Fitoplancton nocivo y biotoxinas marinas que afectan a la acuicultura y la explotación de moluscos en el norte de Chile.

Dr. Gonzalo Álvarez Vergara Laboratorio de Fitoplancton Departamento de Acuicultura Universidad Católica del Norte

Acuicultura - Norte de Chile

Bahía Mejillones

Bahía Inglesa

Bahía Coquimbo Bahía Guanaqueros

Bahía Tongoy

Bahía Arica

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von Brand, E., Abarca, A., Merino, G.E., Stotz, W., 2016. Scallop Fishery and Aquaculture in Chile: A History of Developments and Declines. Dev. Aquac. Fish. Sci. 40, 1047–1072.

Explotación - Norte de Chile

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Bahía Inglesa

Bahía Arica Fu

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Fuente: https://cooperativatotoralillosur.cl

Bahía Coquimbo Bahía Guanaqueros

Bahía Tongoy

XV I II III IVOtras

regiones

OSTION DEL NORTE 0 0 4 147 3.396 0

MACHA 0 0 0 0 786 217

LOCO 0 1 9 147 2.852 1.653

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Desembarque Total Año 2016

Desembarques

Fuente:SERNAPESCA

78%

61%

96%

Toxina amnésica y Pseudo-nitzschia

Suárez-Isla, B.A., López-Rivera, A., Hernández, C., Clément, A., Guzmán, L., 2002. Impacto económico de las floraciones de microalgas nocivas en Chile y datos recientes sobre la ocurrencia de veneno amnésico de los mariscos, in: Sar, E., Ferrario, M.E., Reguera, B. (Eds.), Floraciones Algales Nocivas En El Cono Sur Americano. Instituto Español de Oceanografía, pp. 257–268.

Toxina amnésica – Pyura chilensis

Especie Ácido domoico

Mytilus chilensis 6.4 µg/g

Aulacomya atra 6.4 µg/g

Protothaca thaca 4.7 µg/g

o Mayor capacidad de acumulación de toxinas

o Distribución heterogénea de la toxina

o Transvector para otros organismos marinos (Loco)

o Peligro potencial para los consumidores

o Debe ser incluido en los programas de control

Toxina amnésica y Pseudo-nitzschia

o FAN multiespecíficas son comunes en la zona norte

P. pseudodelicatissima

P. calliantha

P. subfraudulenta

P. australis

Bahía Inglesa Bahía Tongoy

Toxina amnésica y Pseudo-nitzschia

o P. australis y P. calliantha son productores de DA en la zona norte

o Vacios en el conocimiento (complejo delicatissima)

P. calliantha P. australis

Toxina amnésica – Mesodesma donacium

o Tasa primer compartimento: 1,3 día -1

o Tasa de transferencia: 0,75

o Tasa de depuración del segundo compartimento 0,24 día -1

o Tasa de depuración elevada → similar a la del mejillón (0,5 – 2 día -1)

o Depurador eficiente → 7 días en depurar 200 µg g-1

Toxina amnésica - Mesodesma donacium

o Concentración de toxina en los tejidos no comestibles es un 28%

o Evisceración selectiva no puede ser considerada como estrategia paliativa

o El órgano a eliminar debe contribuir más al contenido de toxina que al peso

Toxina amnésica – Argopecten purpuratus

o Concentración de toxina en los tejidos comestibles es un 51%

o Evisceración selectiva no puede ser considerada como estrategia paliativa

o El órgano a eliminar debe contribuir más al contenido de toxina que al peso

Toxinas lipofílicas - Pectenotoxinas

o Perfil atipico. Sin ácido okadaico o dinophysistoxinas

o Concentración de PTX2 es la más alta reportada para este género (180 pg celula-1)

o Especie distribuida en todo el norte de Chile

o Componente habitual del fitoplancton

o Toxina distribuida en todo el norte de Chile

o PTX2 en Arica (Krock et al., 2009)

Toxinas lipofílicas – Azaspirácidos y Espirólidos

Azaspirácido - 1 842 m/z

13- desmetil-C (SPX- 1) 692 m/z

o Toxinas entre el límite de detección y el límite de cuantificación

o Co-existen en ambos moluscos pero son más frecuentes en M. edulis

o Primera detección en el Hemisferio Sur y en las costas de Chile

o Estudiar Alexandrium ostenfeldii y su perfil toxicológico

Toxinas lipofílicas

o Azadinium poporum produce AZA – 11

o Perfil en moluscos AZA-1 y AZA-2

Toxinas lipofílicas – Protoceratium reticulatum

o Solo se detectó la presencia de yesotoxina (0.2 a 0.4 pg célula-1)

o P. reticulatum puede producir floraciones tóxicas en la zona

o Esta presente en todo el norte de Chile y es un riesgo potencial para la explotación de moluscos

C:\Xcalibur\...\FitoMejillones280207 4/15/2009 11:08:41 AM

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[1141.10-1142.10] M S

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814.27732.55 976.79774.81 842.67718.89 743.67 826.19

879.72 978.83

1141 m/z

Toxinas lipofílicas – Gonyaulax taylorii

o Concentración YTX y homo-YTX (1 pg celula-1)

o Primera descripción de G. taylorii como

productor de YTXs a nivel mundial

o Debe ser incluido en los sistemas de control

o Enmienda a la taxonomía de la especie

Toxinas paralizantes

Aquat. Living Resour. 22, (2009)

c⃝ EDP Sciences, IFREMER, IRD 2009

DOI: 10.1051/alr/2009www.alr-journal.org

Aquat icLiv ingResources

Paralytic shellfish toxins in Argopectenpurpuratusand Semimytilusalgosus from northern Chile

Gonzalo Álvarez1,2,a, Eduardo Uribe2, Adriana Vidal3, Paulo Ávalos2, Francisco González4,

Carmen Mariño1 and Juan Blanco1

1 Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (Xunta de Galicia), Apto. 13, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Pontevedra, Spain2 Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile3 Instituto Tecnológico para o Control do Medio Mariño (Xunta de Galicia) (Technical Assistance Tragsatec), Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n,

Vilagarcía de Arousa 36611, Pontevedra, Spain4 Laboratorio del Ambiente, Secretaria Ministerial de Salud Región de Coquimbo, Av. Francisco de Aguirre 795, La Serena, Chile

Received 7 January 2009; Accepted 29 May 2009

Abstract – Within the framework of the Chilean molluscan shellfish safety program, blooms of Alexandrium were

detected in several aquaculture sites in northern Chile. An outbreak of Alexandriumwas detected in May 2006 in Mejil-

lones Bay. Wild and cultured phytoplankton and shellfish samples from this bloom were analyzed by high performance

liquid chromatography with fluorescent detection (HPLC-FD). Neither phytoplankton net tows samples nor an Alexan-

drium culture started from the bloom were found to contain PSP toxins at detectable levels. The shellfish, however,

showed the presence of C2, GTX2, GTX3 and dcGTX2. Two new PSP episodes were recorded in June 2006 in Gua-

naqueros and Tongoy Bays. In these instances, shellfish samples from the two bays were analyzed by mouse bioassay

and HPLC-FD, showing PSP toxicities that ranged from 27 to 34 µg STX eq 100 g−1 and a toxin profile mainly char-

acterized by the presence of STX, GTX2 and GTX3. Differences between toxin profiles in Mejillones Bay and the two

other locations suggest that, in the area, this kind of toxicity is probably produced by different regional populations or

strains of the genus Alexandrium other than Alexandrium catenella, since the toxin profile and optimal environmental

conditions for this species are noticeably different from those recorded in the proliferations from northern Chile. This

paper therefore presents the first report of this kind of toxicity from an area between parallels 13◦ 55’S and 43◦ 5′S, com-

prising the subtropical zone of the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Results suggest that, as in the northern Pacific coastal

area of America, PSP toxicity may be widely distributed on the southern Pacific coast.

Key words: Paralytic shellfish poisoning, toxicity / Argopecten purpuratus / Semimytilus algosus / Alexandrium sp. /

Pacific Ocean

Introduction

Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is a neurotoxic syn-drome caused by the ingestion of shellfish contaminated by

saxitoxin and its analogues (reviewed in Bricelj and Shumway1998). These toxins are known to be biosynthesized by variousspecies of marine dinoflagellates of the genera Alexandrium,Gymnodiniumand Pyrodinium(reviewed in Burkholder 1998).

The PSP family of toxins includes more than 20structurally-related compounds from the marine environment.These substances can be grouped into five groups that differ

substantially in toxicity. The most toxic group is that of the car-bamate toxins: saxitoxin (STX), neosaxitoxin (NeoSTX) andthe gonyautoxins (GTX1 to 4). The decarbamoyl (dcGTX1to 4, dcSTX, dcNeo) and deoxy-decarbamoyl toxins (doSTX,

doGTX2-3) have an intermediate toxicity. The least toxic are

a Corresponding author: gal var ez@ci macor on. or g

the N-sulfocarbamate toxins (GTX5 and 6, C1 to C4) (Oshima

et al. 1990; Oshima 1993) and the hydroxybenzoate toxins(GC1 to GC3) (Negri et al. 2003b). Filter-feeders acquirethese toxins by ingesting toxic dinoflagellates and accumulat-ing them in their tissues (Bricelj and Shumway 1998).

Originally detected on the Pacific coast of the UnitedStates in 1937 by Sommer and Meyer (1937) and described bySchantz and Magnussen (1964), PSP has substantially broad-ened its geographical distribution since then. This is partially

due to the progressive implementation of monitoring programs(Fernández et al. 2003), which have grown in parallel withthe development of shellfish aquaculture, but it is also per-haps due to an true increase in the frequency of toxic outbreaks

(Hallegraeff 1993).

PSP has only been reported from two biogeographic zonesin South America, separated by more than 3000 km: Para-cas Bay, Peru (Tropical zone) (Antinori et al. 2002) and

Aquat. Living Resour. 22, (2009)

c⃝ EDP Sciences, IFREMER, IRD 2009

DOI: 10.1051/alr/2009www.alr-journal.org

Aquat icLiv ingResources

Paralytic shellfish toxins in Argopectenpurpuratusand Semimytilusalgosus from northern Chile

Gonzalo Álvarez1,2,a, Eduardo Uribe2, Adriana Vidal3, Paulo Ávalos2, Francisco González4,

Carmen Mariño1 and Juan Blanco1

1 Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (Xunta de Galicia), Apto. 13, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Pontevedra, Spain2 Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile3 Instituto Tecnológico para o Control do Medio Mariño (Xunta de Galicia) (Technical Assistance Tragsatec), Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n,

Vilagarcía de Arousa 36611, Pontevedra, Spain4 Laboratorio del Ambiente, Secretaria Ministerial de Salud Región de Coquimbo, Av. Francisco de Aguirre 795, La Serena, Chile

Received 7 January 2009; Accepted 29 May 2009

Abstract – Within the framework of the Chilean molluscan shellfish safety program, blooms of Alexandrium were

detected in several aquaculture sites in northern Chile. An outbreak of Alexandriumwas detected in May 2006 in Mejil-

lones Bay. Wild and cultured phytoplankton and shellfish samples from this bloom were analyzed by high performance

liquid chromatography with fluorescent detection (HPLC-FD). Neither phytoplankton net tows samples nor an Alexan-

drium culture started from the bloom were found to contain PSP toxins at detectable levels. The shellfish, however,

showed the presence of C2, GTX2, GTX3 and dcGTX2. Two new PSP episodes were recorded in June 2006 in Gua-

naqueros and Tongoy Bays. In these instances, shellfish samples from the two bays were analyzed by mouse bioassay

and HPLC-FD, showing PSP toxicities that ranged from 27 to 34 µg STX eq 100 g−1 and a toxin profile mainly char-

acterized by the presence of STX, GTX2 and GTX3. Differences between toxin profiles in Mejillones Bay and the two

other locations suggest that, in the area, this kind of toxicity is probably produced by different regional populations or

strains of the genus Alexandrium other than Alexandrium catenella, since the toxin profile and optimal environmental

conditions for this species are noticeably different from those recorded in the proliferations from northern Chile. This

paper therefore presents the first report of this kind of toxicity from an area between parallels 13◦ 55’S and 43◦ 5′S, com-

prising the subtropical zone of the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Results suggest that, as in the northern Pacific coastal

area of America, PSP toxicity may be widely distributed on the southern Pacific coast.

Key words: Paralytic shellfish poisoning, toxicity / Argopecten purpuratus / Semimytilus algosus / Alexandrium sp. /

Pacific Ocean

Introduction

Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is a neurotoxic syn-drome caused by the ingestion of shellfish contaminated by

saxitoxin and its analogues (reviewed in Bricelj and Shumway1998). These toxins are known to be biosynthesized by variousspecies of marine dinoflagellates of the genera Alexandrium,Gymnodiniumand Pyrodinium(reviewed in Burkholder 1998).

The PSP family of toxins includes more than 20structurally-related compounds from the marine environment.These substances can be grouped into five groups that differ

substantially in toxicity. The most toxic group is that of the car-bamate toxins: saxitoxin (STX), neosaxitoxin (NeoSTX) andthe gonyautoxins (GTX1 to 4). The decarbamoyl (dcGTX1to 4, dcSTX, dcNeo) and deoxy-decarbamoyl toxins (doSTX,

doGTX2-3) have an intermediate toxicity. The least toxic are

a Corresponding author: gal var ez@ci macor on. or g

the N-sulfocarbamate toxins (GTX5 and 6, C1 to C4) (Oshima

et al. 1990; Oshima 1993) and the hydroxybenzoate toxins(GC1 to GC3) (Negri et al. 2003b). Filter-feeders acquirethese toxins by ingesting toxic dinoflagellates and accumulat-ing them in their tissues (Bricelj and Shumway 1998).

Originally detected on the Pacific coast of the UnitedStates in 1937 by Sommer and Meyer (1937) and described bySchantz and Magnussen (1964), PSP has substantially broad-ened its geographical distribution since then. This is partially

due to the progressive implementation of monitoring programs(Fernández et al. 2003), which have grown in parallel withthe development of shellfish aquaculture, but it is also per-haps due to an true increase in the frequency of toxic outbreaks

(Hallegraeff 1993).

PSP has only been reported from two biogeographic zonesin South America, separated by more than 3000 km: Para-cas Bay, Peru (Tropical zone) (Antinori et al. 2002) and

pH 6,7

pH 7

Isocrático 1

Isocrático 2

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o Toxicidad 30 µg equiv STX 100 g-1

o Perfil dominado por STX, GTX1,

GTX2, GTX3, dcGTX2 y dcGTX3

Toxinas paralizantes – Argopecten purpuratus

o Perfil dominado por C2, GTX1, GTX2, GTX3, GTX5 y STX

Toxinas paralizantes – Alexandrium sp

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Toxinas paralizantes – Mesodesma donacium

Figure4.ParalyticshellfishtoxinsprofileindifferenttissuesofM.donacium.

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

100%

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Muscle Foot

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GTX5

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Figure 5. A. Gill histological sections thatshowing hemocyte aggregation in filaments.B. Haemocytic infiltration of the connectivetissue surrounding the digestive glandtubules. C. Siphon histological sectionsshowing multiples cysts of trematode.

C

B A

Branquia

Sifón

Glandula digestiva

o Pruebas de acumulación y detoxificación o Exceso de alimentación con Alexandrium catenella (3.000 células mL-1) o Bivalvos pierden su capacidad para enterrarse o Alta mortalidad 60% (10 días) o Sobrevivientes presentaron parálisis del sifón, musculo y el pie o Cambio de alimentación les permitió recuperarse o Machas de Cucao estaban paralizadas y volvieron a enterrarse

Toxinas paralizantes – Mesodesma donacium

CONICYT + PAI/CONCURSO NACIONAL INSERCION EN LA ACADEMIA CONVOCATORIA 2015, 79150008. “Desarrollo de modelos predictivos, métodos de eliminación y tecnologías de depuración de toxinas hidrofílicas que garanticen la inocuidad de los moluscos cultivados y explotados en el norte de Chile”

Dr. Gonzalo Álvarez Dr. Eduardo Uribe Dr. José Rengel Francisco Álvarez Roberto Pino

Dr. Juan Blanco Dr. Jorge Regueiro Dr. Santiago Fraga Dra. Sonia Quijano Dr. (c). Marcos Godoy M. Sc. Américo López M.Sc. Cecil Tenorio

Equipo de trabajo / Colaboradores

Dr. Gonzalo Álvarez Vergara Laboratorio de Fitoplancton Departamento de Acuicultura Universidad Católica del Norte gmalvarez@ucn.cl

Felipe Riquelme