a. poucr ot a. ualW sat. towrdl ,_. Mia baa

b .. rdaet. "' au tetultJMttoa c. att~.ad4 ..a ...-• •• eoonoadc, pollthal 8&\4 at•ttsto a~• Ia the ftiiS.. ,.,.,_ bt eA, St bat etrlv• to napOact to •• eball-.•

pHel to ltD tateNata bf' Ita pdaolpat adYfteal7t .. ..,...

lJaiODt U4 hu 4lNCtie4 lta .rfilrta ~ .,31 I laa ...

coamter~zar aa taeNue Ill so.s.t blfl._. Ja t1ut "'IS.. Aaerla•e 11011a1 pOatuftl MCIIIltaW 1tJ ooati!DatatSoa with 1be

"Mrflet ualoA1 et.rattlCMtl1 aettl'lducl lta at\ltalAe .... pollot.

Ia napect et the ootmtl"l• ot the west AaSu NBS.. anealw oJl lateNeta Ia lab ooaat!"les, • ._,,,, 1e4 the UlllW na• te -*• otto* to ntaiA .a at~e~tbea ..._ ,....._ vsa each OODI1tr1.•1 aa tor 1Dataaoe1 Sldl4l uabl&. ftU et .. ,.. nl

SabveftSOil bf .-dlcal. aa4 *I!IUBia' GJIOQplf OD .. ,... et .. rul.ID3 elltea of eerta!A lab COUDtrltc~ tM •plta1Uelllr ..

uatted statee Sn etJUowlaa l'- ftla\lou vt.• ·~· Ia ftliiU4

to .... llliDa AJ&b .. ,.s. bt to'f' -· ...... - .......

at.plaJal raluctaaoe • 10 aloag vl\b !ta app~, •• uu• staua aourJl• • ..-- tu 1.,.. ... •a ••• lrftet

latltHDM 'b:f ••rat ot ~ &wloea • -••• M4 w.1 ... ..,., .,_,la.-1 ad coltual • .,.,,,.. llw•t •* , ..... p!OCJIF• aa4 the 11•• At tt.e, l' .....,.. ~· .,.,.. • ..,...., • alct •• cu ...... lo.

--'laU.. ot pllldae& d4 te.c. ti:Ht .._ -., Sa ·~ tD

4ete a reoaloltaDt eountr:~ pcraSstlDJ Sn a eoarae tmt tbe

untted :tatea regarded aa unrrJsAtr.

8

the ai.De1e •at slgnltleeat factor eompl!catSag AaorlcaD

pcl!ey to-.ras ~;eat Aela baa been co.utSrnlbag Amel'loan aup.-rt

w Iarael. ae ciJ'Ctataaceo UDd_. tiblcb Ia~Sel .., lnto

ulateee, the outcome of tbe l948 Aftf.b-Iarael Wt.l't U4 the

fcusta'blg problu:1 of 41splac04 fGl.ootlnJua ha4 1 .. to we\1-

alch Implacable tJ.oatSllty on tho part of tbo Aab •tat• towardS.

Xerael. Jl_.rethlg Ismel u a deps$ble butloa ln a ol"UCial

area, Amel'lcBll polley mk.ere were det01"CCllad to ewntN ••

DU'rfl~ ot lal'Ce\ • i·ubllc oplnlon Sn the Unl'..S stat•• spaar­

h•4e4 M4 JUtel'lllll4e4 by the tDtl\lelltJal ~Jonlat ei-..te, sap~rtad a coa.rae ot aabatenttel eeonoale anet s:oll1tasy

a~Slateace to Iaael to eWSilro ttu aunlwl. age.tn.t poaa1b1e

ARb cb&tlqe.

As IDS b&f'll polate4 oat, US ~lloy In -:~en blat U

e1a••••,.. to a eonald.erablo SYt_.t lntlu.e.a by the

tteawork of Sta retatteu vlth the 30'1141& UAJon. fh• -.let

Unloa too had promptl.J -•de« reoopltloa to Juae\ aft• I'

,.. or•ted ad had lDa..t m1ntaSae4 ._..blr atlefaeto17

re'latlo.ns vltll It 1n tt.e .,-17 ,.,.. dth •• lat .. JtSoa,._

of the col._,_., 3ovl~ re\atlona entee4 .tatD ..,

pta.aaoa •• the ~a~:r&eu atomic a•polr •s brok• bf tale

U33B SA _. uct .._ tbe l.a'ter -.aght tap vJ.th the AlltlrS..

m tee-rd to the u..-.IMidl.u- bol1b Sa liM. lbe Jap11cat!oD8

ot th•• a.veto..-u l..S •• oaitea ·~•t• tio wrt reverl~Jhl3r ~ the ccne't'~Qdtloa ot ":io!'thOftl tl.- to kGep the sov!et

• ualoa awr boa w• ASJa. fho etton eulalveted Sa Aaerlcsll

bllattftl. tdlltan IACtUI wlth aQYeftll. pl.ta14o countrl• -.1 tlla ' ..

..-gePoe ot tho IDcaUel Jachatd Pa-., l'he ~~- reeJUae _.,

Ul\d.-s'tal'ldali.Jt to l•p o~t!' t.he "tie" -.nil to eetabll* J.nltlal]¥

aatlsfacto17 Nlatlolle l:fl --.u or aqpplyluc; dlStaiJ bQtwan

to Ottun't rlee tbat could DDt r.o al.Olll;· vltb tlte UDI.te4 ntat••

·~8Mf.f'J.U;;.1fltl.y, the ~ovt• ualon soUght to vl6dl lt• s.tlu.-oe Ill

th• rclon Mef .counter that or thttl1Alte4 ntnt• '-Y Ylco10t18 •

SQJ>i_:Oft to J.reb clalma acawt Iasal.

file r.lw4J7 of the two ••• .POt~<ft aad tbe tbftWt or their ra~p~tlve t>Ollctes con~.a 1n tbel.Jt a--. SatC'altl

eoatr11Nte4 to Jnatablltt, end ooetrllltr J.u tbo ~cloD. De

Aab at~ .... bed ~tot\ both b.-.o or ·Sat..._, 41ttereae•

u<l J-lwlrlGG and bocavae of tho tno~ tbat soae ot ••

•aou.,.tlve" stat• llu !latta.l Asrabla u4 .ToJidaD P'ftl.nfl4

• abtab. close r.tatlone vlth tho 1:1•t1 J&ft~ the

t'J)ltet ritat•• \'he .-.. led bJ SIJP' u4 SJda •••zr • tacreaalnr,lr dapendaat on tbe :10vlet Unloa ta ,., ... et

•llltary auppll• ua tade l'fll.atlou. C011tlmae4 aappDrt to• rtlt'le\ wa a debJlltatiN taetor atteotlag the tla:lblll'r of

&aer~ea•a caue tu tbe NISOD. IC WIMild appeaa- 'bt the

........... poltey .. at.k ............ Of •• YS• tbat ...

dhat1'181ltaRee were tolaal'&a u ~ aa theht trt...._l ttelatlo.­

vle the :.ovse& UhSOII rt~~~lall ... tlsfa<!tol."f _. w 1.oar. ..

ttltr eo\114 cotll't oa ,.. .- Mat• to re.ta oa "'* as.s.. 1t1e ••oolora oi tb•• 4eveto,._ta _, · M ,., bJtlefll

"'"'!be! fll' bl.ckc!Otllld ,upoaea. ,.,.r to. ~· s eool\4 Wile!

~:ar the us lnvo1v.-er4 Sn t1oat As.Sa \88 ftlther ldns.:L. Uthour;h

n~ on COtlil'fllGS ha4 obtained eone(l:lslons mtdl oar1ler In tbe

:r«:!o.o, a coherGilt p!)l!ey towards Heat AaJa had •t bee evolvetl

until after tb• '1000114 uor14 \tlar. FOr a 1o1Je tJae the ua ,..

eonal,1ere4 a c)here of nrttbb all4 Pr.-:fl btlo.ece. \Jltb the

gad.tl\1. decltno of the l::uropeBD lllf'lutaee, then:,.. a potential

dtUL7GJt of outalie lntertee~J.Ce in the ~lou M4 the 'bfat4tll ot

satt"Uaal"dl'Pc tlle western intel'tllta feU on the 'Ollltecl f"!tat••

~~ther ht~M:Mt devalo~t follovJGc tue VU' .a tho eruption

ot the ~ld. _.r. Aa the wu vca COJDI.na to a eloa., aut.:&.

eupSoSon de'Vetopetl ~the 'Wl\r-t.Jae ~rtn0f8 •,pecSalir

the Uillttd Jtateo ana. tbo novl.t Vllloa. the two doabaaat

pO•t.-r poven atarted sniDe ••• apber• ot Satltaeoe Ja

'ftlrlous J'Ciona ot the volta,. the aermable tow spoils •Soh

•t&Jlted Jn !*::UOpe cratlUally spread to •,reat ,.. •••

lt:£'1edatel.y attar tho 1)ecoud !~r14 _,., • ••J• of

G"tento 1n rmd uotm4 tlle t,:eat !elan rclon t.-Mal'llls the So'flet

ttaloa 1~ to a .. -..- oo»froutatloa between tt.e 1'J8 184 •• u~

the ce-untat rebe11lcA Sn t1reeoe, the dtspttte ""'•• t~

..a tbt ~o•Jn Ualon over the tVk.lah 'Jtalts aa4 •• •tablse­

md ot pro-eo~ansat reiD• Sa lsulu bortt• pNY .... or

Aa~bu vere a11 v1a~e4 b1 the UAJ.'ed ~~'• u a ll'lll4

d•IP on the part ot tUe·SOVId UaSoa to ..... ,. Ule ol1 1

fldl rc lon of the world. QPI

1

• ID the Jnt•Jal. stases tllc t"ldted '1tateo mdl Ita mvea u

the of4f•st~1o4 dofen4er ot the rt.t:lon t10m the ectJOaabaellt of

"laterna:tloal OOBlU.Ulfla" ODd •soviet .,._IonS..-., Xt a1ao

leld stress oa post3Sble ~!C to tho countrloe or the ~!on

ttom ltltel'llD1 •aawenlvd' el-.ts ac'lus und.W the oontrol of

"IDtelll&tlozal coouunl~Jlff • 'the U»J.ted ::;tatos elataod to be a

cbomplon or llbel't:; ea acalnat tho fos.-oes ot fttel'nll aQb~aga.

t Sou ropreaontel 'bJ tbe '"'lOVlet ODS on. Espotmttl.ag what aabaeqtaeatl1 dQ:Ile to be i.clewn aa the 2!ru~~~A noctr.ltle, vr•ldelt

:aar17 !Niall doclared on 12 t*t'Ch 1917t

011e or the pr~ ob3eotlvoo of the torelp poll~J of the tlDlttJ! 'ltates 1s the or•tlon of cond1tlona t.n 1blch ve and othR atloM wiU bo able to wotk ot.tt a ~ ot life fll'• ,_ co.-cJon. ••• The Uld.teel nat tons S1 c!eebe4 to ake jOsslble la!ft'- fl'eelosa aa4 bdep_...,. ror all Its m~ben. we aball DOt rf.Wll.See Ofllt abJoct!vea, bouevor, unless we are wJl.liDa tct help ·free peoploo to -.tntaSn tlleu tn. lutltutlou:. end .•tSDDal lnt~rt'i.,:•• auJ!f.Sslve D)Vetleuts tbat eeak to e OD tb-. t;otal.Jcartan ress.ea. !hta Sa 110 •n thAD a ftanlt rocoanltlo1'1 tbat tota.lltarlaa J:b~'* Smpoaot\ on free peoples br dlreot ••

cot easrea~loll andolms.De tho touttatJoM ot ID.\..atlollal Ptfac• ud heDCe the HOalft:r ot the Ullltec! !:ltat.ee, a ID tplte ot lt. ll18olosteo1 overton•, •• , ... •

noetrtne ,.. ossant!aUJ a· dorlee to aatac.ar4 the _., ..

eeonmdo oac't etmtecle JDtv••• Sa •• resSon. 1'he ., ......

wa •unclatod at a tble •• Bl'ltala vu .aot bl a poel'Soa to

fu1.t11 lta aecu.rlty ob1jptSeu lA U:Le rc ton. It ,.. u

... I FP F • I-

G

atte12pt on tho part or tbo untw :Jtatea to till the -.cu&a

oatUte4 'OJ' tbc 4eollne ot tho DdUih IDtltta.\08 1D ttl• area.

seoon41J the ttoct-rlu ,.. propoaa4e4 u a part or the OYeall

atra~r ot the pollcr ot 0011te.iaaoa* _., then tltd_, lbape SA

the .. to. aapltala.

•• tho. v•tea JOWQe vue -.1)17 OOJ&oaD.t nw the

pOMI'ble ~••• oba11q• to tbelr autbOrttr Sa w.et .Uiat e. Paleatlne qUatlon a4d4tl a ..., 4Sa1Daloa to •••• pN4J.oaaet.

!he bdt.a.centur.T o14 ZloDJat IDYID8Ilt _. h.allfC to• a elias

durSDI tbJa period• b ua 1r.l'f019._, !a tile Ml•tiM pJ014e

beccm tn the fll'lt ra•~r of thla eentu17 •• lt ••....a 1118 Doltow noola.JetloA pi'OdaSDI a Jatloaal hOWl t.•.J .. Ill

PaliJitiA•• sSaae -.a, tileM Mil b.- a •t•tr ....._ Ia ..

Aaorf.ou euppon to •• lovlah ..... M .. ~ ot let~a Ia muope lnereue&, the ~loala' ., •• , •• , aaiMI Ia • .._..

ta o.e 1Jnltel atatea. ...leu 1..,. 11bo .,. •• w taw .... ,

... Ale to mblllte •• pa'bllc opSDion In thell' ,..,... tur allo ....... ,... ... OD tile 1Nal4•t ad •• OOIIIN18. ., ..

: ..... au..a ottlCMt ..... u.t, the zsoas.t ., .. , ..-s.ftl • Ills .., .. , .... - ,. ... , .. aaS4 " be .... ,... ......

to tbe Jwllh Mplat--.

8

••• coat~. oa ._. .,_..

•

' 13)' the s4 Of the aoco~d terla w.r th• m2orlt, of tbe

iUl'Op<an Jews VlO SW'!"flVed tho Zlasl boloeauat mi{!t'tlto4 to

rateatS.o. 9u~;,JOrto4 bJ the worl<l J fllrl'l!)l ~latllmr the

AJ.~e:rlcu.. Jews, ISl•tJno J•• -.4e a ,1eteJ!llDed bS4 to CJ~tabllah

conttol ov• the llolylaact. nat the Ara1:JIJ resute4 it vehemently •

fl'uaa, tho &tf\18g1e tu ¥Bles\!Ae led to QJll'EJit antt 'fSoleDOe Ja

the •~-.

TJD&\ble to e4Diu18tor ~fJStlrlo, Britain took the •••• tao

the Ulllte4 uatt.t,na, ttlere the tli speoJal. coa~l"ee oD Pale8\Sae

(trJ3COl? roco~J~JGUded the panltton et i'GlG~tme. o.a m so.•• 3917 the tm Oene!81 ASaft!blJ apptvfe4 b1 ttM) t411'da •30r1ty the

paJltttton plan. lcoOrdtaa '-" ''' aaleetJae woala be part!\SoAea

lnto two lndopa4ent soveroSp atatee • .rwlah ud the Arab. !he

tJDJ.ted :tto.t.s aluc wlth the 10'9le\ union aup;ortad the J;*rtltloA

reaD1utloa. :he lwa veleoaed the plea liltle Ute Aabe NJeote4

lt. l'horean•, Bsatte.ln ar.motaco4 lta &tolaleD to ~ Ill•

mea~to Utl vl~ tts troope tftll Pa1.tlae. oa M ., Jata, the VfiJff .... day Brltala at~n81l4CWctel Its _._, .. l•a

pzooltdatd •• eDt&blt.ah!W'' ot the ntate ot 18~, •'-'

Jael!tat .. J the Udtt4 5ti&tee aeaorde4 noopltloa to ..

Swbh •• , ..

• '1ocn l:ostl11t!et~ b~ko oat betwo• the Israelis &4 ••

AIBbJ. !Jle Aab ,atatoa detel'fdno<! to de8tll01 th•tadab atloa

aNhe·' tt.elr artn!ea bto Ieraet. a\\t the :rws deten4ed their

state t.-aloual,. 1a tbe wr Arabia vGM d.teatel U4 ta!ael.

ooouple4 ev• tho terr1tcr1es t.llti.t bad bee allotted to the &abe

•~ the us ;anlt1on plu. Ultlatel.J llttb •Sa. aaccep'el tbe 15 o .. etlre resolution M4 u a!ldatlee .._., ,.. ..,..._ IJI a

••tAt ot tbe -. li\U1 rale~tb.Jali 1a1:ta ••• upi'Htet n. t.heb b0aolea41 Dll4 1D tile p!OC:OIO a A_, PI01:4• • Wll•ttu

retue• JnJObl• • ~-' •lch waa to bf100110 a tcuroe of aoute tClflloa In the reS..

AJaedeu eu;,~pen to the ~lonlat ..., .. t ao tt>u'bt \M a

crt.tolal tlaotor tv. the •tablltlba•~ of tho aate ot I••el..

UJoela.'UJ .,_.._ thoa• eNOial tbal. .,..,. fttaa .. •n

...-ble to tbe tJo.nlat presattr• 4M to the Jmp•dJ&w ' 4

eong!'•slonal en4 lat• Pnalt!cltlal 4.octlo••

"- -.rgenc• of I-A creatod oompl.leatlou tor -.tea poltey.teftJ. nStlut$1 tile md.to4 ~ta.tes vnt coacemel

pl't..r!ly Aboat lts atatoc!o e.nd eco.r.~mlc tateeete1 partS.

eutul,- o!l Sa the ·reston. l"'Uowbg the establishment ot the

3 •Ish (!tote, the nnlted. ~tat• bad to· rockon vlth the threat

peae« to \be new +rtate floc tta tte!gh boun.

1d.th the bltenalt!oat!cn ot the cold wr betveeD the

United 1tate and the ·;ovtet unlou, there _. tuthe wonen~&~c

of' the f:.rab-Ia!aell Nlattona. Altbotl£h the soviet Ua!oA batt

tultlally wtea itt favour ot the tm reaolntSon feat the partltJoll

or iGlestlne, aubSequnntly the ru::ldlua .-tended t.t.ud• aup~rt to

tLe Aabs a.s agablst the !smell&. under tua ol~, the

United ~tlltu .W.late4 the co..opQratlcm or ltn t'tiiO a~or v•tem

partners, nr•t lh!ltalu ana r.Doe ud. enQDOiattd ttl• %rlpal'tlte

noelaratlon of 26 J1ltJ' »tJJ!- tbe pnrpoae of Cbe DtKilalatlon,..

to pr....,e·tb• lliSWf 4fiiW Ia the NCion, dete "eccneslon" a~d place the ootmtl'lea of the .-cSoil na vetl o.a the P:ovle\

tinton on notice that the Unital ntat~ aad lta alll• t10ulct

oppose aAJ dlalleuco to their poat:tlon, the fdpa!Ute

ryecl•rat ton terae4 an e!!ltJentlal el•eot ot .._ ...s.a toftlall

po11oy f.u \~·•t. ••••

1n or~ to tt:trth• lbon up tl.telr aer.a• ... tan the

s••ld t'1n!out .. ADglo-..... p1.u .. _.,tea Ia ..., tsns. tor •• dot~ ct •• Kl4Aa -'- Bat -" V116 ..

eo.nattlend kff" to the propoaecl seeurlty s,.atc n3octe4 the 8

propo88l. After ~::1aeohovor beeeuo the i?rea1dent, hle ~:ecnta17

of ':tate Sohn Foater :JUllea, vlsltoCl the l'Jld.dl.e :?M~ to esa ..

tho vlWI ot the l•a.ere ot the a1'Gl on tbe pro;;osett reSoW

oeeurlty erat•. BJ then Jaypt had aud.ercone a erst polJtloct

tmnnfol'l!atlon.. l CIOUQ of arol1 eot:JC.'&DdVS UllW tbel~lp

of Genoml Mobeated llasUlb aDd Colonel Oallel aa.t Hue• ba4

eolssea ~~ a'bollehea mnamhv ead estnbllab.G! a •re'f01Qtlon­

~ covoaunCilt.. 1n catro, !lQl.les mot vltb the DeW 1-.a.s et

;~ypt, lneladtag Chaneal uagulb and colonel neue, ad

dlseuaae4 vlth th«J the us proponal. 'file ~ptta 1.-.. lt wu bol.Seved, tl4 not ehov ll\teb Interest tn tho Allel'lou ., . t.>~po-.1. Later, :1Ullts vlslted otbe countrl• So the rt~Soat

1Delu4SJsg lsaet, .ror$8, :Jrrta, Ltlbuon, r:•utU ,_. .. .at Ll.,..

on uta :rettml to \:mtb.Jagton, 1lUUid nported Qat -'i ot •• eountrJaa ot tho rclo.ti wen euaplc1oua or the oolonlal. ..,._..

lne1Ud1nc tho Un!tect States. lle sal:! tbct !_.. ,_.. •n

fearfUl. ot the ~ionlam tbu COII1UtllE cmd •t.tsl.•tel tbat ••

unltfMl stat• Gb.ould AllaJ the t•ra of the aJU~t. ••

s.:tretD.PJ EP1ntol out tbat the Aabe were ao _. qJOae.t Ia

tu cUipute wtth tarael tbat thtr 1*14 little att-..\loA to ••

•

7

tUNlet tbraa.t to tlle l'CSoa. !lOlfever1 oolle coAelu&Nl tr

•b&: ·that iiorthe~n tl• ooaatrlea • ff.11tttrt Xnn M4 Paldatan •

wH co.ncefllel oYer the f'O'Vtet IIOt&oe and arpr .. a.a Pftt.-o• • tor a eoUectlvt security srttt• tor the ftlloa•

,._, the Elnuhowett !.adnt.etatkua• • eft_.. to bal14 a

rectoml aocusalt!' eyat• ftJ!" the ttld<ile \?&11\ d14 ,., eaco.a

bea•e of •• INk ot entlluate. fi'Oil the couaul• of tile

rclon. nov"•• etfot• coatlautl tot the co•,,...Soa •t u allluoe .,.t. In the tol'th-ea tleaa ncJou, •••••• JM..-t

wu evJ.acea. Btlt ••• tao the ttdte4 !Jtat• taoe4 .-. .UftS.

·oUltl•• A!Ollll4 the.., tJae, thor•-. poll\lel .... ._ lA

%t'l'll4 ll~Nl we a kef{ countr; foP ,the ptoi)Mecl BOrtbGIIl t.S.

dtt•• ., .... !a f&l'lJ .... 11f·~--..........

atSODallat • ...,. the i-tS. Mbl1t;er til a... &ftel' be u.-.4

Oftle .. MoHtllllfMa &at1oa'llad t.tle AacJo-t•nl• OA 81 ..... whleh '

tondted ott a a)tr. pOll\s.l etata. M • N.JUltt S..'• I'AatSone .ttb. tlle wea•OI'A oo•trlee, 11lol\l4SJtl •• tJAhe4

;te.t• at~Ginod vm ba41.J• a...ner, a ..... ODDfloatattoa

., ... .,.,. botvec niM M!D.S.t• MoN .... -.1 •• Pl••u•telll !Mb ot ~ In th• IPiulatc et._rt1e fo1' ,.. .. , ,.... I'll

scoH4 a t...-rr vlctol7 ..,_. the ~. •• tbe Jatt• tl ..

ltu to !U&Jef•• nov"'•• ta "•• 1t11et Ia • c_..1 l'Me11S.

B_. 11..., (CIA) GDIS.I•e4 •u ,tf.le ......... ,..

a

. 9 OVez1il1'0Wll aDd. th. "tlab \11.8 rO!!Jtered to l,'Oiilftl• Vlth the

Snotallatloa or plSab\e :1hab. ln lAlwer, the condltlou b.,._.

aore tavouab1.o to• the United ;ltat• for the tonatloa ot

uol'tbe= tl• ilefe~~ce aydc. Udte4 ata'• retatlona v1th

furte were alr.- -~. t:1tb tho obaar;o of Go'f...,_t JD

t-.n Md the .ttatmst of euJ.-rt fttoll •ulatan, tile ...._..,. '

of J.Ot:'tbelll tier defence CJ8te became e dlatlaot r•lJ\f •

R>UovSac a rt.votUablo tl.li'Jl in the eY.te, tile ualW

5totoo ancoul'llled cut~ aeeur1ty pacta &~G111 ~• atat• ot the

uortuern region. It alto euterect Into aocUJttJ ~ with -

etnt•• thae1 on 2 Apr11 JDM, ft&fk.- and j6Qklltarl elpel a

Yutual ':ecut-S.t, rect. tn tue SOile =oAth, the Unltel :nat• N1d

la.t onte.t IMo a,.gkltlott IAct tcllo\Jett- us-l'akltlta PUt

tor Mtlttlll SeetU-Str. on 8& Febl\aPI lDSI, 1-.a a4 hfttr et·~ned a iifle' of Mtltaa1 COOpOI'atlon at a&agbat.4t pOpQlar~ kilt•

ca ao.r.hs4 iW.Ot. on 4 Aprn 1986, srtta!D lelaet •• -.t.. oa

e3 !lepttlllb• ll'J56 iakl.stan .. •adttel to ............. ~1 .

tollovod b:l tJU oa 11 ootob• J868• !be u.ltet stat• pnmlee4

tdllta'f dd t.o 611 tboae \110 .jcSnod •• n.paact ..... •• fiYe

·-- ot the Met toa.lly met at itaG!lt'»d Ia ... .._ Jill Ul

set Dp a ~ orpn!atlou bleludlag a CoWloU. of M.lnlateJS

aD4 a Jmat•' sacretuat SA Bash&«, with a S80l'etat7 0-..2.

Uld ate.tt. l'tla VAlto4 statea atar.C out of the .Pact In th• hepe

ot JJOt fUrther alt .. tSDc the opp0na1ta ot the Pact, altbot.ll)l . 11

Uashl\'lgianl tteel4o« to ~lclpate u u observe In tht ...-~aca.

t'll~ ettona lnltJated .- the !nrea .&fldnlsba'loa

to 'brbg l.nto edatt»et a Mlddl• .. , Defence OJIMI•ttoa, .­

broUght to a eul•batJoa dtsr11c tbe ~S.OJ'.IbOW.r ,.,.I.D!etatS.

DD4er ttl• vtgo:roua lattlatlve ot secreta!'$' ot stat• nalles. It

was to eo\at• tb.eao tbr•ten&ag •v• c» theltt bl.._. tbat ••

new l«tld .. hlp IIi the SO'Il_. 1JaJoD til~ alldta ~~~~

terJad the aklUul polhJ ot Wl.,...tol\lS.CW oyer •• ... 1'\tlea

,,_. bl ._ .. ot ame dd to le'l.-'el lab ••n.. ...._ .POl.SeJ..-en vere atnd.e4 •• r-.eor ~ ••- a.t vlth 1he so-.let blOc 1u s~ 1916. .,.._._ •• .-.

,._.. tttla anAos-entt s,..-., ot sta•e l*U• 11114 .. , ._

aft appalled to ~cover *' liUIJer b&4 tn•••• IAwlY.a Ia •

edfl18l'le ...,. • p~arabNe •re thaa 1- 8JO wll' lon •* et abplaa .. , tanka utl ••• .O.Sta17 *'~ fllll -.. -.t• Galoa 84 eseabo•lo•fJ"• Wid Ja4 ......... ~CYpt'l ...., ..

et ea\toa In ...,._, ••

Cl8pNU, a. ......

BobOJ't JIRsJIJI »>tlrl- YMd .. (I• ,.....,_ 1na.n1 .. 378, -·-. _.,

f.be 90Yiet-agypt!81181't8 dal Is en btereat.Ju« ato17

by Jtsel.t. %11 •rlv l960o :~pt racea with tbe trequet laae11

alr :elda SAto tts tGJ.Tl~rg app:raaclled \i,,-.eh!llgton to• .... InltJa.lly the Udted states agree4. to alva allltar1 aaaJa~

to cata. art SQbeCJC~ueotl.J tsathlastoA 414 not •*• lllob

!nt••t In the ..... under •• obotUtlllo• :Uaaae annl'Oaebe4 ~. ·~~

the uovs.- Unloa to~ aAS.tor; aasletat\e.. ,,Jl• he JlalcbG4 •

ln1CJal aa~t vlth the novlet Union for..-. SllP!~t .iaaacr

lntoraea ~' aooaevel.tt an old tr.lend ot •• ~lea l•w ua a v~...-a ot the Celt,_l lAtelllcence AgiDOJ' (CIA) opea~Jona

J.n the Blddl• _.,. !bor-.tte ua4• matnctlou flrea '*e

~tate llef*rtaent, ROoaeve\t 30uaevod to catro to cUasta ..

nueer IJOa go tag ebea4 vltb the 1DVlet .a.- ...,. now--. he liS

tdle4 fA ble dNioa ua m the 1Mt veek of s__.. •-.

11on• auno\V.\Cer:t that ho haa .toroa into u _....., ..,.. the

~Jo'll-' bloe trw the ptll"CbUe ot --.. %a , .. _._ •"-Pt to

a\op the aJJa .s.t, the state ~t •• U.Jatea\ s .. .eal7 of m:ate toaa u•r E8Run 8Ad 30tlth Aetu Aft&l•t 1•11• m-.

1G to liYP'· Llke aooaovalt••• Allea'• aSaaiM • ceta a1110 taD.el.

i'he fJO\tlet-BSYpt!nn CU'D8 -.1 &temtlcall.J el.tere4 the

slttatlon Sn ueet Aala. to tbo ttla«rln or the \t81tan powet

tlte '"Jlv!et Unto.n nal.nel e tlm tootho1d 1n the rtelon u4 vS.tb

It tho Rttatdan 4r0Qtl ot estnbllsh!Ag sJtler• of mtl.ucoe Sn Ute

stmttg!,cally k1pt.n:1elat ·vest tala ~t ·caae me. a.s.w euppl.J

e.s en blat~t ot d!plomq •• pactSae« b)' alloat au ta3or

powan ud the '1ovScat U:ll,on •• JJO •cepttan. PO~ nua• thla

•• a moaeutous eveut. rotbapa be vu the tiHt ,..,_ to

succHJSifQllJ 4et:1 the :lt8ttml autho~lty and aabl•• lD&JpGPa.oe.

1'he Udte4 Jtatec tad tNalc etaudla& •lJOmlc al4 ••

cnl:l to !steel but to w.rtous uab coOlltrt• o.s wen, u a

4evlce to mtutalu a aatlstacto17 levot of iAtlucee Sa tbo•• eountrtes. It. Decaro• 1865, the UD1te4 stat• ort-.4 to

tblar.lco the ~natrac•ton of the ..,._ 1*lt Ill apl'- et

:!i!!:ptte.n.~oYlet arms 4eldt the tlnlt.S stat• 414 _. __,. • .,.

write oft 1~pt. fho ald •• bltded to dla .... -• tw. ftrrtb.er _.tac cloa• to the sovtet ualoa. Ia the ••W~I1 ..

e~e Vltltea st.tes recelvtM! reports bt ~-• we holdJal

Dcctlattona abto1tu.eo\111f vlth the sovSeO Unloa tw tta.aotal uab~e to bUild the A.-at ~ rhle led to aasploJ.oa Ja

~t.Dgtoa aad the policy...._. tel\ tba\ a&• EQpUu 1.a.

wu tnlrae to ~11 •• tJal\el ote.t-. t»Qplet! vlt:h tile sgrptlao. arat a.:a. vlth the r•~s..- bl.oot ... .,. • la'Ceat

JUOetWt.'OS iurthw Slltnl'lated the Amerlou pollcy...tt ...

11!Dodlate\y :JQ\181 deoldetl to call oft lle Aawa a.:t with C&Ja.

AllllOWJebti the 4Mlalon to v1tll~ the &INW nus. ott• on

19 3ul..Y 1956, the :~tate !iepartaea~ 4eolan4 tbat "* &fnlos-mt.

1n iQpt llad JJOt betn f*10tUeb1o t.o tho auceeae or tile proJect,

e.ntl the us aowl'JlUnt bad &ac14e<l that it _,144 not bo teaaSble 17

wstte fbe clrcUJ~~tMaai to J&J'tScSxete ta. the pro~ect.. shewea

ha.., the then speolel AeJSlatant • PreJdto' .mle...,_ wote

tt.at tlle Udte4 9tat• with._ the offu ot ala to lt~Jp\ ••

conatdeable pnasue flal •• CODgrlls • ._.. Ja tua . 18 preesurllle4 bJ the ;-.X81Ull gtoupa tn ... oouaur.

i!le ceacella,loa ot •tter \1flt latenW ~ !'Jtto.._,

Dlitl• ae a mve to «tte otheJt !mb :rtat• hell to).J.ovlra&

1-DP'*• --·or aHJdJII to bUild IDOIWD8Snm eooll01do, mllltarr M4 pollt1081 rolattons wlth the ~ovlet urt'»• It wa

repOrted. \bat nolle~ fe\' "-' "'the et!M &rvelop'- ,.11.4 ._.

vat~ ud. that the ttdtel tltat• -. etaS. .. to abov ._., • • '*lt 4l4 llet ltllldt to blM~••A•• . Jlba BDbl..- l!llllt1.t ·

bJo;arll• or l.lall•s opiae« '*-' •a~Dee th4J •- fbwlftl -.. tbaa alaplr ~Ura liN8ef -., to• • -. a polite

U4 .......... 4 Mbaft VOUI.4 f'aJ1 to ..U tbe 11113~ .... l,llt

,POS.t. t• M<l to be fofthrlglrt1 caft7JIIc 1• ._ Mdl'-la

••• II J I I I

11

•181 tor neutala In a .._ tba' the omola of applltd 10

pas-gu$ 110ul4 DOt d:leape.•

novuv.- 001•' deelelou C81le ln tor •ev•• ultlolla JA

a-. qtartom. llertzeD l"1De oomtnentefl that •lt secHta~y DUlles

ha4 ha4 •• a tdaor g!tt or s.rs.tlon eat\ a tu-.!Rhta4

Jlcara tor .-..toea aecurlt:r ud the •ttat tnter•w ot h• prinoll*J. ent .. , Brltat~ ua !'!Uae would .,, lle baq gt•• the loAn fn the ,.. t.o lwJve tcal.nat tlle raoa-•elnN of the

81 cana1.• neel&at ElseDhowor ttS.elf etlbleqa.t1)' VJOt• •1

have never tt)ubt.a the vSaD ot oucelliDc oa otter, IMit J

vu coneome4t bl Ylev ot the ••• of tne tpllovJAc w• ••• tl'la' ve m.lght lave btMtll UDAlploatSc 1n th• 1iJilf the ouct\latlor&

a ... bea4La4."

nuaer tS0\14 sba!'Pl¥ to th• tm vltb....._ ot all.

~:,.rtlale on the ooouloa ot the foarth unl••• et tbe

:?.g)t'ptien revol\1\f.on m o. .... arsa on ae 3alv »Mt •• ..,.._ PruJrltftt allecea that the vltb~ of A~ ~ ott• ,..

•111414 at ptmluldDC ECJPt tor retwlag te n.?a-n tb•llllltluJ

all~~Dc•• ne aocuaed the ~<Met of !mpeJal .. t a.tcu .. '171111 to bttlac back co1ou!all• to the A:ab lua.. Aft•

'bhWI'l:l' 4810uneing the t?llt.,. paven 1n i~eD.eal Gild ••

tJiilte4 ~tates !n ;ert!e~, .._. t.a a draatto taetoa

.__.UDCed the •\tonall•'loA et •• s .. C&~Jed. ne ...-...re~ .... l1 dll

11 ,..., .. l'lt ,. ..

• r$1_.._., • lit »• aa.

tllat he wt4.4 bUild the AS'IMI1 tlllm wtth the rev•lleS -.raea r.. 88 . . the S'*-1 cua1.

!he zatloMllsatlon of the ~•• C&Dal toucbe4 off a

~r lllteaatlonal crlelll ., ..,.. nuaera -'Jon ..... a

;tt•t arprJae "' the tialt .. satea aad oth.- 'h •• ,Gl'll poveN.

Britain aa4 J'Nace con~ .... _... eetScn 111 the lt!OJI8•t

poestbl.e t.-.. fhe tlelte4 stetes c:J.ao tUsappi'O•ed ot *1P'iau'

b,_vs.v. 2bar1Dfter a eoafenDCe ot pr!Ml,.al •• ot the

~-- OHa1 •• eoav•o4 S~& .t.eadoa -.Aera 1ihe •-'tllac Up of a su.s 0..1 U8818 &aaOcSatJoa tot- op.-tlDc i;be OID&l ..

pJOpoee«. ~Uowlaa the ~eo,ton of thle P!OJl0-.1. ._ u-•• . Drltaln •4 PlUOe in collabo-.tlon with laae\ ,. .. ,. .. to

86 alllta,- aoUon1 oetewslblr to galn ooat~Gl ot ill• Sll• 08Ml.

D\\t •• the t..Spartlte al1ltur ecareestoa ageS.t l!UJt· out-

81e4 the feelings ot ell Aat.. aDd e;ipaare4 to Cbnat• ••

1088 ,_.. ••Jou ob.Soetlves au.d Jatw•ta, the ua&hl B'*'• ooai'eata4 &UN8Glon. Ur! ca11e4 fOl' the vlth4nllal. fit &e

• btarr.-tt.on.t.at fos••• Pree.ldeDt :ala--• ......_. ._, ..... oa t.t ao p•o• without *• &ls4 1ben - h • z.. Sf we wen to luvoke OM oo4e ct Sat-tSoall ....a• toJt

' . -.. -.o oppOse • Ml -•• M ear 11'1•••• $*~t~a.tll-1

t

r.r aetalll of the PIDPD~ ud Jtl ...., ....... *•• ... , pp. ... :

~ -..-11

• wbe:1 lsntat retuse4 to vacate the oocupSe« tenltort•• n•ldtllt nS.enbow• Jn a lettw to rav14 Den GurJoA cpresaect hla "4etp

coceaJrJ" •4 add that taratAl policy tdahl ·~lr tbe trlecU.r • ooopeattoa betwoeu oar twD cotmtl:'l••• tteentatr or ~•'• ndU• also .ae4 taael ID the tollovbg .\itOMit

fhla ia a V8P,/ p!I.YG sltatJon tor the bet 11DI'14, ~t on11 fer~ the future ot tho ltJ.ML• r;aR .a that of the entire t10rl~ lt S. oleu tbat the ~:ovl~ are tmp'loltJilg tile ttl tat Son to:t pnrt.e•• that are taught vt• dlsuter. lt the •~~~t ehoald happ•• taa• vf11 be uoac the taat to pC'Sab •. I••••• refuel to wlth4N.w1 o• r-eq ulred by tbe O'Y­'lbd~Jllq •3c.rtv or tJI ...,.,, llllk• It respouJ.ble ln the •• ot I8DJ' tor cdalll-. IN wd.d p~e. ae only ·wv to avot.4 tile \ewll4e ~- Ia thJOugh the t11 u4 •• tli elolle. UAder th•e clrcmJ~~tuo•1 !alae\• • etaa4 vlll aooessarllJ lend to Yert ••So• co.oaeqc&&cet1 aueh u c••'tlOll ot &1.1 gov81"llmeut aDd prl•t• ald1 til aaac\lo~t ad probably apulalon ti'Oll the ualtel M1to. .. veu.. rn zt \J88 then t:llat null• vas Sapell...S to btlltate taat

Aaedoa• • auvpan tol' JIIJ&el• • 8tU'VI-.1 u u ..._.,_, •'Soa co"" a •t be 'take to ll8JI1 approbatlcn of ._... • '-rltodal

eJP!Ullloll at tlle cost ot Ambe. DUUes told the ,.,..,

aabaaeadDr In t.ahlaltoa, llJba ~~ that • ••JMQdl tutlll'• tor

~-• fa best aas..-ar 'b1 reltaDoe upon the UdW la'lo• to,­

• settlement ot the lab-lru.e-.J. 4lap11te ••th• tbM ""

ocenpatlo.u ot Atab terrlton In a.rt.aoe ot the ••--••lac

sa ,auttameut o.f the wrld coocunltJf' • nu11w lA\8 reporttd to •••

to14 a olote aide that bls oppo&Stton to the attaet on su• we the olJly declalon ot h!a cc~oer that he vas completely oerta!a

eo bo 1\180 conoo'•

nom the ver; bcltm!ng tho A&ll1nS.statton woe Ycb-.ontlr

opposed to the use of tOl"ce to solve tl~e problem. !'he polS.O,•

meton took c atuu t:.bat Utll.ooo vltcl Jnteneta of the Unlte4

ntatea ~· thr•tenett they vould rxot lnvo1Yo th-.al. .,., hl .,

'tAU' or Wtt-llke actlvltlGS. !be Unlte4 nt:atea tta{!e lt YePJ cl.•r

to ttlol1' &Ulee that thfl!l vou14 not cont«:lillat• CUO' actJ.oA tllat

ldght trtge• ott a war vS.th tho soviet ualon. !111.11, SA the

lr.d.tlal •"'«• ot tho c~!ola, slsotlbft• Sn a let'• to Brltlah

PrSae l·!laSitor f,nthC1l1 !ldtn blantl.J otatet tbat • ~ pUblic

op!uton flatly ru3octn tho thou,r)lt ci' 111111 toJ-ce, rar'lou'larlr when it tbea IIOt e.- tbat fl'lttrJ postt1ble p-.cetal ... ot

protootlng ou vital IDteeeta baa been e.dla•tet vltllta ao ••utt.• SubaoquenU, at a press confeeoc•• the ...SO.

Pr•ldfllt oategctlcaU,- 4Golal'et't tba' •tbta $UDtl7 vt11 •• ..

to wr even whUe 1 aa occuwlrls tr pr••t poet ••• th•

Coq;roou lt .Ued Sl&to aeaalon u4 CUll'- 441elar• Ad1 •

WGI'f ua the ou11 emeptloa to tbat woalct be In •• c:Me Of

• 30

~liui~i~ Jt,;, u:cr •• m=:e.... ... ,. ........ . lnl~Dt M AIIIU'M•'bt (La-, .... ~

Q\JUl&, .. »,,. .. ns..-vott, • lfl, w.. •·s.

THESIS 327.73056

N1432 US 113. IJ J II Jl JJ I Jill Ill JJ JIIIJI

TH382

~- aa4 ~t4 .,._ 011 tl.t!fl ra\Son, •• • ..,.

4tleooe lte.V wuldadlc:ta•• -.. qtdclc ~W~»>•• 'lhAe 7011 .u . COAIJt .. fl l.nt.o &Otlo.n.11

Attar •• ol'lsla, vte .. IH8tdeat nteha.a ibDA ..U tta•

the polley of tale tJaltat sta\ee dUJtllltt the t:t~S.Ja ehottl4 oon•tae•

the p•pl• ot •Sa aatt U.loa tbat th·e w till •t bell.,. sa apply~ dlft.-..at 4talli8rcll to !alit rm4 ~, .. ._ it• •••ttl U.t tile us Ja4 aet th• t•' of hbto~ud aa a nsal' of ltl

pollcl• nalte4 llatlona bat He ...,.._ SeeJtetal')' ot state

nalles atd lbat tbe us took a tthcaouaULe" ·.a • •• _. • • pOiftloa 1llllich 110144 be tS•tJtltil., b.lltoJ7•

rw• thDQtlh agypt tJH eattfft4 ll_., claftlll the

boatll.ltlee• a.•~ scor.a a \b.U'ltplnc ••-•••do 'dcto17• 1'lut ~~optSOA l•Wte prestige .-.du•A t.\1.1 \IDt b._. , Ia tact, a

ptO-li-er .,. swept aa,... the Hldd\e ..._ ... ..n beaotloSa!7 ot tho ct!ata _. tb• sovtt* u.s-. ... aoYl.-

• '(, L I

preatlge rose to aw height. In tho nston. vltbout fll'tllc

a e!agle shot Moeoov ., Ulo clar •lctor. Olwlously, the us

wu ooneOI'Jled over tbe peutblo roperawssloAe ot the &I'DWIDI

poptt1ar1tr and ln1'1u&ll0e ot uaaaer u4 the ~viet UJdo.n 1r& the

t-fCloA. aereton, the tJntte4 ~tata Wlted to ... l:t cleu tllat lt contimted to rcara the rculon u vital w lta att.o.l

Jme.:xata aad -.. 48\eftl!Ded to tatecar4 JlOt cJ41 IaJMl '*' aU tz-1eu41)r Aab atatea Sn tile ngtoa. fhla ,.. JntU•tecJ ta

a •••• to the cone,.. 1»J" rreata.t sl•GDbOW• o• 1 z..,. 198'1. lhe PHel<ltDtfa proposals weft lnt!O&lMCS .. tale cacreas

11l the fr.iJD Of a l'eoo1utlon, tdlleh eelt!t

file trnttad states regards u vital. to ltl. •tto&al IAtdWt o.n4 1(011.4 peace the pneene.tloa of the b4epen4eoce aa4 lategrltr at the nations ot the I!SMl• _.._ to thle end, It tile .PHeldea' aet..,Dee tho aec..,ltf tbareof, th• UA.ltet stat• ta pr~ to •• alllell tore• to atsla't UJ aGob Dation or CI'OOf ot ftOb. MtloM requeatlag assf.atuoe · agalut amea aaareosloa fi'Ol:l cmJ cotate .. cont:roUc4 by tilt...-.tloMl comaal•• M

!ho JffOpo.sls popularl7 tmown as the Elan .... twetrtae,

av .. ed the llltttScan toteftlflts 1tl wat MJ& Md P!OidleA eooao~~Jo eel Jdlt.tary ••Jatuce tor oo•cl'l• ot the .._..._

stcalfloantly, the :»ct .. s.. •v'-.a. the •il•,.._, or t.he

aiM« tore• ot the trllltett stat• to .--. oad ,.,_. Ule

ttrttlto~lel S.tcrlty on4 polltleal 1Dtlp•41Gce of the -.tloDt

ot the res..

~ .

~lo-~ 4ebacl• 1n \left A.ta batt cr.ta4 a powe ......_

ua that U •• Utdt.S S1atte & uot atep Sn, the ar• 11l1M44 be • • •

tntpoae4 to tbe cosantst eoo!OGCbll•'• After !ru~~~m nomtae, p81bape thla wa 1he aoat aompratu.ulve pa1te, atat•-' ot tasr­

raoh~ t!OMeqt&IJJlOe ~'ropoUiidd by tho tunerS.. po11CJ~~

the ~ctrf.n.e.,. a e1ear warnlrag to the ~v!.a btu ul! lte

trleoa. In th• ncto• tb&t the u.Jte4 $tatsa 110u1a DDt hedta\41

ev• to eo to war lt Jtt tat..,ts 11er• t11~••-' S. the NIS..

a. lUll ~llct1e4 to us lutortct1on ••~.-., Ia ·

J•HIIl GA4 L4tblaOD. flNt the tMlct~l.ue waa put to ,., Ia

IO!'du •ertJ the pro-wtlteJC IUI.el' KID& :tt••eSA -. 1oek.S \1J

Ia a COllfl.Sc' vlth tho popularl.J el.eetel Pdae MIAS.\• st4.S•n

lie'balsS.. slace nebt11.1l vu an ar41nt A1"Db •'loaalS.t a4 •

a&dre ot Preaid.ent Nasser, the ••Feb t....t tbft&t to hll

poal\Son. la tbe pOlltlel\1 c:wlata 111 the klltca. , • .,.. ... the united stat• aa~pocted th• bud of oo-aalata Sa lei' IE r •

OA at Apr11 lSlflt thlte BOGH spok-Dt ~- ....... ~

that Prftla.t ~~SaellboWet -.4 seer__, of state DIAl• rtearded

a•

the ltldepou4cce ad !ntlf:l."l\1 or torflau as •ltd to ~ 86

lntar•tl• oa the- dtf dlla H\Waeln. votcomtag the Maerlcu

atatf~UC~lt accuacd lateaatlorel co.-mlem ot be~Dr: rt~~ponal'bl.e ., tor the tJOubl• la .Toraaa. n• til.• •taa• wa •• tor •• ~ ~erY•tSon bl the k~Dt;.-.. ~ tollovbg _,.

Llneolll l!llte1 the nta.te ne,partJtont epok--.n al.lced. t#:lllt

t.ndegen&floe ead Sateerlt)' ot Jordfa:l vee th:rat...a bJ' Jntelll&.tlota'L co--.s... H• 4eclare4 h' in a.ooordalla• vlth the pt9vblone ot the slaellbOvCJt DOctrine, the f.JJ1J'e4 gtat• • vol4a so te the help ot the JoMIDlan ..,--., aaa, Ch•

tlrilted ~tes Snwkt<l the EltUB1bOWe1' :»ctrS.e tor the fbw'

tble to ooae to the rHCue of em ally s.r~ "*' -r h dHcdt.e4

u ctlrely an tnteJlM\1 pl'Obttll ot a coW\tJf•

Abetlt tbe ._ tlme1 the ~ oo....._t •• h•W bf' a ptO-l~tlaerlte Al'ab aattoll81S.t 1lulai al-Xaaalttl. &a

npwtel t:ha Untte4 '1tat• ••pecte4 the !PIM ,.,_ tiD h

pro-coaraSat ad promlaetl ell poaslblo be\p to !I'd&'• • aelghboQra to oolllat lnt.-tJoal eot'lllQnS.. coac .......

•• peaet.ble thn&t to tte •-rsv t1011 •• vuw stat• U4

Sta r.ltD&I SA the reutoa, er~& otteHI. to JoiD 111J* Ja a unt.oa or the wo couatrt• • De UDlte4 •• ._ 1ltl.&e. as.

, •• Jl* ,,, ••• apl1 ...

• . trol. ., l3 Mlr ....

• ._..,, a. JS, PP. -.za.

tu-reachblc political ck;vd!opmOt..~ led to OoriD\W ropercus~lonl

.tn tue ueJghbottJ-!D£ state ot Le~n. the EBJptltm-syrSen tTn1on

eave bot>at w tho lJ8.b atJoJlal.leta Ia t.bat ooQUtJ?. In l•ftbaDDD

a l,»lSt!cal crJsls -.. alrea"' brewlale. fhe oontl'Dv_., over •• ~.!1soo1lOVf)1t :»cti'Sne had d!atvbetl the <lel.loate polltloal 1&1uoe

!n that tt111 state. l!lo pro•tf•tem Presl1tllt ot Lebano• CUJlle

Cbat:louo ad h!a pellttcal. Ol)ponent. led by pJhluur!te e\~ta

vee alraD.4:1 em collto!on course. l'Ollovbe the Ullltbt!oa ot ~rrla vlth !:~pt, atloa.vltli &Jmonatrat!nno were h.t4 b eQp .. rt

of t.ab anttr1 ud· aa atooaphere ot co.ntro.ntat!on betwec -.

Arab stlo-.tlsts an;' the flllpz:Grt81'!1 ot Proaldct CbeMa . 40 dtwelopod. .

/

I.e LebUca DlJI:lced lute a clYil VR In •1"11 1_. 19881

t:MhSaatea conola4ed that "th• ooaaan.ltsta were prlnclJ*l.Jr

&-•l'IO•lble tor the ttouble, and that Pr•U•t CbaMan ,.. a

aotl1Dte4 only tv o atl'OJ3g teet._ ot »Gtl'Jo,la r. tll.eNatter

~eeft'ta17 of ;,)tate ll\\Uee threateDet\ to lnvc*e the su--. .. noo\rlae wh• he declared on m • tba\ •tta .. Js Ute PIMSeSoD

or tbe Hl44le ., rosolatloll tthldl .,. tlba\ •• ~ or

th•• ooaD.trlea la dtal t.o ~· and the •tSoMl. !at_..t ot

t11e masted ntatos. !hat ll oe~tatnl.)' a -•te 1:o tiD ~­

lf va Uttnk that ou pfllee eD4 'fltal Jater.ta .an ~..a

.. ,.,.., q.rt ... •

ln the ...,time, Lebanon•• l:toretp ltbtat.- Chad•

~<'ellk tflaw,od EBJ#t el'ltt ~• w1th "-..ss.v., SUopl. ua uapro~ter lat.,entJoa Ill the attain of L......_ :TAU., the

LdMmtee co..,~t lo-14 a ~IDt vlth the vatte4 uatiou ot •JntervWltlon of the untte4 Aal) a~•:~l!c· m ._ JD.t...:a.

4.8 Gffd:t."S of .t.obUOA• • As tlOfte tlcAt~ bJDke eat betN... the

eov.-et tonea ud tho • ..._. Sa Belrut ua tl'1po111 ~ldelt

cba•an appealed to the ,..ScaD, .-.saatr ROtten MaoCAiatDok 44 .

tor urs•t allltcd7 uas.taAo._ a. ul:M.._ •~~~Htet to the ;!tate ~t that ·~·• pna\lg• ja t....,... wa 4eep1y

Involved •a tbat the State tloPlf'tllellt lhot44 M prepa,..S elth•

to stsppO!'Il tho ~t Nbte In resJettac uw .. Jon er to cut

S.ts 1oso11 ad l.eam to llye vlUt a er•' aab •tton pr•l&ad 4G

ove bJ nu•••• -..U.te1.r, seoreta17 of state lndlatel •• . a pross ooat_..ee that It tbe UJllted tiatSO. we ,., atl.e te

proteet Letwmou, the t1nlte& Stat. lllsht ae to the r•sa. tf 41 . Leberarm. ••• a 4eotal•• etace baa •••• t4W •• Ul

ta •seer_.,. D1'41•• ~*" ceaterence of _. • L..o­DUrtlr! d ••JRlrdllr vol., a, 8 ,.. .... ,. Nla

4a . '01 CRt l3t SUppl.-.t to• .,..11, ... a4 .r.e 18., P• 31.

46

1aterveut1on SA LebanOn.

OD lA 1141 195St there ,... •revo1ntJon• Ju Iaq. ae PJ!O•\:!eii\81Jl DJrarchls1 regime WI OVertbt'OWJ1 In a td.llt&J.7

~Gil Cll&t 1o4 l'ltJ Genorol Daaeta, trJlltq ·YJ.na Pa•al• erovD Vhe

~ nlab and Prime MtnSater Uud aa-Sd& taaaJiv\IM a

ardent atlollallat •• twowa for his l.ettl&lt 1euluca GD4 PIO­

itaa•.Ste santtmonts. Allerlcmaa conal4ee4 tmq aa a bul•Jk

of atabU.!ty ln the rcS.on. \>!lth tho ovutbrov ot the

\~toil rcme In bact the • ., toundat!ona ot H .. tea ' • alllaace •1•t• In tbe .-cScn vu a'belt•• De ctlh ._._..

ltJ.Mle :.t pollcJ trl.terel. :dsootlover tu his aaela bM

vrltte tbat •thb eollbre tUl'D of ove11ta vtu., vltbOa' 'fl&oJO•

r•go•e on our part, resul' in a contplerte ellllta'lon of

veattm 1af'lufitlee 1n th• Middle :;eat. OYemich' oa. ebjeetbe

cbeage4 f1'01'4 qd&tJDs a ttollble eltta'loA to faolag ap to a

c!'1ala ot te.Sa&'b.\e propontoa.• !bSa polltlel UJb•.t had

•• MdtJstlona, Sn the aelahbouriaa L..,.a .aen .. elttatlon ,.. lUI U:erfoatlag. ••.net .,.... a. ..,.,_.,. .. ea SA taca, the Ltbe••• Pr•ldent ••• ••ed •••-• Brltlah aad French .-3Mtb1'8 to l;;.Sa resl.s.ae •• Mile& ._ tare41ate

t,,_tea k\tel'Vflltlon. B• _,.e4 Clat L~A 1f0111d beoalle a • t•••• sat.U.lte Ulll .. th• ......_..at oaoe. Haaate4 br th,e .,. .... or •-.Sat bfl-.oe -.. o.

JM8tl'lte tak•v• ot w•• Aalat ....a.ao tolley-ta~t .. aww.a _, act, 'Iller teared the' the ~•voldhD Sa ll'tiQ vot44 t.ve Ita

tp!l.lo'fer fltteots oa *• nelsbboiU'iDg ~rtea thtw •awcer!Dc

.... , .. ,. . .

• the .....S.U Ja\eN8\a 1n the ret®. Itslotllatel.r, P~Wlact

~,!!senhowe or&trel us 'I'OOPI to laa<l In LebUDD •to -18\ the

sovera~~•t or r..--.oa lA th.e JJl'G8.,.tlol1. ot LtbUOn'• t....S.

todal Satecrl'T aa4 1114epondence, vhlch ba"fe b~ delll84 'fltal

to Udtea stat• hlt_..ta and wost.d pf8Ce.tt tD hSs aesec• to

the cqrees, tb• iTtBltt.lt sald ttat •w are with •• 00.,.._

uent ot Lebanoll the v181 tbat th•e ••ta 1ll x-. a.aDDIItate

a. rtttlllosuness of DC8reaslve purpose 11doll t~DJ L..,_. ~\ ooabat w!theat fUrther •l4ence of alappOrt tnaa othelt bltulUI • natsa.u.• ~lattltu.tOualy, the Pr•l4ent ,... ROben M__,t

neputJ A~t~latoat 3eor•l7 or !itate end a ,.,...t , • ._ ex»-'• u

now Avibflu•aft).- to Ltt'*DOB• BlaeahOWel' •• repo!"te« to haft told

the ul:a8Mdor-4ealtt•te11Upbf that a teet~ ha4 •ttt•e10pec1 b&

the Ml&D.e awt1 •pecSa11y la ICJPt tbat Aaerlcue .... capaWle

cr only wras that lie vert amid ot !1ovtet r..,,._.. a... fora he Wilted *to tWAt'natrat• 1A a tS.e&.: u4 paetJ-.1 _, • that the unlte4 states _. cal*1A• ot auppOI'tllll hll M....-.

the ~18tlflcat1on tbat the tlalted stat• .,_... ,_ Ita

aD.hUJ' SDterv•tSoll ·~a LCJbaDOJl W8 tbat L .... ll wa ..._._.. t.t .,.,.,.tJo&al coa:nms-. n•••• IJ~i--tt• HDJbJ to.a tllat tile orlalll wa mt a eonapl.racJ of • .._.,......, .-.a-. lle ~~.a atlblleq\lontl.J 1n nle '** tba\ .._ ae....a ._. 11Mb ot the oc.mntct OOACeruecl p-.:&.ltle1 ad rl-.t..S. ot

.. jl I 0

• ...awa stat• ns.,at•• ,,.,. • t.Gbnat .. , . . . .. •••• &u~:•t 1988t

•

• a ~lc •tare vlth ac rotation to SDtetnatloDGl lesu••

Comllltllsm .a plartag 1» 41reot or sabataDtSal zavt. Sa the

t•urr~ton, Glthooeb ~UPbts m ~ttubt bope4 to pfttflt hCa 10

the dl•r4818, u b-equontl,. bappeDCt 'lllan there .14 elvA •r•• some J:aprn:1"aDt mc:,btn!'B of tbo ,.,.te and the Htn•• of !\optteeeo­

tat!ves tnclud!A.tt Geator z.v •. rulbrlght (D., &ft.) ua Speaker

SMt ua,'btlla (D., t•> ,_ atters4e4 a \Jllte no•• brlettD; •••Soa

vere aleo akeptJeal of US -.. ADd wen ~•••« dloalJ't that tbe A

cr!ata we S.plre4 bJ Ut• eoa.:Qllata.

!he .uaerlcan !ll'ter~•tlo.u .voked vld.espraa4 bOatJlStf'

uonc the !mlMI. Couplod vtth the A&art~ poatue ov• lbe

r dll'll ot aoonold.c ud DUltat:r aaaletuee to Xeatl, the th.••t

of pesulble AeerlOCUl bltenetlon wa ... aa a &wlce to keep

the tabS dJ:vld.ttt. M _.Saat the ac'loa of the 'Ualtt& statea,

tbe ~llcy of fne 30'91et Ulllon agptlltted to be .. ot -.1 .. lleal'ted supper\ ror the Aab ••• ad ooacS•netloA of weetea blpor!albta. !he at•4J t:I'Ovth or ~viet SAf'la.oe JA ate

J~C Soil -. vl•e4 wltb coa\lna!Dg coaoea 111 ......._ I'OllOJ•

mk81'8t

Aa a rea\tlt of the _.ontaaz ot erlle pellol• us Snvolv••t ln lllt_..l~ 4JapUt:M eootJHM ChJOQ£h the lDfJDII•

ta Y-.ol ~svn vv •• ualtet '1tntea euttpel'&et •• eouae or a..U uabSa ttleriN the sovlet tlnlon on40flel •• .tM4 ot . 18 BaJP'• 'Dl1!iDg tb•• JEB!S too t!le Valte4 ~Jta'• ooatJDud ·

60 'Dld..t P• 4Mt· 11 :~S... ovor, •• JS, P. ~·

11 ,.. a detdlel aoootat or •• teea crJau, •• Joba n. .aa4~t. Ill !'fD!I! 1RRR* te @e Apr, MllU (ltll 10rkt Jflf!itl) t PP• ---

l~ procr~ of torelgn a1.1 to rataln Sts lcVenee !n the . .

Al'G'b OOWltrSee. \J1.a Basser denounced \ilG-t he cbare.ctel"18e4

ns tho l.~e1cJaal effort to dlcte.te to /,reba bJ raocu.aa of au, tl1o tsnltac! ~3te.tea ntallated by bamliDr: all ald to 5gypt. 1'hls

o.ttl.tutlo mde St lncr•alnclJ dlttlcult tw the tJnlted :ltat• 18

to kp:ove Sts rolotto.us 1u the ra!Uoal t.ro.b stat•• Am~

polley•-stere Glao bad tat• aote ot tho tact tha' the uosloll

of IJ:lerlcen bltlnersce 1n tho rceton ooutf'\ not be st~ed ap u

lonr; B:! the United ;:tatoo fnf1e4 to eonvlnoo the U&b ltat•

that Stu iA>llcy vould r-..Sn e.n 0110 of al.l oat anppOrt to

Israel tmd o:;voa!tltu~ to uu!ty, Snctepeudeboe or aetlo• aa4

ft1l."•!'(J).Cl!JAt: Qban:•os 1u the Aab count:-les., Uterlcea ottlcJata

ao

sa. varl0ue pMDDtmet11oti\e to ocm..rer to tho &tabfl that the

Uld.t~d ~lto.toa •• an~Jota to !m'J!Ove ro1..attona •It'll the ua tho petUt!l}l towu48 ¥,1•t uSa-. ta«e.r aonstant rCI'Ilow. the

:todot Un!on on Jts. pan• eoatlaaed. Jta efforts to pr••' .. , ltaelr u the o~ Nl.Sallle aupporter of tile la1) uplmt.lo.ue.

!llepl'• pUturJugs bJ the U'n.tted ''1tatee aad the 10'flet

Unlon on bthalt of lar&Gl aDd r.ab r.;tatoa hSpectt.'lel.Jt neither

ot tho super rmera ws !A'tl'.-tett SA esoelat~ theb oua t\Sfter•ll• to aa.ch. a I»bt a• ak)lt aet-louel.Jlead to the

proaptiat or dls-ect tutttal. OOAhoutatlou c.na the reeulteat

pl<ll)uot, •t Wcltar tar. tbir vare el.uarly awl'o tbat euoh a

aevaopmmt, It trkcere4 bY the ac\loue or tbetr ra~penl••

cllente1 vou1d reaalt In the autlal a.\ruo,Sot1 ot the aaper

...... th .. cl.*108• %t •• Wda ~-- Ia ._,.,, ot WBl

lsla e.o 11Hill u otllft' t1'0nb1ed •tots oouplel viO tile Ge9l4Jt

untoa•s et'Oltat!on of Ita 4lspate wt'h chS., M4 .....s.•a

· · 8ltldta,ton of the ~--J.Dc pOVOI' of t!•'-' xuepe U4 apu

that bee ~aan the prJM llrl&r ln the two ••• .., .. ca4ta'J ~ •Y~GB SA the dt:eetlbn or A.GsS. s!DQ • -. .._ poSa~t4

out, N:ler!oe.n p01So:l W.rda wat A ala. ~'• to • ecmet~

alAe dt•t tn the ,..._l'k ot ltt Jl,obal ptet•e 1low.r41f ••

sovle\ UAloll1 tbe SnJttatJon *'ld ewld.loa et ...._., M•M vith tb• U;ir.a baa bad lu .lawlte.ble lmpaet on tb.e .... a.t It bat\ tollove4 ros- JWUlJ a qtl\l't• ot a cen,., • a. ••• p011en ..,.,. to parc.Swe tb.e atouel- ot ccaetAtatJ.on ana .,. oeor4ttatel eoU.nt to •ure bt the t~•t .AIIaa aJ.t&atSoD

• 4ld not get •oct ot hatld0 • ~..,,.. vhlle oontln~ aid to thelJ'

retJpoct1vo clients, thc; l>elan to act aa a r~t51Dias taoto•

t:a tbss. Both alttes -the wluo of uome aoceptablo aett18l«lt

that wuld brbc teualons J.n the rclo.o to ~ea'ble P!Ol'Ort1ona.

Xt b ln tul• broad coat.tat tbat an etfol!'t Sa •a. 111

the preoent 4Ja•..-tlon to atut\t the role of the UJ11te4 state

dul'.tne u4 bletUate\7 after Aab-taro.el.t ooDtllct or l.Dif.