Poluição dos Oceanos: Avaliação, Controle e Prevenção PNV ...

Portfólio de Projetos

PNV - 2351

30 de agosto de 2018

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PNV 3511

Poluição dos Oceanos: Avaliação, Controle e Prevenção

AULA 4

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Portfólio de Projetos 2

CUSTO ASSOCIADO À POLUIÇÃO

Algumas questões apresentadas

anteriormente remetem a

aspectos econômicos ou

políticos e talvez não tenham qq

cunho científico.

Embora existam custos

envolvidos, estes aumentam

rapidamente a medida que se

quer erradiccar uma fonte

poluente



Exemplo: Remoção de

particulados emitidos por uma

termo elétrica:

90% de remoção adiciona 10 %

no custo de capital

95% de remoção adiciona de 20 a

30%

99 % de remoção dobra o custo

de capital da unidade



Exemplo: Usina de Açucar com

2700 ton/dia de esmague,

poderia despejar material

orgânico num rio, que exige

uma carga de Oxigênio para sua

degradação bacteriana. (BOD)Um sistema de tratamento antes do

despejo custaria:

30% de remoção – USD 1,0 por kg de BOD

65% de remoção – USD 15 por kg de BOD

90% de remoção – USD 40 por kg de BOD



Assim, reduzir poluição pode ser

extremamente caro. Pergunta-

se, portanto:

Quanto limpo o empreendimento

quer ser?

Quanto custa ser o limpo

planejado?

Quantos benefícios se tem com

esse nível de “ser limpo”’?


DERRAMAMENTO DE ÓLEO E LIMPEZA

5 milhões de toneladas de petróleo são introduzidas anualmente nos

oceanos



Introdução de Óleo nos Oceanos: Fontes

•Operação dos navios petroleiros

•Acidentes com navios petroleiros

•Operação de outros tipos de navios

•Acidentes com outros tipos de navios

•Docagem

•Produção Offshore

•Refinarias na Costa

•Carregamento e Descarregamento em Terminais

•Descarga Industriais e urbanas

•Chuvas

•Fendas

•Bio-sintese



Atraem um público grande;É visível;

Reduz imediatamente o uso de praias;

As imagens chocam!

O acidentes podem ter de sérias

proporções:

1967 – Torrey Cannion – 40.000 t na costa

inglesa

1977- campo offshore no Mar do Norte

explode – 25.000

1978 - Amoco Cadiz - costa Inglesa

1979 - Ixtoc I Campeche bay Costa

Mexicana explode. 8 meses – 350.000 t



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v

=pcgWNtY-f54

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v

=1AG9RLSfZVk

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AG9RLSfZVk

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AG9RLSfZVk



Rig: Ekofisk Bravo Platform

Date: 22 April 1977

Location: Ekofisk Field, Norwegian Continental Shelf

Operator: Phillips PetroleumCompany

IntroductionThe Ekofisk field was discovered in 1969, with production coming on-

stream in 1971, and the field has since been extensively developed. The

Ekofisk Bravo platform is situated to the north of the Ekofisk field and is

one of two wellhead production facilities at Ekofisk. On 22 April 1977, it

was the location of a blowout and North Sea's biggest oil spill.



Platform BlowoutThe Ekofisk B blowout occurred during a workover on the B-14 production well,

when about 10,000 feet of production tubing was being pulled. The production

christmas tree valve stack had been removed prior to the job and the BOP had not

yet been installed. The well then kicked and an incorrectly installed downhole

safety valve failed. This resulted in the well blowing out with an uncontrolled

release of oil and gas. The personnel were evacuated without injury via lifeboats

and were picked up by a supply vessel.

The initial flow was estimated at 28,000 bpd with a calculated total release of

202,380 bbls. Up to 30 to 40% of the oil was thought to have evaporated after its

initial release and the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate reported a total spill

estimate between 80,000 bbls and 126,000 bbls.

The well was capped after seven days on 30 April 1977. Rough seas and higher

than average air temperatures aided the break up of much of the oil. Later

investigations reported no significant enviromental damage and no shoreline

pollution. There was also no significant damage reported to the platform.

The official inquiry into the blowout determined that human errors were the major

factor which led to the mechanical failure of the safety valve. These errors

included faults in the installation documentation and equipment identification and

misjudgements, improper planning and improper well control. The blowout was

significant because it was the first major North Sea oil spill. Also significant was

that the ignition of the oil and gas was avoided and that there were no fatalities

during the evacuation.



Amoco Cadiz



Amoco Cadiz versus outros acidentes



Amoco Cadiz

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LcXzivdHaYk



IXTOC I OIL SPILL — JUNE 3, 1979 — BAY OF CAMPECHE

Spill Data

The spill began on June 3, 1979 and was finally contained on March 23, 1980The spill was the largest offshore oil spill in history as 138 million gallons flowed into theGulf of Mexico.1

Oil spilled at a rate of 10,000 to 30,000 barrels per day (420,000 to 1,260,000 gallons perday).2

By mid-June a large oil slick covered more than 3,000 square kilometers.3

A blowout at a exploratory well in 50 meters of water caused the 290-day long spill.4

The platform caught fire and sank into the wellhead area, thwarting early attempts tocontrol the blowout.5



IXTOC I OIL SPILL — JUNE 3, 1979 — BAY OF CAMPECHE

Cleanup EffortsPlanes dropped the chemical dispersant Corexit 9527 on the oil, treating 1,100 squaremiles of the slick.6

Dispersants were not used in U.S. waters because of their inability to treat weatheredoil.7

PEMEX, Mexico’s government-owned oil company responsible for the spill, first pumpedmud into the well to reduce the flow before pumping steel, iron and lead balls to furtherslow the flow.8

Two relief wells were also drilled.9

Tropical storm activity, including Hurricane Henri hampered cleanup operations.10

Ecological ImpactsOver 800,000 barrels of oil sank to the bottom of the Gulf.11

Over 200,000 barrels of oil washed ashore on Mexican beaches.12

71,500 barrels of oil (3,003,000 gallons) impacted 162 miles of U.S. beaches.13

Over 10,000 cubic yards of oiled material were removed from U.S. beaches.14

1,421 birds, including herons, egrets and terns, were found with oiled feathers or feet.15

Approximately 10,000 endangered Kemp Ridley turtles were removed from nesting sitesin Mexico to avoid possible contamination by oil.16

Crab populations, particularly the ghost crab, suffered severe population losses inMexico.17


PESQUISA EM AULA

EXXON VALDEZ

Navio PRESTIGE

PLATAFORMA BP no Golfo do México

PLATAFORMA P-36

Objetivos:

- Causas

- Zona antigida, população, economia prejudicada, meio ambiente e etc

- Quantidade derramada, Quantidade recuperada, quantidade dispersada

- Custos (da operação e de indenização)

- Recursos e Tecnoclogia Utilizados (destacar os navios)

- Pessoal utilizado

- Tempo de operação

- Tempo de Restauração

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