* må urb*dl q{l`bppl cb qbpurfpe* cb fdxbpsfieéàl b cb edåjfpb cb e`ldsb`fobdslp* lp hesl{bpprkmbsfxlp sío oefp lql{srdfcecb cb pb oedfhbpse{* cl urb uredcl pfoqjbpobdsb pàlcbp`{fslp lp heslp$ @ldsrcl* e pfoqjbp fdhl{oeéàl* áp xb}bp* seokæo æ cfhï`fj cb pb{ {bcfifce*cbds{l cb {fil{lpe lkmbsfxfcecb$ .B[KLJESL* 56>3* q$03&

E q{fl{fcecb cep fdhl{oeéòbp seokæo æ ro clp qldslp cbsb{ofdedsbp qe{e bdsbdcb{ l urí b

`lol ro hesl bpså pbdcl `ldps{rïcl$ Nå ro dlxl ofsl urb bdxljxb l ml{dejfpol= ep qbpplep

jbbo ep dlsï`fep `lol pb bppep hlppbo e hldsb ce xb{cecb* `{bdcl urb l urb bpså bp`{fsl æ cb

b~s{boe foql{sëd`fe b {bqjbsl cb xb{cecbp$ Orfslp jbfsl{bp dàl `loq{bbdcbo urb e dlsï`fe*

el obpol sboql bo urb fdhl{oe* `{fe l hesl$ [lc{firbp .5666& bp`je{b`b urb e pl`fbcecb

sbdcb e eppl`fe{ l qeqbj cb cfhrpl{ ce {bejfcecb á oïcfe$ Pbirdcl l ersl{* ‚l cfp`r{pl clp

obcfe pr{ib qe{e l{iedf}e{ e b~qb{fíd`fe cl ejbesð{fl b jnb `ldhb{f{ {e`fldejfcecb‟.[LC[FIRBP* 5666* q$00&$

E jðifè qe{e bppe `{feéàl cl hesl bpså de `ldps{réàl cep dlsï`fep* urb dece oefp pàl cl urb

lp pfidlp ofcfåsf`lp$ Jr`fe Pedsebje .5662& bp`je{b`b roe s{ïecb pïidfè .pfidl* pfidfhfèdsb b

pfidfhfècl&* eq{bpbdsece ql{ @ne{jbp Pedcb{p Qfb{`b$ L lkmbsl* urb dl èpl cl ml{dejfpol æ l

e`ldsb`fobdsl* æ fd`lidlp`ïxbj bo pre slsejfcecb$ Lr pbme* l pfidl eqbdep {bq{bpbdse l lkmbsl

es{exæp cb ro prql{sb Wlp xbï`rjlp ml{dejïpsf`lp= ml{dej, SX, {åcfl , fdsb{dbs* e bp`{fse b e`ldps{réàl cl ml{dejfpse_$ Bjb æ eqbdep ro {b`l{sb cl {bej urb* eq{bpbdsecl e ro fdsb{q{bsedsb

W{b`bqsl{* jbfsl{_* q{lcr} ro pfidfhfècl uredsl el lkmbsl We`ldsb`fobdsl bo pf_$ E {bejfcecb

sl{de/pb* ql{ `ldpbirfdsb* {bjesfxe$

Ro pfidl æ ejil urb {bq{bpbdse ejil qe{e ejiræo e cbsb{ofdecl {bpqbfsl lr èqe`fcecb$Cf{fib/pb e ejiræo* fpsl æ* `{fe de obdsb cbppe qbpple ro pfidl burfxejbdsb lr* sejxb}* oefpcbpbdxljxfcl$ L pfidl urb bjb `{fe cbpfidl/l ql{ fdsb{q{bsedsb cl q{fobf{l pfidl$ L pfidl{bq{bpbdse ejil= l pbr lkmbsl$ .PEDSEBJJE* 5662* q$ 02&

;$;$; E dlsï`fe

E fdhl{oeéàl bpså bo slcl jrie{= bo lrscll{p* pfdejf}eéòbp cb s{ëdpfsl* jfx{lp* fdsb{dbs*

{bxfpsep* ml{defp* cbds{b lrs{lp$ Bds{bsedsl* slce fdhl{oeéàl sbo roe cbsb{ofdece b~qb`sesfxe

qe{e pb{ eq{bpbdsece$ Pbirdcl Dbjpld S{eurfde .5666* q$589&* l ‚lkmbsfxl cb`je{ecl cb

urejurb{ ð{iàl cb fdhl{oeéàl æ l cb hl{db`b{ {bjeslp clp e`ldsb`fobdslp mrjieclp

pfidfhfèsfxlp b fdsb{bppedsbp W$$$_‟$ Eppfo æ e dlsï`fe= ro {bjesl W`lcfhfècl_ cl urb

e`ldsb`br* oep kepbecl bo cfxb{plp `{fsæ{flp cb pbjbéàl b q{lcréàl* `lo l lkmbsfxl cb pb{cb`lcfhfècl ql{ ro qýkjf`l/jbfsl{$



59

;$;$;$5 @ld`bfslp

Qe{e q{lcr}f{ roe fdhl{oeéàl* Edsldfl Nlnjhbjcs .;115* q$;53& bpsekbjb`b ures{l bseqep$ E

q{fobf{e cå/pb es{exæp ce èqseéàl cl urb pb{å dlsf`fecl* ‚urb cbqbdcb{å cb hldsbp xe{fecep*

eiíd`fep dlsf`flpep lr eibdcep cb pb{xfélp‟$ Dbpsb pbdsfcl* `ldpfcb{e/pb* seokæo* e

b~fpsíd`fe cb ro pbjb`fldecl{ cbds{l ce q{ðq{fe {bceéàl* l dlobecl iesbgbbqb{ * eurbjb urb

‚ek{b lr hb`ne ep èd`bjep‟ cep {bceéòbp qe{e l hesl `nbie{ áp oàlp cl q{lcrsl{,{bqð{sb{$ E

pbirdce bseqe æ e pbjbéàl cb fdhl{oeéòbp$ Bo pbirfce* e eq{bpbdseéàl lr bcféàl ce dlsï`fe b*

ql{ ýjsfol* b dàl obdlp foql{sedsb* e ‚cfps{fkrféàl* urb foqjfè e pbjbéàl ceurfjl urb xef pb{

oefp lr obdlp cfps{fkrïcl* esfdifdcl slclp lp xbï`rjlp xfd`rjeclp e roe cbsb{ofdece eiíd`fe

lr pð e ejirdp cbjbp‟ .NLJNHBJCS* ;115* q$;53&$

Ep boq{bpep ofcfåsfèp cbsb{ofdeo e l{cbdeéàl cb fsbdp b qldslp qe{e e hl{oeéàl cep

dlsï`fep* qec{ldf}edcl l s{ekejnl cl ml{dejfpse$ Dbjpld S{eurfde .5666& b~qjfè urb nå roe

jðifè qe{e èce ro cbppbp epprdslp$ B~fpsb e q{lqlpféàl cep de{{esfxep ‐ bo urb l {bqð{sb{

cbxb l{iedf}e{ l e`ldsb`fobdsl `lo ep pbfp qb{irdsep fd`fpfxep cl jbec = urbo* urí* uredcl*

ldcb* `lol b ql{ urb7 e jfdne bcfsl{fej cl xbï`rjl ‐ bo urb e fdhl{oeéàl æ bp`{fse `ldhl{ob l

qbdpeobdsl ce boq{bpe* dàl qlcbdcl l {bqð{sb{ `lds{e{fe{ lp fdsb{bppbp boq{bpe{fefp cl ml{dej7 e {bps{féàl qbjl bpqeél ‐ uredcl l fdsb{bppb qbjlp e`ldsb`fobdslp xe{fe cb e`l{cl `lo

e jlèjfcecb bo urb l`l{{b* xb{fhfèdcl/pb e sb{{fsl{fejfcecb* bpqb`fejf}eéàl b sboe7 b*

seokæo* e {bps{féàl qbjl sboql .bf~l& ‐ qlfp nå l nl{å{fl `neoecl hb`neobdsl cl ml{dej

Wcbecjfdb_* urb l ml{dejfpse cbxb `roq{f{ qe{e urb l ml{dej oedsbdne pre qb{flcf`fcecb$ Fppl

cfhf`rjse e ̀ lkb{sr{e cl hesl$

Æ foql{sedsb {bppejse{ urb* dbpsb ýjsfol urbpfsl* b~fpsbo lp e`ldsb`fobdslp q{li{eoåxbfp$ El`fse{ Oer{l Yljh* S{eurfde .5666& cf} urb nå `b{se sbdcíd`fe cb lp obcfe oldse{ roe

eibdce cb heslp .eibdce/pbssfdi& ekl{ceclp* mrpseobdsb qe{e dàl cbf~e{ cb `roq{f{ `lo e

q{lqlpse cl xbï`rjl$

Q{fobf{l* e boq{bpe ml{dejïpsfè sbdse qjedbe{ l hrsr{l es{exæp cl pbr pb{xfél cb eibdce urbbjekl{e e jfpse cb e`ldsb`fobdslp q{bxfpslp* qb{ofsfdcl eppfo e l{iedf}eéàl cl pbr q{ðq{fls{ekejnl `lo roe `b{se edsb`bcíd`fe$ .YLJH eqrc S[EURFDE* 5666* q$595&$

Uredsl oefl{ l bpèjàl nfb{å{urf`l ce qbpple urb hl{db`b lp ceclp ce dlsï`fe* oefp xejfe sbo

l e`ldsb`fobdsl b pre de{{eéàl$ Nå db`bppfcecb cb pb sb{ `ldhfedée dl urb æ cfsl qbje hldsb$



5>

Ql{ fppl* l {bje`fldeobdsl bds{b l ml{dejfpse b e qbpple urb `ld`bcb ep fdhl{oeéòbp cbxb pb{*

db`bppe{feobdsb* xf{srlpl$

Qe{e `ldpbirf{ `roq{f{ pbr cbecjfdb* l ml{dejfpse cbxb sb{ roe {lsfde cb s{ekejnl$ Cfedsb

cfppl* bdsbdcb/pb e foql{sëd`fe ce q{lhfppfldejf}eéàl cb qbpplep urb qlcbo hl{db`b{ ep

fdhl{oeéòbp cfå{fep elp {bqð{sb{bp$ L e`bppl á {bceéàl {bps{fdib/pb elp urb sío `b{sl

`ldnb`fobdsl clp xbï`rjlp cb `lordfèéàl* qlfp eqbdep lp q{bqe{eclp qe{e fdf`fe{ ro

{bje`fldeobdsl `lo e oïcfe* oedsb{ bppb `ldsesl b lhb{b`b{ ‚e`ldsb`fobdslp‟ {birje{bp

`ldpbirbo ̀ {fe{ ro jeél hf{ob `lo lp ml{dejfpsep$

Pbirdcl Dbjpld S{eurfde .5666* q$590&* e db`bppfcecb clp ‚èdefp cb {lsfde bpsekbjb`b roefdsb{cbqbdcíd`fe bds{b l {bqð{sb{ b l bofppl{ ce fdhl{oeéàl‟$ Ejæo cfppl* nå lrs{e

`ldpburíd`fe cbppb {bje`fldeobdsl$ Pbirdcl l ersl{*

W$$$_ roe qe{sb pfidfhfèsfxe cep dlsï`fep q{lcr}fcep sbo `lol kepb hldsbp urb pàlq{lhfppfldefp dl ::dbið`fl44 cb jfce{ `lo l èoql ml{dejïpsf`l .eurf eppfdejeolp lpq{lhfppfldefp cb {bjeéòbp qýkjfèp&* `ldnb`bdcl kbo e ob`ëdfè cl s{ekejnl ml{dejïpsf`l*dlobeceobdsb= 5& e db`bppfcecb ce oesæ{fe hl{db`fce .lp q{bpp {bjbepbp& epprof{ `b{sephl{oep b pbirf{ `b{sep `ldxbdéòbp7 ;& l {b`ldnb`fobdsl cb ro sfofdi `rfceclpl cefdhl{oeéàl cfxrjiece qlcb fdhjrbd`fe{ dàl pð e `lkb{sr{e oep seokæo l `ldsbýcl cedlsï`fe qrkjfèce$ .S[EURFDE* 5666* q$590&$

;$;$;$; @e{e`sb{ïpsfèp

L sb~sl cb roe dlsï`fe cbxb pb{ cb fdsb{bppb b cb pfidfhf`ëd`fe$ @ldsrcl* el `lds{å{fl cl urb

pb qlcb qbdpe{* bp`ljnb{* bp`{bxb{ b qrkjfè{ ro sb~sl* `lo ‚nld{ep‟ ml{dejïpsfèp* qlcb ce{

ro s{ekejnl oefl{ cl urb l foeifdecl fdf`fejobdsb$ Nå cfxb{pep è{e`sb{ïpsfèp {bje`fldecep á

q{lcréàl ce dlsï`fe$

Ep dlsï`fep sío qe{sf`rje{fcecbp bo {bjeéàl áp prep bp`{fsep$ @lol må cfsl* bjep dàl eqbdep

de{{eo* oep eq{bpbdseo lp e`ldsb`fobdslp$ Ql{sedsl* sío oedbf{ep ecburecep cb pb{

q{lcr}fcep qe{e èce iídb{l ml{dejïpsf`l$ Nå bpqb`fhf`fcecb bo pre hl{oe b eq{bpbdseéàl$

Dfjpld Jeib .5666& b~qjfè urb nå {bps{féòbp jfdirïpsfèp de bjekl{eéàl cep dlsï`fep cbxfcl áp

`f{`rdpsëd`fep ce {bjeéàl cbppbp clfp qljlp$ Fppl l`l{{b bo {bjeéàl el dýob{l cb qejex{ep bo

urb l hesl cbxb pb{ `ldsecl7 b~q{bppòbp ecburecep ‐ b~`jrfdcl sb{olp urb càl è{e`sb{ïpsfèp

lr b~q{bppòbp urb {bobsbo á lqfdfàl7 rpl ce sb{`bf{e qbpple cl pfdirje{* xlèkrjå{fl b



56

i{eoåsfè sàl `ljlurfefp uredsl qlppïxbj7 olcl xb{kej dl fdcfèsfxl b b~`jrpàl cb sb{olp

prkmbsfxlp$

Ep oesæ{fep ml{dejïpsfèp urb sío l hl{oesl cb dlsï`fep/urbdsb* urb cbxbo pb{ qrkjfècep

fobcfeseobdsb ‐ cbxfcl á qb{flcf`fcecb cl xbï`rjl b á xejfcecb cl e`ldsb`fobdsl7 qlpprbo

roe bps{rsr{e s{ecf`fldej `neoece cb qf{ëofcb fdxb{sfce;$ Qe{e e `ldps{réàl cb roe dlsï`fe/

urbdsb* b~fpsb roe {bi{e kåpfè bo urb l q{fobf{l qe{åi{ehl cl sb~sl cbxb `ldsb{ bjbobdslp

qb{sfdbdsbp el jbec edejïsf`l= urbo* l urb* uredcl* ldcb* `lol b ql{ urb7 lr pfdsæsf`l= urbo*

l urb b uredcl$

;$;$;$0 E dlsï`fe ̀ lol q{lcrsl

Orfslp jbfsl{bp e`{bcfseo urb e dlsï`fe pbme e xb{cecb cl hesl$ L ml{dejfpse `ldps{ðf e.p&

{bejfcecb.p&* ql{ obfl ce.p& dlsï`fe.p&$ Bjb dàl æ ro lkpb{xecl{ qeppfxl* urb eqbdep {bifps{e l

urb lrxb lr xí$ S{ese/pb cb ro `ldps{rsl{ ce fdhl{oeéàl$ E dlsï`fe dàl bob{ib cl ordcl

{bej eqbdep `lo ep lkpb{xeéòbp ml{dejïpsfèp b dàl b~fpsb s{edpofppàl qr{fhfèce clp heslp*

`lol pb e fdhl{oeéàl dep`bppb desr{ejobdsb cl e`ldsb`fobdsl$

Nlrxb roe æqlè de nfpsð{fe cl ml{dejfpol bo urb l lkmbsfxl ce q{lcréàl cb dlsï`fep b{e

q{lql{ fdhl{oeéòbp `loqjbsep b fpbdsep cb lqfdfòbp$ L Dlxl Ml{dejfpol0 eq{bpbdsexe dlxe

`ld`bqéàl qe{e cbsejne{ lp heslp$ Cbppe hl{oe* lp {bqð{sb{bp q{lobsfeo lhb{b`b{ á pl`fbcecb

roe dlsï`fe oefp q{ð~foe cl e`ldsb`fobdsl* pb `loqe{ece `lo e bps{rsr{e cb qf{ëofcb

fdxb{sfce* rsfjf}ece efdce nlmb qbjlp xbï`rjlp ml{dejïpsf`lp$ Bds{bsedsl* eqbpe{ cb b~fpsf{bo

sb~slp `lo sefp è{e`sb{ïpsfèp* l Dby Mlr{dejfpo dàl æ sàl boq{biecl ql{ ml{defp* {bxfpsep*

sbjbxfpòbp* {åcflp b fdsb{dbs de `ldsboql{edbfcecb$

; E qf{ëofcb fdxb{sfce* cb e`l{cl `lo Oå{fl B{kljesl .5665&* æ roe hl{oe ml{dejïpsfè qe{e urb l {bqð{sb{bp`{bxe ep dlsï`fep$ L ersl{ b~qjfè urb lp heslp pàl cbsejneclp cb e`l{cl `lo pbfp qb{irdsep fdcfpqbdpåxbfp qe{el sb~sl ofcfåsf`l= urbo* l urí* uredcl* ldcb* `lol b ql{ urb$ Sefp urbpsfldeobdslp pàl lp oefp foql{sedsbp cbroe dlsï`fe b cbxbo bpse{ dl q{fobf{l qe{åi{ehl cl sb~sl* `neoecl cb jbec$ Lp lrs{lp cbsejnbp cle`ldsb`fobdsl* dàl sàl foql{sedsbp* cbxb{àl bpse{ dlp lrs{lp qe{åi{ehlp ce dlsï`fe$ Eppfo* l hl{oesl ce dlsï`feæ `loqe{ecl el cb roe qf{ëofcb fdxb{sfce* bo urb e kepb æ oefl{ b oefp `loqjbse* qlfp `ld`bds{e epfdhl{oeéòbp oefp foql{sedsbp cl sb~sl* b e qldse* urb cbsæo lp cbsejnbp obdlp db`bppå{flp qe{e e fdhl{oeéàl*

bpse{fe dl ýjsfol qe{åi{ehl$0 L Dlxl Ml{dejfpol . Dby Mlr{dejfpo& `ldpfpsb dro sfql cb de{{esfxe urb ofpsr{e hf`éàl `lo ml{dejfpol*fcbdsfhfècl de cæèce cb 5681$ Sej bpsfjl hlf {b`ldnb`fcl* dro q{fobf{l olobdsl* ql{ èrpe clp sb~slp cldl{sb/eob{fèdl S{roed @eqlsb* Slo Yljhb b Iev Sejbpb$



;1

Ro ml{dejfpse dàl `ldpbirb b dbo qlcb bp`{bxb{ ejil pbo sb{ ro ëdirjl qe{e pbirf{* obpol

urb bjb dàl fdpf{e de ekl{ceibo qejex{ep cbsb{ofdedsbp* `lo l q{lqðpfsl cb bofsf{ lqfdfòbp$

Lr pbme* srcl l urb l {bqð{sb{ bp`{bxb qe{sb* q{fobf{l* ce q{ðq{fe xfpàl cl bofppl{ ce

fdhl{oeéàl cb urb l e`ldsb`fobdsl æ db`bppå{fl b cbxb pb{ ekl{cecl cb oedbf{ep bpqb`ïhfèp$

Q{fobf{l* ql{urb q{b`fpe lrxf{ sbpsbordnep cl hesl* q{l`r{e{ fdcï`flp$ L ml{dejfpse bp`ljnb

urbo hejlr l urí* `lol b l urb `loqjbobdse{å pbr sb~sl* e b~boqjl cb urefp hlslp pb{àl

rsfjf}ecep qe{e fjrps{e{ e dlsï`fe$ Fppl må æ roe hl{oe cb cf{b`flde{ l sb~sl* qb{ofsfdcl ro

{b`l{sb ce {bejfcecb$ Seokæo dàl nå fpbdéàl cb bp`ljnep de de{{eéàl ql{urb l ml{dejfpse

qlpprf roe keieibo `rjsr{ej* `lo pbrp q{fd`ïqflp b xejl{bp* urb ib{eo mrjieobdslp$ L

{bqð{sb{ bp`{bxb* b~`jrf* fd`jrf b pbjb`flde$ E dlsï`fe eqbdep sbo qe{sfce dl {bej* oep dàl æ

hfbj el hesl bo slce pre `loqjb~fcecb$

;$;$0 L q{l`bppl cb bcféàl

Bcfse{ ro e`ldsb`fobdsl* qe{e s{edphl{oå/jl bo dlsï`fe* sl{de/pb e `ldps{réàl cb ro dlxl

hesl$ E q{fobf{e oedbf{e cb bcféàl cb ro sb~sl dlsf`flpl qe{sb ce pbjbéàl cep fdhl{oeéòbp*

qlfp orfslp e`ldsb`fobdslp `nbieo áp {bceéòbp* `ldsrcl* eqbdep ejirdp pàl bp`ljnfclp qe{e

pb sl{de{bo dlsï`fe$ Cbds{l cb roe ieoe cb heslp* ejirdp pàl pbjb`fldeclp b sloeclp `lolfoql{sedsbp qe{e pb{ {bqeppeclp el qýkjf`l/bpqb`secl{ cl xbï`rjl ml{dejïpsf`l$

@lol pb pekb* e dlsï`fe sbo è{åsb{ cb q{lcrsl e qe{sf{ cl olobdsl bo urb* `lol b~qjfè

@{bofjce Obcfde .56>>* q$ ;5&* fdpb{b/pb de ‚qf{ëofcb cb fdsb{bppbp qýkjf`lp‟$ Lr pbme* de

pl`fbcecb `ldsboql{ëdbe* bo urb xfil{e l pfpsboe cb èqfsej* qe{e pb q{lcr}f{ ejil cbxb/pb

nexb{ cboedce bpqb`ïhfè qe{e sej q{lcrsl$ Bppe* pbirdcl Obcfde .56>>&* æ roe è{e`sb{ïpsfè

ce dlsï`fe* qlfp e fdhl{oeéàl clp xbï`rjlp ml{dejïpsf`lp dàl cbf~e cb pb{ ejil urb æ q{lcr}fclqe{e pb{ `ldprofcl$

Eppfo* l ersl{ Jrf} @lpse Qb{bf{e Mrdfl{ .;116& {bppejse urb l bcfsl{* e èce qrkjfèéàl* sbpse

pbr è{åsb{$ @lol e hrdéàl cbppb q{lhfppfldej æ bp`ljnb{ b sloe{ cb`fpòbp qbjlp jbfsl{bp cl

urb pb{å xbf`rjecl dl ml{dej .dl èpl cl ml{dej foq{bppl* ql{ b~boqjl&* fppl sl{de l bcfsl{

ejiræo hrdceobdsej de ècbfe q{lcrsfxe ce dlsï`fe$ Ejæo cb bcfse{ ep fdhl{oeéòbp* pre

esfxfcecb/hfo* l bcfsl{ cbxb `roq{f{ lrs{ep hrdéòbp* `lol ecofdfps{e{ lp {b`r{plp ce {bceéàl*

`neoece cb esfxfcecb/obfl$ Bds{bsedsl* pbirdcl Qb{bf{e Mrdfl{ .;1167 q$;5& ‚æ dl s{ekejnl cb



;5

bcféàl urb pb {bxbje e lqfdfàl cl ib{bdsb ce fdhl{oeéàl* qe{e urb jecl qbdcb l cldl cl

xbï`rjl* urej e hl{ée l{iëdfè cb roe jfdne bcfsl{fej‟$

Ql{ fppl* l ersl{ cbhfdb urb bcfse{ æ bp`ljnb{$ B ep bp`ljnep cbds{l ce q{lcréàl ml{dejïpsfè

pàl hbfsep el jldil cb slcl l q{l`bppl* cbpcb e bds{ece ce fdhl{oeéàl á peïce ce dlsï`fe

bcfsece b fjrps{ece$ @ece hesl sbo ro xejl{ bpqb`ïhf`l qe{e l bcfsl{ b* ql{ fppl* ob{b`b

cbpseurb ̀ ldhl{ob lp ̀ {fsæ{flp bpsekbjb`fclp ql{ bjb b ql{ pbr xbï`rjl cb fdhl{oeéàl$

E bcféàl {bxbje urb dàl æ q{b`fpl obdsf{ qe{e oedfqrje{ roe dlsï`fe* qlfp èce bcféàl cb

roe obpoe fdhl{oeéàl qlcb{å sb{ cfxb{plp ëdirjlp cfhb{bdsbp$ Fppl ql{urb pàl q{lhfppfldefp

cfhb{bdsbp* sfqlp cb xbï`rjlp cfhb{bdsbp* iídb{lp ml{dejïpsf`lp* èsbil{fep* bds{b lrs{lp$ Bdhfo*pàl cfxb{plp b xe{feclp lp `{fsæ{flp cb nfb{e{urf}eéàl clp heslp* cbqbdcbdsbp ce xldsecb cl

bcfsl{ b ce qljïsfè cl xbï`rjl bo urb s{ekejne ‐ fdcl ejæo clp `{fsæ{flp cb dlsf`fekfjfcecb7 b e

hl{oe `lo urb bppbp pàl ekl{ceclp$

E bcféàl ce dlsï`fe pb {bxbje seokæo obcfedsb l bpqeél `ld`bcfcl á fdhl{oeéàl qrkjfèce$

Qb{bf{e Mrdfl{ .;116& bp`je{b`b urb e bp`ljne cl seoednl cl bpqeél* jlèjf}eéàl de qåifde ‐

dl èpl cl foq{bppl* uredsfcecb cb fjrps{eéòbp b eqe{b`fobdsl de èqe* ql{ b~boqjl* qlcbofdcfè{ e foql{sëd`fe foqrsece uredsl á fdhl{oeéàl$ Pekb/pb urb slce oesæ{fe ml{dejïpsfè

urb {b`bkb roe `neoece cb èqe dro ml{dej lr {bxfpse* ql{ b~boqjl* ob{b`br cbpseurb cl

bcfsl{* ql{ fppl* foeifde/pb urb e fdhl{oeéàl sbo bjbxecl i{er cb foql{sëd`fe$ Fppl ql{urb e

èqe cb ml{dej,{bxfpse æ `lol pb hlppb roe xfs{fde cb jlme* qlfp s{e} ep fdhl{oeéòbp mrjiecep

qbjl xbï`rjl `lol ep oefp foql{sedsbp ceurbje bcféàl$

Cbds{l clp ml{defp b {bxfpsep seokæo nå qåifdep oefp bpqb`fefp cl urb lrs{ep$ Ql{ b~boqjl* efdhl{oeéàl urb pbirb dep qåifdep ïoqe{bp cl foq{bppl sbo oefp pfidfhf`ëd`fe cl urb ep urb

bpsàl dl jecl lqlpsl .qe{&* qlfp ep qbpplep uredcl qbieo ro fdhl{oesfxl cf{fibo pbrp

ljne{bp q{fobf{l qe{e qåifde á cf{bfse b cbqlfp á bpurb{ce* cb `foe qe{e kef~l$ Eppfo*

pekbdcl seokæo urb dro ml{dej b~fpsb roe fdhl{oeéàl oefp foql{sedsb cl urb slcep ep

cbpseècep* eurbje urb {b`bkbr oefl{ `neoece* dl{oejobdsb* e oesæ{fe plk{b e sej oed`nbsb

xbo de qåifde cb dýob{l s{íp* {bxbjedcl urej æ e qåifde oefp ‚è{e‟ cb ro xbï`rjl

ml{dejïpsf`l foq{bppl$



;;

Pb e dlsï`fe bpså dl èdsl prqb{fl{ cf{bfsl ce qåifde ïoqe{* e fdhl{oeéàl cbppe dlsï`fe æ oefp

foql{sedsb cl urb e urb bpså dl èdsl fdhb{fl{$ Pb oesæ{fe ml{dejïpsfè sbo oefp cb roe `ljrde

lr oefp urb s{íp qe{åi{ehlp* pb nå i{åhf`lp* hlslp* bds{bsïsrjlp* cbds{b lrs{lp* srcl l urb qlcb

xejl{f}e{ oefp e fdhl{oeéàl* fppl eq{bpbdse `lol hlf bcféàl cl {bpqldpåxbj qbjl xbï`rjl* l

urb l q{lhfppfldej xejl{f}lr oefp bo hrdéàl cb lrs{ep fdhl{oeéòbp$

Eppfo* `loq{bbdcb/pb urb dlsï`fe æ* bdhfo* ql{ pre bppíd`fe* roe fdhl{oeéàl bcfsece* cbpcb

pre fdpb{éàl dep {bceéòbp esæ e qrkjfèéàl dlp cfhb{bdsbp xbï`rjlp ml{dejïpsf`lp$ E bcféàl cb

ro hesl qe{sb cb pre bp`ljne* {bxbjedcl* bo slcl l q{l`bppl cb q{lcréàl* ep qb`rjfe{fcecbp

cl xbï`rjl urb qrkjf`lr sej fdhl{oeéàl* urej l i{er cb foql{sëd`fe urb hlf cecl qbjl ml{dej b

urb* ql{ `ldpburíd`fe* qlcb{å pb{ qb{`bkfcl ce obpoe hl{oe qbjlp {b`bqsl{bp$



;0

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L ml{dejfpol l{iedf}e`fldej sbxb q{b`r{pl{bp ce å{be de @nfde* ql{ xljse cl edl ;1; e$@$

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`lordfèéàl cbr/pb dl pæ`rjl ^F^* æqlè ce [bxljréàl Fdcrps{fej$ Cb e`l{cl `lo H{ed`fp`l

Iercíd`fl Sl{uresl cl [bil .56>9&* ep q{fobf{ep qrkjfèéòbp ml{dejïpsfèp boq{bpe{fefp

pr{if{eo bo obeclp ceurbjb pæ`rjl$

Nlrxb s{íp q{fd`fqefp qb{ïlclp de nfpsð{fe cl ml{dejfpol boq{bpe{fej$ Pbirdcl Cfbsb{ Nfds}b.eqrc [BIL* 56>9* q$ ;;&* `lo e cfxfpàl cb Nbfdp Xld I{rkbd* nlrxb roe hepb urb

edsb`bcbr l edl cb 56117 lrs{e cb 5611 á F Irb{{e Ordcfej7 b roe sb{`bf{e bds{b e F Irb{{e b

e `{fpb cb 56;6* qb{ïlcl ce urbce ce Kljpe cb Xejl{bp cb Dlxe Fl{urb .BRE&$

E qe{sf{ cfppl* Sl{uresl cl [bil .56>9& eq{bpbdse s{íp hepbp ml{dejfpol boq{bpe{fej= e

qes{fe{èj* e q{lsbsl{ej b e `llqb{esfxfpse$ E q{fobf{e sbo è{e`sb{ïpsfèp qesb{dejfpsep$ E

q{lsbsl{ej {bje`flde/pb `lo ep q{bl`rqeéòbp cep cf{béòbp boq{bpe{fefp `lo l fdï`fl ce`ldp`fíd`fe ce `jeppb lqb{å{fe* æqlè ce [bxljréàl Fdcrps{fej$ Eqbdep lp qes{òbp sío

e`bppfkfjfcecb áp fdhl{oeéòbp$ B e ýjsfoe* `llqb{esfxfpse* cf} {bpqbfsl el olobdsl bo urb lp

cldlp cep boq{bpep* b ep prep kepbp lqb{å{fep* sío e`bppl pfofje{ áp qrkjfèéòbp$

Efdce cb e`l{cl `lo Iercíd`fl Sl{uresl cl [bil .56>9&* Cfofs{f Ybfpp bp`je{b`b urb e

foq{bdpe cb boq{bpe `ldnb`br s{íp olobdslp .eqrc [BIL* 56>9* q$;3&$ Edsbp cb 5631* dlp

pæ`rjlp ^F^ b fdï`fl cl ^^* Ybfpp `lobdse urb l ml{dejfpol boq{bpe{fej xfxbr roe hepb cbcfxb{sfobdsl$ Qe{e l ersl{* hlf l olobdsl ce fdpb{éàl cl ml{dejfpol dep fdpsfsrféòbp b ce

lk{fieéàl cb cfxb{sf{ ep `jeppbp s{ekejnecl{ep$ Bds{b 5631 b 5621* `lobélr e hepb ce

fdhl{oeéàl* bo urb cfxb{plp olxfobdslp e`ldsb`feo dep boq{bpep b `b{sep `jeppbp

s{ekejnecl{ep jrsexeo ql{ cf{bfslp$ L ml{dejfpol boq{bpe{fej* dbpsb pbdsfcl* bob{ifr `lol e

qlppfkfjfcecb cb `lds{lje{ ep fdpesfpheéòbp clp lqb{å{flp* lhb{b`bdcl oefp fdhl{oeéòbp elp

s{ekejnecl{bp$ Ql{ ýjsfol* nlrxb l qb{ïlcl ce fdsb{q{bseéàl b qb{prepàl* urb* pbirdcl l ersl{*

cå/pb eqðp e cæèce cb 5621$



;3

0$5$5 Ml{dejfpol boq{bpe{fej dl K{epfj

Dl K{epfj* l Ml{dejfpol Boq{bpe{fej pr{ifr eqðp e b~qedpàl ce å{be de Br{lqe b dlp Bpseclp

Rdfclp* cbxfcl el {bse{ceobdsl cl q{l`bppl cb fdcrps{fejf}eéàl cl qeïp* urb `lobélr e qe{sf{

cb 5601$ L q{fobf{l ml{dej boq{bpe{fej pr{ifr 511 edlp cbqlfp cl eqe{b`fobdsl dlp BRE$

Eppfo* l ml{dejfpol boq{bpe{fej k{epfjbf{l sbxb pbrp q{foð{cflp ql{ xljse cb 5601*

b~qedcfdcl/pb esæ 5621 b pb bpsekbjb`bdcl dlp edlp 5681$

L ml{dej cb boq{bpe q{b`r{pl{ cl K{epfj hlf l `neoecl Kljbsfo Jfins * pr{ifcl bo 56;2* h{rsl

ce fdf`fesfxe cb hrd`fldå{flp ce boq{bpe Jfins$ L xbï`rjl cr{lr* eq{l~foeceobdsb* s{íp edlp$

Cbqlfp* pr{if{eo lrs{lp* `lol e {bxfpse Ibdb{ejp Olsl{p* bo 56;8* urb sfdne 5; qåifdep bb{e cfps{fkrïcl obdpejobdsb elp `ljekl{ecl{bp ce boq{bpe$ .[BIL* 56>9&$

Bo lrsrk{l cb 5689* e Eppl`feéàl K{epfjbf{e cb Ecofdfps{eéàl cb Qbpplej .Ekeqb& q{lolxbr

l 5½ @ldi{bppl De`fldej cb Bcfsl{bp cb Qrkjfèéòbp cb Boq{bpep b eq{lxlr e `{feéàl ce

Eppl`feéàl K{epfjbf{e cb [bxfpsep b Ml{defp cb Boq{bpep .Ekb{mb&* bdsfcecb urb sbdse* esæ

nlmb* pfpsboesf}e{ lp s{ekejnlp cl pbsl{$ Cb e`l{cl `lo Iercíd`fl Sl{uresl cl [bil .56>9&*

e Ekb{mb hlf `{fece* mrpseobdsb* ql{urb* dl fdï`fl cl ml{dejfpol boq{bpe{fej* dàl nexfe lqjedbmeobdsl cep q{lcréòbp* hbfsep cb urejurb{ oedbf{e* pbo q{bl`rqeéàl `lo cbsejnbp cb

{bceéàl b bpsæsfè* ql{ b~boqjl$ Qe{e sedsl* e Eppl`feéàl emrclr de q{lhfppfldejf}eéàl ce

esfxfcecb$ Bo 5692* l qeïp bpsexe bds{b lp 51 urb oefp cbsfdneo qrkjfèéòbp cl ordcl

boq{bpe{fej$

0$; @ld`bfslp cb `lordfèéàl l{iedf}e`fldej

E `lordfèéàl l{iedf}e`fldej he} qe{sb ce `lordfèéàl cb oeppe$ S{ese/pb cl prkpfpsboe cb

ro pfpsboe ml{dejïpsf`l* urb* ql{ pre xb}* æ fdsbi{edsb cb ro oe`{lppfpsboe cb `lordfèéàl

pl`fej$ Ejæo cb sb{ lkmbsfxlp qb{prepð{flp cb fdpb{éàl ce boq{bpe dl ob{ècl cb èqfsej b*

ql{ `ldpbirfdsb* {bprjse{ bo erobdsl cb xbdcep* objnl{fe ce foeibo qb{edsb lp `jfbdsbp*

e`fldfpsep* cfps{fkrfcl{bp b slclp lp lrs{lp qýkjf`lp urb e bdxljxbo* l ml{dejfpol boq{bpe{fej

sbo ql{ cf{bs{f} emrpse{ ep fdhl{oeéòbp ce pl`fbcecb$ Sej sfql cb `lordfèéàl cbxb pb{

bdsbdcfcl `lol roe q{lqlpse bpqb`fejf}ece cl ml{dejfpol$



;2

Bpse æ roe esfxfcecb ce `lordfèéàl cb oeppe urb* cb e`l{cl `lo Iercíd`fl Sl{uresl cl

[bil .56>9&* qlcb pb{ è{e`sb{f}ece `lol e{sb b sæ`dfè* el obpol sboql$ E{sb* el rdf{ l

`loqldbdsb kåpf`l cb `{feéàl ce `lordfèéàl7 sæ`dfè* uredcl `l{{bje`fldeo he`rjcecbp

`fbdsïhfèp b e{sïpsfèp cl ml{dejfpol boq{bpe{fej$ E hfdejfcecb æ {bqeppe{ ep fdhl{oeéòbp cb

roe fdpsfsrféàl e pbrp cfxb{plp qýkjf`lp* ejèdéedcl e xfpfkfjfcecb ofcfåsfè b `ljekl{edcl

qe{e e foeibo ce boq{bpe$ L lkmbsfxl æ lhb{b`b{ lp heslp urb e`ldsb`bo de boq{bpe e slclp

lp urb `lds{fkrbo* cb ejiroe oedbf{e* qe{e l `{bp`fobdsl b bpsekbjb`fobdsl ce fdpsfsrféàl$

E `lordfèéàl boq{bpe{fej fdsbi{e l nejj cb q{åsfèp ml{dejïpsfèp b* ql{ fppl* cbsæo

è{e`sb{ïpsfèp pbobjnedsbp áp ce foq{bdpe$ @lol fdps{robdslp cb `lordfèéàl cb oeppe* ep

qrkjfèéòbp boq{bpe{fefp cbxbo sb{ esrejfcecb* heslp urb hl{oeo l q{bpbdsb ce boq{bpe7qb{flcf`fcecb* fdsb{xejlp pr`bppfxlp b {birje{bp7 rdfxb{pejfcecb* fdhl{oeéòbp plk{b å{bep*

q{li{eoep cb fdsb{bppb ce boq{bpe b `lordfcecb7 b cfhrpàl* cf{b`fldeobdsl e qýkjf`lp

bpqb`ïhf`lp$ Srcl fppl ̀ ldhl{ob l`l{{b dl ml{dejfpol cfå{fl$

Lrs{l qldsl pbobjnedsb bds{b bpsep crep bphb{ep ce `lordfèéàl pl`fej æ l hesl cb pb ce{bo

`lo ures{l iídb{lp ml{dejïpsf`lp qe{b`fclp= hjepnbp b dlsï`fep* bo urb pb eq{bpbdse l qr{l

{bjesl clp e`ldsb`fobdslp ‐ ml{dejfpol fdhl{oesfxl7 i{edcbp {bql{seibdp b `lobdså{flpedejïsf`lp ‐ l ml{dejfpol fdsb{q{bsesfxl7 l{fbdseéàl* fdsb{q{bseéàl b fdhjríd`fe ‐ ml{dejfpol

lqfdesfxl7 b oesæ{fep cb `rdnl cfxb{pfldej* urb ofpsr{eo fdhl{oeéàl `lo {loed`b* he}bdcl

l urb Bcie{ Ol{fd .eqrc [BIL* 56>9* q$0>& bp`je{b`b `lol pfd`{bsfpol cl {bej b cl

foeifdå{fl* l bds{bsbdfobdsl .qejex{ep `{r}ecep* nl{ðp`lqlp* urec{fdnlp bds{b lrs{lp7 srcl

urb qb{sbd`b á Fdcýps{fe @rjsr{ej&$ ‚L q{lcrsl kåpf`l cb slclp lp iídb{lp æ e fdhl{oeéàl$ E

cfhb{bdée bpså dlp lkmbsfxlp* dlp eqbjlp b dep hl{oep qbjep urefp ep obdpeibdp pàl

eq{bpbdsecep‟ .[BIL* 56>9* q$0>&$

L ml{dejfpol boq{bpe{fej æ l{cbdecl bo s{íp i{rqlp= qrkjfèéòbp fdsb{dep* qrkjfèéòbp

b~sb{dep b qrkjfèéòbp ofpsep$ Ep fdsb{dep* `lol l q{ðq{fl dlob cf}* xljseo/pb el qýkjf`l

fdsb{dl* lr pbme* elp `ljekl{ecl{bp* á cf{bsl{fe ce boq{bpe* bds{b lrs{lp$ Ep b~sb{dep

cbpsfdeo/pb* ql{ b~boqjl* e `jfbdsbp* fdxbpsfcl{bp b hl{db`bcl{bp$ Må ep qrkjfèéòbp ofpsep

cboedceo fdsb{bppb sedsl cl qýkjf`l fdsb{dl `lol cl b~sb{dl$



;8

0$0 Q{lcrslp b pb{xfélp

L ml{dejfpol boq{bpe{fej qlcb pb{ {bejf}ecl bo roe fdpsfsrféàl ql{ cfxb{plp xbï`rjlp

ml{dejïpsf`lp* sedsl foq{bppl uredsl sbjbxfpfxl lr {ecflhódf`l* `ldhl{ob e bps{rsr{e b e

qljïsfè cb `lordfèéàl ce boq{bpe$ H{ed`fp`l Iercíd`fl Sl{uresl cl [bil .56>9&

bp`je{b`b urb l q{lhfppfldej ce å{be cbxb sb{ {bpqldpekfjfcecb dl olobdsl bo urb bp`ljnb l

xbï`rjl ecburecl qe{e e fdpsfsrféàl* pboq{b pb jbok{edcl ce foql{sëd`fe cb qjedbme{ e

q{lcréàl b e cfps{fkrféàl$

Cbppe hl{oe* qe{e l qýkjf`l fdsb{dl* b~sb{dl lr ofpsl* qlcb/pb q{lcr}f{ kljbsfdp

fdhl{oesfxlp* ml{defp .nlrpb l{iedp&* {bxfpsep* bds{b lrs{lp$ Bds{bsedsl* l urb cbxb pb{edejfpecl pàl ep uredsfcecbp cb qåifdep* l iídb{l ml{dejïpsf`l clofdedsb .fdhl{oesfxl*

lqfdesfxl* fdsb{q{bsesfxl lr bds{bsbdfobdsl&* l `ldsbýcl* e jfdireibo b ep hldsbp cb

fdhl{oeéàl b èqseéàl cb fdhl{oeéòbp$

L ml{dejfpol boq{bpe{fej* ql{sedsl* æ {bpqldpåxbj ql{ slce e bps{rsr{e `lordfè`fldej ce

boq{bpe* pbme qe{e urejurb{ ro clp pbrp qýkjf`lp$ Eppfo* lrs{l pb{xfél cb `lordfèéàl

fdpsfsr`fldej cf} {bpqbfsl á qlppfkfjfcecb cb `rfce{ ce foeibo ce boq{bpe qb{edsb e oïcfe* cbfdmbse{ ep fdhl{oeéòbp db`bppå{fep b foql{sedsbp ce fdpsfsrféàl dep qrkjfèéòbp ml{dejïpsfèp*

cb q{lsbií/je b {bb{irí/je cr{edsb ep `{fpbp$ Srcl fppl qe{e bpsekbjb`b{ roe kle foeibo ce

boq{bpe qb{edsb prep s{íp bphb{ep= qýkjf`lp fdsb{dl* b~sb{dl b ofpsl$

0$0$5 Eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe

El b~qjfè{ l dep`fobdsl ce eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe* Ml{ib Cre{sb .;11;& {bjbok{e e s{embsð{fecl ml{dejfpse Fxv Jbckbssb{ Jbb* urb `ldpseslr e db`bppfcecb cb pb q{bpse{ l pb{xfél cb

cfxrjieéàl cep fdhl{oeéòbp fdpsfsr`fldefp bo roe æqlè cb fdsbdpe `f{`rjeéàl ce q{lqeiedce$

Dl obpol olobdsl* eqe{b`b{eo ep q{bl`rqeéòbp `lo e lqfdfàl qýkjfè$ Eppfo* pr{ifr e

hl{oe oefp `loro cb cfxrjieéàl cep eppbppl{fep= l {bjbepb* urb qlcb pb{ `ld`bfsrecl `lol

‚oesb{fej cfpqldfkfjf}ecl qe{e e foq{bdpe‟$

Hlf l bpsekbjb`fobdsl cb ro `ldmrdsl cb q{b`bfslp urb pb oedsæo esrej= fdhl{oeéàl

i{esrfse* cb rpl he`rjsesfxl* `lo è{e`sb{ïpsfèp ml{dejïpsfèp* foqjfèdcl b~esfcàl*lkmbsfxfcecb* xb{e`fcecb* {b`fq{l`fcecb* s{edpqe{íd`fe b fdsb{bppb qýkjf`l$ .CRE[SB*;11;* q$;>9&$



;9

@ldsrcl* e eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe æ oefp ek{edibdsb cl urb pb qe{b`b$ L eppbppl{ dàl æ ro

ob{l bp`{fsl{ cb {bjbepbp$ Pre hrdéàl æ cbsb{ofdedsb qe{e e foq{bdpe ‐ qlfp* esrejobdsb*

qerse e oïcfe ‐ b {burb{ kle ibpsàl* ecofdfps{eéàl$ Oe{fpsbje Oehbf .;113& b~qjfè urb nå

q{fd`ïqflp qe{e roe qbpple sl{de{/pb eppbppl{ cb foq{bdpe* urb xàl ce bp`ljne ce q{lhfppàl el

`loql{seobdsl cl q{lhfppfldej bo olobdslp cb `{fpb$ L eppbppl{ cbxb f{ ejæo ce obcfeéàl

cl {bje`fldeobdsl bds{b eppbppl{ecl b foq{bdpe$

Ehfdej* pre esfxfcecb q{fd`fqej dàl æ heje{ `lo e oïcfe b pfo cbpbdxljxb{ qljïsfèp qýkjfèp.dl èpl cb ilxb{dlp&* {bq{bpbdse{ pbsl{bp .`lol bdsfcecbp cb `jeppb&* xbdcb{ q{lcrslp bpb{xfélp .boq{bpep q{fxecep& lr bjekl{e{ q{lmbslp pl`fefp .LDIp* ql{ b~boqjl&$ .OEHBF*;113* q$56&

Dàl nå xb{cecb q{lcr}fce qbje oïcfe urb pb qlppe `ld`jrf{= æ ekpljrse$ E foq{bdpe sedsl

qlcb pb eq{lxbfse{ cb roe fdhl{oeéàl `l{{bse b ekl{cå/je cb oedbf{e dbiesfxe uredsl

`ldps{rf{ roe dlsï`fe qlpfsfxe bo èplp urb l hesl {bej `loq{lobsb e foeibo cb roe

boq{bpe .lr fdpsfsrféàl lr ð{iàl qýkjf`l&$ Eoklp lp q{l`bpplp q{bmrcfèo e foeibo cl

`jfbdsb$ L q{l`bppl cb `ldps{réàl ce dlsï`fe æ* de pre bppíd`fe* roe fdxb{pàl fdxljrdså{fe cl

e`ldsb`fobdsl* bo urb e hl{oe hfdej cbqbdcb{å cl q{l`bppl cb bds{ece cep fdhl{oeéòbp de

{bceéàl* e `nbiece cbjep áp oàlp clp q{lcrsl{bp ce dlsï`fe* {bpqldpåxbfp seokæo qbje

eqr{eéàl* esæ pre `ld`jrpàl `lo hl`l ml{dejïpsf`l$

Eppfo* l lkmbsfxl ýdf`l cb eppbppl{ b {bqð{sb{ æ* de oefl{fe cep xb}bp* q{bpse{ ro pb{xfél

`l{{bsl á pl`fbcecb$ Mrdslp* eppbppl{ b {bqð{sb{ qlcbo `nbie{ e ro cbdlofdecl{ `loro*

cbpcb urb sbdneo klo {bje`fldeobdsl b urb eoklp esrbo `l{{bseobdsb cbds{l cb prep

{bpqb`sfxep b cfxb{ibdsbp hrdéòbp$ Bduredsl ro q{b}e qbje foeibo* ql{ b~boqjl* cb roe

boq{bpe* cfpsfdirfdcl l urb æ dlsï`fe b l urb `loqbsb l fdsb{bppb cl eppbppl{ecl bo pb sl{de{

qýkjf`l* l lrs{l bpså jfiecl elp e`ldsb`fobdslp cfå{flp* cfidlp cb qrkjfèéàl b urb* orfsepxb}bp* dep`bo cb bp`ëdcejlp* b{{lp* bds{b lrs{lp$ L ml{dejfpse* esredcl `lol eppbppl{* cbxb

pekb{ `lol æ e hrdéàl urb l`rqe$ Eppbppl{edcl ejiræo .lr ejiroe fdpsfsrféàl* pbme qýkjfè

lr q{fxece&* l q{lhfppfldej cbxb eq{bpbdse{ l urb æ cb fdsb{bppb qýkjf`l* sbdcl e `ldp`fíd`fe

cb urb eurfjl dàl æ ejil `loq{lobsbcl{ qe{e e foeibo cb pbr `lds{esedsb .OEHBF* ;113&$

E foeibo æ eurbje {bs{esece qbjlp xbï`rjlp cb `lordfèéàl cb oeppe b urb hl{oeo e lqfdfàl

qýkjfè$ Roe boq{bpe cbqbdcb cb roe kle foeibo* pbme qe{e xbdcb{ lp q{lcrslp lr qe{e`ldxbd`b{ pbr qýkjf`l ce `lb{íd`fe cb pbrp pb{xfélp q{bpseclp$ Ql{sedsl* q{b`fpe oedsb{ roe



;>

{bjeéàl eofiåxbj `lo lp obflp cb `lordfèéàl* ql{æo xb{cecbf{e$ Cb e`l{cl `lo Ml{ib

Cre{sb .;11;&* dàl ecfedse eq{bpbdse{ {bprjseclp urb dàl b~fpsbo qe{e xedijl{fe{ l

eppbppl{ecl$ E `{bcfkfjfcecb cl q{lhfppfldej qlcb{å pb{ ehbsece èpl dàl `roq{e lp q{fd`ïqflp

æsf`lp {bje`fldeclp `lo e xb{e`fcecb b foql{sëd`fe ce fdhl{oeéàl$ L eppbppl{ drdè cbxb

cf}b{ urb l `jfbdsb æ klo* oep pfo olps{e{* `lo qbpurfpep b ceclp* `lol b l uredsl bjb æ

foql{sedsb qe{e e pl`fbcecb$

B~fpsbo cfxb{plp q{lkjboep urb eppbppl{bp qlcbo bdh{bdse{* cbxfcl áp cfhf`rjcecbp cb

fdpb{éàl de foq{bdpe* pbme qbjl cbp`ldnb`fobdsl cl {bqð{sb{ uredsl á esreéàl cl eppbppl{*

pbme qbje hejse cb ‚oejcecb‟ cl q{lhfppfldej bo `ldpbirf{ ekl{ce{ l `loro `lol ejil

cbpse`åxbj b ob{b`bcl{ ce esbdéàl ofcfåsfè$ Bds{bsedsl* l `rfcecl `lo l urb æ cfsl {bxbje/pbfdcfpqbdpåxbj* qlfp ep fdhl{oeéòbp fd`l{{bsep {bprjseo bo `ldpburíd`fep dbiesfxep qe{e l

`jfbdsb b* seokæo* qe{e l eppbppl{$ Nå* bdsàl* e db`bppfcecb cb pb bdsbdcb{ e hrdcl urbo æ l

eppbppl{ecl* pbr èoql cb esreéàl* pbrp `ld`l{{bdsbp b srcl oefp urb l {lcbfe b fdsb{hb{b de

hl{oeéàl cb pre foeibo$

Qe{e fppl* Oehbf .;113& prib{b urb pbmeo {bejf}ecep edåjfpbp b qjedlp* edsbp cl fdï`fl cl

s{ekejnl$ Eppfo* l eppbppl{ `ldpbirf{å bjekl{e{ prep hl{oep cb esreéàl uredsl el bpqb`ïhf`l`jfbdsb$ L eppbppl{ cbxb `roq{f{ ro {lsbf{l= he}b{ ro cfeidðpsf`l q{bjfofde{ plk{b urbo æ l

eppbppl{ecl* {bejf}e{ roe {brdfàl qe{e lrxf{ l `jfbdsb b eq{bpbdse{ pre burfqb* xb{fhfè{ bo

urb qæ bpså e foeibo cbpsb `jfbdsb de oïcfe* {brdf{/pb `lo l `jfbdsb qbje pbirdce xb} qe{e

prib{f{ bps{esæifep b* hfdejobdsb* bpsekbjb`b{ ep cf{bs{f}bp q{fd`fqefp qe{e xfekfjf}e{ l qjedl cb

eéàl ̀ ldps{rïcl .OEHBF* ;113&$

B~fpsbo hl{oep rprefp cb {bje`fldeobdsl `lo e foq{bdpe* `lol= `ldxbd`í/je cb urb leppbppl{ sbo ejil qe{e fdhl{oe{ cb fdsb{bppb qýkjf`l* bdsbdcb{ uredcl e fdhl{oeéàl cbxb pb{

bdxfece qe{e slclp lp xbï`rjlp* `lol s{ese{ bds{bxfpsep fdcfxfcrefp* `ljbsfxep cb foq{bdpe*

sfqlp cb qersep b xfpfsep fdpsfsr`fldefp á {bceéàl$ Dbppb ýjsfol* bdsbdcb/pb ‚crep

`f{`rdpsëd`fep= `lol hl{oe cb {bhl{ée{ e `lordfèéàl cb heslp {bjbxedsbp W$$$_ lr efdce de

qb{pqb`sfxe cl {bje`fldeobdsl* uredcl eokep ep qe{sbp sío fdsb{bppb cb bpsekbjb`b{ lr

bps{bfse{ xïd`rjlp edsb{fl{bp‟ .OEHBF* ;113* q$6;&$

Dl `ldsb~sl cl {bje`fldeobdsl bds{b oïcfe b boq{bpe* l ersl{ Ib{pld Ol{bf{e Jfoe .56>2&

bp`je{b`b l olcl `lol l eppbppl{ cbxb edejfpe{ l q{l`bppl cb fds{lcréàl ce



;6

boq{bpe,fdpsfsrféàl de foq{bdpe* `lol pb xb{fhfèo lp {bprjseclp b l urb bjbp qlcbo

pfidfhfè{$ Dl K{epfj* nå sbdcíd`fe cb ep dlsï`fep pb{bo qrkjfècep cbxfcl á fdsb{xbdéàl clp

cldlp cep boq{bpep b clp i{edcbp olxbcl{bp ce qrkjf`fcecb cb xbï`rjlp ml{dejïpsf`lp* eurbjbp

urb oefp edrd`feo b prpsbdseo lp ml{defp$

Dl bdsedsl* l `lds{å{fl seokæo e`ldsb`b= e foq{bdpe qlcb q{l`r{e{ l eppbppl{ qe{e {b`bkb{

b~qjfèéòbp$ Cbppe hl{oe* b~fpsbo `b{slp `rfceclp urb cbxbo pb{ sloeclp$ Oehbf .;113&

exbdse e qlppfkfjfcecb cb l `jfbdsb dàl urb{b{ heje{ lr uredcl bjb dàl pb `ld`bds{e dl urb

cbxb pb{ cfsl* ejæo cb `lol l eppbppl{ cbxb pb `loql{se{ cfedsb cfppl$ L eppbppl{ cb

foq{bdpe cbxb `lds{lje{ b e`loqedne{ qeppl e qeppl* qejex{e ql{ qejex{e cl `jfbdsb* qe{e urb

dàl neme cbpxfl cl qjedbmeobdsl bps{esæif`l$ B* èpl bppb cbpxfl pbme fdbxfsåxbj* l qjedl cb`lordfèéàl cbxb pb{ {bexejfecl$

Obpol urb srcl bpsbme* eqe{bdsbobdsb* dl{oej qe{e ep boq{bpep b prep eppbppl{fep* ep

fdpsfsrféòbp cbxbo sb{ bo obdsb urb nå olobdslp fdbpqb{eclp* `neoeclp cb `{fpb$ Bppb sfql

cb pfsreéàl qlcb cbpbps{rsr{e{ slce kle burfqb* uredcl dàl nå roe q{æ/q{bqe{eéàl$ L fcbej æ

urb pb sbdne ro qjedl cb `ldsfdiíd`fe* lr pbme* urb e eppbppl{fe qlppe el obdlp `lds{lje{ e

`{fpb esæ {bpljxí/je$ Oep* dbo slclp `ldpbirbo bpse{ q{bqe{eclp qe{e lp olobdslp cb `{fpb7eppfo* l ml{dejfpse/eppbppl{ cbxb he}b{ ep qb{irdsep db`bppå{fep el pbr `jfbdsb qe{e bdsbdcb{ e

cfobdpàl ce pfsreéàl b qlcb{ prqb{å/je* ‚l urb èrplr e `{fpb< Cb urbo æ e

{bpqldpekfjfcecb< Qlcb{ïeolp sb{ cbp`lkb{sl srcl fppl edsbp< Urefp pàl lp q{bmrï}lp W$$$_< L

urb he}b{<‟ .OEHBF* ;113* q$553&$

0$0$5$5 Hb{{eobdsep ce eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe

Cbqlfp ce cfp`rppàl plk{b ep obsep b lkmbsfxlp ce eppbppl{fe cb `lordfèéàl qe{e l

eppbppl{ecl* l foql{sedsb æ `loq{bbdcb{ lp fdps{robdslp cl cfe e cfe$ Oe{fpsbje Oehbf .;113&

cbsejne 50 hb{{eobdsep$ Pàl bjep=

5$ Q{bpp gfs ‐ .oesb{fej cb eqlfl& urb `ldsæo l `ldmrdsl cb ceclp plk{b l eppbppl{ecl* pbdcl

bds{birb elp {bqð{sb{bp `lo l lkmbsfxl cb `loqjbobdse{ b `ldsb~srejf}e{ fdhl{oeéòbp bo

lèpfòbp bpqb`ïhfèp7

;$ Hljjly rq ‐ æ ro {bsl{dl urb l eppbppl{ krpè qe{e pekb{ pb l {bqð{sb{ {b`bkbr lr dàl l

{bjbepb bdxfecl* xfpedcl bdsbdcb{ l fdsb{bppb cbjb uredsl á fdhl{oeéàl lhb{b`fce7



01

0$ Oefjfdi jfps ‐ jfpse cb `ldseslp cb xbï`rjlp , {bqð{sb{bp , bcfsl{fep urb pb sbdne l fdsb{bppb cb

fdpb{f{ e fdhl{oeéàl cfxrjiece7

3$ Q{bpp {bjbepb ‐ sb~sl urb fdhl{oe el ml{dejfpse ejil urb cbxb pb{ qrkjfècl* dàl æ hljcb{ b

dbo q{lqeiedce* sbo epqb`slp dlsf`flplp .`lol l jbec &* s{e} fdhl{oeéòbp plk{b l `jfbdsb b

q{lqòb roe dlxfcecb7

2$ Obcfe s{efdfdi ‐ s{bfdeobdsl cecl el eppbppl{ecl cb `lol esbdcb{ á foq{bdpe* b~qjfèdcl

el eppbppl{ecl plk{b l urb æ dlsï`fe* jfdireibo ml{dejïpsfè b q{bxfdb urb l `jfbdsb èfe `lo

he`fjfcecb dep e{sfoednep ce oïcfe7

8$ Yl{gpnlqp ‐ {bejf}eéàl cb qejbps{ep b pbofdå{flp plk{b cfxb{pfhfèclp epprdslp qe{e

bps{bfse{ e {bjeéàl= eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe b eppbppl{ecl7

9$ @jfqqfdi ‐ oesb{fej urb {býdb ep oesæ{fep xbf`rjecep cb fdsb{bppb cl `jfbdsb* pb{xb qe{e pb

sb{ roe kepb qe{e edåjfpb cb {bprjseclp cep bps{esæifep cb `lordfèéàl* exejfedcl e fdpb{éàl

cl eppbppl{ecl de foq{bdpe7

>$ @lordfèéàl ld jfdb ‐ qe{b`fce `lo e {ldce cep {bceéòbp* bo urb l eppbppl{ oldfsl{e ep

fdhl{oeéòbp plk{b l eppbppl{ecl qrkjfècep de fdsb{dbs7

6$ Ybkpfsb ‐ ql{sej ce fdsb{dbs `lo fdhl{oeéòbp lhf`fefp cl `jfbdsb7

51$ Obdpr{eéàl cb {bprjseclp ‐ exejfe pb l qjedl cb `lordfèéàl bpså pbdcl `roq{fcl7

55$ [bjesð{fl cb exejfeéàl ‐ bdèofdnecl obdpejobdsb el `jfbdsb qe{e pb olps{e{*

xb{cecbf{eobdsb* l urb bpså pbdcl qrkjfècl e pbr {bpqbfsl7

5;$ Edåjfpb bps{esæifè cb oïcfe ‐ æ es{exæp cbppe edåjfpb urb pb xb{fhfèo ep cfhb{bdsbp

hl{oep cl s{eseobdsl cep fdhl{oeéòbp cl eppbppl{ecl dlp xbï`rjlp cb `lordfèéàl7

50$ Ercfsl{fe cb foeibo ‐ exejfeéàl urejf/uredsfsesfxe* `lo qbpurfpe cb lqfdfàl plk{b e

foeibo cl `jfbdsb de oïcfe$



05

0$0$5$; L {bjbepb

Lp eppbppl{bp cb foq{bdpe urb foeifdeo ‐ lr foeifdexeo ‐ urb kloke{cbe{ ep {bceéòbp

`lo sb~slp* pbo qbdpe{ dl {bprjsecl cb sej esfsrcb b bo krpè ce qrkjfèéàl cb ‚oesæ{fep‟*

cbxbo* pbirdcl Jfoe .56>2&* cbpfjrcf{/pb b xb{fhfè{ urb* de xb{cecb* dàl pekbo l {bej qeqbj

ce fdf`fesfxe$ Qe{e bp`je{b`b{ sej ehf{oeéàl* l ersl{ `loqe{e l pfpsboe cb s{ekejnl cep

{bceéòbp ml{dejïpsfèp ce Br{lqe `lo ep cl K{epfj$ Qe{e Jfoe .56>2&* l epqb`sl ‚ersldlofe‟

dlp qeïpbp ce Br{lqe efdce bpså bo bxfcíd`fe$ Lp {bqð{sb{bp sío oefp jfkb{cecb qe{e lqfde{

dl urb l ml{dej cbsb{ofde `lol hl{oe cb esreéàl cbjb* lr pbme* pre jfdne bcfsl{fej$ Pb roe

oesæ{fe èf* ql{ b~boqjl* l ml{dejfpse sbo l slsej cf{bfsl cb bdsbdcb{ l ql{urí urb fppl

e`ldsb`br$ Bppe pfsreéàl cfhb{b cl urb l`l{{b bds{b lp ml{dejfpsep ce oïcfe k{epfjbf{e$

Dl K{epfj* ql{æo* èce xb} oefp e {bceéàl xbo qb{cbdcl pre ersldlofe* bo hrdéàl cl`{bp`fobdsl clp fdsb{bppbp b`ldóof`lp b qljïsf`lp ce boq{bpe* bo ib{ej ro i{edcb i{rqloldlqljfpse$ @lo fppl* e ersldlofe qepplr áp oàlp clp sb`dl`{esep* urb pàl hfæfp{bq{bpbdsedsbp cbppe dlxe qljïsfè boq{bpe{fej$ .JFOE* 56>2* q$;0&

L ml{dejfpse b l {bjeéòbp qýkjfèp sío hrdéòbp cfxb{ibdsbp* bds{bsedsl* nå olobdslp bo urb

ep crep q{åsfèp `lordfè`fldefp pb `ldxb{ibo7 uredcl pb s{ese cb `lordfèéàl cb oeppe*

ql{ b~boqjl$ L {bje`fldeobdsl cbppbp clfp q{lhfppfldefp pr{ib uredcl pb `ldpsese edb`bppfcecb cl eppbppl{ cb pb `ldps{rf{ e foeibo cl pbr eppbppl{ecl qb{edsb l qýkjf`l/ejxl$

E lqfdfàl qýkjfè bpså cf{bseobdsb {bje`fldece `lo l urb bpså pbdcl cfsl de oïcfe$ Fppl æ

qb{`bkfcl qbjep q{ðq{fep boq{bpep urb* e qe{sf{ cb bdsàl* fdxbpsbo dl {bje`fldeobdsl `lo e

oïcfe .JFOE* 56>2&$

Eppfo* æ foql{sedsb `loq{bbdcb{ `lol esre l eppbppl{ cb foq{bdpe$ @lol {bqð{sb{bp dàl

`ldpbirbo bpse{ bo slclp lp pbsl{bp ce pl`fbcecb b dàl `ldpbirbo `ldpsese{ srcl l urb epfdpsfsrféòbp qlcbo lhb{b`b{ cb dlsf`flpl* l q{lhfppfldej ce eppbppl{fe sl{de/pb l ‚bjl qb{cfcl‟

bds{b foq{bdpe b boq{bpe .lr fdpsfsrféòbp ilxb{deobdsefp bs`$&$ Cbppe oedbf{e* l eppbppl{

qlrqe b ecfedse l s{ekejnl clp ml{dejfpsep cb {bceéàl$

Qe{e sedsl* l ml{dejfpse/eppbppl{ q{b`fpe sb{ `ld`bfslp sbð{f`lp b q{åsf`lp kbo `ld`{bslp qe{e

qbdpe{ dl urb æ cb .{bej& fdsb{bppb qýkjf`l$ Dfppl srcl* eqldse/pb ro i{edcb cfhb{bd`fej de

esreéàl clp ml{dejfpsep cb foq{bdpe b cb boq{bpe= l {bqð{sb{ q{l`r{e l i{lsbp`l* ejil urbqljbof}e{å e lqfdfàl qýkjfè ‐ `lol hl{oe cb es{eéàl ce dlsï`fe7 må l eppbppl{ xfpe ep`bdcb{



0;

epqb`slp qlpfsfxlp b `lds{lje{ ep qlppïxbfp `{fpbp ‐ {bprjsedcl de kle foeibo ce boq{bpe .pbme

qýkjfè lr q{fxece&$

Ml{ib Cre{sb .;11;& heje plk{b e ‚{bjbepboedfe‟* hbdóobdl urb slolr `ldse cep {bceéòbp dlp

ýjsfolp sboqlp$ E hldsb qepplr e bpse{ de {bceéàl* fdxb{sbdcl lp qeqæfp7 he}bdcl `lo urb l

{bqð{sb{ dàl q{b`fpb oefp q{l`r{å/je$ Srcl es{exæp cl q{bpp/{bjbepb ‐ sb~sl plk{b fdpsfsrféòbp

b boq{bpep* cb è{åsb{ fdhl{oesfxl* sfcl* fdf`fejobdsb* `lol `loqjbobdsl qe{e bds{bxfpsep$ E

qe{sf{ cb* bdsàl* l {bjbepb* `lol æ oefp `ldnb`fcl* sl{dlr/pb ro prql{sb bppbd`fej qe{e e

q{lcréàl cb dlsf`få{flp ‐ foq{bpplp* {åcflp b SX‖p .JFOE* 56>2&$

E db`bppfcecb cbpsbp sb~slp pb q{ljfhb{lr sedsl urb* pbo lp {bjbepbp* lp xbï`rjlp dàl`ldpbirf{feo oedsb{ l obpol {fsol cb qrkjfèéòbp$ Esæ eï* srcl kbo$ Qe{e l ersl{* l

q{lkjboe xbo `lo l `lolcfpol cl {bqð{sb{* urb* el fdxæp cb qbpurfpe{* eqr{e{ b fdxbpsfie{

ep fdhl{oeéòbp {b`bkfcep* ep sloe `lol prep b dbo pb cå el s{ekejnl cb ejsb{å/jep$ L

{bprjsecl= oesæ{fep firefp bo ml{defp cfhb{bdsbp$ Qe{e Jfoe .56>2&* l ‚`lqfe{‟ b ‚`lje{‟ dep

{bceéòbp sl{dlr/pb oefp cl urb olce* xf{lr {lsfde db`bppå{fe$

Ml{ib Cre{sb .;11;& `l{{lkl{e `lo Ib{pld Ol{bf{e Jfoe .56>2& uredcl l epqb`sl æ ersfjf}eéàl cl {bjbepb$ Cre{sb .;11;& b~qjfè urb l {bjbepb qlcb pb{ `loq{bbdcfcl `lol ro

oesb{fej fdhl{oesfxl* qlcbdcl pb sl{de{ roe qerse* sb{ roe cb prep qe{sbp eq{lxbfsecep qbjl

ml{dejfpse lr* bdsàl* pb{ qrkjfècl de ïdsbi{e$ Ql{ fppl* cbxb pb{ bps{rsr{ecl cb hl{oe

ml{dejïpsfè$ Lrs{l hesl qlpsl qbjl ersl{* oep cbp`ldnb`fcl qbjl qýkjf`l* æ urb l ml{dej

eq{lxbfse cbppb sb~sl pbo cf}b{ urb dàl æ pbr* dàl `ljlè l dlob cl ersl{ b dbo l xfd`rje á

boq{bpe$ Lp obcfe epprobo srcl l urb bpså cbp`{fsl dl sb~sl* `lol oefp ro cb pbrp

oesb{fefp bcfsl{fefp* ie{edsfdcl* ql{ `ldpburíd`fe* e xb{e`fcecb clp heslp$ Bppefdsb{cbqbdcíd`fe bds{b eppbppl{bp b {bqð{sb{bp dàl æ fdhl{oece á pl`fbcecb$

Slcl {bjbepb æ bdèofdnecl `lo e fdsbdéàl cb pb{ qrkjfècl* cb q{bhb{íd`fe* de ïdsbi{e$

Obpol fppl dàl pbdcl l fcbej æ `loro e`ldsb`b{$ Oep l eppbppl{ dàl cbxb fdpfpsf{ qe{e urb

fppl l`l{{e$ Cbqlfp cb {b`bkb{ e pribpsàl* l {bqð{sb{ Wl iesbgbbqb{ * pbjb`fldecl{ clp heslp_ æ

urbo cbxb{å bdsbdcb{ pb e fdhl{oeéàl cbxb f{ qe{e ep qåifdep cl ml{dej$ Bjb edejfpe pb l

{bjbepb sbo fdsb{bppb qýkjf`l* pb æ dlxfcecb* pb sbo cfpqldfkfjfcecb cb fdhl{oeéòbp* pb æ

b~`jrpfxl b pb bpså ecburecl el xbï`rjl$ Cbqlfp cb {b`bkb{ e fdhl{oeéàl* bjb e qeppe qe{e



00

h{bdsb* èpl pbme fdsb{bppedsb$ Pb urfpb{* bjb obpol cbxb{å bds{e{ bo `ldsesl `lo e eppbppl{fe

qe{e pede{ ep cýxfcep$

Cb e`l{cl `lo Cre{sb .;11;&* roe {birje{fcecb `lo urejfcecb dl bdxfl clp {bjbepbp fdcfè

ro klo {bje`fldeobdsl cl {bqð{sb{ `lo l eppbppl{$ B* ql{ `ldpburíd`fe* e boq{bpe qlcb{å

sb{ pre foeibo bo `ldpsedsb b~qlpféàl qe{e e lqfdfàl qýkjfè$

Ql{ fppl* eppbppl{ urb æ eppbppl{ pekb urb slcl `rfcecl efdce æ qlr`l$ Ib{pld Ol{bf{e Jfoe

.56>2& cf} urb bp`{bxb{ dàl æ ro boe{ednecl cb fdhl{oeéòbp* oep cbxb pb{ l urb l

eppbppl{ecl urb{ {bq{bpbdse{ cfedsb á lqfdfàl qýkjfè$ Bo cb`l{{íd`fe cfppl* nlrxb e

qec{ldf}eéàl clp {bjbepbp b hb{{eobdsep ce å{be$ Q{fobf{l* cbsb{ofde/pb urbo bp`{bxb b*cbqlfp* qe{e urbo= l {bjeéòbp qýkjfèp .dl èpl* æ l ml{dejfpse dbppe hrdéàl& b l {bqð{sb{*

{bpqb`sfxeobdsb$ Bo pbirfce* cbf~e/pb `je{l urb bppb sb~sl dàl æ qe{e pb{ qrkjfècl `lol hlf

bp`{fsl b eq{lxecl$ E nldbpsfcecb erobdse e `{bcfkfjfcecb cl eppbppl{ cfedsb cl eppbppl{ecl$

L foql{sedsb æ sb{ e fdpb{éàl cl dlob cl eppbppl{ecl* cb hl{oe xb{cecbf{e* de foq{bdpe$

Jfoe .56>2& eq{bpbdse slce e hl{oeseéàl cl {bjbepb* cf}bdcl plk{b pre hl{oe bpsæsfè b

bps{rsr{ej$ L sb~sl pbirb lp qec{òbp ce dlsï`fe$ L seoednl cl sb~sl æ cb ;1 e ;2 jfdnep* pbob~`bcb{ 01* `lo esæ 91 slurbp$ Sbdcl cb ures{l e pbsb jfdnep b crep l{eéòbp ql{ qe{åi{ehl$ E

hldsb æ cbxfceobdsb fcbdsfhfèce* `ljlèdcl/pb q{fobf{l l è{il b cbqlfp l dlob$ E ýdfè

b~`béàl æ uredcl l dlob æ oefp foql{sedsb cl urb l è{il* ceï* qlcb/pb fdxb{sb{$ L eppbppl{

cbxb eppfde{ l {bjbepb b `ljlè{ slclp lp `ldseslp* ejæo cb bdxfå/jl bo qåifde sfok{ece ce

boq{bpe , fdpsfsrféàl$

Qe{e e`loqednå/jl* e pribpsàl æ bdxfe{ ro kfjnbsb `lo l {bprol cl sb~sl* `lo esæ crepjfdnep$ Srcl sbo urb pb{ bp`{fsl de jfdireibo ml{dejïpsfè* `lol pb hlppb qe{e pb{ qrkjfècl*

qbdpedcl dl urb æ dlsï`fe b `lol bje cbxb pb{ s{ekejnece$ Ib{pld Ol{bf{e Jfoe .56>2&

b~qjfè urb l {bjbepb cbxb sb{ sïsrjl `neoesfxl* cfxfcfcl bo esæ s{íp jfdnep* `lol pb bpsfxbppb

pbdcl bp`{fsl de ̀ ljrde cl ml{dej* cb q{bhb{íd`fe* pbo rjs{eqeppe{ 53 slurbp$

L dlob cl eppbppl{ecl .pbme boq{bpe lr qbpple& pð cbxb xf{ dl jbec ‐ q{fobf{l qe{åi{ehl ce

dlsï`fe ‐ * lr dl sïsrjl* uredcl bppb hl{ cb b~s{boe db`bppfcecb$ Hl{e fppl* bjb cbxb pb{

bxfsecl$ Roe såsfè qe{e b~ql{ e boq{bpe dl sb~sl æ he}b{ roe ehf{oeéàl bo dlob cb ro

ql{se/xl} ce obpoe$ E oe{è ce hldsb bpse{å e`lqjece de fdhl{oeéàl* urb{ l {bqð{sb{ urbf{e*



03

urb{ dàl$ B l qe{åi{ehl fdf`fej cbxb {bpqldcb{ áp urbpsòbp= urbo* l urb* uredcl* ldcb* `lol

b ql{ urb* cb hl{oe edejïsfè ‐ sbdcl slcep ep {bpqlpsep* lr pfdsæsfè ‐ eqbdep urbo hb} l urb

b uredcl$

L qýkjf`l urb pb urb{ esfdif{ cbxb pb{ qbdpecl l sboql slcl qe{e e `ldps{réàl cbppb sb~sl$

Pbirdcl Ib{pld Ol{bf{e Jfoe .56>2&* e pburíd`fe ecburece æ= ml{dejfpse* qýkjf`l

fdsb{bppecl* qýkjf`l qlsbd`fej b cboefp qbpplep$ E l{cbo æ bpsekbjb`fce qbdpedcl/pb bo=

urbo bpsekbjb`b l urb pb{å dlsï`fe b* cbqlfp* eurbjbp urb hl{oeo e lqfdfàl qýkjfè$ Ehfdej* l

‚ek{b/ejep‟ ce {bceéàl æ {bqð{sb{$ Esf{e{ qe{e urejurb{ jecl seokæo dàl æ bhfè}* e dàl pb{

urb e fdhl{oeéàl qlppe e pb{ cb fdsb{bppb ib{ej$ Oep l fcbej æ cf{b`flde{ l sb~sl qe{e e

bcfsl{fe bpqb`ïhfè urb l {bjbepb ek{edib$

@lol erobdse{ ep qlppfkfjfcecbp cb qrkjfèéàl< E cfxfpàl cb epprdslp qlcb qlsbd`fejf}e{ e

`ned`b cb l eppbppl{ecl eqe{b`b{ de oïcfe$ L sb~sl kbo bp`{fsl seokæo emrce$ E l{cbo

cf{bse æ q{bhb{bd`fejobdsb qbcfce* må urb orfslp dàl sío nekfjfcecbp b~s{boep qe{e bp`{bxb{*

ql{ b~boqjl* `lo xb{klp dl fdï`fl ce dlsï`fe$ Ied`nlp pàl hl{oep fdsb{bppedsbp cb pb

‚`lpsr{e{‟ ro sb~sl* rpedcl pbo b~eib{l sb{olp `lol ‚qe{ejbjeobdsb‟$ Nå efdce lrs{lp

cbsejnbp `lol= dàl {bqbsf{ sb{olp* qó{ l prmbfsl ce eéàl bo èce qe{åi{ehl b l rpe{ cb h{epbp`r{sep .ql{urb pàl oefp bhfè}bp&$

Eppfo* qbdpedcl dlp cbsejnbp qb{sfdbdsbp el bdxfl cb ro {bjbepb* l eppbppl{ cbxb sb{ ro

oefjfdi/jfps esrejf}ecl* pekb{ clp cfep/`nexb ce {bceéàl* nl{å{flp ecbureclp* lp obflp e

pb{bo rpeclp qe{e e bds{bie cl oesb{fej ‐ slcep ep {bceéòbp cbxbo {b`bkb{ e fdhl{oeéàl de

obpoe cese qe{e dàl èrpe{ oej/bpse{* cbxfcl elp hr{lp* b hl{sfhfè{ e qlppfkfjfcecb ce

qrkjfèéàl ce dlsï`fe$ Jfoe .56>2& jbok{e urb* cbqlfp cb srcl fppl* e obcféàl cl {bsl{dl.es{exæp cl `jfqqfdi& cbxb pb{ hbfse qe{e `ldsekfjf}e{ {bprjseclp= dýob{l cb qrkjfèéòbp*

xbï`rjlp* ekl{ceibdp b lrs{lp$

B~fpsbo cfxb{plp sfqlp cb {bjbepb$ Bds{b bjbp* bpsàl=

5$ Qe{e `ljrdfpol pl`fej ‐ qbdpedcl bo hlslp/jbibdce b qb{pldfhfèdcl e fdhl{oeéàl el fdxæp

cb ekl{ce{ e oe{è bo pf7

;$ @l{sbpfe ‐ pbo s{e}b{ {bhb{íd`fe ce boq{bpe7



02

0$ @ldxfsb ‐ qburbdl sb~sl `ldxfcesfxl .qe{e bxbdslp&7

3$ K{fdcb ‐ ro sb~sl/è{se `{bcfsedcl roe burfqb cb roe qbée7

2$ Cbqlfobdsl ‐ sbpsbordnl lr lqfdfàl7

8$ @lkb{sr{e ‐ edsb`bcb bxbdslp*

9$ I{bxb ‐ ro `lordfècl pbo sïsrjl `lo l{cbo `{ldljðifè clp e`ldsb`fobdslp b oe{è dl

q{fobf{l qe{åi{ehl$

Ml{ib Cre{sb .;11;& eq{bpbdse lrs{ep cfxfpòbp qe{e lp sfqlp cb {bjbepb$ L qec{àl ‐ heslp*

q{lcrslp b bxbdslp7 lqfdfàl ‐ fcbfep cb roe hldsb7 årcfl/{bjbepb ‐ `lobdså{fl , bds{bxfpse*

dro @C lr cfpqldïxbj de fdsb{dbs b sbo rsfjfcecb qýkjfè7 xïcbl/{bjbepb ‐ bds{bxfpsep

q{bqe{ecep qe{e cbsb{ofdece {bifàl* pbo of`{lhldb b {bqð{sb{ eqe{b`bdcl7 b~`jrpfxl ‐ æ

`lokfdecl edsbp b bdxfecl qe{e ro xbï`rjl,ml{dejfpse7 bpqb`fej ‐ cbsejnecl* qlcbdcl sb{

xå{fep qåifdep* oefp b~qjfèsfxl7 dlse ‐ sb~sl `r{sl .ures{l e pbfp jfdnep&* qe{e pb{ eq{lxbfsecl

de ïdsbi{e7 `ljrde ‐ hl{oesl cb dlse lr `lobdså{fl qe{e bpqeél hf~l7 `ldxlèéàl ‐ cbsejnbpcb fderir{eéàl* jedéeobdsl* `ljbsfxe bs`$7 `lkb{sr{e ‐ heje plk{b ejil urb l`l{{br ‐

`lds{e{fedcl l urb bp`je{b`b Jfoe .56>2& plk{b bppb sb~sl edsb`bcb{ bxbdslp7 kljbsfo cb

qerse ‐ æ ro `ldmrdsl cb qersep* `lo ro sb~sl `r{sl qe{e èce roe cep qersep fdcfècep7

{bjbepb bjbs{ódf`l ‐ `lol l {bjbepb foq{bppl* oep dàl pb cbxb ekrpe{ cl hå`fj bdxfl cbjb* æ

ro sb~sl lkmbsfxl* `je{l* qljfcl* fdhl{oedcl sboe* ied`nl lr sïsrjl dl ‚Epprdsl‟* bdxfecl bo

`ðqfe l`rjse uredcl æ qe{e orfslp ml{dejfpsep7 q{bpp/gfs ‐ sbo ro lr oefp {bjbepbp* hlslp*

i{åhf`lp* eqlpsfje b lrs{lp* qlpslp bo ro bdxbjlqb lr qepse7 q{æ/qerse ‐ ejb{se plk{b roehrsr{e cfxrjieéàl7 e{sfil ‐ eppfdecl qbjl eppbppl{ecl* 821 qejex{ep* `lo dlob ekef~l cl

sïsrjl cl ersl{ b bdxfecl qe{e lqfdfàl cl ml{dej7 b* ql{ ýjsfol* l pbiobdsecl ‐ hl{oesecl bo

jfdireibo bpqb`fejf}ece$

Jfoe .56>2* q$>>& seokæo ekl{ce e urbpsàl ce hlsli{ehfe `lol `loqjbobdsl cl {bjbepb$

‚Kbo* bo q{fobf{l jrie{ æ db`bppå{fl urb ep hlslp pbmeo bps{fseobdsb ml{dejïpsfèp* pbo

fdsb{hb{íd`fep cl sfql qlpb* b~`bsl bo hlslp qe{e e `ljrde pl`fej$‟$



08

Nå roe foql{sedsb cfhb{bd`feéàl bds{b lp sb~slp cfxrjieclp qbjep eppbppl{fep$ Bduredsl

q{bpp/{bjbepb æ urepb roe dlsï`fe q{ldse .sbo è{åsb{ fdhl{oesfxl qe{e qrkjfèéàl&* l sbepb{

eirée e xldsecb cl {bqð{sb{ bo `ldnb`b{ l q{lcrsl eqbdep he}bdcl roe `neoece qe{e l

jedéeobdsl .oefp q{ð~fol cl urb æ l sb~sl qrkjf`fså{fl& b l q{bpp/gfs sbo pboq{b ro

e`loqedneobdsl ‐ s{e} cfxb{pep fdhl{oeéòbp ce boq{bpe , fdpsfsrféàl* æ `loqjbsl* olps{e l

hljcb{ qrkjfècl bo xbï`rjlp cb `lordfèéàl cb oeppe* áp xb}bp s{e} ro k{fdcb* oesæ{fep må

qrkjfècep* q{lqlpsep cb oesæ{fep .oefp cb roe* cb q{bhb{íd`fe& b hlslp$

0$0$5$;$5 L [bjbepb b pbrp q{lkjboep

Ml{ib Cre{sb .;11;& dàl cbf~e cb cbpseè{ urb obpol l {bjbepb pbdcl `ldpfcb{ecl ro hesl{cb `ljekl{eéàl* cbpcb urb e eppbppl{fe hlf fdxbdsece* bjb må qe{sfr cb ro q{b`bfsl

q{lol`fldej$ Cb ejiroe oedbf{e* ep boq{bpep urb qeppe{eo e rsfjf}e{ bppb pb{xfél må sfdneo

bppe dléàl$ Eppfo* l ersl{ b~qjfè urb* obpol q{lqldcl `ldse{ slce e xb{cecb qe{e lp

xbï`rjlp* l fdxbdsl{ cbppb sfql cb sb~sl* Fxv Jbckbssb{ Jbb* pekfe urb pð f{fe qe{e{ dep oàlp

clp ml{dejfpsep eurfjl urb {bejobdsb qlcb{fe bpse{ jå$ E xb{cecb boq{bpe{fej b{e Wb æ_ cfse*

oep plh{fe Wplh{b_ emrpsbp qe{e esfdif{ lp fdsb{bppbp cb {bqð{sb{bp b eppbppl{eclp$ L `jfbdsb

urb{fe Wb urb{_* `lo bppe e`bfseéàl ce q{lqlpse cb olps{e{ e {bejfcecb* hl{oe{ roe kle`ld`bqéàl cb pre foeibo$

Ep dlsï`fep eq{bpbdsecep qbjlp eppbppl{bp qeppeo qbjl obpol q{l`bppl cb `ldps{réàl cep

dlsï`fep `ld`bkfcep cbds{l cb roe {bceéàl cb ro ml{dej$ Bppep fdhl{oeéòbp pàl kepbecep dlp

cfxb{plp e`ldsb`fobdslp fdpsfsr`fldefp b plh{bo pbjbéòbp qe{e esbdcb{ e cboedce ml{dejïpsfè$

Pàl edejfpeclp* cbds{b slclp* urefp lp oefp {bjbxedsbp qe{e pb{bo s{edphl{oeclp bo sb~slp

urb* e qlpsb{fl{f* pb{àl bdxfeclp á {bceéàl$

Ep boq{bpep qeppe{eo e xfprejf}e{ e foql{sëd`fe b e db`bppfcecb cb pb fdhl{oe{ el qýkjf`l b

fdps{robdsejf}e{ e foq{bdpe* fdhjrbd`fedcl eppfo e lqfdfàl qýkjfè b `lds{fkrfdcl qe{e pre

kle foeibo$ Ep l{iedf}eéòbp {b`ldnb`b{eo e db`bppfcecb cb pb lhb{b`b{ roe bpqæ`fb cb

pesfpheéàl á pl`fbcecb* s{edphl{oedcl e foq{bdpe bo pre fdsb{jl`rsl{e$

Cre{sb .;11;& b~qjfè plk{b e nfpsð{fe cbppb sb~sl dl K{epfj* urb sbxb roe foq{bppàl dbiesfxe

dl erib ce cfsecr{e ofjfse{* uredcl l ilxb{dl fdpb{fe lp sb~slp dep {bceéòbp `lol roe

lk{fieéàl$ Ejæo cl oefp* lp ml{dejfpsep sfdneo crqje è{ie nl{å{fe$ Eppbppl{exeo l ilxb{dl



09

qbje oednà b á se{cb* s{ekejnexeo de {bceéàl$ Pbrp sb~slp b{eo `ljlèclp ql{ bjbp obpolp

dlp ml{defp lr ql{ pbrp `ljbiep {bcesl{bp$

0$0$5$0 L @jfqqfdi

L `jfqqfdi æ roe cep hb{{eobdsep oefp rsfjf}ecep qbjlp eppbppl{bp cb foq{bdpe b

`lordfèéàl$ E esfxfcecb kepbfe/pb dl e{urfxeobdsl cb oesæ{fep ml{dejïpsfèp* cb urefpurb{

xbï`rjlp* bo urb e boq{bpe eppbppl{ece hlf obd`fldece lr urb neme epprdslp cb fdsb{bppb ce

å{be cb esreéàl ce fdpsfsrféàl$ Cb e`l{cl `lo Ml{ib Cre{sb .;11;&* slclp lp sfqlp cb `fseéòbp

urb bdxljxbo e boq{bpe cbxbo pb{ ‚ire{ceclp‟ cbxfclp e xå{flp olsfxlp* urb bpsàl

{bje`fldeclp `lo l Qjedbmeobdsl cb @lordfèéàl ce fdpsfsrféàl b* ql{ `ldpburíd`fe*seokæo pb fcbdsfhfè de Qljïsfè cb @lordfèéàl ce obpoe$

Eqbpe{ cb orfslp eppbppl{bp b eppbppl{eclp bd~b{ie{bo l `jfqqfdi `lol roe hb{{eobdse cb

exejfeéàl cl q{ðq{fl s{ekejnl* Cre{sb .;11;& b Yfjpld ce @lpse Krbdl .;11;& bp`je{b`bo urb

l e{urfxeobdsl cbppb oesb{fej* db`bppe{feobdsb* eqldse e exejfeéàl ce `loq{bbdpàl cl

ml{dejfpse uredsl el s{ekejnl cl eppbppl{$ Lr pbme* sb{ oesæ{fep qrkjfècep plk{b e boq{bpe

qe{e e urej pb s{ekejne dàl fdcfè e bhbsfxfcecb ce esreéàl cl eppbppl{* eqbdep olps{e urb l

s{ekejnl* cb ejiroe oedbf{e* ejèdélr e qrkjfèéàl$

Qe{e sedsl* æ db`bppå{fl roe exejfeéàl oefp q{lhrdce cb srcl l urb pefr plk{b e fdpsfsrféàl b

dàl eqbdep he}b{ l urb æ `loro bds{b ep eppbppl{fep b eiíd`fep cb `jfqeibo= e

`bdsfobs{eibo$ Bppe æ roe obcféàl cl seoednl ce qrkjfèéàl bo sb{olp cb `bdsïobs{lp ql{

`ljrdep* dl èpl cl ml{dej foq{bppl$ Dl èpl cl {åcfl b SX* e sæ`dfè `ldpfpsb bo `ldse{

uredsl sboql e oesæ{fe hlf el e{* `loqe{edcl `lo l sboql cl ml{dej lr q{li{eoe bo urb hlf

b~fkfce$

L `jfqqfdi `ldpfpsb bo fcbdsfhfè{* cfe e cfe* srcl l urb hl{ qb{sfdbdsb el ‚ordcl‟ cl

eppbppl{ecl$ Dl foq{bppl* lp {b`l{sbp pàl `ljeclp bo roe hljne$ Qe{e ep oesæ{fep pb{bo kbo

fcbdsfhfècep* ep hljnep `lo ep qrkjfèéòbp cbxbo `ldsb{ slcep ep fdhl{oeéòbp {bhb{bdsbp el

xbï`rjl bo urb hlf b~s{eïcl$ Cbpcb lp kåpf`lp `lol dlob* cese* bcfsl{fe* bds{b lrs{lp* esæ e

fcbdsfhfèéàl ce jlèjf}eéàl cb qåifde* pb sbxb `neoece de èqe .bppbd`fej qe{e e exejfeéàl

cep oesæ{fep qrkjfècep&$



0>

Oep `lol {bppejse Krbdl .;11;&* dàl kepse eqbdep e{urfxe{ ep oesæ{fep b exejfå/jep cfedsb á

pre b~sbdpàl$ L urb oefp sbo xejfcecb* qe{e urb l `jfqqfdi pbme roe hb{{eobdse {bej cb

exejfeéàl cl s{ekejnl ce eppbppl{fe* æ e `jfqeibo pb{ kbo fcbdsfhfèce b dàl fidl{e{ ep

`neoecep cb èqe b ècb{dl* he}bdcl `lo urb pboq{b ep qrkjfèéòbp bpsbmeo

`ldsb~srejf}ecep$ Cbppe hl{oe* e boq{bpe qlcb pekb{* ql{ b~boqjl* bo urej sfql cb oesæ{fe

ro kl~ `lo `fseéòbp cb pre fdpsfsrféàl hlf bdèf~ecl$ Ejæo cfppl* e hb{{eobdse sbo urb pb{

bhbsfxeobdsb edejfpece uredsl el è{åsb{ ce qrkjfèéàl* pb æ roe oesæ{fe qlpfsfxe lr dbiesfxe

qe{e e ercfsl{fe ce foeibo cl `jfbdsb$



06

3 @NEIEJJ B [LCFD= CLP [BJBEPBP ÁP OESÆ[FEP FOQ[BPPEP

3$5 Obslcljlife

L q{bpbdsb s{ekejnl sbxb `lol q{lqlpse edejfpe{ e fdpb{éàl clp {bjbepbp dep {bceéòbp

ml{dejïpsfèp b l eq{lxbfseobdsl clp sb~slp cep eppbppl{fep cb foq{bdpe de q{lcréàl cfå{fe cb

dlsï`fep$ Cbppe hl{oe* q{bsbdcbr/pb xb{fhfè{ e foql{sëd`fe ce hb{{eobdse obcfedsb e

`loqe{eéàl cb clfp èpbp cb roe obpoe boq{bpe* eoklp l`l{{fclp q{esfèobdsb el obpol

sboql* `lo e cfhb{bdée oïdfoe ‐ {bjesfxl el fdï`fl cb èce ro ‐ cb dlxb cfep* b `lo firej

qb{ïlcl cb cr{eéàl= clfp obpbp$ Qe{e sedsl* rsfjf}eolp lp {bjbepbp q{lcr}fclp qbje eppbppl{fe

cb foq{bdpe ce @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e b ep oesæ{fep plk{b ep b~qlpféòbp cb Oe{` @neiejj bErirpsb [lcfd* qrkjfècep bo ml{defp b {bxfpsep k{epfjbf{lp* eq{bpbdsecep dl `jfqqfdi ce

fdpsfsrféàl$

Eppfo* q{bsbdcbr/pb fcbdsfhfè{ `lol lp xbï`rjlp ml{dejïpsf`lp eq{lxbfse{eo e fdhl{oeéàl

bdxfece qbje eppbppl{fe ce @epe Hfes* urb* mrdsl `lo e Kepb9 Q{lmbslp @rjsr{efp b e Jbf

[lredbs* q{lolxbr ep b~qlpféòbp bo nlobdeibo el ‚Edl ce H{edée dl K{epfj‟$ Ejæo cfppl*

l bpsrcl q{l`r{lr `loq{bbdcb{ `lol hlf l s{ekejnl ce eppbppl{fe* e [bcb @lordfèéàl cb[bprjsecl7 urej e bps{rsr{e clp {bjbepbp bdxfeclp qbje boq{bpe b urej l {bprjsecl cl s{ekejnl*

{bifps{edcl dàl eqbdep uredsep oesæ{fep peï{eo bo ml{defp b {bxfpsep cl K{epfj* oep seokæo

cb urb hl{oe ep fdhl{oeéòbp hl{eo qrkjfècep$

@lol kepb cb qjedbmeobdsl b b~b`réàl ce edåjfpb* hlf cfp`rsfce e {bjeéàl cb ejirdp sðqf`lp*

q{æ/cbsb{ofdeclp dbpsb bpsrcl* `lol l ml{dejfpol* l qeqbj pl`fej cl ml{dejfpol* l

e`ldsb`fobdsl* e dlsï`fe* l ml{dejfpol boq{bpe{fej* e eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe* ep hb{{eobdsepcl eppbppl{* l {bjbepb b l `jfqqfdi$ Cbds{b lrs{ep* krpèolp `loq{bbdcb{= urej l qeqbj cl

ml{dejfpse de pl`fbcecb< L urb æ dlsï`fe qe{e lp q{lhfppfldefp cep {bceéòbp cb ml{dej b

{bxfpse< @lol æ {bejf}ecl ro qjedbmeobdsl cb eéòbp bps{esæifèp qe{e ro eppbppl{ecl<

@lol pb cå l {bje`fldeobdsl ce foq{bdpe `lo e eppbppl{fe cb roe i{edcb fdpsfsrféàl< Urej

e foql{sëd`fe cb b~b`rse{ ro s{ekejnl cb eppbppl{fe bokepecl bo qjedbmeobdsl< Ql{ urb

dàl eqbdep bdxfe{ {bjbepbp< @lol edejfpe{ l {bsl{dl cb oïcfe cb ro eppbppl{ecl<

@lol q{l`bcfobdsl obslcljðif`l* {bejf}eolp e ‚edåjfpb cb `ldsbýcl‟ cb slcl l oesb{fej

{b`bkfcl qbje eppbppl{fe ce @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e= {bjbepbp b oesæ{fep qrkjfècep dlp ml{defp b



31

{bxfpsep k{epfjbf{lp ‐ `ldsfclp dl `jfqqfdi ce q{ðq{fe fdpsfsrféàl$ @lol `loqjbobdseéàl cep

fdhl{oeéòbp* seokæo hlf {bejf}ece roe ‚bds{bxfpse bo q{lhrdcfcecb‟ `lo e {bq{bpbdsedsb ce

[bcb @lordfèéàl urb esbdcbr e foq{bdpe bo dlob ce @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e* e ml{dejfpse

Qljjfedb @{fpsfdb Kesfpse Bjf}få{fl b Pfjxe$ Cbds{l ce edåjfpb cb slcl l oesb{fej boqï{f`l

{b`bkfcl* pfpsboesfèobdsb jfcl b {bl{iedf}ecl* hl{eo lkpb{xeclp ejirdp epqb`slp$

Dl urb pb {bhb{b el s{ekejnl ce eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe* edejfplr/pb l urb b `lol hlf l

s{ekejnl cbpbdxljxfcl qbje [bcb @lordfèéàl cb [bprjsecl ‐ qeppl e qeppl$ Uredsl elp

q{bpp/{bjbepbp* ro clp hl`lp dbpsb bpsrcl* xb{fhfèolp l dýob{l cb sb~slp q{lcr}fclp* l

olcl `lol hl{eo cbpbdxljxfclp b bdxfeclp á foq{bdpe b urej e bps{rsr{e cl cl`robdsl$ Bpsb

bpsrcl cfp`{fofdlr* efdce* `lol hlf e q{lcréàl clp sb~slp ce eppbppl{fe* qe{e bdsbdcb{ `lolhl{eo es{esfxlp qe{e e qrkjfèéàl cb oesæ{fep de foq{bdpe b* bo pbirfce* qe{e urb

qrcæppbolp {bejf}e{ e edåjfpb `loqe{esfxe cl oesb{fej boqï{f`l cl `jfqqfdi cb oesæ{fep$

Uredsl el oesb{fej {bhb{bdsb á qrkjfèéàl cb oesæ{fep bo ml{defp b {bxfpsep* eq{bpbdsecl mrdsl

el ‚[bjesð{fl cb Oïcfe‟ urb `ld`jrf l s{ekejnl ce eppbppl{fe* pbqe{eolp ep oesæ{fep

qrkjfècep bo {bxfpsep b ml{defp7 pbqe{eolp* efdce* ep urb cf}feo {bpqbfsl @neiejj b e [lcfd b

eurbjep urb `fsexe lp clfp e{sfpsep de obpoe qrkjfèéàl$ Cbds{l cbpsb `{fsæ{fl* pbqe{eolp epoesæ{fep cb @neiejj b cb [lcfd obcfedsb e `neoece ce oesæ{fe* lr pbme* edejfpedcl*

q{foe{feobdsb* l sïsrjl ce oesæ{fe$ Cbppe hl{oe* `ldpbirfr/pb {bejf}e{ roe edåjfpb plk{b ep

qrkjfèéòbp cb èce ro clp e{sfpsep b* seokæo* cep qrkjfèéòbp `ldmrdsep$ Eppfo* hlf

qlppïxbj* el hfdej* {bejf}e{ e `loqe{eéàl cep crep b~qlpféòbp$

E eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe b `lordfèéàl ce @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e q{lcr}fr clfp {bjbepbp

bpqb`fefp qe{e bdxfe{ á foq{bdpe= ro plk{b @neiejj b lrs{l plk{b [lcfd$ Edsbp cfppl* lrs{lsb~sl hlf bdxfecl áp {bceéòbp* urb ekl{cexe e fdpb{éàl ce @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e dl ‚Edl ce

H{edée cl K{epfj‟* edrd`fedcl e q{li{eoeéàl ce bdsfcecb$ Nlrxb * efdce* cfxb{plp lrs{lp

{bjbepbp* dlsep b qersep q{lcr}fclp qbje eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe$ Cbpsb oesb{fej* cl}b {bjbepbp

b dlxb dlsep hl{eo cfpqldfkfjf}eclp qbje [bcb @lordfèéàl$

Bds{bsedsl* dbpsb bpsrcl* eqbdep lp {bjbepbp hl{eo bps{rsr{ejobdsb edejfpeclp* qlfp* pbirdcl

Qljjfedb Bjf}få{fl* ep lrs{ep dlsep bdxfecep áp `ljrdep .qb{pldejf}ecep cb e`l{cl `lo èce

`ljrdfpse& dàl qrcb{eo pb{ {bpiesecep$ @ldsrcl* cb e`l{cl `lo e eppbppl{e cf{bse ce @epe



35

Hfes* slcep ep dlsep bdxfecep elp `ljrdfpsep hl{eo qrkjfècep qbjlp ml{defp* hesl urb `ldpslr

dbpsb bpsrcl$

E eppbppl{fe seokæo q{lcr}fr clfp e{sfilp= ro eppfdecl qbjl [ekfdl Ejedesf b lrs{l ql{ Ve{e

Srqfdeokå* urb dàl hl{eo edejfpeclp dbpsb s{ekejnl* b eqbdep `ldsekfjf}eclp$ L ýjsfol

q{lcrsl {bejf}ecl qbje eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe hlf l ‚kejedél hfdej‟ cep olps{ep* bo urb lp

dýob{lp cep b~qlpféòbp pàl eq{bpbdseclp á oïcfe$ S{ese/pb cl dýob{l cb xfpfsedsbp* cb

qeppeibf{lp cl s{edpql{sb i{esrfsl* bds{b lrs{lp7 ïdcf`bp urb seokæo dàl hl{eo edejfpeclp

dbpsb s{ekejnl* oep {bifps{eclp `lol hb{{eobdsep rsfjf}ecep qbje eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe$

Dl slsej* nlrxb 3; oesæ{fep ml{dejïpsfèp* cbds{b dlsep* dlsï`fep* `neoecep cb èqep b lrs{lp*q{lcr}fcep ql{ ml{defp k{epfjbf{lp plk{b e b~qlpféàl cl qfdsl{ kfbjl{{rpl Oe{` @neiejj b pbsb

ql{ {bxfpsep$ Må qe{e l bp`rjsl{ qe{fpfbdpb Erirpsb [lcfd* hl{eo q{lcr}fcep ;> oesæ{fep bo

ml{defp b crep bo {bxfpsep$ Bo {bjeéàl e qrkjfèéòbp plk{b lp clfp e{sfpsep* xb{fhfèolp 36

oesæ{fep bo ml{defp b pbfp bo {bxfpsep$ El slcl* l oesb{fej boqï{f`l `loqrdne/pb cb 556

oesæ{fep ml{dejïpsfèp cb ml{defp foq{bpplp b 52 cb {bxfpsep$

3$5$5 Cbsb{ofdeéàl cb `{fsæ{flp cb edåjfpb

3$5$5$5 Edåjfpb cb `ldsbýcl

Uredsl el oesb{fej bdxfecl qbje eppbppl{fe á foq{bdpe* lp {bjbepbp hl{eo bps{rsr{ejobdsb

edejfpeclp$ @ece sðqf`l {bhb{b/pb e èce ro clp cl}b sb~slp s{ekejneclp cr{edsb ep

b~qlpféòbp=

5$ Urej l sfql cl {bjbepb<7

;$ Urej e uredsfcecb cb qåifdep<7

0$ Urej l seoednl b sfql ce jbs{e rsfjf}ecl de q{lcréàl cl sb~sl< Nå ro qec{àl<7

3$ Urej l sïsrjl cl sb~sl< L dlob ce @epe Hfes bpså q{bpbdsb< B lp dlobp clp e{sfpsep<7

2$ Nexfe prksïsrjl,kfilcb< Urej e fdhl{oeéàl xejl{f}ece<7

8$ @lol pb cbr e l{iedf}eéàl cl sb~sl* bo sb{olp cb cfxfpòbp b prksïsrjlp<7

9$ Nå ídhepb dl sb~sl* `lol i{fhlp lr dbi{fslp<7

>$ L 5½ qe{åi{ehl qlcb pb{ `jeppfhfècl `lol jbec ml{dejïpsf`l<7

6$ Nå eppfdesr{e ce eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe<7



3;

51$ Nå jliloe{è ce @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e<7

55$ Uredsep b urefp ep hldsbp cb fdhl{oeéàl cl sb~sl<7

5;$ Urefp lp q{fd`fqefp e{irobdslp clp sb~slp qlcb{feo ib{e{ fdsb{bppb de qrkjfèéàl cb

oesæ{fep<

Uredsl el oesb{fej boqï{f`l qb{sfdbdsb áp qrkjfèéòbp cb oesæ{fep ml{dejïpsfèp* eq{bpbdsecep

dl `jfqqfdi ce @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e* edejfpe{eo/pb cfxb{pep è{e`sb{ïpsfèp$ @lol cfsl* edsbp

ce cfp`{fofdeéàl clp `{fsæ{flp cb edåjfpb* hb}/pb roe cfxfpàl q{fol{cfej qe{e l bpsrcl$ Hl{eo

pbqe{ecep ep oesæ{fep cb ml{defp b {bxfpsep* sedsl cb Oe{` @neiejj uredsl cb Erirpsb [lcfd$

Qe{e objnl{ edåjfpb cl oesb{fej* `{flr/pb* seokæo* roe pbqe{eéàl cep oesæ{fep cb ml{defp b

{bxfpsep urb ekl{cexeo ep b~qlpféòbp$ Lp `{fsæ{flp bpsekbjb`fclp ekef~l {bhb{bo/pb áppbirfdsbp cfxfpòbp= @neiejj7 [lcfd b Lp clfp e{sfpsep$

Uredsl elp ml{defp* q{fobf{eobdsb* ep oesæ{fep hl{eo pbqe{ecep bo=

5$ Dlsep .qburbdep `fseéòbp plk{b ep b~qlpféòbp* pbo e `loqlpféàl cb foeibdp* ql{

b~boqjl&7

;$ @ljrdep70$ Dlsï`fep .slcep ep fdhl{oeéòbp qrkjfècep `lo sïsrjlp* kfilcbp* hlslp* bds{b lrs{lp&7

3$ Dlsï`fep/urbdsbp .cbsb{ofdecep obcfedsb e q{l~fofcecb ce oesæ{fe `lo l hesl

qrkjfècl$ Qe{e sedsl* edejfplr/pb e q{bpbdée clp ecxæ{kflp cb sboql{ejfcecb= nlmb*

ldsbo b eoednà&7

2$ @eqep7

2$5 @eqe ml{dej7

2$; @eqe ̀ ecb{dl78$ E{sfilp .sb~slp cb lqfdfàl&7

Bo pbirfce* cfxfcf{eo/pb ep oesæ{fep ml{dejïpsfèp cb e`l{cl `lo l dlob cl ml{dej$ Cbqlfp*

cbds{l cbpse cfxfpàl ql{ dlob cl xbï`rjl* prkcfxfcf{eo/pb ep qrkjfèéòbp ql{ cese* ce

pbirfdsb hl{oe=

5$ Edsbp cep b~qlpféòbp .oesæ{fep qrkjfècep edsbp cl cfe 3 cb eilpsl&7

;$ Cr{edsb ep b~qlpféòbp .oesæ{fep qrkjfècep bds{b 3 cb eilpsl b 50 cb lrsrk{l&7

0$ Cbqlfp cep b~qlpféòbp .oesæ{fep qrkjfècep cbqlfp cl cfe 50 cb lrsrk{l&7



30

Cbxfcl á i{edcb uredsfcecb cb oesb{fej boqï{f`l {bje`fldece áp qrkjfèéòbp cb ml{defp b el

hesl cb pb edejfpe{ lp cl}b {bjbepbp q{fd`fqefp s{ekejneclp edsbp* cr{edsb b cbqlfp cep

b~qlpféòbp .pbdcl cbp`ldpfcb{ecep ep dlsep* hlslp/jbibdcep b urefpurb{ lrs{lp oesb{fefp

bdxfeclp qbje eppbppl{fe qe{e `ljrdfpsep* ql{ b~boqjl&* {bpljxbr/pb edejfpe{ eqbdep ep dlsï`fep

b dlsï`fep/urbdsbp cbpsbp clfp èpbp* qrkjfècep el jldil cl s{ekejnl ce eppbppl{fe* dl

qb{ïlcl urb pb bpsbdcbr cb oe{él .fdï`fl cl s{ekejnl& e cb}bok{l .hfdejf}eéàl& cb ;116$

Qe{e e objnl{ `loqe{eéàl cbpsb s{ekejnl* q{bhb{fr/pb edejfpe{ eqbdep roe oesæ{fe cb èce

xbï`rjl$ @lol `{fsæ{fl cb edåjfpb* cbhfdfr/pb urb ep oesæ{fep bpofréecep pb{feo ep q{fobf{ep

qrkjfècep* lr pbme* ep cb cese oefp edsfie$ Ep lrs{ep oesæ{fep* `neoecep cb dlsep* `ljrdep*

èqep* bds{b lrs{lp* {bppejse/pb* hl{eo eqbdep `ldsekfjf}ecep dbpsb bpsrcl$ Cbppe hl{oe* cep0> dlsï`fep b dlsï`fep/urbdsbp qb{sfdbdsbp áp s{íp cfxfpòbp q{æ/bpsekbjb`fcep* ;6 hl{eo

edejfpecep* pbdcl eq{l~foeceobdsb ;3*08" cl slsej cb oesæ{fep qrkjfècep bo ml{defp* urb

`ldpseo dl `jfqqfdi ce fdpsfsrféàl$

Qe{e e pfpsboesf}eéàl cep qrkjfèéòbp cb {bxfpsep* `lol l dýob{l cb oesæ{fep hlf obdl{ cl

urb l cb ml{defp* e cfxfpàl hlf hbfse `lo kepb dl xbï`rjl ml{dejïpsf`l$ Lr pbme* ep oesæ{fep

hl{eo* bdsàl* pbqe{ecep cfedsb cl dlob ce {bxfpse urb ep qrkjfè{eo$ Eppfo `lol b~qjfèclde obslcljlife* nlrxb s{íp cfxfpòbp= oesæ{fep cb @neiejj7 oesæ{fep cb [lcfd b oesæ{fep

plk{b lp clfp e{sfpsep$ Pekb/pb urb e uredsfcecb cb oesæ{fep qrkjfècep qbjep {bxfpsep dàl

rjs{eqepplr crep lr s{íp cb èce ro clp xbï`rjlp$ Ql{sedsl* lqslr/pb ql{ edejfpe{ roe cep

oesæ{fep cb èce {bxfpse* qrkjfècep cr{edsb ep b~qlpféòbp* jbxedcl/pb bo `ldse e cese oefp

edsfie cb qrkjfèéàl* qe{e pb fireje{ el `{fsæ{fl bpsekbjb`fcl qe{e lp ml{defp$ El slcl* cep 52

oesæ{fep {bifps{ecep* 50 hl{eo bpsrcecep* lr urepb >9"$

Slcep ep oesæ{fep ml{dejïpsfèp cb ml{defp b {bxfpsep hl{eo edejfpecep* kepfèobdsb* `ldhl{ob

lp pbirfdsbp `{fsæ{flp=

5$ Urej e uredsfcecb cb jfdnep* `ljrdep b cb qåifdep<7

;$ E oesæ{fe lksbxb `neoece de èqe cl xbï`rjl<7

0$ Urej e bcfsl{fe ce oesæ{fe<7

3$ Urej l sïsrjl ce qrkjfèéàl<7

2$ Nlrxb prksïsrjl,kfilcb< Pb pfo* urej< Urej e fdhl{oeéàl xejl{f}ece<7

8$ Urej l dýob{l ce.p& qåifde.p& ce oesæ{fe<7



33

9$ E oesæ{fe cf}fe {bpqbfsl eqbdep á b~qlpféàl<7

>$ @lol hlf e ekl{ceibo ce b~qlpféàl bo edåjfpb<7

6$ Urej e bps{rsr{e ce oesæ{fe<7

51$ L urb nå dl 5½ qe{åi{ehl cl sb~sl< S{ese/pb cb jbec edejïsf`l lr pfdsæsf`l<7

55$ Urefp ep fdhl{oeéòbp xejl{f}ecep qbjl xbï`rjl<7

5;$ Urefp {b`r{plp i{åhf`lp e`loqedneo l sb~sl<7

50$ Nå uredsep hlslp<7

53$ Urefp lp ceclp ce @epe Hfes cfxrjieclp .sbjbhldb* bdcb{bél pfsb* bds{b lrs{lp&<7

52$ Uredsep b urefp ep hldsbp cb fdhl{oeéàl cl sb~sl<7

58$ E ekl{ceibo æ qlpfsfxe lr dbiesfxe<7

3$5$5$; Bds{bxfpse bo q{lhrdcfcecb

Pekbdcl/pb ce foql{sëd`fe cep b~qlpféòbp cb Oe{` @neiejj b Erirpsb [lcfd* ql{

qe{sf`fqe{bo cl ‚Edl ce H{edée dl K{epfj‟ .bxbdsl urb sbxb xfpfkfjfcecb de`fldej&* b

obcfedsb ep fdhl{oeéòbp eq{bpbdsecep dl ‚kejedél hfdej‟ plk{b e uredsfcecb cb xfpfsedsbp* ql{

b~boqjl* foeifdlr/pb urb e uredsfcecb cb oesæ{fep qrkjfècep plk{b ep olps{ep cb @neiejj b

[lcfd* pb `loqe{ecl áp cep lrs{ep {bejf}ecep de @epe Hfes* hlf oefl{$ Bds{bsedsl* qe{e`ldhf{oe{ pb nlrxb erobdsl ce uredsfcecb cb b~qlpféàl ofcfåsfè b urefp lrs{lp qldslp

hl{eo lkpb{xeclp `lo ep qrkjfèéòbp clp obcfe cbppep crep b~qlpféòbp* hlf db`bppå{fl

{bejf}e{ ‚Bds{bxfpse bo q{lhrdcfcecb‟ `lo e eppbppl{e cb foq{bdpe cf{bse ce bdsfcecb*

Qljjfedb Bjf}få{fl$

Cbppe hl{oe* ro urbpsfldå{fl `lo urbpsòbp qb{sfdbdsbp el s{ekejnl ce eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe

ce @epe Hfes hlf oldsecl qe{e urb e eppbppl{e ce fdpsfsrféàl {bpqldcbppb$ Ep urbpsòbp hl{eobdxfecep á eppbppl{e ql{ b/oefj$ L olsfxl cb dàl pb {bejf}e{ roe bds{bxfpse q{bpbd`fej hlf

b~`jrpfxeobdsb qbje q{esf`fcecb cl q{l`bppl$ E eppbppl{e cb foq{bdpe sfdne nl{å{flp dàl/

`loqesïxbfp b* ql{ fppl* hlf prib{fcl l bdxfl cb ro {lsbf{l cb qb{irdsep* rsfjf}edcl/pb l obfl

bjbs{ódf`l=

5$ Nå {lsfde cb s{ekejnl ce eppbppl{fe ce @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e<7

;$ Nå orfse q{l`r{e* bo cfep dl{oefp .pbo i{edcbp b~qlpféòbp&* clp ml{dejfpsep qe{e e

q{lcréàl cb oesæ{fep<7

0$ L urb `ldsfdne dl qjedbmeobdsl bps{esæif`l cb foq{bdpe cep b~qlpféòbp<7



32

3$ Urefp ep hb{{eobdsep rsfjf}ecep qe{e cfxrjieéàl<7

2$ Uredcl bhbsfxeobdsb `lobée{eo lp s{ekejnlp<7

8$ @lol hlf l q{l`bppl cb cfxrjieéàl< Nlrxb e q{l`r{e clp ml{defp qe{e he}b{bo ep

oesæ{fep<7

9$ @lol b{e l {bje`fldeobdsl ce @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e `lo lp xbï`rjlp cb `lordfèéàl

cb ml{defp foq{bpplp b {bxfpsep<7

>$ Nlrxb qe{`b{fep ce @epe Hfes `lo lp xbï`rjlp* `lol ql{ b~boqjl* `loq{e{ ro

edýd`fl b {b`bkb{ bo s{lè roe oesæ{fe<7

6$ L {bje`fldeobdsl `lo bppbp ml{defp b {bxfpsep objnl{lr eqðp ep b~qlpféòbp cb

@neiejj b [lcfd<7

51$ Nå q{l~fofcecb ̀ lo lp {bqð{sb{bp<755$ Nexfe roe q{l~fofcecb edsbp cep b~qlpféòbp<7

5;$ Bo ib{ej* urej e ql{`bdseibo cb oesæ{fep qlpfsfxep qrkjfècep qbje oïcfe plk{b e

fdpsfsrféàl<7

50$ Urefp lp xbï`rjlp urb oefp càl bpqeél á boq{bpe .cbds{b lp urb qrkjfè{eo ep

oesæ{fep plk{b @neiejj b [lcfd&< Ql{ urí<7

53$ Bppbp xbï`rjlp sbdcbo e heje{ `lfpep oefp qlpfsfxep cl urb dbiesfxep plk{b e @epe

Hfes<752$ Nå pfofje{fcecb dep cfxrjieéòbp cep olps{ep* b~qlpféòbp b urefpurb{ oedfhbpseéòbp cb

e{sbp l`l{{fcep de @epe Hfes<7

58$ Uredslp sb~slp plk{b ep b~qlpféòbp hl{eo bdxfeclp<7

59$ Qe{e uredslp b urefp lp xbï`rjlp urb hl{eo bdxfeclp lp sb~slp<7

5>$ Qe{e urefp bcfsl{fefp<7

56$ Uredcl hl{eo bdxfeclp<7

;1$ Urej cboedce l{fifdlr l sb~sl .e eppbppl{fe q{lcr}fr bpqldsedbeobdsb qe{e ecfxrjieéàl lr pb hlf pljf`fsecl ql{ {bqð{sb{bp clp xbï`rjlp cb `lordfèéàl&<7

;5$ Edsbp cb @neiejj b [lcfd* nlrxb s{íp b~qlpféòbp cb i{edcb ql{sb$ Bds{bsedsl* urej cep

b~qlpféòbp lksbxb ro {bsl{dl ofcfåsf`l oefl{< Ql{ urí<7

;;$ L urb ep b~qlpféòbp cb @neiejj b [lcfd qlcb{àl {bq{bpbdse{ qe{e e @epe Hfes dlp

q{ð~folp s{ekejnlp cb i{edcb xfpfkfjfcecb<



38

3$; E @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e

E @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e æ roe fdpsfsrféàl pbo hfdp jr`{esfxlp* oedsfce qbje Hfes Ersloðxbfp b

cboefp boq{bpep cl I{rql Hfes$ E hfdejfcecb ce fdpsfsrféàl æ cfhrdcf{ e `rjsr{e k{epfjbf{e b

ordcfej* ejæo cb q{lolxb{ e fdsbi{eéàl pl`fej es{exæp cb esreéàl mrdsl áp `lordfcecbp b

i{rqlp pl`fefp cb slclp lp pbiobdslp$ E bdsfcecb jbxe áp prep fdpsejeéòbp olps{ep b esfxfcecbp

`rjsr{efp b {bejf}e esfxfcecbp bcrèsfxep b b~qlpféòbp$

Bo s{íp edlp cb esreéàl* e fdpsfsrféàl `rjsr{ej s{lr~b e Kbjl Nl{f}ldsb lfsl i{edcbp

b~qlpféòbp `lo e`b{xlp cb foql{sedsbp orpbrp b `ljbéòbp cl K{epfj b ce Br{lqe$ Cbds{b bjep*

cbpseèo/pb ep olps{ep cl qfdsl{ Oe{` @neiejj b cl bp`rjsl{ Erirpsb [lcfd$ Eokep epb~qlpféòbp hl{eo {bejf}ecep qbje @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e b qbje Kepb9 Q{lmbslp @rjsr{efp*

sfxb{eo l eqlfl cl Ked`l Fseý b cl Ofdfpsæ{fl ce @rjsr{e .OFD@&$ E l{iedf}eéàl b q{lcréàl

ce olps{e* urb fdsbi{lr e q{li{eoeéàl cl ‚Edl ce H{edée dl K{epfj‟ ‐ {bejf}ecl bo ;116 ‐

bpsfxb{eo e è{il ce Kepb9* q{lqldbdsb cl q{lmbsl mrdsl el OFD@* qe{e `ld`bppàl clp

kbdbhï`flp ce Jbf [lredbs ‐ Jbf cb Fd`bdsfxl á @rjsr{e$

Hl{eo eq{bpbdsecep oefp cb 011 lk{ep cb @neiejj* bds{b qfdsr{ep* ire`nbp* bp`rjsr{ep bi{exr{ep$ E eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe ce @epe Hfes* dl oesb{fej bdxfecl á foq{bdpe b

cfpqldfkfjf}ecl bo pbr pfsb* cbpse`lr `lol q{fd`fqefp lk{ep cl e{sfpse ep pæ{fbp `loqjbsep cb

Je Kfkjb WE Kïkjfe_7 Ceqndfp bs @njlæ WCehdb b @jlæ_ b Jbp Ëobp ol{sbp WEp Ejoep ol{sep_$

Ep s{íp pæ{fbp bpsfxb{eo {brdfcep qbje q{fobf{e xb} dl K{epfj* eppfo `lol e lk{e Pejld cb

`lfhhr{b .ld`jb ]rppv& WPejàl cb èkbjbf{bf{l .sfl ]rppv&_* ire`nb b ðjbl plk{b è{sàl cb 5653*

urb qb{sbd`b á Iejb{fe S{bsveglx* de [ýppfe$ E b~qlpféàl bpsbxb ekb{se cb 3 cb eilpsl cb

;116 e 3 cb lrsrk{l cb ;116$

Ep lk{ep cl bp`rjsl{ Erirpsb [lcfd må xfb{eo el qeïp bo lrs{e lèpfàl$ @ldsrcl* e dlxfcecb

cbpse ýjsfoe olps{e* urb sbxb e q{fobf{e qe{ece bo Kbjl Nl{f}ldsb* hlf l e`b{xl `lo foeibdp

hlsli{åhfèp urb {bxbjeo e fdsfofcecb cl e{sfpse el `{fe{ prep bp`rjsr{ep$ E bps{bfe hlf

{bejf}ece dl cfe 50 cb eilpsl cb ;116 b l sæ{ofdl* bo 50 cb lrsrk{l cbppb obpol edl$ De

olps{e [lcfd= cl Esbjfí el Orpbr / Hlsli{ehfep b Bp`rjsr{ep* hl{eo eq{bpbdsecep 563

hlsli{ehfep l{fifdefp* sf{ecep bds{b 5>>1 b 5659* dl esbjfí cl bp`rjsl{$ Ejæo cfppl* ;;

bp`rjsr{ep cb k{ld}b b oå{ol{b `loqjbobdse{eo e b~qlpféàl$



39

El slcl* ep crep olps{ep cb e{sb cr{e{eo 80 cfep b* dbppb qb{ïlcl* jbxe{eo ro qýkjf`l

{b`l{cb cb 5;5 ofj qbpplep á @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e* `lo oæcfe cfå{fe cb 5$6;1 xfpfsedsbp ql{

cfe cb b~qlpféàl$ Esæ oe{él cb ;116 ‐ uredcl `lobée{eo lp s{ekejnlp cb qjedbmeobdsl cb

foq{bdpe qe{e ep b~qlpféòbp cb Oe{` @neiejj b Erirpsb [lcfd* e fdpsfsrféàl nexfe {b`bkfcl*

`lo ep lrs{ep pbfp b~qlpféòbp cb i{edcb ql{sb* 50; ofj xfpfsedsbp$ Xb{fhf`lr/pb* ql{sedsl* urb

lp xfpfsedsbp cep b~qlpféòbp cb @neiejj b [lcfd {bq{bpbdse{eo urepb 6;" cl qýkjf`l cep

lrs{ep olps{ep* bo urepb s{íp edlp cb @epe Hfes$

Pekb/pb urb ep q{li{eoeéòbp {bejf}ecep de @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e pàl i{esrfsep b ekb{sep el

qýkjf`l* l urb he`fjfse l e`bppl clp xfpfsedsbp$ L s{edpql{sb* lhb{b`fcl qbje q{ðq{fe @epe Hfes*

esæ e pbcb ce fdpsfsrféàl* pef* dl{oejobdsb* ce Q{eée ce Jfkb{cecb* cb nl{e bo nl{e$ Bo ib{ej*dàl æ db`bppå{fl urb l xfpfsedsb qeirb qbjl pb{xfél$ Pð dbppep crep b~qlpféòbp* cb e`l{cl

`lo e eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe ce fdpsfsrféàl* 55$911 qbpplep hl{eo esbdcfcep qbjl s{edpql{sb

i{esrfsl$ Fppl he} `lo urb e @epe Hfes sbdne ro cfhb{bd`fej dl obfl `rjsr{ej cb Kbjl

Nl{f}ldsb$

Bo bpqb`fej* cr{edsb l qb{ïlcl cb b~qlpféàl cep lk{ep cb @neiejj b [lcfd* cbds{l ce

`neoece Q{li{eoeéàl Qe{ejbje áp b~qlpféòbp* 56 hfjobp ce esrej q{lcréàl `fdboesli{åhfèh{ed`bpe* ures{l jldiep urb `ldsb~srejf}e{eo e æqlè bo urb xfxbr Oe{` @neiejj b s{íp

cl`robdså{flp plk{b e xfce b lk{e cb Erirpsb [lcfd hl{eo b~fkfclp bo ;0 cfep cb pbppòbp cb

`fdboe h{ed`íp$ Dl slsej* hl{eo 911 qe{sf`fqedsbp cep sboåsfèp cb `fdboe$

Ejæo cfppl* qbje q{fobf{e xb}* l`l{{br e fsfdb{ëd`fe cb b~qlpféòbp* cb dïxbj fdsb{de`fldej*

`lo fdï`fl bo Kbjl Nl{f}ldsb* hrifdcl ce `bds{ejfcecb cl bf~l [fl/Pàl Qerjl$ Cb Kbjl

Nl{f}ldsb* ep lk{ep cb Oe{` @neiejj qe{sf{eo {rol el Orpbr De`fldej cb Kbjep E{sbp* de`fcecb cl [fl cb Medbf{l .[M&* ldcb qb{oedb`b{eo esæ l cfe 8 cb cb}bok{l cb ;116$ Må ep cb

Erirpsb [lcfd hl{eo qe{e l Oepq* bo Pàl Qerjl .PQ&$ b hfè{eo esæ 50 cb cb}bok{l cl

obpol edl$

Ql{ he}b{ qe{sb cl q{lmbsl L Edl ce H{edée dl K{epfj* bo urb cfhb{bdsbp q{lmbslp `rjsr{efp

xfb{eo el K{epfj qe{e pb{ b~fkfclp el qýkjf`l* olps{edcl e `rjsr{e h{ed`bpe elp k{epfjbf{lp* ep

b~qlpféòbp sfxb{eo i{edcb xfpfkfjfcecb de `rjsr{e cl qeïp$ Prkbdsbdcb/pb urb l q{lmbsl

olxfobdslr e b`ldlofe cb slcl l K{epfj b bps{bfslr ep {bjeéòbp bds{b lp ilxb{dlp k{epfjbf{l b

h{ed`íp$ Fppl ql{urb l ‚Edl ce H{edée dl K{epfj‟ hlf ro q{lmbsl urb sfdne* mrpseobdsb* `lol



3>

lkmbsfxl q{fd`fqej* hl{sejb`b{ e qe{`b{fe bps{esæifè bds{b lp clfp qeïpbp* b l`l{{br bo

{b`fq{l`fcecb el ‚Edl cl K{epfj de H{edée ‐ K{æpfj K{æpfp‟* {bejf}ecl bo ;112$

Pbirdcl l Ofdfpsæ{fl ce @rjsr{e* `lo {bprjseclp pr{q{bbdcbdsbp* l bxbdsl {bejf}ecl de

H{edée* urb olps{lr elp h{ed`bpbp e `rjsr{e k{epfjbf{e* olkfjf}lr oefp cb 52 ofjnòbp cb

qbpplep$ Hl{eo `bdsbdep cb es{eéòbp {bejf}ecep bo slcl l sb{{fsð{fl h{ed`íp* urb s{lr~b{eo

foqe`slp cf{bslp dàl pð qe{e l fdsb{`ëokfl `rjsr{ej* oep seokæo qe{e ep s{lèp `lob{`fefp

bds{b lp clfp qeïpbp$

Cb e`l{cl `lo l @ldprjecl ce H{edée* bo oesæ{fe qrkjfèce bo pbr pfsb .bo urb dàl æ

bpqb`fhfèce e cese&* de lèpfàl* {bifps{lr/pb erobdsl cb s{íp xb}bp l xljrob cb dbið`flpbds{b H{edée b K{epfj .uredcl `loqe{ecl el edl edsb{fl{* ;113&* l urb `l{{bpqldcbr e `b{è

cb RP# 321 ofjnòbp cb q{lcrslp k{epfjbf{lp foql{seclp qbje H{edée bo ;112$ ‚L ilxb{dl

h{ed`íp {bifps{lr ro `{bp`fobdsl cb ;9" dl olxfobdsl cb sr{fpsep h{ed`bpbp dl K{epfj* ejæo

cl `{bp`fobdsl cb ;1" dep oes{ï`rjep dlp `r{plp cb ql{sriríp de H{edée$ Eppfo* e q{lqlpse

hlf {bs{fkrf{ áurbjb qeïp l urb e fdf`fesfxe cbjb q{lqf`flr el K{epfj$ Ejæo cfppl* krpè{

hl{sejb`b{ efdce oefp lp jeélp bds{b lp clfp qeïpbp‟ 3$

3$;$5 K{bxb `lobdså{fl plk{b e eppbppl{fe ce @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e

E @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e q{bl`rqe/pb* `lol xå{fep boq{bpep* ð{iàlp qýkjf`lp b e{sfpsep* `lo e

`ldps{réàl cb pre foeibo qb{edsb l qýkjf`l$ E fdpsfsrféàl `loq{bbdcb e db`bppfcecb cb

cfxrjie{ prep b~qlpféòbp b esfxfcecbp `rjsr{efp de oïcfe* sedsl `lo l fdsrfsl cb `ldpljfce{/pb

`lol {bhb{íd`fe dl ob{ècl `rjsr{ej* uredsl qe{e prpsbdse{ qe{`b{fep b eqlflp fdpsfsr`fldefp$

E hfo cb ejèdée{ sefp lkmbsfxlp* e @epe Hfes `lds{eslr* esæ l fdï`fl cb ;151* e [bcb@lordfèéàl cb [bprjsecl* urb q{bpse pb{xfélp cb eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe e xå{fep boq{bpep*

bdsfcecbp b fdcfxïcrlp$

3 Pfsb cl @ldprjecl ce H{edée$ Cfpqldïxbj bo=: nssq=,,yyy$eokeh{ed`b/k{$l{i,h{ed`b\k{bpfj,pqfq$qnq<{rk{furb;4$E`bppecl bo > cb lrsrk{l cb ;116$



36

3$0 Edåjfpb

3$0$5 Qepplp fdf`fefp

Eqðp {brdfàl cb k{fbhfdi* {bejf}ece bo oe{él cb ;116 b es{exæp ce urej e @epe Hfes cb

@rjsr{e {bqepplr á pre eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe fdhl{oeéòbp b lkmbsfxlp db`bppå{flp á krpè cb

{bprjseclp pesfphesð{flp uredsl el s{ekejnl cb cfxrjieéàl cep b~qlpféòbp cb Erirpsb [lcfd b

Oe{` @neiejj* e [bcb @lordfèéàl cb [bprjsecl* es{exæp ce eppbppl{e Qljjfedb Bjf}få{fl*

`ldps{rfr pbr qjedbmeobdsl bps{esæif`l cb `lordfèéàl$ Fppl hlf hbfsl cbqlfp cl jbxedseobdsl

clp ceclp b cl {b`ljnfobdsl cb fdhl{oeéòbp e`b{è clp e{sfpsep* plk{b e `lobol{eéàl cl

‚Edl ce H{edée dl K{epfj‟ b eqðp roe `ldhb{bd`b èjj .`ldhb{íd`fe cb fdhl{oeéòbp& `lo eeppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe ce Kepb9 Q{lmbslp @rjsr{efp ‐ fdf`fesfxe `rme hfdejfcecb b{e l

ejfdneobdsl cb bps{esæifep bds{b ep crep eppbppl{fep cb foq{bdpe$

Pbirdcl e [bcb @lordfèéàl* e eppbppl{fe ce @epe Hfes bdxflr á foq{bdpe ro q{bpp/{bjbepb

bpqb`fej plk{b èce roe cep b~qlpféòbp b plk{b e q{li{eoeéàl ce bdsfcecb bo ;116* `lo l

lkmbsfxl cb fdpb{f{ e fdpsfsrféàl de oïcfe cbpcb l fdï`fl cl edl$ L s{ekejnl `lobélr*

bhbsfxeobdsb* bo oe{él* `lo l qjedbmeobdsl bps{esæif`l* b q{lppbirfr* bo ek{fj* `lo ecfxrjieéàl cl {bjbepb ‚Edl ce H{edée dl K{epfj‟* cesecl cb 53 cb ek{fj cb ;116* plk l sïsrjl

Ofdep æ cbpseurb dl Edl ce H{edée dl K{epfj `lo @neiejj b [lcfd de @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e$

3$0$; [bjbepbp edejfpeclp

Lkpb{xlr/pb* bo lfsl clp 5; {bjbepbp edejfpeclp* e fdpb{éàl cl dlob ce fdpsfsrféàl dl sïsrjl$

Ib{pld Ol{bf{e Jfoe .56>2& cf} urb fppl æ cbpdb`bppå{fl* e dàl pb{ urb e pfsreéàl b~fme ldlob cl eppbppl{ecl dl jbec lr sïsrjl* l urb l ersl{ cbhfdb `lol pfsreéàl cb ‚b~s{boe

db`bppfcecb‟$ Dl èpl ce @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e* e eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe `ldhf{olr urb qe{sb

ce oïcfe* q{fd`fqejobdsb e ofdbf{e* må sbo e bdsfcecb `lol {bhb{íd`fe bo e{sbp qjåpsfèp dl

bpsecl b dl Qeïp$ Fppl qlcb pb{ `loq{lxecl es{exæp cl {bsl{dl ofcfåsf`l ce @epe Hfes edsbp

obpol cep b~qlpféòbp cb @neiejj b [lcfd$ Esæ ;11>* 281 oesæ{fep cb cfhb{bdsbp xbï`rjlp

ml{dejïpsf`lp må nexfeo pfcl q{lcr}fcep b oefp cb 50; ofj qbpplep xfpfse{eo ep pbfp b~qlpféòbp

cb i{edcb ql{sb* {bejf}ecep qbje bdsfcecb$



21

Bds{bsedsl* eqbdep roe cep ;6 oesæ{fep edejfpecep oedsbxb l dlob ce @epe Hfes dl sïsrjl=

@neiejj b [lcfd de @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e* cb ;2 cb eilpsl cb ;116* cl Ml{dej cl Kbjxbcb{b$

E fdpb{éàl dl sïsrjl* el urb qe{b`br* cbxb sb{ `ljekl{ecl `lo l i{edcb dýob{l cb

qrkjfèéòbp cb oesæ{fep$ El slcl* hl{eo cfxrjiecep 80; oesæ{fep bo cfhb{bdsbp xbï`rjlp cb

Ofdep Ib{efp b dlp q{fd`fqefp xbï`rjlp cl qeïp .SX‖p* {åcflp* {bxfpsep* ml{defp foq{bpplp b

fdsb{dbs&* l urb burfxejb e roe oæcfe cb oefp cb 51 oesæ{fep ql{ cfe de oïcfe* pb cfxfcfclp lp

dýob{lp cb qrkjfèéòbp qbjlp 81 cfep cb b~qlpféàl$ L ïdcf`b cb qrkjfèéàl {bxbjlr/pb `b{è

cb 551" oefl{ cl urb el jldil clp s{íp q{fobf{lp edlp cb esreéàl ce @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e$

Foql{sedsb {bppejse{* `ldsrcl* urb* eqbdep l sïsrjl dàl pb{fe l hesl q{fol{cfej qe{e seoednl

{bsl{dl ofcfåsf`l {bhb{bdsb el s{ekejnl cb cfxrjieéàl cep b~qlpféòbp cb Oe{` @neiejj bErirpsb [lcfd .urb pb bpsbdcbr cb oe{él* `lo l fdï`fl cl qjedbmeobdsl* e cb}bok{l cb

;116* `lo l hb`neobdsl cl ‚[bjesð{fl cb Oïcfe‟&$ Hl{eo `ldsekfjf}eclp lrs{lp ures{l

{bjbepbp bpqb`fefp= @epe Hfes ‐ Q{li{eoeéàl ;1167 Pb`{bse{fe cb Bpsecl ce @rjsr{e ;1167 L

pldnl b e xfce cb Oe{` @neiejj b [lcfd= cl esbjfí el orpbr$ Lp sb~slp `ldsfdneo ceclp

ofdr`flplp b hl{eo cfxfcfclp bo bds{bsïsrjlp urb ekl{cexeo lp e{sfpsep* ep lk{ep cb Oe{`

@neiejj* ep lk{ep cb Erirpsb [lcfd* l q{l`bppl cb xfpfseéàl cb qbpplep á @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e

b e q{li{eoeéàl ce bdsfcecb dl edl cb ;116* bds{b lrs{lp qldslp$ Sefp {bjbepbp* cbxfcl ái{edcb uredsfcecb cb fdhl{oeéòbp* sío* bo oæcfe* ures{l qåifdep$ E eppbppl{e Qljjfedb

Bjf}få{fl bp`je{b`br urb l seoednl cl sb~sl æ cbxfcl á db`bppfcecb cb lhb{b`b{ fdhl{oeéòbp

bppbd`fefp elp ml{dejfpsep=

E`{bcfseolp urb l qeqbj cl eppbppl{ cb foq{bdpe æ ordf{ l ml{dejfpse cb {bceéàl `lofdhl{oeéòbp* ql{ fppl l seoednl b e ieoe cb fdhl{oeéòbp* `lol l cbsejneobdsl clpdý`jblp bo @neiejj* dlp {bjbepbp cfxrjieclp qbje @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e$ Cbpsb oesb{fej* eq{ðq{fe eppbppl{fe qb{qeppe lrs{ep bcfsl{fep `lol ep bcfsl{fep= Fdhedsfj b Ib{ej* rpedcl ce

`{fesfxfcecb b cl {bje`fldeobdsl `lo e foq{bdpe* ejæo cb ro klo hljjly rq `lo lp ml{dejfpsep$2

Lp {bjbepbp urb b~qjfèxeo ofdr`flpeobdsb ep b~qlpféòbp cb @neiejj b [lcfd hl{eo lp oefp

s{ekejneclp qbje eppbppl{fe cr{edsb ep b~qlpféòbp$ Cbppbp sb~slp* e eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe ce

@epe Hfes {bsf{exe pribpsòbp cb qersep b ep bdxfexe elp xbï`rjlp cb fdhl{oeéàl$ Cb e`l{cl

`lo Qljjfedb Bjf}få{fl* cfxb{pep qersep bdèofdnecep elp ml{defp* {bxfpsep* {bcbp cb {åcfl*

sbjbxfpàl b pfsbp sfxb{eo `lol sb~sl/kepb eqbdep lp {bjbepbp bpqb`fefp cep b~qlpféòbp$ Bppb

sfql cb oesb{fej bdxfecl áp {bceéòbp æ dlobecl ql{ Cre{sb .;11;& `lol ‚{bjbepb kljbsfo cb

2 Bds{bxfpse cb Qljjfedb Bjf}få{fl `ld`bcfce e Obv{b [fkbf{l dl cfe ;; cb oefl cb ;151$



25

qerse‟$ Bpsb* ql{ pre xb}* æ ro sb~sl `lo cfhb{bdsbp qersep$ Clp sb~slp ‚{bjbepb kljbsfo cb

qerse‟* bdxfeclp qbje eppbppl{fe ce @epe Hfes* eqbdep ro hlf edejfpecl= Qerse cbhf`fbdsbp

xfprefp$

Pbirdcl e eppbppl{e cb foq{bdpe* e pribpsàl Qerse Cbhf`fbdsbp Xfprefp* hlf bdxfece áp

{bceéòbp pbo ro sb~sl q{bxfeobdsb q{bqe{ecl* eqbdep `lo e fdhl{oeéàl plk{b e xfpfse cl

i{rql cb `bilp b roe qburbde b~qjfèéàl plk{b ep lk{ep cb [lcfd urb pb{feo slècep ql{

bppbp cbhf`fbdsbp xfprefp=

‚@neol e esbdéàl qe{e e oesæ{fe qrkjfèce de èqe cl Bpsecl cb Ofdep ‐ De qldse clpcbclp ‐ * bo 5½ cb Lrsrk{l cb ;116* uredcl ro i{rql cb `bilp cl Fdpsfsrsl Pàl [ehebj

xfpfslr e b~qlpféàl cb [lcfd b slclp qrcb{eo slè{ dep bp`rjsr{ep cl bp`rjsl{ h{ed`íp$ Dàlnlrxb ro sb~sl q{bqe{ecl qe{e e pribpsàl cb qerse7 l `ldsesl b e pribpsàl hl{eo hbfslp*q{fobf{eobdsb* ql{ sbjbhldb el bcfsl{ cb Ib{efp cl Bpsecl cb Ofdep$ L obpol e`ldsb`br`lo ep SXp Ijlkl Ofdep* [bcb Ofdep b Kedcbf{edsbp$ Ql{sedsl* orfsep xb}bp e eppbppl{fersfjf}lr l sb~sl/kepb qe{e `{fe{ b ib{e{ lrs{ep qersep‟ 8$

El jldil clp s{ekejnlp ce eppbppl{fe* cb oe{él e cb}bok{l cb ;116* nlrxb `fd`l {bjbepbp

qec{àl* urb eq{bpbdsexeo heslp lr bxbdslp plk{b ep b~qlpféòbp$ Bppbp sb~slp sfdneo roe

uredsfcecb oæcfe cb 01 jfdnep* s{íp e ures{l qe{åi{ehlp* cb roe e roe b obfe qåifdep b* dl

oå~fol* ro kl~ cb pb{xfél lr ro urec{l `lo lrs{ep fdhl{oeéòbp db`bppå{fep$ Ejæo cfppl* eeppbppl{fe bdxflr ro {bjbepb dlse* `lo fdhl{oeéàl `r{se* fd`fpfxe b q{ldse qe{e pb{

qrkjfèce$ Lp sïsrjlp clp {bjbepbp hl{eo* {bpqb`sfxeobdsb= @fdboe H{ed`íp de @epe Hfes cb

@rjsr{e7 Oefp cb 8111 qbpplep eibdcecep7 Qejbps{e [e`nbj Xfede 56,67 B~qlpféòbp Oe{`

@neiejj b [lcfd de @epe Hfes 7 Ýjsfoe pboede cb [lcfd b* ql{ ýjsfol* Eibdceobdsl @epe

Hfes cb @rjsr{e$

Dbpsbp cl}b {bjbepbp* fcbdsfhf`lr/pb urb 21" jbxe{eo e eppfdesr{e ce eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe*

fcbdsfhfèdcl e [bcb @lordfèéàl `lol e boq{bpe urb esbdcb á oïcfe bo dlob ce @epe

Hfes* sbdcl `lo eppbppl{e e ml{dejfpse Qljjfedb Bjf}få{fl$ E lrs{e obsecb* bo pre oefl{fe*

`ldsfdne fdhl{oeéòbp `lol b/oefj* sbjbhldb lr pfsb cfpqldïxbj qe{e cýxfcep* oep dàl

bpqb`ïhf`lp ce eppbppl{fe$ Ejæo cfppl* e jliloe{è ce @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e bpsbxb fdpb{fce bo

ures{l clp {bjbepbp edejfpeclp$ Lp urepb 89" clp sb~slp dàl qlpprïeo e oe{è ce @epe Hfes

cb @rjsr{e b dbo ce [bcb @lordfèéàl* urb q{bpsexe eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe á bdsfcecb7 l

urb ̀ lds{e{flr ep fdcfèéòbp cb Ib{pld Ol{bf{e Jfoe .56>2&$




2;

Pbirdcl l ersl{* l eppbppl{ cbxb bdxfe{ l sb~sl á foq{bdpe bo qåifde sfok{ece ce fdpsfsrféàl*

ejæo cb eppfde{ `lo slclp lp `ldseslp$ Bds{bsedsl* pekb/pb urb* esrejobdsb* lp {bjbepbp pàl

bdèofdneclp bjbs{ldfèobdsb* ql{ b/oefj* b dbpsb sfql cb bdxfl* æ qlppïxbj `ldpse{ eppfdesr{e

cl {bobsbdsb b pre jliloe{è$ Dl èpl ce @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e* `loq{bbdcb/pb urb* sejxb}* e

eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe dàl sbdne esfdecl qe{e l cbsejnb eq{bpbdsecl ql{ Jfoe .56>2&*

mrpseobdsb ql{ èrpe cep q{esf`fcecbp cl `l{{bfl bjbs{ódf`l* må urb e eppbppl{e qlpprf roe

eppfdesr{e cb b/oefj `lo slclp lp `ldseslp bpqb`fhfèclp b e jliloe{è ce boq{bpe qe{e e

urej s{ekejne$ Qbjl urb pb qlcb xb{fhfè{* e eppbppl{fe bdxfexe elp oepp obcfe ep fdhl{oeéòbp

`ljecep el ‚`l{ql‟ cl b/oefj$ Ql{sedsl* dàl nexfe e db`bppfcecb cb crqjfè{ e fdhl{oeéàl$

Bo ib{ej* lp sb~slp clp {bjbepbp plk{b e @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e eppbobjneo/pb bo sb{olp cbcfxfpòbp* uredsfcecb cb qåifdep* fdhl{oeéòbp oefp foql{sedsbp* bds{b lrs{lp$ Ep cfxfpòbp* ql{

b~boqjl* qe{e eokep ep b~qlpféòbp b qe{e lp sb~slp `lo fdhl{oeéòbp plk{b lp clfp e{sfpsep el

obpol sboql* kepbexeo/pb bo= fcbdsfcecb cl e{sfpse7 lk{ep7 esfxfcecbp bcrèsfxep qe{ejbjep á

b~qlpféàl7 bcrèéàl ld jfdb7 @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e b q{bpbdée cl I{rql Hfes de H{edée$ Î

foql{sedsb {bppejse{ urb bppbp clfp ýjsfolp sboep eqe{b`bo bo slclp lp {bjbepbp bpqb`fefp$

Xb{fhfèolp urb e xe{feéàl l`l{{br dl q{fobf{l qe{åi{ehl clp sb~slp ce eppbppl{fe cbfoq{bdpe$ Qe{e èce {bjbepb* e eppbppl{fe q{bl`rqlr/pb bo q{lcr}f{ roe fdhl{oeéàl

ecburece el sïsrjl* `l{{lkl{edcl `lo l urb lp ersl{bp Cre{sb .;11;& b Jfoe .56>2&

`ldpfcb{eo bppbd`fefp= eppbobjne{/pb el sb~sl ml{dejïpsf`l qec{àl$ E eppbppl{fe {bpqldcbr* cb

roe oedbf{e ib{ej* ql{ obfl cb jbecp edejïsf`lp .urbo* l urb* ldcb* `lol* uredcl b ql{ urb&

b pfdsæsf`lp .urbo* l urb b uredcl& áp urbpsòbp eq{bpbdsecep dl q{fobf{l qe{åi{ehl cl sb~sl$

E ýdfè b~`béàl bd`lds{ece hlf l sb~sl [lcfd= cl esbjfí el orpbr* dl urej* edsbp cb {bpqldcb{

áp urbpsòbp bppbd`fefp ce dlsï`fe* nlrxb eq{bpbdseéàl cl e{sfpse cb hl{oe jï{fè* `{fedcl l urbpb `neoe* dl ml{dejfpol* cb ‚de{f} cb `b{e‟$ Lr pbme* e fdhl{oeéàl oefp foql{sedsb hlf

fcbdsfhfèce eqbdep dl pbirdcl qe{åi{ehl cl sb~sl$

3$0$0 [bjbepbp ~ oesæ{fep

3$0$0$5 E{irobdslp rsfjf}eclp qbje eppbppl{fe

Ld}b clp 5; {bjbepbp hl{eo eq{bpbdseclp plk e obpoe hl{oeseéàl= jbs{e Senloe* hldsb 5;* b

bds{bjfdnep cb 5*2 ò* `lo xe{feéàl* eqbdep* bo sb~sl mrpsfhfècl lr ejfdnecl á bpurb{ce$ Ep



20

fdhl{oeéòbp hl{eo xejl{f}ecep `ldhl{ob l sboe urb ekl{cexeo$ Dlp {bjbepbp plk{b [lcfd*

ql{ b~boqjl* e eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe h{fplr* es{exæp clp kfilcbp* urb e b~qlpféàl s{e}fe ro

e`b{xl cb hlsli{ehfep meoefp xfpsl dl K{epfj b dl ordcl* eqbdep b~qlpsl* nå qlr`l oefp cb

clfp edlp* dl Orpbr [lcfd de H{edée* b urb pb{fe ire{cecl ql{ `fd`l edlp bo roe `ëoe{e

bp`r{e$ Fppl hb} `lo urb pb xejl{f}eppb e fdhl{oeéàl cb urb e xfpfse á b~qlpféàl cl e{sfpse b{e

foq{bp`fdcïxbj* må urb sàl `bcl nexb{fe lrs{e lql{srdfcecb `lol e ce olps{e {bejf}ece de

@epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e$

Bpsb `{fsæ{fl cb dlsf`fekfjfcecb* kepbecl de b~`jrpfxfcecb ce olps{e* hlf ‚`b{sbf{l‟ uredsl áp

qrkjfèéòbp$ @bo ql{ `bdsl cep oesæ{fep edejfpecep plk{b Erirpsb [lcfd .8 dlsï`fep b 2

dlsï`fep/urbdsbp b oefp ; cb {bxfpsep7 slsejf}edcl 50 oesæ{fep& lr urb `fsexeo* ejæo clbp`rjsl{* l kfbjl{{rppl Oe{` @neiejj .3 dlsï`fep/urbdsbp b 2 dlsï`fep b oefp 3 cb {bxfpsep7 dl

slsej cb 5; oesæ{fep ml{dejïpsfèp&* rsfjf}e{eo sej e{irobdsl de qrkjfèéàl cb pbrp sb~slp* sedsl

cb {bxfpsep uredsl cb ml{defp$ Lr pbme* e eppbppl{fe lksbxb l {bprjsecl bpqb{ecl bo ;2

dlsï`fep* dlsï`fep/urbdsbp b oesæ{fep cb {bxfpsep plk{b [lcfd$ Dl qjedbmeobdsl bps{esæif`l cb

`lordfèéàl* roe cep Gbv Obppeibp .obdpeibdp/`nexb& b{e e urbpsàl ce b~`jrpfxfcecb b ce

lql{srdfcecb ce olps{e hlsli{åhfè$

Nlrxb lrs{lp e{irobdslp foql{sedsbp `ldsfclp dlp sb~slp bdxfeclp qbje [bcb @lordfèéàl á

foq{bdpe b edejfpeclp dbpse qbpurfpe b urb eqe{b`feo dl qjedbmeobdsl bps{esæif`l `lol

hl{oep cb fdpb{éàl ce @epe Hfes de oïcfe* cr{edsb slcl l qb{ïlcl cb cfxrjieéàl cep

b~qlpféòbp$ Cbds{b bppbp e{irobdslp* cbpseèo/pb clfp= ‚Edl ce H{edée dl K{epfj‟ b

‚ Fsfdb{ëd`fe cep olps{ep `lo fdï`fl bo Kbjl Nl{f}ldsb* pbirfdcl qe{e Pàl Qerjl* Erirpsb

[lcfd* b [fl cb Medbf{l* Oe{` @neiejj bo xb{pàl {bcr}fce‟$

Dlp xbï`rjlp ofdbf{lp* xb{fhf`lr/pb urb e ýjsfoe fdhl{oeéàl .‚ Fsfdb{ëd`fe cep olps{ep `lo

fdï`fl bo Kbjl Nl{f}ldsb* pbirfdcl qe{e Pàl Qerjl* Erirpsb [lcfd* b [fl cb Medbf{l* Oe{`

@neiejj bo xb{pàl {bcr}fce‟& hlf eq{lxbfsece bo urepb slcep ep oesæ{fep* må urb ep

b~qlpféòbp* pbdcl {bejf}ecep q{fobf{eobdsb bo Kbjl Nl{f}ldsb* fdpb{bo e èqfsej ofdbf{e dl

bf~l `rjsr{ej cep e{sbp qjåpsfèp cl K{epfj* `lol b~qjfècl qbje eppbppl{e cb foq{bdpe9$




23

Lp q{fd`fqefp xbï`rjlp ml{dejïpsf`lp foq{bpplp cb Ofdep Ib{efp ‐ Bpsecl cb Ofdep7 Nlmb bo

cfe b L Sboql* ejæo cep {bxfpsep Bd`lds{l b Ordcl Hfes * urb qb{sbd`b el i{rql Hfes ‐

xejl{f}e{eo e fdhl{oeéàl cb urb e olps{e bpse{fe* fdf`fejobdsb* bo Ofdep b* cbqlfp* dlp

lrs{lp qðjlp `rjsr{efp* `lo kepb dl `{fsæ{fl cb dlsf`fekfjfcecb cb q{l~fofcecb ibli{åhfè*

`lol b~qjfè Oer{l Yljh .;115&$ Fppl dàl urb{ cf}b{ urb lp lrs{lp xbï`rjlp de`fldefp dàl

sbdneo `fsecl sej urbpsàl* `lol `loq{lxe e oesæ{fe L edl cb @neiejj* qrkjfèce bo L

Ijlkl* dl cfe 3 cb eilpsl cb ;116 .cese cb fdï`fl ce b~qlpféàl cb Oe{` @neiejj&$ L xbï`rjl

fdhl{oe urb e olps{e fdf`flr/pb bo Ofdep Ib{efp* oep* bo pbirfce* {bppejse urb e b~qlpféàl

pbirf{å qe{e l [fl cb Medbf{l bo xb{pàl {bcr}fce= ‚W$$$_ E qe{sf{ cb nlmb* lp k{epfjbf{lp sío e

lql{srdfcecb cb `ldnb`í/je We lk{e cb @neiejj_ droe qb{pqb`sfxe fdsbi{ej= e olps{e urb pb

fdf`fe de èqfsej ofdbf{e b sb{å xb{pàl {bcr}fce dl [fl qb{`l{{b slcep ep hepbp cb q{lcréàl cle{sfpse‟ .L IJLKL* ;116* q$15&$

Sej fdhl{oeéàl* `ldsrcl* dàl xejl{f}lr l hesl cb Ofdep Ib{efp {b`bkb{* bo q{fobf{e oàl* e

i{edcb olps{e cb ro e{sfpse urb hf`lr oefp cb 21 edlp pbo pburb{ roe eq{bpbdseéàl dl

K{epfj$ @lol l ml{dej L Ijlkl æ è{flè* dàl nexb{fe {e}òbp qe{e pb h{fpe{ urb Ofdep Ib{efp

{b`bkb{fe* edsbp cl [fl cb Medbf{l* e olps{e urb efdce `nbie{fe bo xb{pàl {bcr}fce* lr pbme*

`lo obdlp lk{ep cl urb e b~qlpféàl cb Kbjl Nl{f}ldsb$ L xbï`rjl dàl cbf~lr cb ekl{ce{ efdhl{oeéàl* oep seokæo lqslr ql{ dàl xejl{f}e{ ejil ibli{ehfèobdsb cfpsedsb cb pbr

qýkjf`l jbfsl{$

3$0$0$; Hldsbp cb fdhl{oeéàl

Dlp {bjbepbp bdxfeclp á foq{bdpe qbje [bcb @lordfèéàl cb [bprjsecl* b~qjfèdcl plk{b ep

b~qlpféòbp cb @neiejj b [lcfd* nexfe cfhb{bdsbp hldsbp$ Cbds{b ep hldsbp bp`ljnfcep qbjeeppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe* qe{e e`{bp`bdse{ el sb~sl ep hejep cb qbpplep foql{sedsbp uredsl á

q{lcréàl cep olps{ep* bpsexeo= l q{bpfcbdsb ce @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e* Mlpæ Bcre{cl cb Jfoe

Qb{bf{e7 l cf{bsl{ ce Kepb9 Q{lmbslp @rjsr{efp* E{dejcl Pqfdcbj7 e `r{ecl{e ce b~qlpféàl cb

[lcfd* NæjîdbQfdbs7 e e{sb/bcrècl{e [e`nbj Xfede7 e seokæo cf{bsl{e ce Kepb9* Oe{fe

Briídfe Pesr{df b l `r{ecl{ ce olps{e cb @neiejj* Håkfl Oeiejnàbp$

Cbpse hl{oe* urepb slclp lp xbï`rjlp eq{lxbfse{eo/pb cep hldsbp hl{db`fcep qbje eppbppl{fe b

q{lcr}f{eo pbrp sb~slp kepbedcl/pb dep h{epbp lhb{b`fcep qbjlp {bjbepbp lr oesb{fefp cb



22

cfxrjieéàl ‐ `lol lp èsåjlilp cep olps{ep* dlp urefp lp `r{ecl{bp hejeo clp e{sfpsep* b,lr

cep bds{bxfpsep* {bejf}ecep cr{edsb l qb{ïlcl cb {bejf}eéàl cep b~qlpféòbp$

Eqbdep ejirdp xbï`rjlp* `lol Bpsecl cb Ofdep* krpè{eo hldsbp b~s{e/{bjbepb* e b~boqjl cl

urb pb xfr de oesæ{fe Pfdej cb bpqb{edée* cb 3 cb eilpsl cb ;116* bo urb l xbï`rjl `ldxb{plr

`lo ro clp {bpqldpåxbfp qbje olps{e* oep dàl `fsecl qbje eppbppl{fe dl oesb{fej cb

cfxrjieéàl edejfpecl= [fè{cl [fkbdklfo$

3$0$0$0 Cfxb{iíd`fe cb fdhl{oeéòbp

Hlf lkpb{xece roe cfxb{iíd`fe cb fdhl{oeéàl uredsl á uredsfcecb cb lk{ep b~qlpsep depb~qlpféòbp cb @neiejj b [lcfd* cbds{b ep oesæ{fep edejfpecep$ Lp {bjbepbp plk{b Oe{` @neiejj

eq{bpbdsexeo urb de olps{e cb @neiejj pb{feo b~qlpsep oefp cb 011 lk{ep lr* pb

ploåppbolp e uredsfcecb cb èce roe cep lk{ep* {bprjse{fe bo 01;$ Bds{bsedsl* e oesæ{fe

Oe{` @neiejj b pbrp hjb{sbp* cl Bpsecl cb Pàl Qerjl* cesecl bo 3 cb eilpsl cb ;116*

fdhl{oexe urb ;21 lk{ep pb{feo eq{bpbdsecep bo Ofdep$

@lo [lcfd bpse cfxb{iíd`fe seokæo l`l{{br$ Bduredsl lp {bjbepbp plk{b Erirpsb [lcfdfdcfèxeo 563 hlsli{ehfep b ;; bp`rjsr{ep* l Bpsecl cb Pàl Qerjl* cb ;8 cb Lrsrk{l cb ;116

.L bd`lds{l cb Erirpsb [lcfd `lo e hlsli{ehfe& b l Hfo cb pboede xejl{ * cb 56 cb mrdnl cl

obpol edl .Lp bpqbjnlp cb [lcfd&* cfxrjiexeo e fdhl{oeéàl cb urb 560 hlsli{ehfep bpsexeo

bo b~qlpféàl$

3$0$0$3 [bjbepbp qrkjfèclp de ïdsbi{e

Lkpb{xeolp urb* cb slcep ep ;6 oesæ{fep edejfpecep* eqbdep crep hl{eo fcbdsfhfècep `lol

`ðqfep* urepb urb de ïdsbi{e* clp {bjbepbp cep olps{ep7 roe plk{b Erirpsb [lcfd b lrs{e

plk{b Oe{` @neiejj$ Eokep ep oesæ{fep hl{eo qrkjfècep qbjl ml{dej jlèj Hljne cb Dlxe

Jfoe .L pldnl b e xfce cb Oe{` @neiejj* cb ;> cb eilpsl cb ;1167 b [lcfd= cl esbjfí el

Orpbr* cb 55 cb pbsbok{l cb ;116&$ L {bjbepb bpqb`fej cb èce roe cep b~qlpféòbp hlf

`loqe{ecl á oesæ{fe b `ldpsesecl urb* de qrkjfèéàl cl ml{dej* oïdfoep ejsb{eéòbp dl fdï`fl

cl sb~sl hl{eo hbfsep* ejæo cb qburbdlp `l{sbp* dep crep oesæ{fep$ El urb qe{b`br*

bds{bsïsrjlp urb eqe{b`feo dlp {bjbepbp bpqb`fefp hl{eo cbp`ldpfcb{eclp `lo l lkmbsfxl cb

{bcr}f{ e oesæ{fe$



28

Dbpsep oesæ{fep* e qejex{e ‚Kbjl Nl{f}ldsb‟* el s{ese{ ce jlèjf}eéàl ce @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e*

ql{ b~boqjl* hlf prkpsfsrïce ql{ ‚Dlxe Jfoe‟7 `fcecb/pbcb {bej ce @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e$

Edejfpeolp urb sej hesl l`l{{b bo hrdéàl cb e @epe Hfes bpse{ pbcfece de cfxfpe bds{b Dlxe

Jfoe b Kbjl Nl{f}ldsb b cb e èqfsej ofdbf{e pb{ oefp `ldnb`fce$ Cbppe hl{oe* e eppbppl{fe

q{bhb{fr oedsb{ e fdhl{oeéàl cb urb e @epe Hfes pfsre/pb bo Kbjl Nl{f}ldsb* l urb dàl cbf~e

cb pb{ xb{cecb* qlfp Dlxe Jfoe bpså de [bifàl Obs{lqljfsede cb Kbjl Nl{f}ldsb$ Dbpsb

pbdsfcl* mrpsfhfè/pb e eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe fdpfpsf{ urb e @epe Hfes pfsre/pb de èqfsej$

Må l ml{dej Hljne cb Dlxe Jfoe q{bhb{fr oedsb{ urb e @epe Hfes pfsrexe/pb bo Dlxe Jfoe

mrpseobdsb qe{e eq{l~foe{ pbr qýkjf`l ce fdhl{oeéàl urb lhb{b`fe* xfdcl cb bd`lds{l*

dlxeobdsb* `lo l urb Yljh .;115& bp`je{b`b plk{b lp `{fsæ{flp cb dlsf`fekfjfcecb$ Cbds{bbppbp `{fsæ{flp* bpså e urbpsàl ce jlèjf}eéàl cl qýkjf`l/ejxl$ Ql{ fppl* el ersl{ ehf{oe urb l

{bqð{sb{ cbxb qbdpe{ de fdhl{oeéàl urb pb{å qrkjfèce* qe{sfdcl cl `{fsæ{fl cb q{l~fofcecb

ibli{åhfè$

Ep lrs{ep ;9 oesæ{fep cb ml{defp b ep 50 cb {bxfpsep dàl `lqfe{eo ep fdhl{oeéòbp clp {bjbepbp

de ïdsbi{e$ Slcep ep oesæ{fep `ldsfdneo roe lr lrs{e fdhl{oeéàl cl {bjbepb* eppfo `lol

h{epb cb hldsbp lhf`fefp eq{bpbdsecep qbje eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe$ Bds{bsedsl* el urb qe{b`br*lp {bqð{sb{bp clp xbï`rjlp ml{dejïpsf`lp krpè{eo fdhl{oeéòbp `loqjbobdse{bp qe{e e

q{lcréàl cep oesæ{fep$ Ep fdhl{oeéòbp lksfcep dl {bjbepb ce eppbppl{fe bpsàl bpqejnecep el

jldil cep oesæ{fep ml{dejïpsfèp b dàl bpsàl qrkjfècep de obpoe l{cbo `{ldljðifè cl

{bjbepb$

Sej hesl hlf seokæo xb{fhfècl de ieoe cb fjrps{eéòbp eq{bpbdsecep dlp xbï`rjlp$ Slcep ep

oesæ{fep edejfpecep* obpol urb qburbdep* `ldsío fjrps{eéàl cl sboe urb ekl{ceo* el s{ese{cep lk{ep clp e{sfpsep b eq{bpbdse{ foeibdp cb pbrp urec{lp b bp`rjsr{ep lr el ekl{ce{ `bdep

cb xfpfsedsbp de b~qlpféàl$ Orfsep cep foeibdp hl{eo `{bcfsecep `lol ‚cfxrjieéàl‟$

Ql{sedsl* `ldpsese/pb urb e eppbppl{fe bdxflr cfhb{bdsbp hlslp qe{e lp cfxb{plp xbï`rjlp$

3$0$0$2 Seoednl cep oesæ{fep

Bo {bjeéàl el seoednl cep oesæ{fep* xb{fhf`lr/pb urb e oefl{fe cep dlsï`fep b dlsï`fep/

urbdsbp qrkjfècep lksbxb oefp cl urb crep `ljrdep .je{ir{e& b* el obdlp* 01 jfdnep

.b~sbdpàl&$ @lol lp ml{defp* pbmeo sekjðfcbp .L Sboql& lr psedce{sp .Hljne cb Pàl Qerjl&*



29

sío* bo oæcfe* cb `fd`l e pbfp `ljrdep* b cb 98 e 51> jfdnep .foeifdedcl urb èce `bdsïobs{l

cb b~sbdpàl burfxejb e crep jfdnep&* cb e`l{cl `lo Jrf} @lpse Qb{bf{e Mrdfl{ .;116&* bpsb

cecl cboldps{e urb l bcfsl{ xejl{f}lr ep fdhl{oeéòbp* e qldsl cb lhb{b`b{ urepb ro ure{sl

ce qåifde áp oesæ{fep plk{b ep b~qlpféòbp$

Bo `b{slp èplp* `lol de oesæ{fe E {bjeéàl cb [lcfd `lo e hlsli{ehfe* cl L Bpsecl cb Pàl

Qerjl* cesece cb 53 cb eilpsl cb ;116* l dýob{l cb `ljrdep ql{ jfdnep rjs{eqeppe e oæcfe*

l`rqedcl urepb e obsecb cb roe qåifde cl ml{dej= 8 `ljrdep ^ 21 jfdnep$ Ejæo cfppl* e

qrkjfèéàl `ldse `lo s{íp foeibdp cb lk{ep cl e{sfpse b ro kfilcb fdhl{oesfxl= Olps{e bo

Ofdep `ljlè jecl e jecl bp`rjsr{ep cl h{ed`íp b {bifps{lp hlsli{åhf`lp urb bjb bd`lobdcexe

qe{e cfxrjie{ pre lk{e .L BPSECL CB PÀL QERJL* ;116* q$15&$

3$0$0$8 Xejl{f}eéàl cep oesæ{fep

Lrs{l cecl foql{sedsb cf} {bpqbfsl el hesl cb urb urepb slcep ep oesæ{fep edejfpecep hl{eo

qrkjfècep bo qåifdep ïoqe{bp* l urb fdhjrbd`fe* dlxeobdsb* e xejl{f}eéàl cl epprdsl

s{esecl$ Dl èpl ce qrkjfèéàl Lrf* dðp sbolp Erirpsb [lcfd* cl Nlmb bo Cfe cb 50 cb

eilpsl* e oesæ{fe l`rqlr e qåifde dýob{l s{íp cl ècb{dl cb `rjsr{e* sbxb s{íp foeibdp b s{íp`ljrdep ql{* eq{l~foeceobdsb* >1 jfdnep$

Dl èpl cep {bxfpsep* e xejl{f}eéàl cbr/pb bo uredsfcecb cb qåifdep$ Cep 50 edejfpecep* pbsb

lksfxb{eo oefp cl urb crep qåifdep cb cfxrjieéàl$ Bo `b{slp èplp* rjs{eqepplr/pb sej

dýob{l* xb{fhfèdcl/pb esæ lfsl qåifdep cfpqldfkfjf}ecep qe{e e cfxrjieéàl cl epprdsl* `lol

de [bxfpse K{exl% cb > cb pbsbok{l cb ;116* de oesæ{fe [bxljr`fldå{flp cl Ljne{ * urb

{bs{eslr Oe{` @neiejj b Oesfppb$ Dl bdsedsl* cbppb slsej cb qåifdep* bo oæcfe* pbfpb~`jrpfxeobdsb cl e{sfpse kfbjl{{rppl$

3$0$0$9 Ekl{ceibo cep oesæ{fep cb {bxfpsep

Lp 50 sb~slp cep {bxfpsep* eppfo `lol ;9 oesæ{fep clp ml{defp* eq{lhrdceo e ekl{ceibo clp

epprdslp* xfpsl urb cbsejneo fdhl{oeéòbp dàl cfpqlpsep dlp {bjbepbp$ Fppl qlcb pb{ lkpb{xecl

de oesæ{fe Obdsb ekb{se* ce [bxfpse Æqlè cb 0 cb eilpsl* bo urb l {bqð{sb{ bp`{bxbr urb l

@neiejj eclslr slclp lp olxfobdslp .cb xedire{ce& qe{e cbpè{så/jlp bo pbirfce b eppfo b

bxfse{ `loq{lofpplp bpsæsf`lp .IF[LD* ;116* q$5;0&$ Dl {bjbepb bpqb`fej cb @neiejj hlf



2>

fdhl{oecl urb ‚eqbpe{ cl fdsbdpl `ldxïxfl `lo ep sbdcíd`fep cb xedire{ce* e e{sb cb @neiejj

ecurf{fr `ldsl{dlp qbpplefp cbpcb e mrxbdsrcb$ Cbpcb `bcl* pre b~q{bppàl pbirfr èofdnlp

pfdirje{bp‟$ Oep l {bjbepb dàl {bxbjlr urb l qfdsl{ dàl urb{fe pb `loq{lobsb{ `lo ejiro

clp bpsfjlp qbjlp urefp nexfe qeppecl$

3$0$3 Plk{b l qjedbmeobdsl bps{esæif`l

@lol qe{sb cl qjedbmeobdsl bps{esæif`l* cb e`l{cl `lo Qljjfedb Bjf}få{fl* hlf {bejf}ecl l

`ldsesl `lo cfxb{plp xbï`rjlp ml{dejïpsf`lp* hlèdcl/pb* fdf`fejobdsb* dep bcfsl{fep cb

‚`rjsr{e‟$ Dro pbirdcl olobdsl* s{ekejnlr/pb qe{e lksb{ oïcfe bpqldsëdbe bo lrs{ep

bcfsl{fep urb qlcb{feo pb fdsb{bppe{ qbjl epprdsl* `lol ‚b`ldlofe‟ b ‚ib{efp‟* ql{ b~boqjl$

Ql{ fppl* hlf {bejf}ecl* eqðp l bdxfl clp q{bpp/{bjbepbp* ro hljjly rq `lo lp xbï`rjlp

`ldseseclp ‐ lr pbme* e eppbppl{e hb} `ldsesl `lo lp ml{defp b {bqð{sb{bp qe{e `ldhf{oe{ l

{b`bkfobdsl ce pribpsàl cb qerse b pb {bxbje á cfpqlpféàl* èpl nlrxbppb fdsb{bppb de

q{lcréàl cb oesæ{fep plk{b ep b~qlpféòbp$

Cbds{b lp oesb{fefp rpeclp qbje eppbppl{fe* q{bpbdsbp dl qjedbmeobdsl* bpsexe l q{bpp/gfs *

bds{birb elp ml{dejfpsep b xbï`rjlp `ldxfceclp qe{e ro èhæ ce oednà* {bejf}ecl qe{e lp ml{dejfpsep ofdbf{lp `lo l lkmbsfxl cb eq{bpbdse{ e q{li{eoeéàl ;116 ce @epe Hfes$ Dl

‚[bjesð{fl cb Oïcfe‟* e eppbppl{e ce fdpsfsrféàl* Qljjfedb Bjf}få{fl* bp`je{b`br l `ldsbýcl

cbpse hb{{eobdse .urb dàl hlf edejfpecl dbpse qbpurfpe&* urb `ldsæo hljcb{p b hjvb{p `lo

cbsejnbp ce @epe Hfes b ro {bjbepb plk{b e q{li{eoeéàl ceurbjb edl* bo urb må pb

edrd`fexeo ep crep b~qlpféòbp$ Srcl fppl hlf hbfsl edsbp cep `lobol{eéòbp cl cfe ;5 cb

ek{fj* uredcl nlrxb roe hbpse qe{e l cfe cb ‚Sf{ecbdsbp‟* lèpfàl bo ur b lp edýd`flp cl

‚Edl ce H{edée dl K{epfj‟ ‐ fd`jrpfxb plk{b ep olps{ep ‐ * hl{eo lhf`fejobdsb lhb{b`fclp ápl`fbcecb ofdbf{e$

Ejæo cfppl* pbirdcl Qljjfedb Bjf}få{fl* clfp e{sfilp plk{b e b~qlpféàl cb Oe{` @neiejj hl{eo

bdxfeclp ‐ b cbxfceobdsb qrkjfèclp ‐ e ro xbï`rjl ml{dejïpsf`l$ Bds{bsedsl* lp e{sfilp

seokæo hl{eo `ldsekfjf}eclp `lol oesb{fej boqï{f`l* oep dàl edejfpeclp dbpsb s{ekejnl*

eppfo `lol l ‚kejedél hfdej‟ b ep dlsep bdxfecep b qrkjfècep qbjlp xbï`rjlp$ Slcl bp sb

oesb{fej pb{xfr eqbdep qe{e e `loq{bbdpàl cl s{ekejnl cbpbdxljxfcl qbje eppbppl{fe ce @epe

Hfes cb @rjsr{e$



26

E eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe seokæo rplr bps{esæifep cb eq{l~foeéàl cep eppbppl{fep ce

Pb`{bse{fe cb @lordfèéàl cl Bpsecl cb Ofdep Ib{efp* cl q{ðq{fl pb`{bså{fl Qerjl K{eds b cl

bdsàl ilxb{decl{ Eæ`fl Dbxbp$ Qe{e qlsbd`fejf}e{ efdce oefp l s{ekejnl* krp`lr/pb

eq{l~foeéàl `lo e eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe {bpqldpåxbj qbjl ‚Edl ce H{edée dl K{epfj‟* e

Bds{bjfdnep$ Nlrxb* pbirdcl Qljjfedb Bjf}få{fl* l `ldsesl cf{bsl `lo bcfsl{bp cb `rjsr{e clp

q{fd`fqefp xbï`rjlp* urb må q{fd`fqfexeo e cfxrjieéàl cep esfxfcecbp cl ‚Edl ce H{edée‟$ L

epprdsl seokæo hlf fdpb{fcl dep {bcbp pl`fefp l{grs* he`bkllg b syfssb{ $

Lrs{e hb{{eobdse ce eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe hlf l bdxfl cb qersep cfhb{bdsbp e èce xbï`rjl ce

foq{bdpe k{epfjbf{e$ Eppbppl{fe seokæo {bejf}lr s{bfdeobdsl `lo e burfqb {bpqldpåxbj qbjep

b~qlpféòbp cb @neiejj b [lcfd ‐ cb olcl e rdfhfè{ ep fdhl{oeéòbp lhb{b`fcep á foq{bdpe ‐ *ejæo cb {bejf}e{ e`loqedneobdsl cep bds{bxfpsep$ Ce burfqb he}feo qe{sb qbpplep ce

q{lcréàl* bcrècl{bp* pbir{edéep* hrd`fldå{flp ce jfoqb}e b slcl l qýkjf`l fdsb{dl ce @epe

Hfes$

Qe{e {bprof{ ep eéòbp b l {bprjsecl cl s{ekejnl ce eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe ce @epe Hfes* ro

‚[bjesð{fl cb Oïcfe‟ plk{b èce roe cep b~qlpféòbp hlf q{lcr}fcl qbje eppbppl{e Qljjfedb

Bjf}få{fl$ Dbpsb sb~sl bpsàl `ldsfclp= l {bjesl cep eéòbp* roe edåjfpb cep oesæ{fep q{lcr}fcepb l jbxedseobdsl clp qldslp qlpfsfxlp b dbiesfxlp cl s{ekejnl* lkpb{xecl qbje [bcb

@lordfèéàl cb [bprjsecl$ Cbpse hl{oe* e eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe `roq{b l bpsekbjb`fcl

qbjlp ersl{bp Ml{ib Cre{sb .;11;& b Yfjpld ce @lpse Krbdl .;11;&* urb ejæo cb e{urfxe{*

`ldsekfjf}e{ b l{iedf}e{ ep qrkjfèéòbp clp xbï`rjlp ml{dejïpsf`lp ce @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e* e

[bcb @lordfèéàl sfdne ql{ lk{fieéàl edejfpe{ ep qrkjfèéòbp uredsl el è{åsb{ cep

oesæ{fep* xb{fhfèdcl pb b{eo qlpfsfxep lr dbiesfxep* qe{e cbpse hl{oe he}b{ roe ercfsl{fe ce

foeibo ce @epe Hfes$ Fppl hlf hbfsl dl ‚[bjesð{fl cb Oïcfe‟ cb èce roe cep b~qlpféòbp $

Bo {bprol* 511" cep oesæ{fep qrkjfècep* pbmeo dlp ml{defp lr {bxfpsep* ekl{ce{eo l sboe

cep b~qlpféòbp cb Oe{` @neiejj b Erirpsb [lcfd b e @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e qlpfsfxeobdsb$ Dàl

nlrxb* fd`jrpfxb* urbpsfldeobdslp uredsl el hesl cb pb s{ese{ cb ro edl cb fdsbdpe `{fpb

b`ldóofè* b cb e Hfes Ersloðxbfp sb{ cbpqbcfcl hrd`fldå{flp* pfsreéàl q{bxfeobdsb

{bppejsece qbje eppbppl{fe dl qjedbmeobdsl cb `lordfèéàl clp bxbdslp$ L ýdf`l xbï`rjl urb

ekl{clr bppe urbpsàl* plk{b e `{fpb b`ldóofè hfded`bf{e ordcfej* cr{edsb l qb{ïlcl cb

b~qlpféàl cep olps{ep* oep pbo s{ese{ cep cbofppòbp {bejf}ecep qbjl I{rql Hfes Ersloðxbfp

deurbjb edl b qó{* ql{ fppl* bo ~burb e Hfes b e @epe Hfes* hlf l ml{dej L Sboql* cb 3 cb



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eilpsl cb ;116* de oesæ{fe E `ljobfe `{fesfxe cb Oe{` @neiejj* dl kl~ Olps{e sbo lk{ep bo

`fd`l qeïpbp$ E dlsï`fe cf}fe= ‚Eqbpe{ ce `{fpb b`ldóof`e dl ob{`ecl ordcfej bds{b l hfo cb

;11> b fdï`fl cb ;116* e Hfes oedsbxb lp fdxbpsfobdslp `rjsr{efp W$$$_‟ .L SBOQL* ;116*

q$15&$ Eqbpe{ cfppl* e fdhl{oeéàl dàl ib{lr {bqb{`rppàl dbiesfxe á olps{e$



85

2 @LD@JRPÀL

Pekb/pb urb* qe{e e `ldps{réàl cb roe kle foeibo qb{edsb pbrp qýkjf`lp/ejxl* ep boq{bpep*

ð{iàlp qýkjf`lp* cbds{b lrs{lp* q{b`fpeo sb{ prep eéòbp* s{ekejnlp lr kbdhbfsl{fep cbxfceobdsb

cfxrjieclp* pbo urb* qe{e lksb{ e b~qlpféàl ofcfåsfè* sbdneo urb obdsf{ b lofsf{ pfsreéòbp$

Qe{e sedsl* l er~ïjfl cb he`fjfsecl{bp cl q{l`bppl cb `{feéàl b prpsbdseéàl ce foeibo sl{de/pb*

`ldpburbdsbobdsb* db`bppå{fl$ L e`bppl áp {bceéòbp æ {bps{fsl* qlfp cbqbdcb ce `{bcfkfjfcecb

urb l {bqð{sb{ `ldhb{b el eppbppl{$ Cbppe hl{oe* l eppbppl{ cb foq{bdpe cbxb pb{ ro

`ldnb`bcl{ cl s{ekejnl cbpbdxljxfcl qbje oïcfe* bo {bjeéàl elp xejl{bp/dlsï`fe* q{l`bpplp cb

`ldps{réàl ce dlsï`fe* bds{b lrs{lp* sedsl uredsl cbxb bdsbdcb{ l ob{ècl bo urb e boq{bpe

qe{e urej s{ekejne esre$

L s{ekejnl q{fd`fqej cb ro eppbppl{ cb foq{bdpe æ qjedbme{ eéòbp b b~b`rså/jep* de obcfce cl

qlppïxbj* `l{{bseobdsb$ L q{lhfppfldej q{b`fpe edejfpe{ l s{ekejnl urb cfxrjie{å `lol ro

slcl* edsbp cl fdï`fl cl qjedbmeobdsl bps{esæif`l cb `lordfèéàl$ L eppbppl{ cbxb `ldnb`b{

slcl l nfpsð{f`l cb pbr `jfbdsb b e å{be bo urb l eppbppl{ecl esre* qe{e eppfo `loq{bbdcb{ l

urb qlsbd`fejobdsb sl{de{/pb/å dlsï`fe b pb{å xejl{f}ecl ql{ {bqð{sb{bp b bcfsl{bp$ He} qe{sb

cep esfxfcecbp cbpsb q{lhfppfldej `ldps{rf{ sb~slp b lhb{b`b{ fdhl{oeéòbp `je{ep b lkmbsfxepplk{b l eppbppl{ecl* ejæo* æ `je{l* cb `rfce{ ce foeibo ce fdpsfsrféàl$

Lp s{ekejnlp cb cfxrjieéàl s{eseclp `lol èpbp cb pr`bppl lksfxb{eo {bprjseclp pesfphesð{flp

e qe{sf{ cl olobdsl bo urb hl{eo qjedbmeclp$ Fpsl hlf l urb l`l{{br `lo lp èpbp bpsrceclp

dbpsb s{ekejnl* bo urb lp {bjbepbp b ep oesæ{fep foq{bppep qrkjfècep* urb s{eseo cep

b~qlpféòbp cb Oe{` @neiejj b Erirpsb [lcfd* {bejf}ecep bo ;116* de @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e*

hl{eo `loqe{eclp$ Ep olps{ep hl{eo orfsl cfxrjiecep bo Ofdep Ib{efp b dep q{fd`fqefpèqfsefp k{epfjbf{ep* he}bdcl `lo urb e bdsfcecb lksfxbppb 801 fdpb{éòbp de foq{bdpe .xbï`rjlp

foq{bpplp* SX* {åcfl b fdsb{dbs&$ Slcep ep {bql{seibdp* dlsep b oesæ{fep edejfpecep* {bhb{bdsbp

el qb{ïlcl cb 59 cb ek{fj cb ;116 e ;> cb cb}bok{l cb ;116* hl{eo q{lcr}fcep cb oedbf{e e

bdi{edcb`b{ ep b~qlpféòbp {bejf}ecep qbje @epe Hfes$

Pð de oïcfe foq{bppe* cb e`l{cl `lo l `jfqqfdi eq{bpbdsecl qbje eppbppl{fe {bpqldpåxbj qbje

cfxrjieéàl cep b~qlpféòbp* e [bcb @lordfèéàl cb [bprjsecl* e fdpsfsrféàl `ldpbirfr 556

qrkjfèéòbp* cbds{b dlsep* `ljrdep b oesæ{fep ml{dejïpsfèp$ Bo eqbdep cb} obpbp cb s{ekejnl*

urb `lobélr bo oe{él b bd`b{{lr/pb bo cb}bok{l cb ;116* e bdsfcecb* ql{ obfl cl s{ekejnl



8;

ce [bcb* `ldurfpslr 551" e oefp cb cfxrjieéàl* pb `loqe{ecl `lo l e`rorjecl clp s{íp

q{fobf{lp edlp cb esreéàl ce @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e* l urb cboldps{e bhbsfxfcecb dàl pð dbpsb

ýjsfol s{ekejnl* `lol seokæo bo slce e eppbppl{fe ce bdsfcecb$

Dbpsb bpsrcl* xb{fhf`lr/pb urb nå db`bppfcecb cb pb q{lcr}f{ ro {bjbepb `loqjbsl* `lo

fdhl{oeéòbp `l{{bsep* lkbcb`bdcl elp `{fsæ{flp ml{dejïpsf`lp* qersedcl fdcfxfcrejobdsb èce

xbï`rjl b {bqð{sb{ b,lr `ljrdfpse cb e`l{cl `lo e è{e`sb{ïpsfè ce q{ðq{fe qrkjfèéàl b cl

q{lhfppfldej$ Æ bppbd`fej* qe{e l klo edceobdsl cl s{ekejnl b e e`bfseéàl cl sb~sl dep

{bceéòbp ml{dejïpsfèp* ro oesb{fej urb dàl q{lolxe e boq{bpe* dl pbdsfcl cb urb l sb~sl

bp`{fsl qbjl eppbppl{ dàl cbxb sb{ è{åsb{ qrkjf`fså{fl$ L urb pb lkpb{xlr de edåjfpb cbpsbp

èpbp cb @neiejj b [lcfd* uredsl el q{lcrsl .{bjbepb& ce eppbppl{fe* hlf e èqe`fcecb cbekl{ce{ epprdslp sàl ofdr`flplp* cb hl{oe `je{e b q{b`fpe* l urb he`fjfslr l bdsbdcfobdsl cl

{bqð{sb{ b* qlppfxbjobdsb* ib{lr fdsb{bppb cb qrkjfèéàl$

L eppbppl{ cb foq{bdpe* db`bppe{feobdsb* cbxb pekb{ plk{b l urb bp`{bxb b cfxrjie* ejæo cb

`ldnb`b{ dàl pð e boq{bpe qe{e e urej s{ekejne* oep seokæo l ob{ècl cb esreéàl ce

fdpsfsrféàl$ Ql{ fppl* l s{ekejnl ce eppbppl{fe `lobée `lo e krpè cb fdhl{oeéòbp plk{b l

eppbppl{ecl b q{lppbirb `lo l qjedbmeobdsl bps{esæif`l cb `lordfèéàl b e b~b`réàl cbeéòbp `ldsrdcbdsbp$ Dbpsb bpsrcl* `loq{bbdcbr/pb urb e eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe ce @epe Hfes

cb @rjsr{e q{l`r{lr* e slcl olobdsl* qbdpe{ dep bxbdsrejfcecbp b obdpeibdp/`nexb urb

qrcbppbo eirée{ e `r{flpfcecb clp ml{dejfpsep cb {bceéàl$ E b~boqjl cfppl* qlcb/pb `fse{ e

bps{esæifè eéàl cb bdxfe{ ro {bjbepb plk{b e q{li{eoeéàl ce @epe Hfes bo cese q{ð~foe á

`lobol{eéàl cl cfe ;5 cb ek{fj* {bejf}ece bo Lr{l Q{bsl* uredcl pb{fe edrd`fecl l ‚Edl ce

H{edée dl K{epfj‟$

L {bsl{dl cb sej eéàl hlf qlpfsfxl b fobcfesl* eq{l~foedcl e eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe clp

{bqð{sb{bp* cbpcb l q{fd`ïqfl cl s{ekejnl$ Cbppe hl{oe* ro klo {bje`fldeobdsl `lo e

foq{bdpe pr{ifr bds{b e [bcb @lordfèéàl b lp xbï`rjlp cb foq{bdpe$ Ql{ fppl* seokæo

`ld`jrf/pb urb ro klo sb~sl he} cfhb{bdée de qrkjfèéàl cb oesæ{fep* oep bpsb cbxb xf{ mrdsl

e ro bhfè} qjedbmeobdsl cb eéòbp* `lds{ljb cb fdhl{oeéòbp plk{b l eppbppl{ecl*

cfpqldfkfjfcecb ce eppbppl{fe* `{fesfxfcecb cb qersep* cbds{b lrs{lp q{b`bfslp$ Ql{sedsl* l

s{ekejnl ce eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe ce @epe Hfes cb @rjsr{e hlf bhf`fbdsb de b~b`réàl cb prep

esfxfcecbp `lol ro slcl* es{efdcl* cbppe hl{oe* e esbdéàl clp {bqð{sb{bp b q{lolxbdcl e

xejl{f}eéàl cb prep oesæ{fep qbjlp bcfsl{bp$



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[BHB[ÍD@FEP

E H[EDÉE DL K[EPFJ$ Pfsb ce Bokef~ece ce H{edée dl K{epfj urb s{e} fdhl{oeéòbp cl

q{lmbsl ‚Edl ce H{edée dl K{epfj‟ b lrs{ep dlsï`fep plk{b l qeïp$ Cfpqldïxbj bo=:nssq=,,yyy$eokeh{ed`b/k{$l{i,h{ed`b\k{bpfj,pqfq$qnq<{rk{furb;4$ E`bppl bo > cb Lrsrk{lcb ;116$

KRBDL* Yfjpld ce @lpse$ @lordfèéàl Boq{bpe{fej= sbl{fe b qbpurfpe$ Pàl Qerjl= Oedljb*;11;$

CRE[SB* Ml{ib .L{i$&$ Eppbppl{fe cb foq{bdpe b {bje`fldeobdsl `lo e oïcfe= sbl{fe b

sæ`dfè$ Pàl Qerjl= Esjep* ;11;$

B[KLJESL* Oå{fl J$ Sæ`dfèp cb `lcfhfèéàl bo ml{dejfpol= {bceéàl* èqseéàl b bcféàl dl ml{dej cfå{fl$ 2$ bc$ Pàl Qerjl= Åsfè* 56>3$

H[EDÉE* Xb{e H{edée Xbfie$ Ml{dejfpol b xfce pl`fej ‐ e nfpsð{fe eobde cb ro ml{dejofdbf{l$ Kbjl Nl{f}ldsb= RHOI* 566>$

NLNJHBJCS* Edsldfl$ Nfqðsbpbp `ldsboql{ëdbep cb qbpurfpe bo `lordfèéàl$ Fd=NLNJHBJCS* Edsldfl7 OE[SFDL* Jrf} @$7 H[EDÉE* Xb{e Xbfie .L{i&$ Sbl{fep ce@lordfèéàl / @ld`bfslp* bp`ljep b sbdcíd`fep$ Qbs{ðqljfp* [M= Xl}bp* ;115$

GRD@]FG* Of`nebj$ @ld`bfslp cb ml{dejfpol= Dl{sb b prj ‐ Oedrej cb `lordfèéàl$ KbjlNl{f}ldsb= @loE{sb* ;115$ ;ªbc$

JEIB* Dfjpld$ Bps{rsr{e ce Dlsï`fe$ Pàl Qerjl= Åsfè* 5666$

JFOE* Ib{pld Ol{bf{e$ [bjbepboedfe$ Pàl Qerjl= Proorp* 56>2$

OEHBF* Oe{fpsbje$ Eppbppl{fe cb Foq{bdpe= `lol pb {bje`flde{ `lo e oïcfe$ Pàl Qerjl=@ldsb~sl* ;113$

OBCFDE* @{bofjce$ Dlsï`fe ‐ ro q{lcrsl á xbdce$ Pàl Qerjl= Proorp* 56>>$



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QB[BF[E M[$* Jrf} @lpse$ Irfe qe{e bcféàl Ml{dejïpsfè$ Pàl Qerjl= Xl}bp* ;116$ ;ª bc$

[LC[FIRBP* Ec{fedl Cre{sb$ L e`ldsb`fobdsl$ Fd= S[EURFDE* Dbjpld .l{i$&$ Ml{dejfpol= urbpsòbp sæ`dfèp b +bpsð{fep+$ Jfpkle= Xbie* 5666* q$ ;9/00$

[LC[FIRBP* Ec{fedl Cre{sb$ Cbjfofseéàl* desr{b}e b hrdéòbp cl cfp`r{pl ofcfåsf`l$ Fd= L ml{dej= Ce hl{oe el pbdsfcl$ K{epïjfe= Rdfxb{pfcecb cb K{epïjfe* ;11;$ ;ªbc$ q$ ;59/;00$

PEDSEBJJE* Jr`fe$ E sbl{fe ib{ej clp pfidlp$ Pàl Qerjl= Qfldbf{e Snlopld Jbe{dfdi*5662$

PLRPE* Ml{ib Qbc{l$ Ep dlsï`fep b pbrp bhbfslp$ @lfok{e* Ql{sriej= Ofdb{xe@lfok{e* ;111$@ljb`éàl @lordfèéàl$

S[EURFDE* Dbjpld$ Ep dlsï`fep$ Fd= S[EURFDE* Dbjpld .l{i$&$ Ml{dejfpol= urbpsòbpsæ`dfèp b +bpsð{fep+$ Jfpkle= Xbie* 5666* q$589/598$

[BIL* H{ed`fp`l Iercíd`fl Sl{uresl cl$ Ml{dejfpol Boq{bpe{fej= sbl{fe b q{åsfè$ 3ª bc$Pàl Qerjl= Proorp* 56>9$

YLJH* Oer{l$ Sbl{fep ce `lordfèéàl$ 8ª bc$ Jfpkle= Q{bpbdée* ;115$

O RELEASE E A CULTURA Comparação entre releases e matérias impressas que tratam das exposições...

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