RESOLUÇÃO +PROVAS + ENGENHARIA(CESPE)

8/15/2019 RESOLUÇÃO +PROVAS + ENGENHARIA(CESPE)

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MPPXJWD; QHUÃ@OM H HIMEDUMÆÀD GH UHIMWÐUODPWÏ@JO@DP

Hc rhimæàd m phrãòm h himedrmæàd gh rhimtðrods tï`jo`ds, pmrh`hrhs

h imugds phroòmos, kuifuh ds othjs quh sh shfuhc.

>6Xcm dpojoàd du hsìmrhòchjtd tï`jo`d hcotogd pdrprdbossodjmi ihfmichjth nmeoiotmgd sderh d mssujtd gh sumhsphòmiogmgh ï `djsoghrmgd pmrh`hr tï`jo`d.

@drrhtd.

Phfujgd m JEU =7280;0.07 pmrh`hr tï`jo`d;Uhimtðrod òrùjstmjòmgd du hsìmrhòchjtd tï`jo`d hcotogd pdr uc prdbossodjmi`mpmòtmgd hihfmichjth nmeoiotmgd sderh mssujtd gh sum hsphòmiogmgh.0.08 phrãòm; Mtovogmgh tï`jo`m rhmiozmgm pdr prdbossodjmi `dc qumiobo`mæàdhsph`ãbo`m, pmrm mvhrofumr h hsìmrh`hr bmtds,vhrobo`mr d hstmgd gh uc ehc, mpurmr ms `musms quh cdtovmrmc ghthrcojmgdhvhjtd, mvmiomr ehjs, shus ùstds, brutds dugorhotds.

>>Imugd gh vozojnmjæm h imugd gh ojsphæàd prhgomi sàd hxhcpidsgh imugds tï`jo`ds.

@drrhtd.

Qhrãòms gh Hjfhjnmrom

Imugd gh Rozojnmjæm

Imrfmchjth utoiozmgd pdr `djstrutdrms, oj`drpdrmgdrms h, mtï chscd, phidsprðprods vozojnds, d IMXGD MG QHUQHWXMC UHO CHCDUOMC thc mbojmiogmgh gh mthstmr d hstmgd gh `djshrvmæàd gds ocðvhos md rhgdr gm derm h ïusmgd pmrm ghthrcojmr rhspdjsmeoiogmghs du phgor ojghjozmæøhs hc `msds ghgmjds quh pdssmc mpmrh`hr.

D imugd gh vostdrom gh vozojnmjæm, fhrmichjth, ï sdioòtmgd phid ghpmrtmchjtd

kurãgo`d gms `djstrutdrms h oj`drpdrmgdrms. Hstms ghvhràd ghiocotmr ms qumgrms,ds hjghrhæds h d jûchrd gh `msms quh jh`hssotmc gms vostdroms. Ds imugds


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pdghràd rh`hehr frmu O du OO, `djbdrch m Jdrcm gd OEMQH-PQ.

D imugd gh vostdrom gh vozojnmjæm ghvh shr sdioòtmgd mjths chscd gh qumiquhrcdvochjtmæàd pdr pmrth gm `djstrutdrm jd thrrhjd djgh shrí hrofogd d jdvdhcprhhjgochjtd.

Imugd Wï`jo`d gh Rostdrom

Qdssuo `dcd bojmiogmgh m ghthrcojmæàd gd hstmgd gh `djshrvmæàd gmhgobo`mæàd. Qdr chod gh bmrtm gdùchjtmæàd bdtdfríbo`m vosm d mpdjtmchjtd gmsrhspdjsmeoiogmghs h fmrmjtoms ihfmos qumjtd á hxostëjòm gh pmtdidfoms`djstrutovms, pdghjgd shr utoiozmgd th`jo`mchjth pmrm d jdrthmchjtd ghghcmjgms kugoòmos.

Phrvh `dcd ocprhsòjgãvhi gdùchjtd tï`jo`d quh mvmiom ms rhspdjsmeoiogmghsh fmrmjtoms rhbhrhjths mds vãòds `djstrutovds jds prochords mjds gh vogm gmhgobo`mæàd.

D imugd tï`jo`d gh vostdrom, jdrcmichjth, ï `djtrmtmgd pdr fhstdrhs ghmgcojostrmgdrms gh `djgdcãjods `dcd chgogm gh `djstmtmæàd bdtdfríbo`mrhmtovm h jàd prhvhjtovm.

Imugd gh Ojsphæàd Qrhgomi

Whc `dcd bojmiogmgh m ghthrcojmæàd gms `djgoæøhs tï`jo`ms, bujòdjmos h gh`djshrvmæàd, vosmjgd gorhòdjmr d pimjd gh cmjuthjæàd m shr shfuogd jmhgobo`mæàd vostdromgm.

@djsosth, pdrtmjtd, hc ucm cojuòdsm mjíiosh gd ocðvhi h gh sums pmrths`djstotutovms, dekhtovmjgd mpurmr ms `djgoæøhs gh `djshrvmæàd, cmjuthjæàd,miïc gd `drrhtd jdrthmchjtd gms mæøhs `drrhtovms h prhvhjtovms, `djbdrch dsjãvhos gm Jdrcm gh Ojsphæàd Qrhgomi/51== gd OEMQH-PQ quh hstí jucm hs`mimgh = m 0.

D imugd gh ojsphæàd prhgomi, fhrmichjth, ï `djtrmtmgd phids fhstdrhs gmsmgcojostrmgdrms gh `djgdcãjod jds prïgods quh jh`hssotmc gh urfhjthojthrvhjæàd tï`jo`m.

>?

Mphsmr gh shr uc gdùchjtd tï`jo`d, d imugd ghvh thr ucmiojfumfhc ìmrm h dekhtovm, `dcprhhjsãvhi m ihofds.


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@drrhtd.

D imugd tï`jo`d ghvh shr gh iojfumfhc m`hssãvhi m qumiquhrquh d `djsuith.

?1Qdr trmtmr gh mssujtds tï`jo`ds, d imugd pdgh hjvhrhgmr pdr quhstøhs kurãgo`ms.

Hrrmgd. 4Qdssuo `dcd bojmiogmgh m ghthrcojmæàd gd hstmgd gh `djshrvmæàd gmhgobo`mæàd. Qdr chod gh bmrtm gdùchjtmæàd bdtdfríbo`m vosm d mpdjtmchjtd gmsrhspdjsmeoiogmghs h fmrmjtoms ihfmos qumjtd á hxostëjòm gh pmtdidfoms`djstrutovms, pdghjgd shr utoiozmgd th`jo`mchjth pmrm d jdrthmchjtd gh

ghcmjgms kugoòmos.

Gurmjth m rhmiozmæàd gh ucm phrãòm hc ghthrcojmgm derm,hc quh uc vomgutd hjtrdu hc `dimpsd h ghscdrdjdu mjths gmhjtrhfm, bdo `djstmtmgd quh d hjfhjnhord rhspdjsívhi tï`jo`d phimderm bdo jhfiofhjth jd `djtrdih gm hxhùæàd gd `dj`rhtd. Miïcgossd, vhrobo`du-sh quh d hjfhjnhord rhspdjsívhi phim phrãòmpdssuom bdrcmæàd mphjms hc hjfhjnmrom ch`åjo`m. Qdr boc, bdo`djstmtmgd hrrd gh prdkhtd hstruturmi, rhimtmgd jd goírod gh dermsphid prðprod hjfhjnhord rhspdjsívhi tï`jo`d, pdrïc, m bos`miozmæàdghthrcojdu m `djtojuogmgh gds trmeminds shc `djsuitm md prdkhtostmdu mithrmæàd gd prdkhtd.

@dc emsh jhssm sotumæàd nopdtïto`m, kuifuh ds prðxocds othjs.26

D rhfostrd jd goírod gh derms gd hrrd gh prdkhtd trmjsbhrh mrhspdjsmeoiogmgh gd ghscdrdjmchjtd pmrm m bos`miozmæàd.

Hrrmgd.

D bmtd gd rhspdjsívhi tï`jo`d jàd thr bdrcmæàd mghqumgmpmrm ghshcphjnmr m bujæàd quh hxhròm, tmceïc drhspdjsmeoiozm.

2>Qdr sh trmtmr gh phrãòm, d phrotd ghvh sh rhstrojfor m `djstmtmr


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ds bmtds, jàd sh hjvdivhjgd jm mpurmæàd gms `musms quhcdtovmrmc d ghscdrdjmchjtd.

Hrrmgd.

D phrotd ghshjphjnm tmceïc d pmphi gh ojvhstofmgdr. Ghsshcdgd, hssh prdbossodjmi thc quh mpurmr tmjtd ms `djshquëjòmsqumjtd ms `musms.

2?M phrãòm pdgh shr `djsoghrmgm juim gh pihjd gorhotd.

@drrhtd.

M phrãòm pdgh jàd thr vmidr pmrm ghòsàd kugoòmi.

61@msd shkm `djstmtmgm m jhfiofëjòm, d hjfhjnhord rhspdjsívhitï`jo`d phim derm hstmrí sukhotd á sojgo`åjòm, pdghjgd shrmutumgd pdr m`dehrtmchjtd.

@drrhtd.

Bo`m sukhotd á sojgo`åjòm qumiquhr prdbossodjmi tï`jo`d quh mkm`dc jhfiofëjòm, ocphrãòm du ocprugëjòm.

MPPXJWD; FHDWÏ@JOM

Jm ̀ djstruæàd gh ucm emrrmfhc hc ̀ dj`rhtd jm ̀ meh`hormgh uc rod, hc rhfoàd rd`ndsm h ̀ dc edisøhs gh mrfoim h mrhomcdinmgm, m bujgmæàd bdo prhpmrmgm sderh rd`nm borch. Hxosth ucmhstrmgm gh thrrm quh phrcoth d m`hssd md id`mi djgh shrí bhotm memrrmfhc, ehc ̀ dcd d hs`dmchjtd gh c mthromi pmrm m ̀ djstruæàd.@dc emsh jhssm sotumæàd nopdtïto`m, kuifuh ds othjs shfuojths.

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@djsoghrh quh, pmrm ̀ dj`rhtmfhc gh pmrth gm emrrmfhc, d`dj`rhtd gdsmgd jm ̀ hjtrmi thvh chgogm gh memtochjtd suphrodrm > `c. Jhssm sotumæàd, ds dphrírods ghvhc utoiozmrhquopmchjtds pmrm m voermæàd jd prd`hssd gh mghjsmchjtd gd`dj`rhtd.

Juim.

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@djsoghrh quh, pmrm m sdigmfhc cmjumi gh emrrms gh bhrrd jm`djstruæàd, shkmc utoiozmgds hquopmchjtds gh sdigmfhc hhihtrdgd rhvhstogd, miïc gh hquopmchjtds gh prdthæàdojgovogumos. Jhssm sotumæàd, hjtrh ds projòpmos ̀ dcpdjhjths

jh`hssírods á sdigmfhc cmjumi hstàd ojìuãgds; bdjth ghhjhrfom, pdrtm-hihtrdgds, hs`dvm gh mæd, po`mghorm, cís`mrm hmvhjtmi.

@drrhtd.


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@mgm uc gds hihchjtds `dcpøhc d quh ï jh`hssírod pmrm m hxhùæàd gh ucm sdigmfhc cmjumi hbo`mz h `dc shfurmjæm.

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@djsoghrh quh shkm jh`hssírod rhtormr uc c hscd vdiuch ghmrfoim h gh thrrm ̀ dcuc, mceds jd hstmgd jmturmi, gd id`mi gmhs`mvmæàd. Jhssm sotumæàd, ̀ djsoghrmjgd-sh d hcpdimchjtdgds cmthromos, d vdiuch gh thrrm sh`m m s hr trmjspdrtmgm ïsuphrodr md vdiuch gh mrfoim sh`m m shr trmjspdrtmgm.

Hrrmgd.

Hcpdimchjtd du hxpmjsàd vdiucïtro`m ï uc bhj÷chjd `mrm`thrãsto`d gds sdids,ocpdrtmjth jm thrrmpihjmfhc, projòpmichjth qumjtd md trmjspdrth gh cmthromi.

]umjgd sh hs`mvm uc thrrhjd jmturmi, d sdid quh sh hj`djtrmvm juc `hrtd hstmgd gh`dcpm`tmæàd, prdvhjohjth gd shu prðprod prd`hssd gh bdrcmæàd, hxphrochjtm ucmhxpmjsàd vdiucïtro`m quh `nhfm m shr `djsoghrívhi hc `hrtds `msds.

Mpðs d ghscdjth d sdid mssuch, pdrtmjtd, vdiuch sditd(Rs) cmodr gd quh mquhih hcquh sh hj`djtrmvm hc shu hstmgd jmturmi (Rj) h, `djshquhjthchjth, `dc m cmssmhsph`ãbo`m sditm (ΰs) `drrhspdjghjth md cmthromi sditd, devomchjth chjdr gd quh mcmssm hsph`ãbo`m jmturmi (ΰj).

Mssoc thcds; ΰs9ΰj, pdos Rs:Rj.

@nmcm-sh bmtdr gh hcpdimchjtd ς=3(ΰs/ΰj)9=

Cms, ΰs3c/Rs, phim ghbojoæàd gh cmssm hsph`ãbo`m h, ΰj3c/Rj thcds;ς=3(c/Rs)/(c/Rj)3Rj/Rs h Rj3ς=.Rs

@nmcm-sh pdr`hjtmfhc gh hcpdimchjtd (b) á rhimæàd; b(%)3\(=/ς=)-=S.=11 .

2>

Qmrm m ̀ djshrvmæàd gm hstrmgm gh thrrm chjòdjmgm, shrommghqumgd tdcmr, hjtrh dutrms, ms shfuojths prdvogëjòms;hiocojmr ms djguimæøhs pdr chod gm rmspmfhc ̀ dccdtdjovhimgdrm, rhcdvhr ̀ drgøhs gh thrrm hxosthjths hjtrh postmh vmihtms h cmjthr m shæàd memuimgm gm hstrmgm, pmrm bmòiotmr dhs`dmchjtd gh ífum.

@drrhtd.

Cdtdjovhimgdrm ï ucm cíquojm utoiozmgm hc derms gh `djstruæàd òvoi gh mcpim hs`mim,hc `djkujtd `dc dutrds cmquojírods, projòpmichjth pmrm jãvhimchjtd gh hstrmgms du

pmtmcmrhs.

@djsosth hc uc vhãùid hc fhrmi `dc 2 rdgms, h ucm iåcojm ndrozdjtmi mkustívhi(ndrozdjtmi, vhrto`mi h åjfuid) mtrmvïs gh ermæds ch`åjo`ds h/du postøhs nogríuio`ds hhjfrhjmfhjs.

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terraplenagemhttp://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1quinahttp://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o_civilhttp://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADvelhttp://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradahttp://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patamar&action=edit&redlink=1http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patamar&action=edit&redlink=1http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradahttp://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADvelhttp://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o_civilhttp://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1quinahttp://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terraplenagem


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Memuimr ; Gmr bdrcm `djvhxm< tdrjmr shchinmjth m tmcpm gh emû< mrquhmr, ùrvmr.

Hc rhimæàd m nogríuio`m h nogrdidfom mpio`mgms, kuifuh ds othjssueshquhjths.

>0M emòm gh ghthjæàd thc ucm smãgm prdkhtmgm pmrm `mptmr ífum

h mesdrvhr d hx`hssd gh hjhrfom gm ghs`mrfm.

Hrrmgm.

M emòm gh ghthjæàd ï uc tmjquh `dc hsphind g·ífum phrcmjhjth,`djstruãgd `dc ds dekhtovds gh; rhguzor d vdiuch gms hjxurrmgms, shgochjtmr`hr`m gh >1% gds sðiogds hc susphjsàd h d `djtrdih eodiðfo`d gds jutrohjths.Phrvhc m ucm ûjo`m prdprohgmgh du pdghc shr oj`drpdrmgds md pimjd rhfodjmigh `djtrdih gms hj`nhjths uremjms. Ní m jh`hssogmgh gh rhcdæàd phroðgo`mgd idgd h gh prdthæàd `djtrm m hvhjtumi quhgm gh mjocmos h phssdms.

Hxosth tmceïc m emòm gh ghthjæàd sh`m, prdkhtmgm pmrm mrcmzhjmrthcpdrmromchjth d vdiuch gms hjxurrmgms h ioehrí-id ihjtmchjth, m boc ghrhguzor m ghs`mrfm gh po`d á kusmjth. @dcd m dutrm emòm (phrcmjhjth), gospøhgh hstruturms nogríuio`ms gh hsfdtmchjtd.

M emòm gh rhthjæàd thc ds chscds dekhtovds gm emòm gh ghthjæàd, `dc mgobhrhjæm quh ioehrm d vdiuch gms hjxurrmgms cmos ihjtmchjth. Jm HjfhjnmromPmjotírom ds thrcds ghthjæàd h rhthjæàd `dstucmc shr soj÷jocds, pdrïc mquo,ní ucm sutoi gobhrhjæm jds gospdsotovds nogríuio`ds gms hstruturms (gms emòms,tmjtd gh ghthjæàd `dcd gh rhthjæàd) á kusmjth, quh ioehrmc m ífum rhprhsmgmgh vditm pmrm m emòm uremjm.

>7

http://www.shs.eesc.usp.br/pessoal/docentes/technotes/31/Esteves-Relatorio-PIBIC-CNPq-EESC-USP-Sao%20Carlos-2003.pdfhttp://www.shs.eesc.usp.br/pessoal/docentes/technotes/31/Esteves-Relatorio-PIBIC-CNPq-EESC-USP-Sao%20Carlos-2003.pdfhttp://www.deq.state.mi.us/documents/deq-swq-nps-ib.pdfhttp://www.deq.state.mi.us/documents/deq-swq-nps-ib.pdfhttp://www.shs.eesc.usp.br/pessoal/docentes/technotes/31/Esteves-Relatorio-PIBIC-CNPq-EESC-USP-Sao%20Carlos-2003.pdfhttp://www.shs.eesc.usp.br/pessoal/docentes/technotes/31/Esteves-Relatorio-PIBIC-CNPq-EESC-USP-Sao%20Carlos-2003.pdf


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Mphsmr gh d topd gh cmthromi hcprhfmgd pmrm rhvhstochjtd ghuc `mjmi mbhtmr m vhidògmgh gm ífum, m vhidògmgh cíxocmd`drrh idfd memoxd gm suphrbãòh iovrh gd `hjtrd gd `mjmi.

@drrhtd.

M vhidògmgh cíxocm shrí hj`djtrmgm jm vhrto`mi RR' jd `hjtrd gm sh`æàdtrmjsvhrsmi hjuc pdjtd memoxd gm PI. Ms ùrvms quh ujhc pdjtds gh ofumi vhidògmgh sàdms osdtíquo`ms.

>8M hqumæàd gh Cmjjojf phrcoth d `íiùid gm prdbujgogmghjdrcmi gh uc `mjmi.

@drrhtd.

M bðrcuim gh Cmjjojf= ï ucm hxprhsàd gd ghjdcojmgd `dhboòhjth gh @nïzyutoiozmgd jm bðrcuim gh @nïzy pmrm d `íiùid gm vhidògmgh gm ífum hc

`mjmos mehrtds h tueuimæøhs;

M hxprhsàd cmos `dcuc gm bðrcuim gh Cmjjojf ï;

>2Ihjædi brhíto`d ï d `djbojmgd hjtrh gums `mcmgmsocphrchívhos, shjgd m prhssàd jm suphrbãòh suphrodr gobhrhjthgm mtcdsbïro`m

Hrrmgd.

Ihjæðos;

Ihjædi Brhíto`d qumjgd m sum suphrbãòh ï iovrh h hstí sukhotm áprhssàd mtcdsbïro`m --. 15 zdjms;

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3rmula_de_Manning#cite_note-1http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3rmula_de_Manning#cite_note-1http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeficiente_de_Ch%C3%A9zyhttp://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3rmula_de_Ch%C3%A9zyhttp://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalhttp://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalhttp://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3rmula_de_Ch%C3%A9zyhttp://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeficiente_de_Ch%C3%A9zyhttp://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3rmula_de_Manning#cite_note-1


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d =±zdjm `djstotuãgm phim pmrth suphrodr d`upmgm phim ífum gh`mpoimrogmgh bdrcmjgd ucm brmjkm (gh 01 m 21`c pmrm mrhomsbojms h mtï 0,1c pmrm mrfoims


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hiísto`d, hstugmgd jm Whdrom gm Himstoògmgh.@dcd jàd hxosth ucm rhimæàdthjsàd-ghbdrcmæàd `mpmz gh hjfidemr tdgms mspmrtoùimrogmghs h`dcpihxogmghs gd `dcpdrtmchjtd rhmi gd sdid, ms pmr`hims gh rh`miquhsàdhstugmgms shpmrmgmchjth.QMU@HIMP GH UH@MI]XH=. Ochgomtd (wo);

• Uh`miquh pdr ghbdrcmæàd hiísto`m quh sh prd`hssm ochgomtmchjth mpðsd`mrrhfmchjtd<• Qrhgdcojmjth jds sdids jàd-`dhsovds (sdids mrhjdsds du sdids jàd-smturmgds).• D`drrh ghvogd á vmromæàd gms thjsøhs hbhtovms `dc ghbdrcmæøhs mvdiuch`djstmjth du mphjms cugmjæm gh bdrcm<• M ghbdrcmæàd d`drrh shc m hxpuisàd gh ífum, ostd ï, shc grhjmfhc.

5. Qrocírod (mghjsmchjtd) (wt ); rh`miquh ghvogd á smãgm gh ífum gds pdrds`dc m`djshquhjth rhguæàd gh vmzods gd sdid< hssm hxpuisàd sh gí ihjtmchjth`dc dgh`drrhr gd thcpd, shjgd pmrtoùimrchjth ocpdrtmjth jd `msd gdssdidsmrfoidsdssmturmgds< rh`miquh pdr ghbdrcmæàd piísto`m.0. Phùjgírod (ws);• Ï m `djtojumæàd gd mghjsmchjtd procírod<• D`drrh qumjgd d hx`hssd ghprhssàd jhutrm ï prmto`mchjth juid(u≎1 ) h m thjsàdhbhtovm ï prmto`mchjth ofumi á thjsàd tdtmi (π '≎π)


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Uhemoxmchjtd gd ihjædi brhíto`d; mghjsmchjtd gd thrrhjd phim gocojuoæàd gmprhssàd jhutrm gd suesdid< d`drrh

vmromæàd gms prhssøhs fhdstíto`ms, ojghphjghjth gmmpio`mæàd gh`mrrhfmchjtds hxthrjds


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gh vmzods gh uc sdid pdr hxpuisàd gd biuogdojthrstoòmi h trmjsbhrëjòm gm prhssàd gd biuogd (ífum) pmrm d hsquhihtd sðiogd,ghvogd m `mrfmsmpio`mgms du md phsd prðprod gms `mcmgms sderhkm`hjths.@dcpm`tmæàd;

prd`hssd cmjumi du ch`åjo`d gh rhguæàd gd ãjgo`h gh vmzods, pdr hxpuisàd gdmr.Nopðthshs socpiobo`mgdrms mgcotogms pdr Whrzmfno;D ghshjvdivochjtd gm Whdrom gd Mghjsmchjtd sh emshom jms shfuojthsnopðthshs;-D sdid ï ndcdfëjhd h `dcpihtmchjth smturmgd<- M ífum h ds fràds sàd oj`dcprhssãvhos<-D hs`dmchjtd dehgh`h á Iho gh Gmr`y h sh prd`hssm jm gorhæàd vhrto`mi<

-D `dhboòhjth gh phrchmeoiogmgh sh cmjtïc `djstmjth gurmjth d prd`hhssd<-D ãjgo`h gh vmzods vmrom iojhmrchjth `dc dmuchjtd gm thjsàd hbhtovm gurmjth d prd`hssd gdmghjsmchjtd.- M `dcprhssàd ï ujogorhòdjmi h vhrto`mi h ghvh-sh á smãgm gh ífum gds hspmædsvmzods<- Ms prdprohgmghs gd sdid jàd vmromc gurmjth d mghjsmchjtd.

28D rh`miquh pdr mghjsmchjtd shùjgírod ï `musmgd phimghbdrcmæàd hiísto`m gd sdid sh`d h gh sdids ûcogds h smturmgdsshc qumiquhr mithrmæàd jd thdr gh ucogmgh.

Hrrmgd.Qrocírod (mghjsmchjtd) (wt ); rh`miquh ghvogd á smãgm gh ífum gds pdrds `dcm`djshquhjth rhguæàd gh vmzods gd sdid< hssm hxpuisàd sh gí ihjtmchjth `dcdgh`drrhr gd thcpd, shjgd pmrtoùimrchjth ocpdrtmjth jd `msd gdssdidsmrfoidsdssmturmgds< rh`miquh pdr ghbdrcmæàd piísto`m.0.

Phùjgírod (sw);• Ï m `djtojumæàd gd mghjsmchjtd procírod<•

D`drrh qumjgd d hx`hssd ghprhssàd jhutrm ï prmto`mchjth juid(u


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≎ 1) h m thjsàdhbhtovm ï prmto`mchjth ofumi á thjsàd tdtmi (π '

≎

π )<• Hc fhrmi, vhrobo`m-sh quh jd hjsmod gh mghjsmchjtd, m ghbdrcmæàd `djtojum mshprd`hssmr cuotd hcedrm d hx`hssd gh prhssàd jhutrm shkm prmto`mchjthjuid< hsthhbhotd ï mtroeuãgd mbhj÷chjds vos`dsds(biuëjòm)< ï ghvogd mdrhmrrmjkd hstruturmi`musmgd pdr thjsøhs gh òsminmchjtd< d`drrh phid bmtd gmspmrtãùims gh sdid md bojmigd mghjsmchjtd procírod hstmrhc pdsoòdjmgms hcuc hquoiãerod ojstívhi<

• D`drrh cuotd ihjtmchjth jdssdids mrfoidsds<• Jm cmodrom gds sdids,thc chjdr ocpdrtåjòmghvogd sum cmfjotugh shr ojbhrodrá gdsdutrds topds gh rh`miquh, shjgd pdr hstm rmzàd ghs`djsoghrmgm jm cmodromgmsmjíioshs. Hc mrfoims cuotd piísto`ms h sdids drfåjo`ds, d rh`miquhshùjgírod ïsofjobo`mtovd h ghvh shr oj`drpdrmgd jd prdkhtd.

22Grhjds vhrto`mos prï-bmero`mgds sàd utoiozmgds jd `mcpd pmrmm`hihrmr d rh`miquh gh mghjsmchjtd hc `mcmgms gh mrfoimjdrcmichjth mghjsmgms pmrm sh dethr m prï-`dcprhssàd mjthsgm `djstruæàd gh ucm bujgmæàd ghshkmgm.

@drrhtd.

Xtoiozmjgd ds gmgds detogds jd hjsmod gh mghjsmchjtd (fríbo`d shco-idfmrãtco`d), drh`miquh tdtmi ghvogd m ucm vmromæàd gd ãjgo`h gh vmzods, jucm`mcmgm `dcprhssãvhi ïgmgd pdr;

=. Pdids Qrï-Mghjsmgds M shfujgm sotumæàd `drrhspdjgh md `msd hc quh mthjsàd hbhtovm mtumi ï chjdr quh mthjsàd gh prï-mghjsmchjtd, ostd ï,m thjsàdd`msodjmgm phid sdid sderhkm`hjth md id`mi djgh bdo rhtormgm m mcdstrm ï chjdrquh m thjsàd gh prï-mghjsmchjtd(Bofurm (e)). Jhsth`msd, goz-sh quh m mrfoim ïprï-mghjsmgm h d D@U : =, pdos hstmcds jd trh`nd qumsh ndrozdjtmi gm ùrvmãjgo`h gh vmzods xidfmrotcd gm thjsàd hbhtovm .Mifucms vhzhs d`drrh quh mthjsàd gh prï-mghjsmchjtd ï shjsovhichjth cmodr gd quh mthjsàd hbhtovm hxosthjth jd sdidpdr d`msoàd gm mcdstrmfhc. Ostd ojgo`m quh hsth sdid hsthvh, jd pmssmgd,

sukhotd m thjsøhs cmodrhs gd quh m mtumos. Hvhjtumichjth, throm nmvogd ucm`mcmgm gh sdid sderhpdstm á mtumi quh throm sogd rhcdvogm pdr hrdsàd.Ph m


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bmoxm gh thjsøhs hstovhr `djtogm hxìusovmchjth jd trh`nd gh rh`dcprhssàd,thc-sh;D@U : =↕π ‟v 9π‟vc

DEP;Cuotds bmtdrhs pdghc tdrjmr uc sdid prï-mghjsmgd, ghstm`mjgd-shmhrdsàd, quh `dc m rhtormgm gh sdid, gocojuo m thjsàd quh mfh mtumichjth,

ehc `dcdhs`mvmæøhsmrtoboòmos dughfhid. Mvmromæàd gd jãvhi g‟ífumï ucm gms`musms brhqùhjths gd prï-mghjsmchjtd, pdos, sh d jãvhi g‟ífum sdbrhr ucmhihvmæàd jd ojthrodr gd thrrhjd, ms thjsøhs hbhtovms shràdmiovomgms,d`msodjmjgd d prï-mghjsmchjtd. Dutrm `musm ocpdrtmjth ï drhssh`mchjtdghvogd m vmromæøhs gh jãvhi g‟ífum prðxocd m suphrbãòh gh uc

ghpðsotd gh mrfoimjdrcmichjth mghjsmgm, quh prdvd`m d mpmrhòchjtd gh ucm`rdstm prï-mghjsmgm. Mioxovomæàd quh ï d bhj÷chjd gh prhòpotmæàd ghhihchjtds quãco`ds sdiûvhos, `dcd`dcpdstds gh sãio`m, miucojm h `mredjmtdspdgh d`drrhr jds sdids, jms `mcmgms suphrodrhsghvogd á `nuvm. Wmos

hihchjtds, sh prhòpotmgds jms `mcmgms ojbhrodrhs, pdghc prdvd`mrmòchjtmæàd hjtrh ds fràds, bhj÷chjd hsth utoiozmgd pdr Rmrfms (=?66) pmrmojthrprhtmr mbdrcmæàd h ms thjsøhs gh prï-mghjsmchjtd hc mrfoims pdrdsms ghPàd Qmuid h gm rhfoàd`hjtrd-sui gd Ermsoi. Phfujgd d chscd mutdr, dbhj÷chjd gd prï-mghjsmchjtd jàd shrhstrojfh mds sdids shgochjtmrhs. Dssdids rhsogumos tmceïc pdghc mprhshjtmr uc prï-mghjsmchjtd vortumi,rhimòdjmgd `dc iofmæøhs ojthrfrmjuimrhs prdvhjohjths gdojthcphroscd gmrd`nm.

5. Pdids Jdrcmichjth MghjsmgdsM prochorm gms sotumæøhs d`drrh qumjgd mthjsàd d`msodjmgm phid sdid sderhkm`hjth (

π ‟v 1)md id`mi djgh bdo rhtormgm m mcdstrm ï ofumi á thjsàd gh prï-mghjsmchjtd (π ‟vc ). Jhsth`msd, goz-sh quh d sdid ï jdrcmichjth mghjsmgd (JM), ostd ï,m cíxocm

thjsàd quh d sdid kísupdrtdu jd pmssmgd `drrhspdjgh md phsd mtumi gd sdidsderhkm`hjth. Ostd ojgo`m quh hsthsdid juj`m hsthvh suechtogd mjthrodrchjth mcmodrhs thjsøhs(Bofurm (m)). Qdrtmjtd, d vmidr gd ãjgo`h gh prï-mghjsmchjtd (D@U) ï mprdxocmgmchjth ofumi m =,1.Jd `msd gh sdids jdrcmichjth mghjsmgds(D@U≎ =), m thjsàd hbhtovm gh prï-mghjsmchjtd,pdr ghbojoæàd, ï ofumi á thjsàd hbhtovmvhrto`mi gh `mcpd. Jhsths `msds,qumiquhr m`rïsòcdgh thjsàd hbhtovm hstmrommssdòmgd m ucm vmromæàd gd ãjgo`h gh vmzods prhvostm jd trh`ndgh`dcprhssàd vorfhc, `djbdrch cdstrmgd jm Bofurm (m).


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Pdids hc Mghjsmchjtd (pmròmichjth mghjsmgd)Qdr ûitocd, thcds d `msd hcquh Ηπ ‟v +π ‟v1 :π ‟vc, ostd ï, m mrfoim mojgm jàd thrcojdu ghmghjsmr sde hbhotdgh shu prðprod phsd (Bofurm (`)). Wrmtm-sh gh uc sdid quh mojgm jàdmtojfou mssums `djgoæøhs gh hquoiãerod, thc-sh mssoc uc sdid pmròmichjth mghjsmgd

dusue-mghjsmgd.D@U 9 =.

nttp;//pt.s`roeg.`dc/gd`/>=687787/Muim-Uh`miquh

26Xcm mrfoim ï gotm prï-mghjsmgm qumjgd m thjsàd hbhtovm mtumiï ojbhrodr áquhim quh d sdid hxphrochjtdu jd pmssmgd.

@drrhtd.

=. Pdids Qrï-Mghjsmgds M shfujgm sotumæàd `drrhspdjgh md `msd hc quh mthjsàd hbhtovm mtumi ï chjdr quh mthjsàd gh prï-mghjsmchjtd, ostd ï,m thjsàdd`msodjmgm phid sdid sderhkm`hjth md id`mi djgh bdo rhtormgm m mcdstrm ï chjdrquh m thjsàd gh prï-mghjsmchjtd(Bofurm (e)). Jhsth`msd, goz-sh quh m mrfoim ïprï-mghjsmgm h d D@U : =, pdos hstmcds jd trh`nd qumsh ndrozdjtmi gm ùrvmãjgo`h gh vmzods xidfmrotcd gm thjsàd hbhtovm .Mifucms vhzhs d`drrh quh mthjsàd gh prï-mghjsmchjtd ï shjsovhichjth cmodr gd quh mthjsàd hbhtovm hxosthjth jd sdidpdr d`msoàd gm mcdstrmfhc. Ostd ojgo`m quh hsth sdid hsthvh, jd pmssmgd,sukhotd m thjsøhs cmodrhs gd quh m mtumos. Hvhjtumichjth, throm nmvogd ucm`mcmgm gh sdid sderhpdstm á mtumi quh throm sogd rhcdvogm pdr hrdsàd.Ph mbmoxm gh thjsøhs hstovhr `djtogm hxìusovmchjth jd trh`nd gh rh`dcprhssàd,thc-sh;D@U : =↕π ‟v 9π‟vc

2>M thdrom ujogochjsodjmi gh mghjsmchjtd gh Whrzmfno bdobdrcuimgm sderh m nopðthsh gh quh ds sdids sàd cmthromos

nhthrdfëjhds h jàd smturmgdHrrmgd.

Nopðthshs socpiobo`mgdrms mgcotogms pdr Whrzmfno;D ghshjvdivochjtd gm Whdrom gd Mghjsmchjtd sh emshom jms shfuojthsnopðthshs;-D sdid ï ndcdfëjhd h `dcpihtmchjth smturmgd<- M ífum h ds fràds sàd oj`dcprhssãvhos<

-D hs`dmchjtd dehgh`h á Iho gh Gmr`y h sh prd`hssm jm gorhæàd vhrto`mi


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-D `dhboòhjth gh phrchmeoiogmgh sh cmjtïc `djstmjth gurmjth d prd`hhssd<-D ãjgo`h gh vmzods vmrom iojhmrchjth `dc dmuchjtd gm thjsàd hbhtovm gurmjth d prd`hssd gd

mghjsmchjtd.- M `dcprhssàd ï ujogorhòdjmi h vhrto`mi h ghvh-sh á smãgm gh ífum gds hspmædsvmzods<- Ms prdprohgmghs gd sdid jàd vmromc gurmjth d mghjsmchjtd.

Kuifuh ds othjs m shfuor, `djsoghrmjgd quh m rhsostëjòm mdòsminmchjtd gh ucm cmssm gh sdid ï m rhsostëjòm ojthrjm pdr írhmujotírom quh m cmssm gh sdid pdgh dbhrh`hr pmrm rhsostor m rupturmsh m ghsiozmchjtds md idjfd gh qumiquhr pimjd jd shu ojthrodr.

2?Ds hjsmods gh òsminmchjtd socpihs, tromxomi gh ghbdrcmæàdpimjm h òsminmchjtd mjuimr sàd cïtdgds imedrmtdromosgospdjãvhos pmrm ghthrcojmæàd gds pmråchtrds gh rhsostëjòm mdòsminmchjtd.

@drrhtd.

Hjsmod gh òsminmchjtd gorhtd du socpihs

D hjsmod gh òsminmchjtd gorhtd bdo ghshjvdivogd emso`mchjth pmrm mghthrcojmæàd gm rhsostëjòm md `drthgh uc `drpd gh prdvm gh sdid, gh bdrcm proscíto`m h shæàd qumgrmgm duòrùimr h gh phquhjm hsphssurm.Hsth hjsmod ï fhrmichjth grhjmgd h ï cmos mpio`mgd md hstugd gm rhsostëjòmmd òsminmchjtd gh sdids `dchstrmtobo`mæøhs du xostdsogmghs ghbojogms, du qumjgd sh quhr mvmiomr mrhsostëjòm hjtrh `djtm`tds ghgobhrhjths cmthromos.

Whjgd hc vostm rhprdguzor gobhrhjths `djgoæøhs gh sdioòtmæàd hxosthjth jdssdids quh sh hj`djtrmc jm príto`m, ds hjsmods gh òsminmchjtd sh ìmssobo`mchc ;

Hjsmod ihjtd du `dc grhjmfhc -@G

Hjsmod rípogd du shc grhjmfhc ‐ ]X/XX

Hjsmod rípogd `dc prï mghjsmchjtd ‐ @X


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Hsshs hjsmods pdghc sh rhmiozmgds mtrmvïs gh tï`jo`ms gobhrhjths ;

m- @osminmchjtd gorhtd

@djsosth hc ghthrcojmr sde ucm thjsàd jdrcmi qumi m thjsàd gh òsminmchjtdW3Wr `mpmz gh prdvd`mr rupturm gh ucm mcdstrm gh sdid `did`mgm ghjtrd ghucm `moxm `dcpdstm gh gums pmrths ghsid`ívhos hjtrh so. Gums phgrmspdrdsms, ucm suphrodr h dutrm ojbhrodr, phrcotoràd m grhjmfhc gm mcdstrm,

qumjgd hstm bdr m tï`jo`m gh hjsmod usmgm.

D hjsmod pdgh shr hxhùtmgd sde thjsàd `djtrdimgm du sde ghbdrcmæàd`djtrdimgm.

Uhphtojgd-sh d hjsmod pmrm dutrds `drpds gh prdvm detëc-sh uc `djkujtd ghpmrhs gh vmidrhs ( ,W) pmrm ghthrcojmæàd gd fríbo`d djgh ghbojocds X h @.

e-@osminmchjtd tromxomi

Ds thsths tromxomos sàd rhmiozmgds pmrm hstugmr m rhsostëjòm gd sdid. Pàd cmosphrbhotds quh ds hjsmods gh òsminmchjtd gorhtd h ds cmos usmgds. Pàdrhmiozmgds hc mpmrhinds hsphòmos, `djstotuãgds pdr ucm `åcmrm òiãjgro`m ghpmrhgh trmjspmrhjth, jd ojthrodr gm qumi sh `did`m m mcdstrm, hjvdivogm pdrucm chcermjm gh edrrm`nm cuotd ghifmgm . M `åcmrm òiãjgro`m ï `nhom ghífum ghmhrmgm. M mcdstrm ï suechtogm á prhssàd gm ífum h `mrfms mxomosmgoòdjmos sàd mpio`mgms m shus hxtrhcds mtrmvïs gh uc postàd. Hstm `mrfm ïmuchjtmgm mtï quh m mcdstrm sh rdcpm. Hc `mgm thsth 0 du cmos `drpds sàdhjsmomgds `mgm uc sde gobhrhjths prhssøhs gd biuogd.

@djtrdih gh prhssàd

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M thjsàd tdtmi ï chgogm mtrmvïs gh hjsmods rípogds du shc grhjmfhc, hc quhm prhssàd gm ífum jàd ï chgogm ( ]X-W^I) du uc pdu`d cmos ihjtds pmrm quhm prhssàd pdssm shr chgogm (XX). M chgoæàd gm Whjsàd hbhtovm (3 Whjsàdtdtmi chjds m prhssàd gm ífum ) hxofh uc hjsmod cmos `dcpihxd hc quhgovhrsds pmråchtrds pdghc shr mvmiomgds (prhssàd pdsthrodr, prhssàd gm ífum,

cugmjæm gh vdiuch). Pàd ds hjsmods ihjtds, `dc grhjmfhc (@G) ‐ mpio`ívhosm mrhoms h mrfoims. Hc mifujs thsths d `drpd gh prdvm ï prhvomchjth`djsdiogmgd (hjsmods `dc prï mghjsmchjtd (@X) mpio`ívhos m mrfoims).

Whsth gh thjsàd

Whsth gh thjsàd

Whsth gh thjsàd

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Ghthrcojmjgd-sh pmrhs gh thjsøhs (=, 0) `drrhspdjghjths m rupturms ghgovhrsms mcdstrms hjsmomgms, trmæmc-sh ds rhsph`tovds `ãrùids gh Cdnr. Hcshfuogm, mssocoimjgd-sh m hjvditðrom ghsshs `ãrùids á rhtm gh @duidce, thc-sh X h @

nttp;//www.pmttrdi.`dc.er/4pmfhTog3=87

61Gh m`drgd `dc d `rotïrod gh Cdnr-@duidce, jàd ní rupturmhjqumjtd d `ãrùid rhprhshjtmtovd gd hstmgd gh thjsøhs shhj`djtrmr jd ojthrodr gh ucm ùrvm, quh ï m hjvditðrom gds`ãrùids m hstmgds gh rupturm.

@drrhtd.

D `rotïrod gh @duidce pdgh shr hxprhssd `dcd; jàd nírupturm sh m thjsàd gh òsminmchjtd jàd uitrmpmssmr uc vmidr gmgd phimxprhssàd `+b.π

, shjgd ` h b `djstmjths gd cmthromi h π m thjsàd jdrcmi hxosthjth jd pimjd ghòsminmchjtd. Ds pmråchtrds ` h b sàd ghjdcojmgdsrhsph`tovmchjth `dhsàd h `dhboòhjth gh mtrotd ojthrjd, pdghjgd hsth shrhxprhssd `dcd m tmjfhjth gh uc å ojthrjd. (QOJWD, 5111, p.=68).

D `rotïrod gh Cdnr pdgh shr hxprhssd `dcd; jàd ní rupturm hjqumjtd d `ãrùidrhprhshjtmtovd gdhstmgd gh thjsøhs sh hj`djtrmr jd ojthrodr gh ucm ùrvm, quh ï m hjvditðromgds `ãrùids rhimtovds m hstmgds ghrupturm, deshrvmgds hxphrochjtmichjth pmrm d cmthromi. (QOJWD, 51)

6=D hjsmod gh òsminmchjtd gorhtd ï socpihs gh sh rhmiozmr h

`djboívhi, kí quh phrcoth quh d sdid rdcpm md idjfd gd pimjdgh rupturm cmos brm`d.

Hrrmgd.

D hjsmod gh òsminmchjtd gorhtd bdo ghshjvdivogd emso`mchjth pmrm mghthrcojmæàd gm rhsostëjòm md `drthgh uc `drpd gh prdvm gh sdid, gh bdrcm proscíto`m h shæàd qumgrmgm duòrùimr h gh phquhjm hsphssurm.Hsth hjsmod ï fhrmichjth grhjmgd h ï cmos mpio`mgd md hstugd gm rhsostëjòm

md òsminmchjtd gh sdids `dc

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hstrmtobo`mæøhs du xostdsogmghs ghbojogms, du qumjgd sh quhr mvmiomr mrhsostëjòm hjtrh `djtm`tds ghgobhrhjths cmthromos.

65Jd hjsmod tromxomi `djsdiogmgd grhjmgd, m vmromæàd gh vdiuch,gurmjth m mpio`mæàd gm thjsàd ghsvomgdrm, sh `dcpdrtm ghcmjhorm mjíidfm hc ucm mrhom bdbm du hc ucm mrfoimjdrcmichjth mghjsmgm.

@drrhtd.

D hjsmod gh `dcprhssàd tromxomi ï bhotd cdigmjgd-sh uc `drpd gh prdvm

òiãjgro`d, m pmrtor gh ucm mcdstrm gh sdid, d qumi ï `did`mgd ghjtrd gh ucm`åcmrm gh hjsmod hjvditd pdr ucm chcermjm gh edrrm`nm. M `åcmrm ï `nhomgh ífum, á qumi sh mpio`m ucm prhssàd, quh ï `nmcmgm prhssàd `djbojmjth du prhssàd gh `djbojmchjtd gd hjsmod. Jd hjsmod `dc `mrfm `djtrdimgm ïmpio`mgm ucm `mrfm `djstmjth jd postàd quh phjhtrm jm `åcmrm, h jd hjsmod ghghbdrcmæàd `djtrdimgm d postàd ï ghsid`mgd pmrm emoxd `dc vhidògmgh`djstmjth.

Hjsmod Wromxomi

M pmrtor gds gmgds detogds jd hjsmod, ï pdssãvhi trmæmr d `ãrùid gh Cdnr`drrhspdjghjth á sotumæàd gh rupturm. @dc ds `ãrùids gh Cdnr ghthrcojmgdshc hjsmods bhotds hc dutrds `drpds gh prdvm, ï pdssãvhi trmæmr m hjvditðrom ghrhsostëjòm `djbdrch d `rotïrod gh Cdnr. Mtrmvïs ghsth hjsmod ï pdssãvhi thr-shucm ogïom gd `dcpdrtmchjtd thjsàd-ghbdrcmæàd gh uc gmgd sdid.

Gurmjth d hjsmod, pdgh-sh grhjmr m ífum gm mcdstrm pdr chod gh phgrmspdrdsms `did`mgms jd tdpd h jm emsh gd `drpd gh prdvm. D hjsmod pdgh shrbhotd gh trhs cmjhorms gostojtms;


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@djsdiogmgd Grhjmgd (@G - `djsdiogmthg grmojhg) - mpðs mpio`mr mprhssàd `djbojmjth, hsphrm-sh quh m prhssàd jhutrm sh gossoph (bmsh gh`djsdiogmæàd du mghjsmchjtd gm mcdstrm) pmrm gmr ojãòd á `dcprhssàdmxomi. Gurmjth m hxhùæmd gd hjsmod, m `dcprhssàd mxomi ï bhotmihjtmchjth, pmrm phrcotor m grhjmfhc h m gossopmæàd gm prhssàd jhutrm.

@djsdiogmgd Jàd grhjmgd (@X - `djsdiogmthg ujgrmojhg) - hsphrm-shquh m prhssàd jhutrm sh gossoph mpðs mpio`mr m prhssàd `djbojmjth h,gurmjth m hxhùæmd gd hjsmod, jàd ï bhotm m grhjmfhc.

Jàd `djsdiogmgd Jàd grhjmgd (XX - `djsdiogmthg ujgrmojhg)- idfdmpðs m mpio`mæàd gm thjsàd `djbojmjth ï ojoòmgm m `dcprhssàd tromxomi,shc mfumrgmr m gossopmæàd gm prhssàd jhutrm. Gurmjth m hxhùæmd gdhjsmod jàd ï bhotm m grhjmfhc.

60Qmrm ucm mrfoim jdrcmichjth mghjsmgm, m thjsàd mdòsminmchjtd shrí juim qumjgd m thjsàd jdrcmi bdr juim.

@drrhtd.

Gurmjth ds hstugds fhdtï`jo`ds gd sdid gh ucm rhfoàd hc quh shrírhmiozmgm ucm thrrmpimjmfhc, bdrmc rhmiozmgds ds shfuojths thsths;• sdjgmfhc á phrùssàd


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Uhsostëjòm gh pdjtm (q`) Uhsostëjòm md mtrotd imthrmi (bs) Qrhssøhs Jhutrms (u5)

Ms sderhprhssøhs jhutrms sàd iogms mtrmvïs gh hihchjtd pdrdsd sotumgd jm

emsh gd `djh, smturmgd `dc d muxãiod gh edcem m víùd h ðihd gh soio`djh.Gurmjth d hjsmod, pdghc shr rhmiozmgds hjsmods gh gossopmæàd gm prhssàdjhutrm.

Uhsuitmgds

Miïc gds gmgds iogds hc thcpd rhmi gurmjth d hjsmod (q`, bs h u), pdghc-shdethr mtrmvïs gh `drrhimæøhs ms shfuojths prdprohgmghs;

Hstrmtofrmbom< Qhrboi fhdtï`jo`d<

@dhboòhjth gh mghjsmchjtd (@n h @v)


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Hvhjtumichjth, gurmjth d hjsmod pdghc shr rhmiozmgds hjsmods gh gossopmæàdgm prhssàd jhutrm.

@djtmcds `dc hquopmchjtds `mioermgds h dphrmgdrhs `mpmòtmgds m rhmiozmr dhjsmod hc gobhrhjths topds gh thrrhjd, miïc gh derms ’jhmr sndrh–, shfuojgd

rhfuimchjtmæøhs gm MEJW, Hurd`dgh h MPWC G866> ‐ 16 Ptmjgmrg WhstChtndg bdr Hih`trdjo` Bro`todj @djh mjg Qohzd`djh Qhjhtrmtodj Whstojf db Pdois

28M sdjgmfhc á phrùssàd, pdr chod gh `drrhimæàd, phrcothchgor ms chscms prdprohgmghs gd sdid ghthrcojmgms phidshjsmods gh pminhtm h Qohzd`djh.

Hrrmgd.

D hquopmchjtd pmrm m sdjgmfhc m phrùssàd ï socpihs h pdgh shrrhimtovmchjth emrmtd. Hxosthc sdiuæøhs cmos sdbosto`mgms hc thrcds ghbmòiogmgh h prhòsàd, cms d cmthromi eíso`d `djsosth hc;• Wropï hquopmgd `dc smroind, rdigmjm h `med<• Wueds chtíio`ds gh rhvhstochjtd, `dc goåchtrd ojthrjd gh 20,8 cc (5,8–)<• Nmsths gh mæd pmrm mvmjæd gm phrburmæàd, `dc goåchtrd ojthrjd gh 58 cc<

• Cmrthid gh bhrrd pmrm `rmvmæàd gms nmsths gh phrburmæàd, gd mcdstrmgdr h gdrhvhstochjtd. Phu bdrcmtd ï òiãjgro`d h d phsd ï gh 28 lf<• @djkujtd cdtdr -edcem pmrm òrùimæàd gh ífum jd mvmjæd gm phrburmæàd<• Wrïpmjd gh imvmfhc `djstotuãgd pdr phæm gh mæd thrcojmgm hc eoshi h gdtmgmgh gums smãgms imthrmos pmrm m ífum m shr utoiozmgm<• Wrmgd `dj`nm `dc =11 cc gh goåchtrd h nhio`dogmi `dc goåchtrd gh 82 m 25cc<• Mcdstrmgdr pmgràd gh goåchtrd hxthrjd gh 81,> cc h ojthrjd gh 07,? cc,`dc `drpd eopmrtogd (vogh bofurm memoxd).

@dc hquopmchjtd tàd socpihs, ï gh sucm ocpdrtåjòm quh d phssdmi quh vmocmjushí-id shkm ehc trhojmgd, sïrod h mthjtd. Gmã gh phr`heh m ocpdrtåjòm ghhs`dinhr ucm edm hcprhsm gh sdjgmfhc, pdos uc thsth cmi bhotd pdgh ihvmr m`djìusøhs hrr÷jhms h ojthrbhror jhfmtovmchjth jm hs`dinm h gochjsodjmchjtdgm bujgmæàd, du shkm, nmvhrí uc muchjtd jd ùstd h pdssãvhi phrgm jmqumiogmgh gm hgobo`mæàd.

@dcd ï bhotd

D hjsmod `djsosth hc bmzhr ucm phrburmæàd vhrto`mi `dc goåchtrd jdrcmi 5,8"(20,8cc). M prdbujgogmgh vmrom `dc d topd gh derm h d topd gh thrrhjd, bo`mjgd

hc fhrmi hjtrh =1 m 51 c. Hjqumjtd jàd sh hj`djtrm ífum, d mvmjæd gmphrburmæàd ï bhotm, hc fhrmi, `dc uc trmgd hspormi (nhio`dogmi).

http://www.astm.org/Standards/D5778.htmhttp://www.astm.org/Standards/D5778.htmhttp://www.astm.org/Standards/D5778.htmhttp://www.astm.org/Standards/D5778.htmhttp://www.astm.org/Standards/D5778.htmhttp://www.astm.org/Standards/D5778.htmhttp://www.astm.org/Standards/D5778.htm


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D mvmjæd `dc trmgd ï bhotd mtï mtojfor d jãvhi gh ífum du hjtàd mifuc cmthromirhsosthjth. Gmã hc gomjth, m phrburmæàd `djtojum `dc d usd gh trïpmjd hòrùimæàd gh ífum, prd`hssd ghjdcojmgd gh ’imvmfhc–. D trïpmjd ï ucmbhrrmchjtm gm imrfurm gd burd h `dc thrcojmæàd hc eoshi `drtmjth, usmgd pmrm

ghsmfrhfmr d cmthromi gd bujgd gd burd.

D trïpmjd vmo shjgd `rmvmgd jd bujgd gd burd pdr rhphtogms quhgms gm `diujmgh phrburmæàd (trïpmjd h nmsths). D cmrthid `mo gh ucm miturm gh 01 `c, h mquhgm ï shfuogm pdr uc phquhjd cdvochjtd gh rdtmæàd, mòdjmgdcmjumichjth gm suphrbãòh, `dc ucm `ruzhtm m`dpimgm md tdpd gm `diujm ghphrburmæàd. Ojkhtm-sh ífum sde prhssàd phids `mjmos hxosthjths jms nmsths,hstm ífum òrùim phid burd mrrmstmjgd ds ghtrotds gh phrburmæàd mtï msuphrbãòh. Qmrm hvotmr d ghscdrdjmchjtd gms pmrhghs jms zdjms hc quh dsdid mprhshjtm-sh pdu`d `dhsd ï ojstmimgd uc rhvhstochjtd chtíio`d ghprdthæàd (tueds gh rhvhstochjtd).

M sdjgmfhc prdsshfuh mssoc mtï m prdbujgogmgh hsphòbo`mgm phid prdkhtostm(quh sh emshom jm jdrcm), du hjtàd mtï quh m phrùssàd mtojkm cmthromi gurd`dcd, pdr hxhcpid, rd`nm, cmtm`øhs, shoxds du `ms`minds gh goåchtrd frmjgh.

Gurmjth m phrburmæàd, m `mgm chtrd gh mvmjæd ï bhotd uc hjsmod gh `rmvmæàdgd mcdstrmgdr jd bujgd gd burd, pmrm chgor m rhsostëjòm gd sdid h `dihtmrmcdstrms. Hssh hjsmod, ghjdcojmgd hjsmod gh phjhtrmæàd du hjsmod PQW, ïbhotd `dc hquopmchjtd h prd`hgochjtd pmgrdjozmgds jd cujgd tdgd, pmrmphrcotor m `drrhimæàd gh shu rhsuitmgd `dc m hxphroëjòm `djsdiogmgm gh cuotdshstugds bhotds jdErmsoi h jd hxthrodr.

D mcdstrmgdr(bofurm md imgd) ï`rmvmgd mtrmvïs gdocpm`td gh ucmcmssm chtíio`m gh28 lf `mojgd hcquhgm iovrh gh 68`c gh miturm. Drhsuitmgd gd thsthPQW shrí mqumjtogmgh ghfdiphs jh`hssírods pmrm bmzhr phjhtrmr ds ûitocds 01 `c gd mcdstrmgdr jdbujgd gd burd. Ph d sdid bdr cuotd cdih, mjdtm-sh m phjhtrmæàd gd mcdstrmgdr,hc `hjtãchtrds, qumjgd m cmssm ï socpihschjth mpdomgm sderh d rhssmitd. Mchgogm `drrhspdjghjth á phjhtrmæàd detogm pdr socpihs mpdod, du zhrd fdiphs,pdgh shr hxprhssovm hc sdids cdihs. Jm phjhtrmæàd pdr emtogm gm cmssm`djtm-sh d jûchrd gh fdiphs mpio`mgds, pmrm `mgm =8 `c gh phjhtrmæàd gdmcdstrmgdr.

Ms gorhtrozhs pmrm m hxhùæàd gh sdjgmfhjs sàd rhfogms phim JEU 27>7,"Hxhùæàd gh Pdjgmfhjs gh socpihs rh`djnhòchjtd", m qumi rh`dchjgm quh,

Mcdstrmgdr pmgràd pmrm hjsmod PQW. M pmgrdjozmæàd

ojthrjmòdjmi phrcoth `dcpmrmæøhs hjtrh hstugdsbhotds hc govhrsms pmrth gd cujgd.


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hc `mgm thsth, ghvh shr bhotm m phjhtrmæàd tdtmi gds 78 `c gd mcdstrmgdr dumtï quh m phjhtrmæàd shkm ojbhrodr m 8 `c pmrm `mgm =1 fdiphs su`hssovds. M`mgm hjsmod gh PQW prdsshfuh-sh m phrburmæàd (`dc d trmgd du d trïpmjd) mtïm prdbujgogmgh gd jdvd hjsmod.

Jd Ermsoi, ms hcprhsms gh sdjgmfhc hstàd mgquorojgd hquopmchjtds `dcsosthcm nogríuio`d h cdvogds pdr cdtdr m `dceustàd, pmrm hxhùæàd gd hjsmodPQW, ùkd mcdstrmgdr ï `rmvmgd jd thrrhjd pdr chod gh cmrthid ch`åjo`d.

@rotïrods gh pmrmiosmæàd gm sdjgmfhc

D prd`hssd gh phrburmæàd, pdr trmgd du imvmfhc, mssdòmgd mds hjsmodsphjhtrdcïtro`ds, shrí rhmiozmgd mtï djgh sh detovhr jhsshs hjsmods ucm gmsshfuojths `djgoæøhs;= -- ]umjgd hc 0 c su`hssovds sh detovhr ãjgo`hs gh phjhtrmæàd cmodrhs gdquh 78/=8<

5 -- ]umjgd hc 7 c su`hssovds bdrhc detogds ãjgo`hs gh phjhtrmæàd hjtrh78/=8 h 78/01<0 -- ]umjgd, hc 8 c su`hssovds, bdrhc detogds ãjgo`hs gh phjhtrmæàd hjtrh78/01 h 78/78 (jûchrd gh fdiphs/hspmæd phjhtrmgd phid mcdstrmgdr).

@msd m phjhtrmæàd shkm juim ghjtrd gm prhòsàd gm chgogm jm shqùëjòm gh 8ocpm`tds gd cmrthid d hjsmod shrí ojthrrdcpogd, jàd nmvhjgd jh`hssogmgh ghdehgh`hr d `rotïrod hstmehihògd mòcm.

Hjtrhtmjtd, d`drrhjgd hssm sotumæàd mjths gh >,11 c, m sdjgmfhc shríghsid`mgm mtï d cíxocd gh qumtrd vhzhs hc pdsoæøhs gomchtrmichjth dpdstms,gostmjths 5,11 c gm sdjgmfhc ojoòmi.

@dihtm gh mcdstrms

Jm sdjgmfhc m phrùssàd sàd `dihtmgms mcdstrms detogms phid mcdstrmgdr hmquhims rhtormgms jds mvmjæds gds burds hjtrh uc h dutrd hjsmod gh PQW, pdrtrmgd du imvmfhc. Ms mcdstrms rhtormgms gd mcdstrmgdr ghvhc shrm`djgoòdjmgms hc brms`ds nhrcïto`ds pmrm m cmjuthjæàd gm ucogmgh jmturmih gms sums hstruturms fhdiðfo`ms.

Ms mcdstrms gh trmgd ghvhc shr m`djgoòdjmgms hc sm`ds piísto`ds dudrghjmgms jms prðproms `moxms gh mcdstrmfhc. Ms mcdstrms rhtormgms pdrshgochjtmæàd gm ífum gh imvmfhc du gh òrùimæàd tmceïc ghvhc shrfumrgmgms. Hims sàd `djstotuãgms projòpmichjth phim brmæàd mrhjdsm gd sdiddrofojmi, pdos ds bojds fhrmichjth sàd ihvmgds phim ífum gh òrùimæàd gmsdjgmfhc.

Ãjgo`h gh rhsostëjòm á phjhtrmæàd

D ãjgo`h PQW bdo ghbojogd pdr Whrzmfno-Qh`l, quh jds goz quh d ãjgo`h ghrhsostëjòm á phjhtrmæàd (PQW) ï m sdcm gd jûchrd gh fdiphs

jh`hssírods á phjhtrmæàd jd sdid, gds 01 `c bojmos gd mcdstrmgdr .Ghsprhzm-sh pdrtmjtd d jûchrd gh fdiphs `drrhspdjghjths á `rmvmæàd gds =8


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`c ojoòmos gd mcdstrmgdr.

Mojgm quh d hjsmod gh rhsostëjòm á phjhtrmæàd jàd pdssm shr `djsoghrmgd`dcd uc cïtdgd prhòsd gh ojvhstofmæàd, ds vmidrhs gh PQW detogds gàd ucmojgo`mæàd prhiocojmr emstmjth ûtoi gm `djsostëjòm (sdids mrfoidsds) du hstmgd gh

`dcpmògmgh (sdids mrhjdsds) gms `mcmgms gd sdid ojvhstofmgms. Rhkm mtmehim memoxd;

Ãjgo`hs gh rhsostëjòm á phjhtrmæàd h rhsph`tovms ghsofjmæøhs

PdidÃjgo`h gh Uhsostëjòm íQhjhtrmæàd

Ghsofjmæàd

Mrhoms h soiths

mrhjdsds

93 7 Bdbd

8 - =1 Qdu`d `dcpm`td

== - 01

Chgomjmchjth

`dcpm`td0= - 81 @dcpm`td

: 81 Cuotd `dcpm`td

Mrhoms h soithsmrfoidsds

93 5 Cuotd cdih

0 - 7 Cdih

8 - > Cïgom

? - =8 Uokm

=2 - 01 Cuotd rokm

: 01 gurm

22D hjsmod gh pminhtm ï hcprhfmgd pmrm ghthrcojmr d frmu gh`dcpmògmgh gh sdids mrhjdsds

Hrrmgd.

D hjsmod gh Qminhtm (Rmjh Whst) ï trmgoòdjmichjth hcprhfmgd jmghthrcojmæàd gm rhsostëjòm md òsminmchjtd gh mrfoims cdihs smturmgms,suechtogms á `djgoæàd gh `mrrhfmchjtd jàd grhjmgd (Pu).

D Hjsmod

Jdrcmtozmgd phim MEJW JEU =1?18/>? ‐ Pdid ‐ Hjsmods gh pminhtm oj sotu hMPWC G5860-1> Ptmjgmrg thst chtndg bdr b ohig vmjh snhr thst oj ̀ dn hsovhsd o i - d hjsmod `djsosth jm `rmvmæàd hstíto`m gh pminhtm gh mæd, `dc sh`æàdtrmjsvhrsmi hc bdrcmtd gh `ruz, gh gochjsøhs pmgrdjozmgms, ojshrogm mtï m

pdsoæàd ghshkmgm pmrm m hxhùæàd gd thsth.

http://www.astm.org/Standards/D2573.htmhttp://www.astm.org/Standards/D2573.htmhttp://www.astm.org/Standards/D2573.htmhttp://www.astm.org/Standards/D2573.htmhttp://www.astm.org/Standards/D2573.htmhttp://www.astm.org/Standards/D2573.htm


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M pdjthorm ï `rmvmgm, utoiozm d sosthcm gupid gh nmsths, vosm hiocojmr qumiquhrmtrotd gm nmsth gm pminhtm gh thsth `dc d sdid h hiocojm ojthrbhrëjòms jmschgogms gh rhsostëjòm.

Qminhtm gh hjsmods Rmjh Whst

Xcm vhz pdsoòdjmgm, mpio`m tdrquh á pdjthorm pdr chod gh ujogmgh ghchgoæàd, `dc vhidògmgh gh 2 frmus / cojutd. D tdrquh cíxocd phrcoth mdethjæàd gd vmidr gh rhsostëjòm jàd grhjmgm gd thrrhjd, jms `djgoæøhs ghsdid jmturmi ojghbdrcmgd.

Qdsthrodrchjth, pmrm dethjæàd gm rhsostëjòm jàd-grhjmgm, rhprhshjtmtovm ghucm `djgoæàd pðs-mcdifmchjtd gm mrfoim, form-sh m pminhtm rmpogmchjth pdr=1 vditms `djshùtovms, dethjgd-sh m rhsostëjòm jàd grhjmgm gd thrrhjd jms`djgoæøhs gh sdid ’mcdifmgd–, phrcotojgd mvmiomr m shjsoeoiogmgh gm hstruturm

gh bdrcmæàd jmturmi gd ghpðsotd mrfoidsd.

D hquopmchjtd utoiozmgd phim Gmcms`d Qhjjm ï gd topd ’M–, quh

Hxhcpid gh rhsuitmgd


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pmrm hjsmods rhmiozmgds shc phrburmæàd prïvom h `djtrdimgds hihtrdjo`mchjth,fmrmjth rhsuitmgds h ihoturms prhòsms.

Uhsuitmgds

Mtrmvïs gds hjsmods gh pminhtm (Rmjh Whst), pdghc-sh dethr ds shfuojthsrhsuitmgds;

Fríbo`d gh tdrquh hc bujæàd gm rdtmæàd< Uhsostëjòm jàd grhjmgm jms `djgoæøhs jmturmos (Pu)< Uhsostëjòm jàd grhjmgm jms `djgoæøhs mcdifmgms< Phjsoeoiogmgh gm hstruturm gm mrfoim

M`hr`m gh fhdth`jom, kuifuh ds othjs sueshquhjths.

8=Jdrcmichjth, mrfoims ìmssobo`mgms `dcd gh `djsostëjòm cuotdcdih pdssuhc rhsostëjòm á `dcprhssàd socpihs ojbhrodr m58 lQm.

@drrhtd.

Rhr ; nttp;//pt.s`roeg.`dc/gd`/05>2?806/5>/OOO-5-5-@imssobo`m`md-gms-mrfoims-shfujgd-m-rhsosthjòm-m-`dcprhssmd

85D ãjgo`h gh vmzods gh uc sdid ï m rhimæàd hjtrh d phsd gm ífumh d phsd gds sðiogds quh `dcpøhc hssh sdid.

Hrrmgd.

M quhstàd trmtm gds ãjgo`hs bãso`ds gh uc sdid.Rhr;

btp;//btp.`hbhths.er/ùrsds/trmjspdrths/@hiodGmvoiim/Pdids/Iothrmturm%51`dcpihchjtmr/@mp5OjgBos%51uje.pgb

Ï m rhimæàd hjtrh d vdiuch gh vmzods h d vdiuch gh sðiogds.Hcedrm pdssm vmromr, thdro`mchjth, gh 1 m 7, d chjdr vmidrhj`djtrmgd hc `mcpd pmrm d ãjgo`h gh vmzods ï gh 1.58 (pmrmucm mrhom cuotd `dcpm`tm `dc bojds) h d cmodr gh =8 (pmrmucm mrfoim mitmchjth `dcprhssãvhi).

Hv3 Rv/Rs

80

http://pt.scribd.com/doc/32869537/28/III-2-2-Classificacao-das-argilas-segundo-a-resistencia-a-compressaohttp://pt.scribd.com/doc/32869537/28/III-2-2-Classificacao-das-argilas-segundo-a-resistencia-a-compressaoftp://ftp.cefetes.br/cursos/transportes/CelioDavilla/Solos/Literatura%20complementar/Cap2IndFis%20unb.pdfftp://ftp.cefetes.br/cursos/transportes/CelioDavilla/Solos/Literatura%20complementar/Cap2IndFis%20unb.pdfftp://ftp.cefetes.br/cursos/transportes/CelioDavilla/Solos/Literatura%20complementar/Cap2IndFis%20unb.pdfftp://ftp.cefetes.br/cursos/transportes/CelioDavilla/Solos/Literatura%20complementar/Cap2IndFis%20unb.pdfhttp://pt.scribd.com/doc/32869537/28/III-2-2-Classificacao-das-argilas-segundo-a-resistencia-a-compressaohttp://pt.scribd.com/doc/32869537/28/III-2-2-Classificacao-das-argilas-segundo-a-resistencia-a-compressao


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Ds sdids imthrãto`ds mprhshjtmc phquhjm `mpmògmgh gh supdrthjm bdrcm hc quh sh hj`djtrmc jm jmturhzm. Hjtrhtmjtd, qumjgdhsshs sdids sàd `dcpm`tmgds, sum `mpmògmgh gh supdrth ïhihvmgm.

@drrhtd.

Pdids imthrãto`ds sàd sdids ojthcphrozmgds quh sàd hj`djtrmgds projòpmichjthjms rhfoøhs trdpo`mos gd cujgd. Ds cojhrmos hj`djtrmgds jhsshs sdids sàdcuotms vhzhs uchghògds, h ro`ds hc ðxogds gh miucãjod h gh bhrrd. Ghvogd mdðxogd gh bhrrd d sdid ï fhrmichjth vhrchind. D jdch imthrãto`d ï uc thrcdusmgd hc rhfoøhs trdpo`mos quhjths pmrm ghs`rhvhr hsth topd gh sdid quh ojìuoimtdssdids h dutrds topds gh frupd gh sdids `dcd d pdgzðio`ds.

Ds sdids imthrãto`ds sàd cuotd utoiozmgds `dcd cmthromi gh `djstruæàd. Jmìmssobo`mæàd tmxdj÷co`m mtumi gds Hstmgds Xjogds d imthrãto`d jàd ï ojìuãgd.Ds imtdssdids pdghc mojgm shr govogogds hc suedrghjs; Mqudx, Wdrrdx, Xstdx,Qhrdx h Xgdx.

M cmodrom ghsshs sdids mitmchjth dxogmgds ï `mrm`throzmgm phim sum emoxmbhrtoiogmgh jmtovm, rhsuitmjgd hc rhshrvms gh jutrohjths cuotd emoxms, mitmrhthjæàd gh bðsbdrd phids cojhrmos ðxogds h emoxm `mpmògmgh gh trd`m gh`ítodjs. Jms rhfoøhs trdpo`mos h shcotrdpo`mos djgh ms `nuvms sàd brhqùhjthshsths sdids sàd cuotms vhzhs ghsprdvogds gh cmtïrom drfåjo`m ghvogd md

rípogd hjbrmquhòchjtd quh d`drrh. M cmodrom gds jutrohjths jd h`dssosthcmgd imtdssdid ï `djtogm jm vhfhtmæàd h jm gh`dcpdsoæàd gd cmthromi gmspimjtms. Mphsmr gm emoxm bhrtoiogmgh, ds imtdssdids pdghc shr emstmjthprdgutovds `dc m mgoæàd gh bhrtoiozmjths h `mi.

MPPXJWD; QMWDIDFOM GMP @DJPWUXÆØHP

M rhsphotd gh pmtdidfom h rhùphrmæàd gms `djstruæøhs, kuifuh dsothjs quh sh shfuhc.

86Ms troj`ms hc mivhjmroms pdghc shr ìmssobo`mgms hc troj`msmtovms, mquhims quh vmromc md idjfd gd thcpd hc bujæàd gmvmromæàd gh thcphrmturm, h troj`ms pmssovms, mquhims quh, md`djtrírod gms mtovms, jàd vmromc jhssms `djgoæøhs.

Hrrmgd.


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Ghbojoæøhs gh mifucms jdrcms ermsoihorms;

Jdrcm JEU ?868 - Ocphrchmeoiozmæàd; Phihæàd h Qrdkhtd;0.72 - Bossurm; mehrturm d`msodjmgm pdr rupturm gh uc cmthromi du`dcpdjhjth, `dc mehrturm ojbhrodr du ofumi m 1,8 cc.

0.25 - Co`rdbossurm; mehrturm d`msodjmgm pdr rupturm gh uc cmthromi du`dcpdjhjth, `dc mehrturm ojbhrodr m 1,18 cc.0.68 - Wroj`m; mehrturm d`msodjmgm pdr rupturm gh uc cmthromi du `dcpdjhjth`dc mehrturm suphrodr m 1,8 cc h ojbhrodr m = cc.

Jdrcm JEU =8.868 - Ghshcphjnd gh Hgobãòds Nmeotmòdjmos gh mtï @oj`dQmvochjtds - Qmrth 5;0.6 - Bossurm gh `dcpdjhjth hstruturmi; sh`òdjmchjtd jm suphrbãòh du hctdgm shæàd trmjsvhrsmi gh uc `dcpdjhjth, `dc mehrturm `mpoimr, prdvd`mgdpdr thjsøhs jdrcmos du tmjfhjòmos. Ms bossurms pdghc shr ìmssobo`mgms `dcdmtovms (vmromæàd gm mehrturm hc bujæàd gh cdvochjtmæøhs nofrdtïrco`ms du

dutrms) du pmssovms (mehrturm `djstmjth).0.? - Wroj`m; hxprhssàd `didquomi qumiotmtovm mpio`ívhi m bossurms `dc mehrturmcmodr du ofumi m 1,2 cc.

@imssobo`mæøhs shfujgd sum mehrturm;m) bojms; bossurms `dc chjds gh =,8 cc gh hsphssurm<e) cïgoms; hsphssurms hjtrh =,8 cc h =1,1 cc<`) imrfms; suphrodrhs m =1,1 cc.

@imssobo`mæàd shfujgd sum mtovogmgh;m) mtovms; bossurms quh mprhshjtmc vmromæøhs gh mehrturm hc uc ghthrcojmgdphrãdgd gh thcpd. Bossurms mtovms `musmgms pdr vmromæøhs tïrco`ms, pdrhxhcpid, pdghc mprhshjtmr uc `dcpdrtmchjtd `ãìo`d, mithrjmjgd summehrturm gh m`drgd `dc ms vmromæøhs gh thcphrmturm. Kí ms bossurms mtovms`musmgms pdrrh`miquhs gh bujgmæàd thjghc m mprhshjtmr ucm mehrturm `rhs`hjth<e) ojmtovms du hstmeoiozmgms; bossurms quh jàd mprhshjtmc vmromæøhs gh mehrturmdu `dcprochjtd md idjfd gd thcpd. Bossurms ojmtovms `dstucmc shr `musmgmspdr sdioòtmæøhs hxthrjms `djstmjths, tmos `dcd sderh`mrfms du bujgmæøhshstmeoiozmgms.

@imssobo`mæàd shfujgd sum bdrcm;m) osdimgms; bossurms `dc `musms govhrsms quh shfuhc ucm gorhæàdprhgdcojmjth, m`dcpmjnmjgd ms kujtms gh mrfmcmssm du pmrtojgd`dcpdjhjths, shfuojgd bomgms ndrozdjtmos du vhrto`mos, du, mojgm, prdidjfmjgd-sh phim ojthrbm`h hjtrh ds `dcpdjhjths gm mivhjmrom h m kujtm gh mrfmcmssm<e) gosshcojmgms; bossurms gosshcojmgms mprhshjtmc m bdrcm gh rhgh ghbossurms, shjgd cmos `dcujs hc rhvhstochjtds.

@imssobo`mæàd shfujgd sums `musms;m) bossurms `musmgms pdr hx`hssovd `mrrhfmchjtd gh `dcprhssàd(sderh`mrfms)<

e) bossurms `musmgms pdr vmromæøhs gh thcphrmturm (cdvochjtmæøhs tïrco`ms)


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g) bossurms `musmgms phim ghbdrcmæàd gh hihchjtds gm hstruturm gh `dj`rhtdmrcmgd<h) bossurms `musmgms pdr rh`miquhs gh bujgmæøhs<b) bossurms `musmgms pdr rhmæøhs quãco`ms<f) bossurms `musmgms pdr ghtminhs `djstrutovds oj`drrhtds

@imssobo`mæàd shfujgd sum gorhæàd;m) bossurms vhrto`mos<e) bossurms ndrozdjtmos<`) bossurms gomfdjmos

nttp;//www.sojgo`djht.`dc.er/616=/Ojbdrchsh/@nh`lup-h-ojsphmd-prhgomi/Wroj`ms-hc-pmrhghs-poimrhs-h-imkhs nttp;//www.gomrodgds`mcpds.`dc.er/ocdvhos/rm`nmgurms-h-troj`ms-ghvhc-shr-mvmiomgms-215?=/ nttp;//www.kujgemsh.`dc.er/thxtd.ntc

nttp;//www.kujgemsh.`dc.er/thxtd5.ntc nttp;//www.hemn.`dc.er/`djthjt/MEMMMMxlwMM/cmjumi-pmtdfhjoms-`djstru`md nttp;//www.ghbhsmòvoi.hs.fdv.er/boihs/pgb/mpdstoimTmvmiom`mdTghTros`dThstruturmi.pgb nttp;//www.cmdsmderm.drf.er/bmsòùids/bmsòùid-ojtrdgu`md/prdeihcms-brhquhjths-gh-`djstru`md/troj`ms-h-bossurms/ nttp;//www.cujgomim`memchjtds.`dc.er/sosthcm/cdguihs/jhws/mrtoìh.pnp4stdr yog382>

8>M phjhtrmæàd gh mfhjths mfrhssovds gm mtcdsbhrm, `dcd, pdrhxhcpid, @D5, ìdrhtds h suibmtds, jd `dj`rhtdpdgh shr bmòiotmgm pdr sum mitm pdrdsogmgh, `musmgm pdr bminm ghvoermæàd.

@drrhtd.

@íjdvms (=?>>) mborcm quh ucm voermæàd cmi bhotm pdgh d`msodjmr prdeihcms jd`dj`rhtd ds qumos mpmrh`hràd `dc sojtdcms pmtdiðfo`ds gobhrhjths, hcedrm ds cmos

brhqùhjths shkmc ds jojnds gh phgrms h edinmsD ojthrhssh phssdmi gd phsquosmgdr surfou ghvogd mdeshrvmæàd gh ucm rdtojmgh hrrds gurmjth m utoiozmæàd gd voermgdr gh ochrsàd phids dphrírods gms derms djghhstmfodu, miïc gm ojhxostëjòm gh uc ghvogd `djtrdih pdr pmrth gds hjfhjnhords hhj`mrrhfmgds jd cdchjtd gm `dj`rhtmfhc.Phfujgd Cmttds (=??6), tmivhz, rhmichjth jàd hsthkmshjgd gmgm, pdr pmrth gdshjfhjnhords, hj`mrrhfmgds h, projòpmichjth, ds prð

prods voermgdrostms (prdbossodjmi quhcmjopuim d hquopmchjtd jd cdchjtd gm `dj`rhtmfhc),

http://www.sindiconet.com.br/7071/Informese/Checkup-e-inspeao-predial/Trincas-em-paredes-pilares-e-lajeshttp://www.sindiconet.com.br/7071/Informese/Checkup-e-inspeao-predial/Trincas-em-paredes-pilares-e-lajeshttp://www.sindiconet.com.br/7071/Informese/Checkup-e-inspeao-predial/Trincas-em-paredes-pilares-e-lajeshttp://www.diariodoscampos.com.br/imoveis/rachaduras-e-trincas-devem-ser-avaliadas-60291/http://www.diariodoscampos.com.br/imoveis/rachaduras-e-trincas-devem-ser-avaliadas-60291/http://www.diariodoscampos.com.br/imoveis/rachaduras-e-trincas-devem-ser-avaliadas-60291/http://www.jundbase.com.br/texto.htmhttp://www.jundbase.com.br/texto.htmhttp://www.jundbase.com.br/texto2.htmhttp://www.jundbase.com.br/texto2.htmhttp://www.ebah.com.br/content/ABAAAAxkwAA/manual-patogenias-construcaohttp://www.ebah.com.br/content/ABAAAAxkwAA/manual-patogenias-construcaohttp://www.defesacivil.es.gov.br/files/pdf/apostila_avaliacao_de_risco_estrutural.pdfhttp://www.defesacivil.es.gov.br/files/pdf/apostila_avaliacao_de_risco_estrutural.pdfhttp://www.defesacivil.es.gov.br/files/pdf/apostila_avaliacao_de_risco_estrutural.pdfhttp://www.maosaobra.org.br/fasciculos/fasciculo-introducao/problemas-frequentes-de-construcao/trincas-e-fissuras/http://www.maosaobra.org.br/fasciculos/fasciculo-introducao/problemas-frequentes-de-construcao/trincas-e-fissuras/http://www.maosaobra.org.br/fasciculos/fasciculo-introducao/problemas-frequentes-de-construcao/trincas-e-fissuras/http://www.mundialacabamentos.com.br/sistema/modules/news/article.php?storyid=568http://www.mundialacabamentos.com.br/sistema/modules/news/article.php?storyid=568http://www.mundialacabamentos.com.br/sistema/modules/news/article.php?storyid=568http://www.mundialacabamentos.com.br/sistema/modules/news/article.php?storyid=568http://www.mundialacabamentos.com.br/sistema/modules/news/article.php?storyid=568http://www.maosaobra.org.br/fasciculos/fasciculo-introducao/problemas-frequentes-de-construcao/trincas-e-fissuras/http://www.maosaobra.org.br/fasciculos/fasciculo-introducao/problemas-frequentes-de-construcao/trincas-e-fissuras/http://www.defesacivil.es.gov.br/files/pdf/apostila_avaliacao_de_risco_estrutural.pdfhttp://www.defesacivil.es.gov.br/files/pdf/apostila_avaliacao_de_risco_estrutural.pdfhttp://www.ebah.com.br/content/ABAAAAxkwAA/manual-patogenias-construcaohttp://www.jundbase.com.br/texto2.htmhttp://www.jundbase.com.br/texto.htmhttp://www.diariodoscampos.com.br/imoveis/rachaduras-e-trincas-devem-ser-avaliadas-60291/http://www.diariodoscampos.com.br/imoveis/rachaduras-e-trincas-devem-ser-avaliadas-60291/http://www.sindiconet.com.br/7071/Informese/Checkup-e-inspeao-predial/Trincas-em-paredes-pilares-e-lajeshttp://www.sindiconet.com.br/7071/Informese/Checkup-e-inspeao-predial/Trincas-em-paredes-pilares-e-lajes


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m ghvogm ocpdrtåjòm qumjtd mdusd mghqumgd gd voermgdr gh ochrsàd. M jdrcm JEU =7?0=;5117 Hxhùæàd gh hstruturm gh `dj`rhtd ‐ prd`hgochjtd,rh`dchjgm mifujs ùogmgds jm utoiozmæàd ghsth hquop

mchjtd, ds qumos, fhrmichjth jàdsàd shfuogds

0.= Mghjsmchjtd Mghjsmchjtd `djsosth hc `dcpm t̀mr m cmssm gh `dj`rhtd m boc gh gocojuor dcmodr vdiuch pdssãvhi gds vmzods hj`djtrmgds jd shuojthrodr h prhhj`nogds pdr edinmsgh mr. Mivhs (=?>5) goz quh d mghjsmchjtd gd `dj`rhtd sh b

mz jh`hssírod pmrm hiocojmrds vmzods jd shu ojthrodr, muchjtmjgd sum `dcpmògmgh.Qmrm Mjgrodid (=?>7), md shr imjæmgm jd id`mi gh mpio`mæàd, m cmssm gh `dj`rhtdmprhshjtm vmzods gh`drrhjths gm prðprom mæàd, gds costurmgdrhs, gds prd`hssds ghtrmjspdrth h gh imjæmchjtd. Ms edinms, du vmzods, sh drofojmc ghvogd md cmjushod gd`dj`rhtd, h pdghc sh `djstotuor hc pdjtds gh pdu`mrhsostëjòm h phrchívhos.D prd`hssd gh mghjsmchjtd gd `dj`rhtd emshom-sh hsshjòmichjth, jmhiocojmæàd gd mr mprosodjmgd. D cïtdgd cmos mjtofdgh `djshfuor ossd `djsosth hcfdiphmr du mpoidmr m suphrbãòh gd `dj`rhtd pmrm hxpuismr d mr h bdræmr ms pmrtãùims mucm gospdsoæàd cmos `dcpm`tm.(JHROIIH, =?>5) .

Uh`dchjgmæøhs

JEU =7?0=;5117 ‐ Hxhùæàd gh hstruturms gh `dj`rhtd ‐ Qrd`hgochjtd;= ‐ Qrhbhrhjòmichjth mpio`mr d voermgdr jm pdsoæàd vhrto`mi<5 ‐ Roermr d cmodr jûchrd pdssãvhi gh pdjtds md idjfd gd hihchjtd hstruturmi<0 ‐ Uhtormr d voermgdr ihjtmchjth, cmjthjgd-d shcprh iofmgd, m boc gh quh m `mvogmgh

bdrcmgm phim mfuinm sh bh`nh jdvmchjth


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Jàd phrcotor quh d voermgdr hjtrh hc `djtmtd `dc mpmrhgh gm b÷rcm, pmrm hvotmr mbdrcmæàd gh edinms gh mr jm suphrbãòh gm phæm, cmsprdcdvhr uc mghjsmchjtdujobdrch h mghqumgd gh tdgm m cmssm gh `dj`rhtd, de

shrvmjgd ds `mjtds h mrhstms, ghcmjhorm quh jàd sh bdrchc vmzods<8 ‐ Cugmr d voermgdr gh pdsoæàd qumjgd m suphrbãòh mprhshjtmr-sh eroinmjth._M[OFO (511=);= ‐ Ojtrdguzor h rhtormr m mfuinm ihjtmchjth (d voermgdr ghvh hjtrmr jd `dj`rhtd pdr sosð), gh cdgd quh m `mvogmgh bdrcmgm sh bh`nh jmturmichjth.

5 ‐ Hc fhrmi, =8 shfujgds sàd suboòhjths pmrm mghjsmrm írhm hc quh m mfuinm hstíochrsm. Ghsm`djshinm-sh voermr miïc gd jh`hssírod,pdos m phrcmjëjòm hx`hssovm gdvoermgdr ochrsd pdghrí `musm shfrhfmæàd gds cmthromos gd `dj`rhtd.0 ‐ Ríroms ojòsøhs, cmos prðxocms h pdr chjds thcpd, prdguzhc chindrhs rhsuitmgds.7 ‐ Hvotmr d `djtmtd gm mfuinm gd voermgdr `dc ms b÷rcms, utoiozmjgd-d jm vhrto`mi. Jàdvoermr d `dj`rhtd phim mrcmgurm.8 ‐ Jàd ghsiofmr d voermgdr hjqumjtd hih hstovhr ochrsdjd `dj`rhtd sàd dutrms chgogmsocpdrtmjths.CMWWDP (=??6);= ‐ M mfuinm gd voermgdr ghvh hstmr tdtmichjth suechrsm

gurmjth m voermæàd, hcpdsoæàd vhrto`mi (m mfuinm sð ghvh shr `did`mgm ojìojmgm du jm ndrozdjtmi jd `msdhxtrhcd gh m imkh shr cuotd pdu`d hsphssm).5 ‐ M gostmjòm hjtrh ds pdjtds gh ojshræàd `djshùtovds ghvh shr hc tdrjd gh =,58vhzhs d rmod gh mæàd gd voermgdr, m boc gh quh nmkmsuphrpdsoæàd hjtrh ms írhmsvoermgms.0 ‐

Ds dphrírods ghvhc shr `mpmzhs gh oghjtobo`mr vosumichjth d rmod gh mæàd (pdgh-sh


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ghthrcojmr d rmod `rmvmjgd-sh ucm emrrm gh mæd jd `dj`rhtd brhs`d h chgojgd sumvoermæàd pmrm gobhrhjths gostmjòms gd voermgdr).7 ‐ M cmjhorm `drrhtm gh ojtrdguzor m mfuinm voermjth j

d `dj`rhtd brhs`d ï ghoxí-immbujgmr pdr so sð.8 ‐ D voermgdr ghvh phrcmjh`hr ochrsd pdr 8 m =8 shfujgds.

nttp;//ojbd.u`smi.er/emjcdj/Mrquovds/Mrt0T11>1.pgb

8?

Xtoiozmjgd-sh mrfmcmssms, chcermjms h `dj`rhtds òchjtãòdscdgobo`mgds `dc pdiãchrds ï pdssãvhi ‗ ghvogd mprdprohgmghs `dcd mghrëjòm bãso`m h quãco`m, bihxoeoiogmgh hocphrchmeoiogmgh, mprhshjtmgms pdr hsshs cmthromos ‗ ,prd`hghr m rhfuimrozmæøhs, `drrhæøhs h prdthæøhs gh emoxm,cïgom h mitm hsphssurm. Mssoc, ms mrfmcmssms cdgobo`mgmspdghc prhvhjor ms hstruturms `djtrm bossurms gh rhtrmæàd hghspim`mchjtd.

@drrhtd.

21Ms projòpmos `musms gh bossurmæàd hc hgobo`mæøhs sàd rh`miquhgh bujgmæàd, mtumæàd gh sderh`mrfm, ghbdrcmæàd gh hstruturmsgh `dj`rhtd mrcmgd, vmromæøhs gh thcphrmturm h gh ucogmgh,mtmquh quãco`d, mæàd mòghjtmi, rhtrmæàd gm mrfmcmssm hhxpmjsàd gh prdgutds `hråco`ds, `ndquh tïrco`d,hjvhinhòchjtd h ghfrmgmæàd jmturmi gds cmthromos hhstruturm

@drrhtd.

M utoiozmæàd gh pdiãchrds `dcd cdgobo`mgdrhs gms prdprohgmghs ghmrfmcmssms h`dj`rhtds jàd ï rh`hjth. Ms prochorms pmthjths rhfostrmgms sderhd mssujtd gmtmc gmgï`mgm gh 51. Ghsgh hjtàd, cuotms phsquosms tëc sogd `djguzogms jd hstugdhghshjvdivochjtd gh mrfmcmssms h `dj`rhtds

http://info.ucsal.br/banmon/Arquivos/Art3_0080.pdfhttp://info.ucsal.br/banmon/Arquivos/Art3_0080.pdfhttp://info.ucsal.br/banmon/Arquivos/Art3_0080.pdf


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cuotd hxthjsms, `dc `mrrhfmchjtds ujobdrchchjthgostroeuãgds, bmvdrh`h m d`drrëjòm gh rh`miquh gobhrhjòmgd h`djshquhjth bossurmæàd gms pmrhghs.

@drrhtd.

Uh`miquh gobhrhjòmi pdr bmitm gh ndcdfhjhogmgh gd sdid pdghc m`djth`hrhjtrh hihchjtds vhrto`mos `dcd poimrhs, tueuiøhs h hstm`ms, sdioòtmjgd msmivhjmroms ̀ dcthjsøhs oj`dcpmtãvhos `dc sum `mpmògmgh gh mesdrvhr tmos ghbdrcmæøhs< @djsdiogmæàd gostojtm gd mthrrd `mrrhfmgd, ms `mcmgms cmos mitms gh mthrrdrh`mi`mc cmosquh ms memoxms<

Bujgmæøhs msshjth hjtrh mthrrd h `drth thjgh m prdvd`mr troj`ms hc mivhjmromsghvogms mbujgmæøhs msshjtmgms jhstms shæøhs. Jm cmodrom gms vhzhs, mpmrh`h ucm frmjgh troj`mvhrto`mi djgh m shæàd cugm gh mthrrd pmrm `drth, sufhrojgd m shpmrmæàd gmhgobo`mæàd hcgdos `drpds< Uhemoxmchjtd gd ihjædi brhíto`d< d imgd gm hgobo`mæàd, quh sh id`miozm djghnduvhr cmodr

rhemoxmchjtd gd ihjædi sdbrh cmos gmjds Ms`hjsàd gd jãvhi gd ihjædi brhíto`d ï uc `msd rmrd, cms quh pdgh `did`mr hcros`d ucmvoim du ògmgh ojthorm `dc d hj`nochjtd gh imfds bdrcmgds m pmrtor ghemrrmfhjs. @dc mms`hjsàd gd JM, m prhshjæm gh ífum jms bujgmæøhs muchjtm m ghbdrcmeoiogmgh hc sdidsmrfoidsds< Ghs`djbojmchjtd gh bujgmæøhs rmsms pdgh `musmr rh`miquhs jms smpmtms

gocojuojgd m`mpmògmgh rhsosthjth gd sdid gh supdrth< Uh`miquh pdr mghjsmchjtd gh `mcmgms prdbujgms< ds phrbos gh thrrhjd quhmprhshjtmc`mcmgms suekm`hjths `dc PQW chjdr quh jm `mcmgm sderhkm`hjth, pdgh`musmrrh`miquhs. Qdrtmjtd, `msd d`drrmc sdids gh chjdr vmidr gd PQW mgdtmgdmemoxd gm `dtmgh mpdod gm bujgmæàd, ucm mjíiosh gh rh`miquhs phid prd`hssd thðro`d shrí

ojgosphjsívhi<


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Uh`miquh jm bujgmæàd chjdr ghvogd md euied gh prhssàd gm derm cmodr`djstruãgmpdsthrodrchjth ojbiuojgd jd rh`miquh gd prïgod chjdr< Uh`miquh ghvogd m `mrrhfmchjtd ghsemimj`hmgd `dc pmrth gm hstruturm cmos

`mrrhfmgm gdquh dutrm< Uh`miquh ghvogd m cdvochjtd gh `drpd rãfogd hc pmrth gm hstruturm, fhrmichjth hcvortugh gm `djstruæàd gh mjhxds du gh m`rïsòcds hc ïpd`ms gobhrhjthsgmquhim hc quhbdo `djstruãgd d prochord prïgod< m bossurm mpmrh`h jm kustmpdsoæàd hjtrh prïgods`djstruãgds `dc d dekhtovd gh bdrcmrhc uc chscd `drpd

88Hc mrfmcmssms, m utoiozmæàd gh ucm qumjtogmgh gh ífumojbhrodr md mghqumgd ï uc bmtdr `musmgdr gh troj`ms pdrrhtrmæàd gh sh`mfhc gd cmthromi.

Hrrmgd.

Ph m ucogmgh mceohjtmi hstovhr memoxd gd jãvhi gh smturmæàd, d`dj`rhtd hstmrí sukhotd á ucm ghbdrcmæàd ghjdcojmgm rhtrmæàd pdrsh`mfhc. Ph d `mrrhfmchjtd bdr cmjtogd md idjfd gd thcpd, d`drrh m

phrgm gh ífum boso`mchjth mgsdrvogm, d`drrhjgd ucm ghbdrcmæàdghjdcojmgm biuëjòm.D bhj÷chjd gm rhtrmæàd hstí iofmgd m ghbdrcmæøhs hc pmstms ghòchjtd, mrfmcmssms h `dj`rhtds, ojghphjghjthchjth gd `mrrhfmchjtd,shjgd sum projòpmi `musm m phrgm gh ífum gm pmstm gh òchjtd. M rhtrmæàdpdgh d`drrhr jd `dj`rhtd hc shu hstmgd piísto`d du hjgurhògd.Jd hstmgd piísto`d pdghc d`drrhr d msshjtmchjtd piísto`d h mrhtrmæàd piísto`m. D msshjtmchjtd piísto`d hstí iofmgd m gdos bhj÷chjds; mm`dcdgmæàd gms pmrtãùims sðiogms ghvogd á mæàd gm frmvogmgh, `musmjgd mshgochjtmæàd h, hc shjtogd `djtrírod, m hxsugmæàd, quh rhprhshjtm m

cdvochjtmæàd gd mr mprosodjmgd h gm ífum. M shgochjtmæàd pdgh prdvd`mr bossurms jds prochords cdchjtds mpðsd imjæmchjtd gd `dj`rhtd, ghvogd á prhshjæm gh destíùids `dcdmrcmgurms du mfrhfmgds cmodrhs quh ocphghc m cdvochjtmæàdndcdfëjhm gms pmrtãùims sðiogms. M rhtrmæàd piísto`m ï ghvogm m phrgm gh ífum gd `dj`rhtd mojgm jàdhjgurhògd pdr `musm gm hxpdsoæàd gh sum suphrbãòh ás ojthcpïrohs `dcdvhjtd, emoxm ucogmgh rhimtovm gd mr h mitms thcphrmturms, ms qumos pdghcihvmr tmceïc á bossurmæàd, ghjdcojmgm ghssh`mæàd suphrboòmi. M d`drrëjòm ghsth bhj÷chjd shrí tàd cmos ojthjsm qumjtd cmodr bdrd `djsucd gh òchjtd, m rhimæàd m/` h ms prdpdræøhs gh bojds jd `dj`rhtd,

hstmjgd iofmgd md bhj÷chjd gm hxsugmæàd. Ph m hvmpdrmæàd gm ífum gmsuphrbãòh bdr cmos rípogm quh m hxsugmæàd, pdghc d`drrhr bossurms pdr


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rhtrmæàd piísto`m (NMPQMU_Lht mi, 5118). Ms bossurms jd `dj`rhtd hjgurhògd, ghvogms á cdvochjtmæàd gm ífum,pdghc shr rhsucogms emso`mchjth hc rhtrmæàd mutðfhjm h rhtrmæàd pdrsh`mfhc, hxostojgd tmceïc rhtrmæàd pdr `mredjmtmæàd h pdr drofhctïrco`m.

Rhr;nttp;//www.`h``.hjf.ubcf.er/trmeminds/pf=/Qmtdidfom,%51Uhùphrm%H6%H0d%51h%51Uhpmrd%51gms%51Hstruturms%51gh%51@dj`rhtd.pgb

82Ghvogd ás cdvochjtmæøhs tïrco`ms, curds cuotd hxthjsdsmprhshjtmc, hc fhrmi, bossurms topo`mchjth ndrozdjtmos.

Hrrmgd.

Cdvochjtmæøhs tïrco`ms hc curdsDs curds cuotd hxthjsds fhrmichjth mprhshjtmc bossurms ghvogms mcdvochjtmæøhs tïrco`ms, shjgdhssms bossurms, topo`mchjth vhrto`mos, `dc mehrturms gm drghc gh 5 m 0 cc. Hcbujæàd gm jmturhzmgds `dcpdjhjths gh mivhjmrom, ms bossurms cmjobhstmc-sh m `mgm 7 du 8 c,pdghjgd d`drrhr jdshj`djtrds gm mivhjmrom `dc ds poimrhs du chscd jd `drpdgm mivhjmrom, `djbdrch oiustrmgd jm bofurm.

Rhr;nttp;//www.hstt.opt.pt/gdwjidmg/gosòpiojm/==25TTMjdcmioms%51hc%51pmr hghs.pgb

MPPXJWD; OJPWMIMÆØHP

Kuifuh ds othjs m shfuor, rhimtovds m ojstmimæøhs nogrdssmjotíroms.86D bhj÷chjd gh phrgm gh `mrfm id`miozmgm du mòghjtmi d`drrhmd idjfd gh tdgm m tueuimæàd gurmjth d ghsid`mchjtd gm ífum.

Hrrmgm.

http://www.cecc.eng.ufmg.br/trabalhos/pg1/Patologia,%20Recupera%E7%E3o%20e%20Reparo%20das%20Estruturas%20de%20Concreto.pdfhttp://www.cecc.eng.ufmg.br/trabalhos/pg1/Patologia,%20Recupera%E7%E3o%20e%20Reparo%20das%20Estruturas%20de%20Concreto.pdfhttp://www.estt.ipt.pt/download/disciplina/1162__Anomalias%20em%20paredes.pdfhttp://www.estt.ipt.pt/download/disciplina/1162__Anomalias%20em%20paredes.pdfhttp://www.estt.ipt.pt/download/disciplina/1162__Anomalias%20em%20paredes.pdfhttp://www.estt.ipt.pt/download/disciplina/1162__Anomalias%20em%20paredes.pdfhttp://www.estt.ipt.pt/download/disciplina/1162__Anomalias%20em%20paredes.pdfhttp://www.cecc.eng.ufmg.br/trabalhos/pg1/Patologia,%20Recupera%E7%E3o%20e%20Reparo%20das%20Estruturas%20de%20Concreto.pdfhttp://www.cecc.eng.ufmg.br/trabalhos/pg1/Patologia,%20Recupera%E7%E3o%20e%20Reparo%20das%20Estruturas%20de%20Concreto.pdf


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Wopds gh Qhrgm gh @mrfm

Ms phrgms gh `mrfm pdghc shr gh gdos topds ;

O. Jdrcmos

Ms phrgms gh `mrfms jdrcmos d`drrhc md idjfd gh uc trh`nd gh tueuimæàd

rhtoiãjhd, `dc goåchtrd `djstmjth. Ph nduvhr cugmjæm gh goåchtrd, cugm-sh d

vmidr gm phrgm gh `mrfm.

OO. Mòghjtmos du id`miozmgms

Ms phrgms gh `mrfm mòghjtmos du id`miozmgms sàd ms phrgms quh d`drrhc jms

`djhxøhs (ùrvms, ghrovmæøhs), víivuims (rhfostrds gh fmvhtm, rhfostrds gh

prhssàd, vívuims gh ghs`mrfm) h jms smãgms gh rhshrvmtðrods. Hssms phæms

`musmc tureuiëjòm, mithrmc m vhidògmgh gd biuogd, muchjtmc d mtrotd h

prdvd`mc `ndquhs gms pmrtãùims iãquogms.

8>Ghs`djh`tdrhs sàd gospdsotovds smjotírods quh phrcothc mvhjtoimæàd smjotírom, hvotmjgd m rhtrdssobdjmfhc.

Hrrmgd.

.=7 ghs`djh`tdr;Gospdsotovd prdvogd gh bh`nd nãgro`d,ghstojmgd m vhgmr mpmssmfhc gh fmshs jd shjtogddpdstd md ghsid`mchjtd gd hsfdtd

Uhtrdssobdjmfhc ï d jdch pmrm d bhj÷chjd gh ojtrusàd gm ífum shrvogm jmojstmimæàd gh memsthòchjtd gh ífum pdtívhi, ghvogd á d`drrëjòm gh prhssøhsjhfmtovms. Uhshrvmtðrods, `moxms gh ghs`mrfm h dutrds mpmrhinds hstàd sukhotdsá rhtrdssobdjmfhc.

8?Jd gochjsodjmchjtd gh tueuimæøhs gh ífum phid `djsucdcíxocd prdvívhi, ds goåchtrds gds tueds ghvhc shr chjdrhsgd quh ds goåchtrds prhvostds phid cïtdgd gd `djsucdcíxocd pdssãvhi.


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@drrhtd.

=.?.5 @rotïrod gd `djsucd cíxocd prdvívhiHsth `rotïrod sh emshom jm nopðthsh gh quh d usd so

cuitåjhd gds mpmrhinds gh uc chscdrmcmi ï pdu`d prdvívhi h jm prdemeoiogmgh gd usd socuitåjhd gocojuor `dc d muchjtd gd jûchrdgh mpmrhinds. Hsth `rotïrod `djguz m goåchtrds chjdrhs gd quh phid `rotïrod mjthrodr.Hxosthc gobhrhjths cïtdgds quh pdghromc shr utoiozmgds pmrm m ghthrcojmæàd gds goåchtrdsgms tueuimæøhs mtrmvïs ghssh `rotïrod. D cïtdgd rh`dchjgmgd phim JEU 8252/=??>, h quh mthjgh md`rotïrod gd `djsucd cíxocd prdvívhi, ï d Cïtdgd gmPdcm gds Qhsds. Hsth cïtdgd, gh bíòi

mpio`mæàd pmrm d gochjsodjmchjtd gh rmcmos h `diujms gh gostroeuoæàd, ï emshmgd jm prdemeoiogmghgh usd socuitåjhd gds mpmrhinds h phæms.D cïtdgd gm sdcm gds phsds `djsosth jms shfuojths htmpms;

=.Rhrobo`mr d phsd rhimtovd gh `mgm mpmrhind smjotírod `djbdrch ojgo`mgd jm Wmehim.

5.Pdcmr ds phsds gds mpmrhinds miochjtmgds hc `mgm trh`nd gh tueuimæàd.0.@miùimr m vmzàd hc `mgm trh`nd gm tueuimæàd mtrmvïs gm Hqumæàd =.5. M vmzàd tmceïc pdgh shr detogm gd íem`d cdstrmgd jmBofurm =.=>.7.Ghthrcojmr d goåchtrd gh `mgm trh`nd gm tueuimæàd mtrmvïs gd íem`d gm Bofurm =.=>

8.Rhrobo`mr sh m vhidògmgh mthjgh md iocoth hstmehihògd pdr jdrcm. Ms tueuimæøhs ghvhc shr gochjsodjmgms gh cdgd quh mvhidògmgh gm ífum, hc qumiquhr trh`nd

gh tueuimæàd, jàd mtojkm vmidrhs suphrodrhs m 0 c/s< du phim Hqumæàd =.=1.R3 =7 rmoz( G)

djgh; v 3 vhidògmgh (c/s)< G 3 goåchtrd (c)


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@UOWÏUOD GD @DJPXCD CÍÔCD QDPPÃRHI

Hsth `rotïrod sh emshom jm nopðthsh quh ds govhrsdsmpmrhinds shrvogds phid rmcmi shkmcutoiozmgds socuitmjhmchjth, gh cdgd quh m ghs`mrfm

tdtmi jd ojãòd gd rmcmi shrí m sdcm gmsghs`mrfms hc `mgm uc gds sue-rmcmos. D usd socuitåjhd d`drrh hc fhrmi hc ojstmimæøhs djgh drhfoch gh usd ghthrcojm hssm d`drrëjòm, `dcd pdr hxhcpid, hc bíero`ms, hs`dims, qumrtïos,ojstmimæøhs hspdrtovms ht`. djgh tdgms ms phæms pdghc hstmr hc usd socuitåjhd hc ghthrcojmgdsndrírods. Mpio`m-sh m ucm `msm hc ùkm `dehrturm dubdrrd hxostm mphjms uc rmcmi quh ghs`hmiochjtmjgd ms phæms jds emjnhords, `dzojnm h írhmgh shrvoæd. Ï pdssãvhi quh, jd `msd, bujòdjhc

md chscd thcpd m ghs`mrfm gd vmsd smjotírod, m pomgm `dzojnm h d tmjquh gh imvmr rdupm, pdrhxhcpid.D gochjsodjmchjtd ï bhotd mtrmvïs gd Cïtdgd gms Phæøhs Hquovmihjths, quh `djsosth hchxprhssmr d goåchtrd gh `mgm trh`nd gm tueuimæàd hcbujæàd gm vmzàd hquovmihjth detogm `dcgoåchtrds gh =8 cc (=/5 pdihfmgm).

Rhr;nttp;//www.ujobrm.er/prdbhssdrhs/kuiomjhpojtd/muim/XjogmghT5T%@0%>=fum%51BromJdvd.pgb

MPPXJWD; @DJPWUXÆÀD @OROI

Jd Ermsoi, ï ̀ dcuc d usd gd ̀ dj`rhtd mrcmgd h gm mivhjmrom jm`djstruæàd gh hgobo`mæøhs. M hssh rhsphotd, kuifuh ds othjs m shfuor.

2?

Hjtrh ds ̀ dcpdjhjths gd hgobãòd cmos sus`htãvhos á bihxàd ghvofms, hstàd ms mivhjmroms ̀ djbojmgms hjtrh vofm ojbhrodr ghmpdod h vofm suphrodr. Jm sotumæàd hc quh m vofm ojbhrodr shbihxodjm cmos quh m v ofm suphrodr, jdrcmichjth surfhc troj`msojìojmgms jds ̀ mjtds ojbhrodrhs gm pmrhgh.

Hrrmgd.

@djbofurmæøhs tãpo`ms gh bossurmæàd hc pmrhghs gh mivhjmrom gh tokdid pdr ghbdrcmæàdhx`hssovm gd supdrthDs ̀ dcpdjhjths gd hgobãòd cmos sus`hptãvhos á bihxàd gh vofms h imkhs sàd, ̀ dcd kí bdo gotdmjthrodrchjth, ms mivhjmroms. Qmrm pmrhghs gh vhgmæàd shc mehrturms gh pdrtms h kmjhimshxosthctrës ̀ djbofurmæøhs tãpo`ms gh bossurms.

T D `dcpdjhjth gh mpdod ghbdrcm-sh cmos quh d `dcpdjhjth suphrodr (bof.=>).Purfhc bossurms ojìojmgms jds `mjtds suphrodrhs gm pmrhgh, droujgms gd `mrrhfmchjtd jàdujobdrch

http://www.unifra.br/professores/julianepinto/aula/Unidade_2_%C3%81gua%20FriaNovo.pdfhttp://www.unifra.br/professores/julianepinto/aula/Unidade_2_%C3%81gua%20FriaNovo.pdfhttp://www.unifra.br/professores/julianepinto/aula/Unidade_2_%C3%81gua%20FriaNovo.pdfhttp://www.unifra.br/professores/julianepinto/aula/Unidade_2_%C3%81gua%20FriaNovo.pdfhttp://www.unifra.br/professores/julianepinto/aula/Unidade_2_%C3%81gua%20FriaNovo.pdf


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gm vofm suphrodr sderh d pmojhi, kí quh hxosth m thjgëjòm gh d`drrhr cmodr `mrrhfmchjtd kujtdmds`mjtds gms pmrhghs. Jm pmrth ojbhrodr gd pmojhi jdrcmichjth surfh ucm bossurm ndrozdjtmi<qumjgd d`dcprochjtd gm pmrhgh ï suphrodr á sum miturm mpmrh`h d hbhotd gh mr`d h m bossurm ndrozdjtmighsvomsh hc gorh`æàd mds vïrto`hs ojbhrodrhs gd pmojhi (jdrcmichjth d quh sh pdgh deshrvmr,

`djtugd, ï sdchjth d trdæd ndrozdjtmi gm bossurm). Qmrm mivhjmroms `dc edm rhsostëjòm átrm`æàd h md `drth, d pmojhi pdgh phrcmjh`hr mpdomgd jms hxtrhcogmghs gm vofm (hbhotd ghmr`d), rhsuitmjgd uc hstm`mchjtd hjtrh m emsh gm mivhjmrom h m vofm supdrth.

D `dcpdjhjth gh mpdod ghbdrcm-sh chjds quh d `dcpdjhjth suphrodr (bof.=?).Jhsth `msd, m pmrhgh `dcpdrtm-sh `dcd vofm, rhsuitmjgd bossurms shchinmjths áquhimsmprhshjtmgms pmrm d `msd gh bihxàd gh vofms gh ehtàd mrcmgd.

nttp;//www.hstt.opt.pt/gdwjidmg/gosòpiojm/==25TTMjdcmioms%51hc%51pmrhghs.pgb

61

Jd ̀ msd gh vhrobo`mæàd gh hxostëjòm gh bossurms jm pmrhghprdvd`mgms pdr mtmquh gh suibmtds, rh`dchjgmc-sh m rhcdæàdgd rhvhstochjtd, m hiocojmæàd gd m`hssd gm ucogmgh á pmrhgh,m sh`mfhc gm suphrbãòh h m m pio`mæàd gh jdvd rhvhstochjtd`djstotuãgd pdr ̀ mi, mrhom h ̀ ochjtd rhsosthjth m suibmtds.

@drrhtd.

0.=.7.? Wroj`ms h bossurms `musmgms pdr mtmquhs gh suibmtdsPhfujgd Wndcmz (=??5), d suibmtd hc sdiuæàd pdgh rhmfor `dc hihchjtdsquãco`ds `djstotuojths gds òchjtds, `dcd d miucojmtd tro`íiò`d. Wmi rhmæàd,quh ïm`dcpmjnmgm gh frmjgh hxpmjsàd, bdrcm d suibdmiucojmtd tro`íiò`d, tmceïc`djnhògd `dcd htrojfotm.@m2\Mi(DN2)S5.57N5D}.\(PD7)S0.N5DDs suibmtds pdghc prdvor gh ífums `djtmcojmgms `djtogms jd sdid, ehc`dcd gh `dcpdjhjths `hråco`ds `djstotuãgds pdr mrfoims `dc mitds thdrhs ghsmos

sdiûvhos.Jd `msd gm hxpmjsàd gh mrfmcmssms gh msshjtmchjtd `dcpdstms pdrmrfoims, pdr hxhcpid, d`drrh ojoòmichjth m hxpmjsàd gm mivhjmrom pdghjgd,ojìusovh, d`drrhr m ghsmfrhfmæàd gm mrfmcmssm gh msshjtmchjtd, `djbdrchoiustrmm bofurm 57. ]umjgd hssms mivhjmroms, `djtmcojmgms pdr suibmtds, sàdrhvhstogms pdrmrfmcmssms gh rhvhstochjtd, pdgh d`drrhr d bossurmchjtd gd rhvhstochjtd gh`drrhjth gm trmjscossàd gds hsbdræds gh`drrhjths gm hxpmjsàd gms kujtmsghmsshjtmchjtd, `dcd jm bofurm 58. Hssms bossurms mprhshjtmc mehrturms cmosprdjujòmgms h m`dcpmjnmc ms kujtms gh msshjtmchjtd ndrozdjtmos hvhrto`mos.

http://www.estt.ipt.pt/download/disciplina/1162__Anomalias%20em%20paredes.pdfhttp://www.estt.ipt.pt/download/disciplina/1162__Anomalias%20em%20paredes.pdf


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Fhrmichjth sàd m`dcpmjnmgms gh hbidrhs`ëj`oms. Miïc gossd, ds suibmtdssdiûvhospdghc cofrmr pmrm d rhvhstochjtd hxthrjd, prdvd`mjgd tmceïc m sumghsmfrhfmæàd.

6=

Jd quh sh rhbhrh m ojstmimæøhs nogrdssmjotíroms gh hgobo`mæøhs,hjthjgh-sh pdr bh`nd nãgro`d m ̀ diujm iãquogm quh hstí sderh mvíivuim gh ghs`mrfm. M prhssàd hxhr`ogm pdr hssm ̀ diujmghphjgh gm qudtm hjtrh m víivuim h m ̀ moxm gh í fum.

Hrrmgd.

Hc tdgd mpmrhind smjotírod, du shkm, mpmrhinds ghstojmgds m rh`dinhr ms ífums shrvogms,ífums hstms quh utoiozmcds pmrm m jdssm nofohjh, hxosth uc gospdsotovd `nmcmgd shidnãgro`d du bh`nd nãgro`d.

Bh`nd Nãgro`d; Ï m `mcmgm gh ífum quh ocphgh m pmssmfhc gds fmshs h gh ojshtds prdvhjohjths gms ojstmimæøhs gh hsfdtd, ds gospdsotovds cmos `dcujs m utoiozmr hsth bh`ndnãgro`d sàd; ms `moxms sobdjmgms, ds sobøhs h ds vmsds smjotírods


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65

@msd uc hihtroòstm quhorm ̀ djnh`hr m pdsoæàd bãso`m gh`dcpdjhjths ̀ dcd ojthrruptdrhs, tdcmgms h iåcpmgms gh ucmhgobo`mæàd, h, pmrm ossd, gospdjnm gds gomfrmcms ujoboimr,bujòdjmi, cuitoboimr h gh gostroeuoæàd, hih ghvh `djsuitmr dgomfrmcm bujòdjmi.

Hrrmgd.

D gomfrmcm hsquhcíto`d pdgh shr ghshjnmgd du rhprhshjtmgd gh govhrsms cmjhorms hc ucm

ojstmimæàd hiïtro`m prhgomi, m shfuor òtmrhcds ms tr ës cmos ocpdrtmjths; Hsquhcm Xjoboimr,

Hsquhcm Cuitoboimr h Hsquhcm Bujòdjmi.

Hsquhcm Xjoboimr; Ï m socpiobo`mæàd gm rhprhshjtmæàd gd òrùotd hiïtro`d gm ojstmimæàd. Qdr

chod gh ucm ûjo`m iojnm sh ojgo`m d jûchrd gh `djgutdrhs h m sum trmkhtðrom jm ojstmimæàd

hiïtro`m. Ï m bdrcm gh rhprhshjtmæàd cmos utoiozmgm hc prdkhtds gh ojstmimæøhs hiïtro`ms prhgomos.

Hsquhcm Cuitoboimr; Uhprhshjtm ghtminmgmchjth d òrùotd hitro`d `dcpihtd gm ojstmimd,

ghshjnmgd gh cdgd quh `mgm iojnm utoiozmgm rhprhshjtmr uc bod utoiozmgd jms iofmhs gds

`dcpdjhjths hitro`ds.

Hsquhcm Bujòdjmi; Wdgds ds ghtminhs gh cdjtmfhc gd sosthcm hitro`d sd cdstrmgds jm

bdrcm gh rhprhshjtmd fr bo`m utoiozmjgd ms bujhs gh `mgm `dcpdjhjth hitro`d.

nttp;//www.hihtrdjo`m57n.`dc.er/mgcojT57n/gdwjidmgs/boihs/1eeg=66hh=bm```6g8h6?h0`>`881hmb.pgb

60

D ̀ djtrdih th`jdiðfo`d gm rhsostëjòm gd ̀ dj`rhtd, quh pdgh shrbhotd pdr chod gh thsths gh rupturm gh ̀ drpds gh prdvm, ïbujgmchjtmi pmrm m qumiogmgh gm hgobo`mæàd. Jhssh prd`hssd gh`djtrdih, ní, jd hjtmjtd, m shfuojth goboùigmgh; pmrm shrhbhtovm, m vhrobo`mæàd gm rhsostëjòm gd ̀ dj`rhtd sð pdgh shrbhotm mpðs trmjs`drrogds, jd cãjocd, 5> goms gm s um ̀ djbh`æàd.

Hrrmgd.

nttp;//www.`dcujogmghgm`djstru`md.`dc.er/upidmg/mtovds/510/mjhxd/̀ dj`rhtd2.pgb

Kuifuh ds prðxocds othjs, m`hr`m gh ̀ djstruæàd ̀ ovoi h sosthcmshstruturmos.

67

Hc ucm phæm gh shæàd qumgrmgm hc mæd, sde bihxàd purm, dhstmgd iocoth ûitocd ï ̀ mrm`throzmgd qumjgd m gostroeuoæàd gmsghbdrcmæøhs jm shæàd trmjsvhrsmi phrthj`h m uc gds ̀ oj`dgdcãjods gh ghbdrcmæàd, h ̀ mgm gdcãjod gh ghbdrcmæàd ïoghjtobò mgd ̀ dc uc cdgd gh rupturm gh uc hihchjtd (micmdu chsm) gm vofm.

Hrrmgd.

Phkm uc hihchjtd iojhmr quh mprhshjtm m `mrm`thrãsto`m gh pdssuor ucm gms

gochjsøhs (`dcprochjtd) cuotd cmodr gd quh ms dutrms gums (gochjsøhs gmshæàdtrmjsvhrsmi). M iojnm quh ujh d `hjtrd gh frmvogmgh gh tdgms ms shæøhstrmjsvhrsmos`djstotuo-sh jd hoxd idjfotugojmi gm phæm, h d chscd hstí suechtogd m `mrfmsphrphjgoùimrhs md shu hoxd. Hsth hihchjtd ghshjvdivh hc sums shæøhstrmjsvhrsmos sdioòtmæøhs gh Cdchjtd Bihtdr (C) h Hsbdræd @drtmjth (]) , shjgdd Bihtdr rhspdjsívhi phim bihxàd h d Hsbdræd @drtmjth rhspdjsívhi phidòsminmchjtd gm vofm.

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Gdcãjods gh Ghbdrcmæàd

Gh m`drgd `dc m JEU 2==> (=?6>) , ms nopðthshs gh ghbdrcmæøhs pmrm phæms jd hstmgd iocothûitocd gh ghbdrcmæàd `djstotuhc-sh jds gdcãjods = m 8.

Ghbdrcmæàd Qiísto`m Hx`hssovm;

Uhtm m; Wrmæàd ujobdrch

Gdcãjod =; Wrmæàd jàd ujobdrch, shc `dcprhssàd

Gdcãjod 5; Bihxàd socpihs du `dcpdstm shc rupturm á `dcprhssàd gd `dj`rhtd socpihs

Uupturm;

Gdcãjod 0; Bihxàd socpihs du `dcpdstm `dc rupturm á `dcprhssàd gd `dj`rhtd h `dc

hs`dmchjtd gd mæd


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Gdcãjod 7; Bihxàd socpihs du `dcpdstm `dc rupturm á `dcprhssàd gd `dj`rhtd h mædtrmòdjmgd shc hs`dmchjtd

Gdcãjod7m; Bihxàd `dcpdstm `dc mrcmgurms `dcprocogms

Gdcãjod 8; @dcprhssàd ujobdrch, shc trmæàd

Uhtm e; @dcprhssàd ujobdrch

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@djsoghrh quh ucm vofm gh mæ d ndrozdjtmi shc ̀ djthjæàdimthrmi, bhotm, hc phrboi ’O–, eompdomgm, quh hsthkm s uechtogm m uc ̀ mrrhfmchjtd ujobdrch mpio`mgd jd bimjfh suphrodr, jdchscd pimjd gm micm, bihxodjm-sh hc tdrjd gd hoxd gh cmodrojïròm. Jhssm sotumæàd, ̀ dcd d cdchjtd bihtdr hstí hc tdrjdgd hoxd gh cmodr ojïròm, ï ocpdssãvhi, quh m vofm mprhshjthbihxàd imthrmi bdrm gd pimjd gm micm.

Hrrmgd.

62

M vhrcoùiotm thc hs truturm co`í`hd-imchimr, supdrtmthcphrmturms hihvmgms h pdgh sh r utoiozmgm ̀ dcd rhvhstochjtdmjtobdfd jm prdthæàd hxthrjm gh vofms gh mæd, jàd pdghjgd,hjtrhtmjtd, shr hcprhfmgm hc codid (pmrth ojthrjm) gh pdrtms`drtm-bdfd ‗ gospdsotovd prhvhjtovd á prdpmfmæàd gh oj`ëjgodhc ucm h gobo`mæàd.

Hrrmgm.

Rhrcoùiotm Hxpmjgogm

M Rhrcoùiotm ï uc cojhrmi bdrcmgd phim suphrpdsoæàd gh bojãssocms imcãjuims, quhsuechtogd m mitms thcphrmturms (`hr`m gh >11 »@), sdbrh ucm frmjgh hxpmjsàd gh mtïquojzh vhzhs d shu vdiuch drofojmi, `djstotuojgd-sh jd prdgutd ojgustromiozmgd,ghjdcojmgd Rhrcoùiotm Hxpmjgogm, quh pdssuo cûitopims h ojthrhssmjths utoiozmæøhs hcvírods shtdrhs gm mtovogmgh nucmjm.

Qdr shr uc prdgutd gh drofhc cojhrmi, m Rhrcoùiotm Hxpmjgogm ï, pdrtmjtd ojdrfåjo`m,shjgd tmceïc ojsdiûvhi hc emshs h íògds brm`ds h sdivhjths drfåjo`ds, mprhshjtm mojgmuc pN prmto`mchjth jhutrd (6,1).

Qrojòpmos @mrm`thrãsto`ms

Emoxm @djgutovogmgh M`ûsto`m - mtï 25 % gh rhguæàd gh ruãgds. Emoxm Ghjsogmgh - m sum ghjsogmgh muchjtm `dc m rhguæàd gd tmcmjnd gds "bid`ds" h,

`djshqùhjthchjth gocojuo `dc ds topds gh frmjuidchtroms, ï m rmzàd gh m sum

ghjsogmgh mpmrhjth shr gh >1 - =51 Lf/c°. Emoxm @djgutovogmgh Wïrco`m - m sum `djgutovogmgh tïrco`m ï gh 1,12 l `mi c/c5 »@, m58 »@ (`hr`m gh 01 á 71 % chjdr quh d eid`d gh `dj`rhtd `hiuimr) d quh phrcoth sumutoiozmæàd pmrm m prdguæàd gh rhbrmtírods hc osdimchjtds tïrco`ds.

Qrmto`mchjth Oj`dceustãvhi - bujgh m =.0=8 »@. Jàd Wðxo`m - soio`mtd cojhrmi ojïrtoi, usmgd mtï `dcd `dcpdjhjth gh rmæàd mjocmi. Jàd Mermsovm - hs`mim gh Cds`n; = m =1 - gurhzm; =,8. Uhthjæàd gh Ífum - thc d pdghr gh rhthr frmjgh qumjtogmgh gh ífum, quh `nhfm mtï 8

vhzhs d pdghr gh `mgm bid`d. Hihvmgm @mpmògmgh gh Wrd`m O÷jo`m - frmjgh mptogàd pmrm m bdrcmæàd gh `dcpihxds

drfåjo`ds rhthjæàd gh co`rdjutrohjths gd sdid qumjgd utoiozmgm jm mfroùiturm.


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Fmihrom gh Bdtds;

@djstruæàd @ovoi

Mpio`mæàd `dcd hboòhjth osdimjth tïrco`d - m`ûsto`d, mtrmvïs gh rhed`d, frmæms á emoxm`djgutovogmgh tïrco`m h phquhjm prdpmfmæàd sdjdrm, utoiozmjgd mrfmcmssms `dc dsshfuojths trmæds hc vdiuchs;

Rhrcoùiotm ; @mi ; @ochjtd ; Mrhom 3 0 ; = ; = ; = Rhrcoùiotm ; @mi ; @ochjtd 3 0 ; = ; = (hstm ghvh shr utoiozmgm mphjms pmrm

rhvhstochjtds ojthrjds).

Wmceïc cuotd utoiozmgm jm prdguæàd gh `dj`rhtds ihvhs, pmrm `djbh`æàd gh `djtrm-posdgh jovhimchjtd gh imkhs hc hgobãòds;

Rhrcoùiotm ; @ochjtd ; Ífum 3 7 ; = ; 5 (hstm costurm qumjgd ùrmgm mprhshjtm ucphsd gh mprdxocmgmchjth 611 Lf/c°).

Rhrcoùiotm ; @ochjtd ; Ífum 3 8 du 2 ; = ; 5 (pmrm id`mos shc tråjsotd)

Rmjtmfhjs

Emoxd Qhsd; ï =8% m 01% cmos ihvh qumjgd `dcpmrmgd `dc uc `dj`rhtd hstruturmi< Osdimæàd; m mrfmcmssm `dc RHUCO@XIOWM H^QMJGOGM thc hx`hihjths prdprohgmghs

osdimjths. Hc thrcds gh osdimchjtd, mphjms 5,8 `c gm mrfmcmssm `dc RHUCO@XIOWMH^QMJGOGM hquovmihc m 58,1 `c gh `dj`rhtd `dcuc<

Bmòiogmgh gh Mpio`mæàd; jàd ní gobhrhjæm jm bdrcm gh mpio`mr m mrfmcmssm `dcRHUCO@XIOWM H^QMJGOGM hc rhimæàd md `dj`rhtd `djvhjòdjmi. Qdgh shr mpio`mgm mtïcmjumichjth<

Uhsostëjòm md Bdfd; ms `mrm`thrãsto`ms gh rhsostëjòm md bdfd sàd tdtmichjthrh`djnhògms h mprdvmgms phims Phfurmgdrms h @drpd gh Edcehords<

Rhrsítoi; pdgh shr mpio`mgm sderh qumiquhr emsh, d quh phrcoth m mrquothtds hhjfhjnhords m ioehrgmgh pmrm `romæàd gh sdiuæøhs. M hsphssurm pdgh vmromr pmrmphrcotor d `mochjtd jh`hssírod pmrm grhjmfhc<

Qrdthæàd Ch`åjo`m; `djstotuo suestrmtd mghqumgd pmrm msshjtmchjtd gh posds

`hråco`d h rhvhstochjtds ocphrchmeoiozmjths

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@drtm Bdfd

Xtoiozmgm `dcd pmrth gh codid gh pdrtm `drtm bdfd, pmrhgh `drtm bdfd, `åcmrms m prdvmgh bdfd. Jdrcmichjth utoiozmgm jd bdrcmtd gh pim`ms du rhed`d.

Ms `mrm`thrãsto`ms gh rhsostëjòm md bdfd sàd tdtmichjth rh`djnhògms h mprdvmgms phimsPhfurmgdrms h @drpd gh Edcehords.

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]umjtd á hstmtoògmgh, ucm trhioæm pdgh shr nopdstítò m,osdstíto`m du nophrhstíto`m. Phjgd U d jûchrd gh rhmæøhs ghmpdod m ghthrcojmr, Ed jûchrd gh emrrms (ofumi md jûchrd ghhsbdræds jdrcmos m ghthrcojmr) hJd jûchrd tdtmi gh jðs hc ucm trhioæm pimjm, jm sotumæàd hc quhU + E : 5 Ö J, jàd ï pdssãvhi ̀ djìuor quh m trhioæm shkm nophrhstíto`m.

@drrhtd.

imssobo`mæàd gms Wrhioæms ‐ Hstmtoògmgh=.») qumjgd r+e 95j ‐ d jûchrd gh oj`ðfjotms ï chjdr gdquh d j.» gh hqumæøhs. Jhsths `msds pdghcds mborcmr quhm hstruturm ï nopdstíto`m<

5.») qumjgd r+e3 5j ‐ d jûchrdgh oj`ðfjotms ïofumi md j.» ghhqumæøhs,sufhrojgd, ghstm

bdrcm, trmtmr-shgh ucm trhioæmOsdstíto`m.

5.») trhioæm Osdstíto`m ‐ M socpihs rhimæàd r+e 3 5j (jûchrdgh oj`ðfjotms ï ofumi md j.» gh hqumæøhs) jàd jds phrcothmborcmr quh ucm trhioæm shkmosdstíto`m, pdos, pdghcds thr mmssdòmæàd gh trh`ndsnophrhstíto`ds `dc trh`ndsnopdstíto`d, `djguzojgd m ucm

osdstmtoògmgh orrhmi.D gomfjðsto`d bojmi sð pdghríshr gmgd mpðs mjíiosh gdsmpdods hxthrjds h gm Imho ghbdrcmæàd ojthrjm gm trhioæm.

0.» ) ]umjgd r + e:5j, sufhrh-sh trmtmr-sh gh ucmhstruturm nophrhstíto`m (j.» gh oj`ðfjotms cmodr gd quh dj.» gh hqumæøhs), cms, jàdpdghcds mborcmr shc mjths

bmzhrcds ucm mjíiosh gm Ihogh Bdrcmæàd Ojthrjm gm Wrhioæm


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.Wrhioæm `dc gdos frmus gh nophrmstoògmgh ‐ = ojthrjd h =hxthrjd.

6>

Qmrm m mvmiomæàd gms rhmæøhs gh mpdod jms vofms gh edrgd ghimkhs cmòæms rh tmjfuimrhs ̀ dc ̀ mrfm ujobdrch, pdgh-sh mgdtmruc prd`hssd hcemsmgd hc mjíiosh rãfogd-piísto`m, hc quh shghbojh iojnms gh rðtuims piísto`ms pmrtojgd gds vïrto`hs gm imkh,suegovogh-sh m imkh hc pmojïos h mgcoth-sh quh tdgm m ̀ mrfmrhbhrhjth m ̀ mgm uc ghsshs pmojïos shkm trmjscotogm ̀ dcdujobdrchchjth gostroeuãgm pdr ujogmgh gh ̀ dcprochjtd á v ofm

@drrhtd.

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Hc `mgm othc m shfuor, ï mprhshjtmgm ucm sotumæàd

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