Ratibrom 2 / Vebitox

Composição: Bromadiolona: 0.005% => Tóxico muito forte

Formulação: em isco fresco (saquetas)

Antídoto => Vitamina K1

Custo: 2.90 €

Potente rodenticida

Antagonistas da Vitamina K = provoca a redução da coagulação e morte por hemorragias internas (principal sintoma)

Derivado de 2ª geração da 4-hidroxi-cumarina

Afecta principalmente o fígado, sendo acumulado neste órgão.

Excretado nas fezes

Absorvido no tracto GI, pulmões ou tópico.

Geralmente dado oralmente.

DL50 ratazanas = 1.125 mg/kg PV

DL50 ratos = 1.75 mg/kg

DL50 coelhos = 1 mg/kg

DL50 cães = +10 mg/kg

DL50 gatos = +25 mg/kg

Sinais => tempo de protrombina aumentado (máximo 36-72 horas de exposição)

Tratamento:

2-3h -> lavagem gástrica e administração de carvão activado + Vit K1 (dose dependente do tempo de protrombina)

+3h -> administração de carvão activado + K1 Prognóstico Bom!

“If the patient is bleeding severely, 25 mg of vitamin K1 (phytomenadione) should be given by slow intravenous injection. Prothrombin time should be checked at 3-hourly intervals in severe cases and after 8-10 hours in less severe cases. If no improvement occurs, vitamin K1 injection should be repeated. In moderate to minor cases of poisoning, vitamin K1 may be given in lower doses.

Whole blood, fresh frozen plasma or factor concentrate should be used in cases of acute severe bleeding in order to rapidly restore the blood clotting factors.”

http://www.inchem.org/documents/pds/pds/pest88_e.htm

“Mechanism of action

Warfarin inhibits the effective synthesis of biologically active forms of the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors: II, VII, IX and X, as well as the regulatory factors protein C, protein S and protein Z. Other proteins not involved in blood clotting, such as osteocalcin, may also be affected.

The precursors of these factors require carboxylation of their glutamic acid residues to allow the coagulation factors to bind to phospholipid surfaces. This carboxylation is linked to oxidation of vitamin K to form vitamin K epoxide, which is in turn recycled back to the reduced form by the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR). Warfarin inhibits epoxide reductase (specifically the VKORC1 subunit), thereby diminishing available vitamin K stores and inhibiting production of functioning coagulation factors. As the body stores of previously-produced factors degrade (over several days), the anticoagulation effect becomes apparent. The coagulation factors are produced, but have decreased functionality due to undercarboxylation; they are collectively referred to as PIVKAs (proteins induced [by] vitamin K absence/antagonism).”

http://www.medic8.com/healthguide/articles/warfarin.html

Sintomas iniciais:

Hematomas excessivos

Epistaxis Sangrar do nariz e das gengivas

Hematúria e hematosquezia

Em casos mais graves, sangrar de outros órgãos que pode levar a choque – morte

Sinais podem não ser evidentes após vários dias da ingestão.

Tratamento em casos de contacto com o tóxico, mas prévio à sintomatologia médica: Lavagem da área com água e sabão. Indução do vómito (caso não passe das 3h).