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PROSOPOGRAFIA: COMPARATIVE STUDY ABOUT ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASURES OF PATTERN AND

QUESTIONED IMAGES IN KNOWN SUBJECTS

Prosopografia: estudo comparativo das medidas antropométricas de imagem padrão e questionada em sujeitos conhecidos

Joyce Fernandes de Azevedo (1), Raquel Vaz Resende (2)

(1) FingerprintoftheTechnician-scientificPoliceoftheStateofGoiás,Goiânia,GO,Brazil.

(2) FingerprintoftheTechnician-scientificPoliceoftheStateofGoiás,Goiânia,GO,Brazil.

Conflictofinterest:non-existent

estética permanecia a mais importante. O desenho de Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), no qual umhomem é mostrado inscrito dentro de um quadrado edeumcírculo,derivadiretamentedeVitruvioseéuma das imagens mais conhecidas7.

In the Roman epoch, Vitrúvius through the scienceofthehumanproportionsasafundamentalbeginning in the conception7 of the human body, but it was, probably, Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528) thatmarked the beginning of the science anthropometry, trying to classify the diversity of human physicaltypes in agreement with a systematic observation andmeasurement of a square number of people.However, in this period renaissance, the theory of the aesthetics stayed the most important. The drawing of Leonardo of Vinci (1452-1519), in which amanisshownenrolledinsideofasquareandofacircle,itflowsdirectlyofVitruviosanditisoneoftheimages more Known7.

The science anthropometry developed in thecentury XIX and beginning of the century XX. In that time they were made attempts to subdivide and to classifythehumanityinagreementwiththephysicaldimensions.Bertillonwasthefirsttousethelabellinganthropometricalpointsincrimes8resolution.Itwasalso the creator of the term “ Spoken “ Picture,thatthetimewasjustaphysicaldescriptionofthe

� INTRODUCTION

Anthropometry is the science that studies the size measures, weight and proportions of the humanbodysupplyingdataobjectivesofevaluationof themorphology craniofacial, throughmeasuresof the head and face 1,2. It Extols the quantitativeanalysisofthedimensionsofthebodyandhe/sheofferscountlessadvantagesintheevaluationofthemorphologyofthecompoundcraniofacialforbeingsimple,noninvasive,withoutriskforthesubjectandwithlowcost3-6.

Na era romana, Vitrúvius via a ciência das proporções humanas como um princípio funda-mentalnaconcepção7 do corpo humano, mas foi, provavelmente, Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528) quemarcou o início da ciência antropométrica, tentando categorizar a diversidade de tipos físicos humanos de acordo com uma observação sistemática emedição de um largo número de pessoas. Noentanto, neste período renascentista, a teoria da

ABSTRACT

Purpose: tocomparetheresultsofmeasurementsofknownfacesinordertoestablishthefoundationsofexistingmeasuresandratiosinscienceconceptsusedbyprosopography. Methods: thecollectionofthisresearchconsistedof3subjects.WecollectedphotographsofCivilIdentificationdocuments,withdrewpictureofthefrontface,itwascomputer-retiredmeasurementsandanglesforcomparison. Results: therewas the identification of known subjects in imagesat different ages; Conclusion: itwas found that theproposedquantitativemethodpresentseffective toprove thecompatibilityoffamiliarfaces.

KEYWORDS: Face;Anthropometric;Orthodontics;BiometricIdentification

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contemplatedindividualstohaveaccomplishedanysurgicalinterventionintheface.

The necessary material to apply this methodis composed of a digital photographic camera itmarksKodak7.1pixels,threesoftwaresdevelopedforthecollectionofthemeasuresstartingfromtheimages (Windows Seen, Adobe Photoshop CS5andRadiocefStudio2),andacomputer (PentiumIntelDual-Core).

The inherent methodology to the photometryfollows some stages. In first place, they werescanned and saved the pictures of the document official-wallet of Identity of the State of Goiás(Pattern Image) and retreat a picture of the threeindividuals’frontfaceintheInstituteofIdentificationof Goiás (Questioned Image) in posture previous pattern,demarcatedthefloorwithaparallelline,100centimetersaheadoftheindividualphotographedinpositionsatdown,with leaning feet in theground,withtheheadinnaturalposition,withoccludedlipsand bite in occlusion centrical. In second place,with thehelpof thecomputerandof thesoftwarephotoshop, itwas proceded to the laser scanningand treatmentof the images.And in thirdplace, itwasaccomplishedthedemarcationofthepointsandthecalculationsofthelengthsandanglesintendedundertheanalysisofthesoftwareRadiocefStudio2,editedinmillimetersfordecisionofcomputerizedcephalometry.

The results will be presented in descriptiveanalysis(absolutenumbersandmeasuresofcentraltendency) and application of normality criterion,accordingtoSuguino11-15 toverifypossibleassocia-tionsamongvariables.

Theusedstatisticaltestwasitofassociationofthe qui-square that allows to observe two groupstheybehaveinasimilarwayornot.Suchlikenessis happened the differences between the observed frequencies and the expected ones, in eachcategory,theygoverysmall,closetozero.

� RESULTS

Foram retiradas e analisadas as fotografiasdos documentos de identificação oficial denomi-nadas,nestetrabalho,deimagempadrão(I.P)easfotografias retiradas com câmera digital, denomi-nadas imagem questionada (I.Q) de três indivíduos dosexofemininocomidadede14a43anos.Emseguida,realizou–seadigitalizaçãoetratamento(nitidez e tamanho) das imagens no software Abobe PhotoshopCS5deformaanãoalterarsuascarac-terísticas fundamentais.

Theywere removedandanalyzed thepicturesof the documents of official identification denomi-nated, in thiswork,of imagepattern (I.P)and theretired pictures with digital camera, denominated

person, being observed notions chromatic, morpho-logicandthecomplementallines.

According to the dictionary of the PortugueseLanguage, Hoauis, PROSOPOGRAFIA is thedescription of the human features and he/shehas for synonyms the following words: anthro-pometrical, appearance and morphologic.The PROSOPOGRÁFICO investigation is thecomparison of the human features. The word “prosopográfico “ comes from the Greek “ proso-pongrafhein “ (prósopon = face + grafhein = todescribe) 9.

Nowadays, the Prosopográfico Investigation isthe description of the human face in a comparative way, evidencing likeness or differences amongtwo pictures in the general and specific physicalaspects, as the head’s format, the type and thepositioning of the ears, the distance among the eyes, the type of brows, the forehead, the root of the nose, the size of the mouth, among others. The scientificandobjectivecriteriaoftheexamseektoobtain information regarding human faces through measurementsandcomparisonswithmorphologicpatterns adopted by the doctrine. With base in those information is possible to point likeness or diver-gences among faces that they are being compared, in way to constitute an useful conclusion to thedevelopmentoftheactivitypolicial1.

For middle of that process of human identifi-cation it ispossible tocompareand toestablish iftherearelikenessorsignificantdivergencesamongfacial images. It is a comparison it aims at of theelementspresentedintheexaminedimages,doneby Forensic Speech Language (expert the doc)or for Fingerprint Policial that, with technical andscientific argument, it can provide to the investi-gation the necessary subsidies to the formation of a conviction 10.

The objective of that work was to compare the results of the measures facial retreats of imagesdenominated pattern and questioned to observe and to prove the foundations of the measures and existentproportionsintheconceptsofthesciencesusedintheprosopografiathroughimagesofknownindividuals.

� METHODS

This research was approved by the Committee of Ethics of CEFACwith seeming nº 185/12. Forthistraversestudy,whosedatawerecollectedinanonlymoment,threeindividualsofthesexfemininerandomly were selected. After signature of thefreeandillustriousterm,apicturewasremovedofeach one of themand selected the picture of theidentity card for the comparison. The inclusioncriteria contemplated individuals’ facial analysessupposedly known. As exclusion criterion was

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DISTANCES I.P 1 I.Q 1 X2 I.P 2 I.Q 2 X2 I.P 3 I.Q 3 X2

Facial Height 157,5 157,4 0 196,5 190 0,0011 203,2 204,5 0,00004 Widht 156,8 161,5 0,0009 199,3 192,1 0,0014 221,7 213,3 0,0015 Facial

Proportion 1,39 1,37 0,002 1,41 1,40 0,00005 1,22 1,25 0,0005

Superior Third 60,2 64,3 0,0040 85,3 79,2 0,0059 68 61,6 0,0108 Medium Third 76,2 76,5 0,00001 96,9 98,8 0,0003 112,4 113,4 0,0088 Inferior Third 81,2 80,9 0,00001 99,5 91,1 0,0084 90,7 91,1 0,00001

Medium Third+Inferior

Third 157,5 157,5 0 196,5 190,05 0,0011 203,21 204,5 0,00004

Table 1 – Evaluation of the facial proportion

Legend1I.P-PatternImageI.Q-QuestionImageX2 –PatternDeviation

DISTANCES I.P 1 I.Q 1 X2 I.P 2 I.Q 2 X2 I.P 3 I.Q 3 X2

Intercanthal Distance 48,10 46,40 0,0013 49,07 46,74 0,0024 56,96 54,88 0,0014

NostrilBase 45,77 42,34 0,006 48,29 48,13 0,00001 60,30 63,67 0,0028 Proporcion

(IC/BA) 1,00 1,00 0 1,00 1,00 0 1,00 1,00 0

Interpupil Distance

81,96 78,59 0,0018 88,71 87,79 0,0001 105,04 105,43 0,00001

Mouth Width 58,25 59,29 0,0003 74,56 70,10 0,0040 77,23 79,26 0,0006 Proporcion

(IP/LB) 1,41 1,33 0,0036 1,19 1.25 0,0023 1,36 1,33 0,0005

Table 2 – Evaluation of the medium thirds

Legend2I.P-PatternImageI.Q-QuestionImageIC-IntercanthalBA-NostrilBaseIP-InterpupilX2 –DeviationPattern

PROPORTION I.P 1 I.Q 1 X2 I.P 2 I.Q 2 X2 I.P 3 I.Q 3 X2

CLs 24,72 23,75 0,0017 29,81 27,78 0,0053 32,18 32,18 0 Cli 52,84 52,84 0 66,04 59,33 0,0127 55,90 55,55 0,00003

CLs/Cli 0,47 0,45 0,0020 0,45 0,47 0,0017 0,58 0,58 0

Table 3 – Evaluation of the inferior third

Legend3:I.P-PatternImageI.Q–QuestionImageCLs-SuperiorLipCli-InferiorLipX2 –DeviationPattern

questioned image (I.Q) of three individuals of thefeminine sexwith age from14 to 43 years.Soonafter it accomplished the laser scanning andtreatment(clearnessandsize)oftheimagesinthesoftware AdobePhotoshopCS5 inway tonot toalteryourfundamentalcharacteristics.

After the overlapping and measured exactinterpupil, it inserted the images in the software

RadiocefStudio4(Dentistry).Thesoftwareaccom-plished the tuning. The demarcation of the pointsanthropometricals was accomplished manually intheownprogramand thedistancescalculated forthistheywere:Facialproportion(Table1);MediumFacialThird(Table2);InferiorFacialThird(Table3).Thevaluesbetweenimagepatternandquestionedimage of each subject were compared.

� DISCUSSION

Inageneralway, theProsopográficaExpertisehasthepurposeofbasingthecompatibilityattribution

orincompatibilityanthropometricalandappearanceamonganindividual’simagewhoseidentificationisignoredorquestionable,inrelationtotheimageofother, whose identity is known10.

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Pattern’sproportions in relation to theQuestionedImage, in each one of the subjects, she can alsoobserve likeness, because the statistical valuecamecloseofzero.

Inthisstudycompatibilitieswereobservedinalltheindividuals’anthropometricalsmeasuresknownanalyzed,and ithappenedsatisfactorycorrespon-dence when comparing the faces in the measures obtained through thecephalometryof soft fabrics,what corroborateswith the scientific based of theExpert. When concluding that known individualspossessthesameanthropometricalsmeasuresoryouprovideamongtheprincipalelementsoftheface,theProsopográficoInvestigationbecomesIaimat.It is important to tell that theportrayed individualspossess difference of age and, by virtue of that, each onepreserves inherentparticularities to thedevel-opment apprenticeship or aging. The analysis ofthedatashouldalsotakeinconsiderationeventualfactorsthatyou/theyinfluencetheobservedresults,such as resolution and clearness of the images,differentiatedconditionsofbrightnessandeventualperspectivedifferencesandangulationof the faceinthemomentofexecutionofthephotos17-21. Those factorswereconsideredduringtheexamandtheyjustifythelikenessobservedamongtheimages.

It was not possible to compare those discov-eries (Pattern Image in relation to theQuestionedImage)intheliterature,becauseitwasnotfound,inthe researched references, any study as that. The twoanalysisforms(pictureandcephalometry)theyshouldbeusedjointly.Inthatway,itisbelievedthatthisanalysisshouldbeonemoretooltocontributewiththeIdentificationofsubjects.Though,itshouldnot be used of form isolated15. It is fundamentalthat themorphologic analysis, the analysis of theoverlappingofthebonystructuresandthesupremeanalysisoftheexperthappeninwaythepowertoaffirm that the images compiled in the exam theyrefer to the same subject.

Moreresearchesarenecessaryduetothevastuniverseofthefacialanalysis.It isalsonecessarythestudywithindividualsofthemasculinesex.ThisstudypresentsgreatprogressforthedevelopmentofnewtechnologiestotheCriminalInvestigation.

� CONCLUSION

Inwhatreferstotheconclusionsofthepresentstudy it isobserved that the facialanalysis for theidentificationofsubjectsthroughpictureandcepha-lometrywasconsideredreliableseesthattherewasnotitdifferentiatessignificantstatisticsbetweenthemeasuresanthropometricalandproportionsorofa-cialsoftheknownsubjects.

The Prosopográfico Investigation is divided inthreeparts (morphologicanthropometricaland theoverlapping).Inthisstudythemeasuresandpropor-tions anthropometricals of known images werecompared with the purpose that when gathered Prosopográfico’sInvestigationthreepartsitcanbeaffirmedthatbelongtothesameindividual.

It is important to point out that, instead of the picture, the video can be used, for which is requested a video camera, the markers and the computerevidentlyasforthephotometrical,still,aplateofimageacquisitiontotransfertheimageforthe software.

The first part of the exam happens observingthe face as a whole (height and width), which inthe group to the calculation of the Index of facialProportion. When comparing the facial propor-tions (1A-1B; 2A-2B; 3A-3B) with the normalitypresented in thecephalometry, it isobserved thatallpresentsimilarvalues,andwhencomparingthefacial proportions of Pattern Image in relation tothe Questioned Image in each one of the subjects, likenesscanalsobeobservedseesthatthestatis-ticalvaluecamecloseofzero.

WhencomparingthevaluesofProportionofthethirds of the face11-14(verticalproportionality-balanceof the thirds superior, medium and inferior of the face)withthenormal11,12,14-16 it can be observed that theimages1Aand1Bpresenttendencytothelongface (inferior thirds come larger than themediumthird); the images 2A and 2B present tendency to the medium face (proportional thirds) and theimages 3A and 3B present tendency to the short face (smaller inferior third than themedium third).WhenthePatternImageiscomparedwiththeImageQuestioned in each one of the subjects, likenessof proportions is observed, because the statisticalvaluecamecloseofzero.

ThesecondpartoftheexamhappenswhenitisobservedintheMediumThirdtheIdealProportionFrontal11 (width of the base of the nose with the distance intercanthal andwidth of themouthwithdistance interpupil). When comparing the frontideal proportions (1A-1B; 2A-2B; 3A-3B) with thenormality11,12,14-16(theyshouldpresentclosevalues)it is observed that all present similar values, andwhencomparingPattern’sImageproportions idealfrontalsinrelationtotheQuestionedImage,ineachoneofthesubjects,likenesscanalsobeobserved,becausethestatisticalvaluecameclosetozero.

Thethirdpartofanthropometricalexamhappenswhen it is analyzed theProportionsof the InferiorThird (vertical proportion of the subnasale to thestomionofthesuperiorlip).Whencomparingthoseproportionswith thenormality 11,12,14-16 (theyshouldpresent proportion of 1:2), it is observed that allpresentsimilarvalues,andwhencomparingImage

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Figure 1A - Computerized cephalometry / front facial analysis

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Figure 1B – Computerized cephalometry /frontal facial analysis

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Figure 2A – Computerized cephalometry / front facial analysis

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Figure 2B – Computerized cephalometry / front facial analysis

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Figure 3A - Computerized cephalometry / front facial analysis

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Figure 3B – Computerized cephalometry / front facial analysis

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11. Suguino R, Ramos AL, Terada HH, FurquimLZ,MaedaL,FilhoOGS.AnáliseFacial.R.DentalPress.Ortod.Ortop.Maxilar.1996;1(1):86-107.12. Costa LAL, Fernandes GO, Kanazawa LS,Miranda JG, Pretti A. Análise Facial-revisãode literatura. J.Bras.Ortod. Ortop.Facial.2004;9(50):171-6. 13. Estudo Comparativo entre a análise facialsubjetivaeaanálisecefalométricadetecidosmolesnodiagnósticoortodôntico.R.DentalPress.Ortod.Ortop.Maxilar.2009;14(2):81-8.14. Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Miani A, TartagllaG. Craniofacial morphometry photographicevaluations. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacialorthop.1993;103(4):227-37.15.RamiresRR,FerreiraLP,MarchesanIQ,CattoniDM,SilvaMAA.Relaçãoentrecefalometriaeanálisefacialnadeterminaçãodotipodeface.RevCefac.2009;11(3):349-54.16.FeresR,VasconcelosMHF.Estudocomparativoentre a análise facial subjetiva e a análisecefalométrica de tecidos moles no diagnósticoortodôntico.R.DentalPress.Ortodon.Ortop.Facial.2009;14(2):81-8.17. Reche R, Colombo VL, Verona J, MorescaCA,MoroA,Análisedoperfilfacialemfotografiaspadronizadas. R. Dental Press. Odont. Ortop.Facial.2002,7(1):37-45.18. Colombo VL, Moro A, Rech R, Verona J,CosatGCA.Análisedoperfil facialem fotografiaspadronizadas parte 1- avaliação em repouso. R.DentalPress.Odont.Ortop.2004;9(3):47-58.19. Colombo VL, Moro A, Rech R, Verona J,CosatGCA.Análisedoperfil facialem fotografiaspadronizadasparte2-avaliaçãoduranteosorriso.R.DentalPress.Odont.Ortop.2004;9(4):86-97.

� REFERENCES

1.FarkasLG.Examination.In:Farkas,L.G.(Editor).Anthropometry of head and face. 2. Ed. New York: RavenPress,1994a;p.3-56.2.WardRE.Facialmorphologyasdeterminedbyanthropometry:Keepitsimple.J.Craniofac.Genet.Dev.Biol.1989;9:45-60.3.CattoniDM.Ousodopaquímetronaavaliaçãoda morfologia orofacial.R.Soc. Bras. Fonoaudiol.2006;11(1):52-8.4.CattoniDM.Avaliaçãoquantitativadasestruturasorofaciais.RespiradorOral.SãoJosédosCampos,Pulso,2003;p.81-8.5. Julielynn YW, Albert K, Eiichi O, Rogers GF,Mulliken JB, Curtis KD. Validity and reliability of3D craniofacial antropometricmeasurements.CleftPalate–CraniofacialJournal.2008;48(3):232-9.6. Farkas LG, Deutsch CK. Anthropometricdeterminationofcraniofacialmorfhology.AmericanJournalofMedicalGenetics.1996;65(1):1-4.7.SantosR&FujãoC.CursoPós–Graduação:TécnicoSuperiordeHST.UniversidadedeÉvora.2003. 8. AraújoMEC,Pasquali Luiz. DATILOSCOPIA –a determinação dos dedos, pg.11 e 12, primeiraedição,2006.9.HouaissA,VillarMS,FrancoFMM.MínidicionárioHouaiss.EdObjetiva,terceiraedição,2009.10. Carmo AHMB, Andrade CM, Melo DA,Tavares EJ, Silva LM. Manual de Orientaçõespara a realização de Exames Prosopográficos.Departamento dePolíciaFederal –MJ– InstitutoNacionaldeIdentificação.Noprelo2010.

RESUMO

Objetivo: compararosresultadosdasmedidasdasfacesconhecidascomafinalidadedecompro-varosfundamentosdasmedidaseproporçõesexistentesnosconceitosdasciênciasutilizadaspelaProsopografia.Métodos: acoletadestapesquisafoicompostaportrêssujeitos.Coletaram-sefotogra-fiasdosdocumentosdeIdentificaçãoCivil,retirou-sefotografiadafacefrontal,tratou-seemcomputa-dor,retiraram-seasmedidaseângulosparaacomparação.Resultados: realizou-seaidentificaçãode sujeitos conhecidos em imagens em diferentes idades; Conclusão: constatou-se que o método quantitativopropostoapresenta-seefetivoparacomprovaracompatibilidadedefacesconhecidas.

DESCRITORES:Face;Antropometria;Ortodontia;IdentificaçãoBiométrica

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21. Hochman B, Castilho HT, Ferreira LM.Padronização fotográfica e morfométrica nafotogrametria computadorizada do nariz. Acta Cir Bras [serial online] 2002;17(4). Disponível emURL:http://www.scielo.br/acb.

20.ScanaviniMA,TrevisanF,MaltagliatiLA,SantosJE,MartelliFilhoJÁ.Novodispositivoparaobtençãode fotografias frontais e laterais padronizadas. J.Bras.Ortodon.Ortop.Facial.2003;8(45):245-50.

Received on: August 15, 2012Acceptedon:March02,2013

Mailingaddress:Joyce Fernandes de Azevedo Rua37A,Qd.04,Lt.06/11,apt401F–CondomínioResidencialParqueBelaVistaSetorJardimBelaVista–AparecidadeGoiânia–GOCEP:74912-090Email: joycefa.pps@gmail.com; joycejojoba@ig.com.br