Revista Eletrônica Bragantina On Line - Junho/2013

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<2

Zmvhsto Mcmtrô`hlo Jroio`th`o K` Ch`m 

Dhsluth`dk hdmhos# lk`struh`dk kph`hýms/

@þemrk :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<

Nko`üpkchs+\R

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<?

\]EÏZHK

@msto Mdhéìk>

% MDHTKZHOC  “  Johxme k pkrrmtm/  Rïih`o <1

% WMTMZH@ÏZHO M \OÞDM RÞJCHLO  “ Wårus do H`gcum`zo

Rkr Ehlfmccm Ikems Jorrmtk Rïih`o 41

% \MI]ZO@ÉO DK TZOJOCFK  “ Dmz eo`doem`tks do prmvm`éìk

Rkr Zhcdk Opormlhdk Gk`smlo Rïih`o 61

%CH@FO DK TMERK  “ 

Lolfkmhro dks RrmtksRkr Fmcm` Aoch`m Rh`fmhrk Rïih`o 81

% CK]LK\ RMCK TMERK  “ Tmepk m lcheo

Rkr Dhmik dm Tkcmdk Cheo do \hcvo Rïih`o ?:1

% K O@DOZHCFK DO \MZZO  “ Oks luhdodks dk RMRH

Rkr \usueu Xoeoiulfh Rïih`o ?71

% EOTMEÏTHLO  “ Rco`mnoem`tk trhjutïrhk

Rkr Lorh`o \hcvo Jorrks Rïih`o :21

% MD]LOÉÌK OEJHM@TOC  “  Gk`tms dm m`mriho

Rkr Gcïvhk Zkjmrtk Lfoddod Rïih`o ::1

% JHKCKIHO “ _uoc hepoltk vklî tme lousodk;

Rkr Nm``hgmr Cmìk dks \o`tks Rïih`o :41

% MD]LOÉÌK OEJHM@TOC  “  O èthlo `k usk do ïiuo dklm

Rkr Gcïvhk Zkjmrtk Lfoddod Rïih`o :6

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<:

ZMWH\TO MCMTZÔ@HLO JZOIO@TH@O K@ CH@M

]eo pujchloéìk h`dmpm`dm`tm# lke pmrhkdhlhdodm em`soc

\htm> 

fttps>++shtms.ikkicm.lke+shtm+rmvhstojroio`th`ok`ch`m

Golmjkka> 

www.golmjkka.lke+poims+Zmvhsto%Mcmtrô`hlo%Jroio`th`o%K`%Ch`m+?646249?6:68?<=

M%eohc> 

rmvhstojroio`th`ok`Bieohc.lke

@kssos mdhéýms sìk pujchlodos `o eohkr jhjchktmlo k` ch`m dk eu`dk>

www.slrhjd.lke

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<<

MDHTKZHOC

JOHVME K RKZZMTM/

Rrmzodks cmhtkrms/

 @os þctheos smeo`os# ueo sèrhm dm ekvhem`tks pkpucorms m prktmstks cmiåtheks tme sm

mspocfodk pmck poås# dm h`dåim`os o mstudo`tms# dmek`stro`dk ue iro`dm dmslk`tm`toem`tk

lke oéýms# prknmtks m prïthlos hepkstos dm –lheo poro johxk―# supkrtodos pmck oporotk

 pkchlhoc. Kro# mstoeks ku `ìk `ueo dmeklrolho;

È lmrtk qum vhkcî`lho m rmprmssìk imroe eohs vhkcî`lho... Eos k phkr dm tudk è o gocto

dm dhïckik# dm dhslussìk m dm ue lo`oc dm lkeu`hloéìk dmeklrïthlo. Os dmlhsýms sìk

hepkstos m prk`tk# mstï dmlhdhdk. Lkcklo%sm o pkcålho `o ruo m mstï gmhtk# k ikvmr`k gmz suo

 portm/;

H`lråvmc lkek k h`tmrmssm pþjchlk prheïrhk# âqumcm qum vme dk pkvk# gkh nkiodk poro

mslo`tmhk# olueuco`dk tmhos dm oro`fo# pkhs k odeh`hstrodkr pþjchlk è qume sojm dos lkhsos m

dos `mlmsshdodms dk pkvk. Ochïs# k pkvk `ìk pkdm tmr dhrmhtk dm mslkcfo# pkhs mcm `ìk sojm dm

suos ̀ mlmsshdodms... _ume sojm sku mu# k pkcåthlk. Fhpülrhtos.

Tmeks dh`fmhrk poro lk`struhr mstïdhks# eos `ìk tmeks poro soþdm# mduloéìk# emhk

oejhm`tm# so`moem`tk# tro`spkrtm# mstrodos rurohs# oirhlucturo goehchor... Zmocem`tm tme

ociueo lkhso mrrodo `k –poås  dos eorovhcfos―. @k m`to`tk# cmejroeks qum :2?4 è o`k dmmcmhéýms...

Rkrto`tk# `ìk è pkssåvmc qum msto shtuoéìk possm dmspmrlmjhdo# `ueo ogrk`to â nusthéo

sklhoc# â dmeklrolho m â vk`todm pkpucor. Johxme k pkrrmtm/

Dhmik dm Tkcmdk Cheo do \hc vo  “ Mdh tkr &?4+27+:2?<(  

]eo jko cmhturo m `ìk dmhxm dm m`vhor suo kph`hìk pmck m%eohc

&rmvhstojroio`th`ok`Bieohclke(/

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<4

WMTMZH@ÏZHO M \OÞDM RÞJCHLO

Ehlfmccm Ikems JorrmtkIroduodo me Emdhlh`o Wmtmrh`ïrho m Emstrm me Ehlrkjhkckiho

M%eohc> ehlfmccm.jorrmtkBfkteohc.lke

WÅZ]\ DO H@GC]M@^O

O H`gcum`zo ku irhpm è ueo h`gmléìk vhroc oiudo dk shstmeo rmsphrotürhk# dm mcmvodo

tro`sehsshjhchdodm m dhstrhjuhéìk ickjoc. Ks vårus do H`gcum`zo &iî`mrks O# J m L( olkemtmefkeme m o`heohs. K vårus H`gcum`zo O è lopoz dm h`gmltor dhvmrsos mspèlhms dm o`heohs

&pïssorks# ioch`fos# potks# pkrlks# lovocks# jocmhos mtl.(. Ks vårus H`gcum`zo J m L#

 joshloem`tm# h`gmltoe smrms fueo`ks. Os oekstros sìk rmprmsm`todos pmck iî`mrk dk vårus o

qum pmrtm`lme &O# J m L(# pmco krhime dk o`heoc &`k losk dm oekstros o`heohs(# pmco krhime

imkirïghlo dk hskcoem`tk &lhdodm ku poås(# `þemrk do oekstro m o`k dm hskcoem`tk.

Odhlhk`ocem`tm oprmsm`toe%sm# m`trm porî`tmsms# ks sujthpks o`thiî`hlks dm suos duos

mstruturos dm supmrgålhm# fmeoicuth`h`o# ojrmvhodo lke F m `muroehdosm# ojrmvhodo lke @.

Osshe# pkr mxmepck# `o oekstro fueo`o dmshi`odo lkek O+Jroshc+:+96 &F<@:(# tme%sm thpk

dm oekstro+krhime+`þemrk do oekstro m`trm oqumcos lkcmtodos poro dhoi`üsthlk+o`k dm

hskcoem`tk &sujthpk < dm fmeoicuth`h`o m sujthpk : dm `muroehdosm(. O Fmeoicuth`h`o è

lk`fmlhdo os vorho`tms dm ? o ?7# `uemrodos dm olkrdk lke o krdme dm dmslkjmrto# o

 @muroeh`hdosm sìk lk`fmlhdos 8 vorho`tms.

K H`gcum`zo O è k prh`lhpoc lousodkr do irhpm# louso`dk dkm`éo smvmro. Ks vårus

h`gcum`zo J skgrme em`ks vorhoéýms o`thiî`hlos# louso`dk dkm`éo em`ks smvmro# pkr hssk mstï

ossklhodo lke mphdmehos eohs cklochzodos. Ks vårus h`gcum`zo L sìk o`thim`hloem`tm mstïvmhs#

 prkvkloe dkm`éo sujlcå`hlo m `ìk kloshk`oe mphdmehos# ekthvk pmck quoc emrmlme em`ks

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<=

dmstoqum me soþdm pþjchlo

Dhgmrm`tm dm euhtks kutrks vårus# k H`gcum`zo è lopoz dm eudor suos prktmå`os k

sughlhm`tm poro mslopor dm `kssk shstmeo heu`m m rmh`gmltor ueo emseo pmssko# lhrluco`dk

o`uocem`tm m louso`dk sèrhks prkjcmeos dm soþdm. Hssk è oirovodk pmco lopolhdodm qum k

vårus tme dm ehsturor smus im`ms lke im`ms dm krhime suå`o m ovhïrho# mvm`tks qum# ociueos

vmzms# dmroe krhime o po`dmehos irovms ok ck`ik dk þcthek sèluck. \keodk â lk`sto`tm

lk`vhvî`lho m`trm pmsskos m o`heohs dm lrhoéìk# prmlhsoeks dm ueo vhihcê`lho lk`sto`tm qum

olkepo`fm o dhvmrshdodm dm vårus me o`heohs shcvmstrms m dkemsthlodks# pkssåvmhs gk`tms dm

`kvks vårus po`dîehlks.

K H`gcum`zo O &F?@?( è o prh`lhpoc vorho`tm do irhpm fueo`o. Lkek tkdks ks kutrks

H`gcum`zo O fueo`ks# krhih`ku%sm me ovms. Eos k loeh`fk qum mcm pmrlkrrmu otè `üs gkh

ck`ik m ekstro k popmc dks o`heohs dm lrhoéìk poro o irhpm. Mcm lkeméo lke o m`trodo dos

 prhemhros ch`foim`s dm F?@? me fueo`ks m pkrlks me trîs mvm`tks dhsth`tks# qum ghloroe

lk`fmlhdks lkek Irhpm Mspo`fkco# Irhpm Oshïthlo m Irhpm dm Fk`i%Ak`i.

IZHRM M\RO@FKCO> @k lkemék dk sèluck possodk# k F?@? dm ovms gkh

tro`sehthdk poro fueo`ks# do`dk krhime â iro`dm irhpm dm ?8?6# lk`fmlhdo lkek Irhpm

Mspo`fkco. K surtk dm irhpm oth`ihu k fmehsgèrhk `krtm tkdk duro`tm o prheovmro. Euhtos

 pmsskos gkroe h`gmltodos# lke ks sh`tkeos `kreohs do irhpm# gmjrm# locogrhks m h`dhspkshéìk. O

eohkrho dks poåsms `ìk odehtho k surtk qum mstovo olk`tmlm`dk# nï qum hssk hepchlovo me

skcdodks gkro dm lkejotm. O Mspo`fo `ìk mslk`dmu k qum sm possovo# m o irhpm qum otè m`tìk

mro lfoeodo dm irhpm dks trîs dhos lkeméku o smr lfoeodo dm irhpm mspo`fkco. Zophdoem`tm#

mco suehu# vkcto`dk `k kutk`k. Otolku me tkdks ks cuiorms# Ïsho# Murkpo# Oeèrhlos. Eos

dmsso vmz mco mstovo dhgmrm`tm# ocèe do gmjrm m dkr dm lojméo# me ociu`s dhos lkeméovo o gocto

dm or m me pkulk tmepk os pmsskos ekrrhoe lke ks puceýms lfmhks dm gcuådks. Os

mstheothvos dk `þemrk dm ekrtks ghloroe m`trm :2 m ?22 ehcfýms dm pmsskos# o eohkr 

ekrtochdodm lousodo pkr ueo þ`hlo dkm`éo me ue pmråkdk dm tmepk tìk lurtk# ?8?6 o ?8:2.

Dmsdm m`tìk# k vårus F?@? lhrluco me fueo`ks louso`dk os lfoeodos irhpmssozk`ohs# m toejèe sm rmorro`nku lke vårus ovhïrhks do`dk krhime o kutros ch`foim`s dm

H`gcum`zo.

IZHRM O\HÏTHLO> Lhrluco`dk dmsdm ?8?6# me ?8=9 k vårus F?@? gkh sujsthtuådk

 pkr ueo `kvo ch`foime. Mcm sm rmorro`nku lke ue vårus ovåorhk# rmlmjm`dk trîs dm smus 6

im`ms# Fmeoicuth`h`o# @muroeh`hdosm m ue dks h`tmiro`tms do pkchemrosm vhroc % m`zheo qum

goz o lüpho dk smu eotmrhoc im`èthlk % k RJ?.Os `kvos Fmeoicuth`h`o m @muroeh`hdosm gkroe lfoeodos dm thpk :# osshe# surihu k

vårus F:@:. \uos `kvos prktmå`os dm supmrgålhm pmrehthroe qum k vårus `ìk gkssm rmlk`fmlhdk

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<7

 pmck shstmeo heu`m dos pmsskos. Krhih`odk prkvovmcem`tm `o Lfh`o# k F:@: lousku o

 po`dmeho lfoeodo dm Irhpm Oshïthlo# k`dm ekrrmroe m`trm ? m 4 ehcfýms dm pmsskos `k

eu`dk tkdk. K F:@: sujsthtuhu lkepcmtoem`tm k F?@? m gkh k vårus dkeh`o`tm pmcks ??

o`ks smiuh`tms.

IZHRM DM FK@I AK@I> @k o`k dm ?876# k H`gcum`zo skgrmu eohs ue rmorro`nk

hepkrto`tm. Dmsto vmz# rmlmjmu dm ue vårus ovhïrhk dkhs `kvks im`ms# o Fmeoicuth`h`o m RJ?.

O `kvo Fmeoicuth`h`o gkh `kemodo lkek thpk < m pmrehthu ok vårus mslopor `kvoem`tm do

heu`hdodm prèvho do eohkrho dos pmsskos# louso`dk ueo `kvo po`dmeho. O Irhpm dm Fk`i

Ak`i toejèe sm krhih`ku `o Ïsho m me em`ks dm ue o`k lhrlucku eu`dhocem`tm. Rkr 

lorrmior o @mureoeh`hdosm dk thpk :# oh`do mxhsthoe o`thlkrpks `o pkpucoéìk lk`tro mcm#

dmsto eo`mhro# o po`dmeho dm ?876 gkh em`ks smvmro dk qum o dm ?8=9# eoto`dk lmrlo dm ?

ehcfìk dm pmsskos. Opmsor dhssk# k F<@: sujsthtuhu lkepcmtoem`tm k F:@: m nu`tk dk F?@?

louso o irhpm sozk`oc me fueo`ks otè ks dhos otuohs.

IZHRM Z]\\O> Gkro dm lhrlucoéìk dmsdm ?8=9# k F?@? opormlmu `kvoem`tm me

?899. Opüs quosm :2 o`ks# o pkpucoéìk ghlku sme lk`totk lke k vårus# tmepk sughlhm`tm poro

qum euhtks `ìk dmsm`vkcvmssme heu`hdodm# pmreo`mlm`dk suslmtåvmhs. Osshe# mcm h`gmltku

 prh`lhpocem`tm nkvm`s m lousku o lfoeodo Irhpm Zusso. K F?@? rmh`trkduzhdk me ?899

lhrluco nu`tk dk F<@: me pmsskos otè fknm# m `ìk k sujsthtuhu# prkvovmcem`tm# pkrqum o

 pkpucoéìk eu`dhoc è eohkr# lke eohs fkspmdmhrks poro k H`gcum`zo.

M`trm k gh`oc dm :226 m lkemék dm :228# eohs ue mvm`tk dm ehsturo dm H`gcum`zos

klkrrmu# dkhs vårus suå`ks# ueo ch`foime dos Oeèrhlos m ueo Oshïthlk%Murkpmho sm

rmorro`noroe do`dk krhime ok H`gcum`zo O &F?@?(# qum h`hlhku ueo `kvo po`dmeho o porthr 

dk Eèxhlk me emodks dm ojrhc dm :228.

WOLH@O\> Duos vmzms ok o`k# o KE\ &Krio`hzoéìk Eu`dhoc dm \oþdm( sm rmþ`m

 poro dmlhdhr quohs sìk os vorhmdodms dm H`gcum`zo qum vìk lkepkr o volh`o sozk`oc# lke josmme oekstros m`vhodos pmck eu`dk tkdk oks Lm`trks dm Zmgmrî`lho me H`gcum`zo. Imrocem`tm

mco è lkepksto dm duos vorhmdodms dm H`gcum`zo O# ueo F?@? m kutro F<@:# m ueo vorhmdodm

dm H`gcum`zo J.

O prkduéìk dm volh`os è gmhto pmck lucthvk dk vårus me kvks mejrhk`odks. Ks kvks sìk

 prkpålhks poro o prkduéìk dm volh`os# pkhs pkssume tmlhdks suslmtåvmhs ok vårus m sìk mstèrmhs#

k qum dheh`uh os lfo`lms dm lk`toeh`oéìk.

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<9

ZMGMZÎ@LHO\ JHJCHKIZÏGHLO\

JZKKA\# I.G.1 J]TMC# N.\1 EKZ\M# \.O. Ehlrkjhkckiho Eèdhlo :?. md. Zhk dm No`mhrk>

Iuo`ojoro Akkio`# :222. ?=6p.

LK]LMHZK# N.@.\.\. Whrksms Zmsphrotürhos. H`> \O@TK\# @.\.1 ZKEO@K\# E.T.W.1

YHII# E.D. &Kri.( H`trkduéìk â Whrkckiho Fueo`o Zhk dm No`mhrk> Iuo`ojoro Akkio`#

:22:. p. ??8%?:2.

KRO\  “  KE\. Krio`hzoéìk Ro`%Oemrhlo`o dm \oþdm  “  Krio`hzoéìk Eu`dhoc dm \oþdm.

Lm`trk Coth`k%Oemrhlo`k m dk Lorhjm dm H`gkreoéìk me Lhî`lhos do \oþdm Dhspk`åvmc

me> fttp>++`mw.pofk.kri+jro. Olmssk me> ?2 Nu`fk :2?<.

Lkek lhtor>

JOZZMTK# E.I. Wårus do H`gcum`zo. Zmvhsto Mcmtrô`hlo Jroio`th`o K` Ch`m. Nko`üpkchs#`.:2# p. 4%9# nu`. :2?<. 

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<6

\MI]ZO@ÉO DK TZOJOCFK

Zhc dk Opormlhdk Gk`smlo 

Tèl`hlk dm \miuro`éo dk Trojoc fk m Imstkr Oejhm`toc 

M%eohc > rh cdkopgBhjmst.lke.jr 

DM^ EO@DOEM@TK\ DO RZMWM@ÉÌK

Rrmvm`hr è smeprm k emcfkr rmeèdhk. \hio mstos rmiros jïshlos m vklî lkeprkvorï qum

ks olhdm`tms vìk ghlor lodo vmz eohs dhsto`tms.

H “ @o dþvhdo# porm. @ìk prksshio. Lmrthghqum%sm qum o othvhdodm smrï smiuro.

HH “ @ìk heprkvhsm. È quosm lmrtk qum smrï h`odmquodk poro o smiuro`éo do tormgo.

HHH  “  Kcfm lke ks kcfks. @ìk usm os eìks poro vmr os lkhsos m `ìk tkqum `k qum

dmslk`fmlm.HW “ @ìk goéo os lkhsos lke prmsso# mco `ks goz msqumlmr os emdhdos dm smiuro`éo.

W “ @ìk uctropossm ks chehtms dos ïrmos hskcodos# k hskcoem`tk è gmhtk poro o smiuro`éo

doqumcms `ìk m`vkcvhdks `o kpmroéìk.

WH “ @ìk dhvhdo mspoéks lke mquhpoem`tks eüvmhs. Mcms tîe suos vhos dmeorlodos m

ks pmdmstrms# ks smus loeh`fks m possoim`s.

WHH “ @ìk goéo `odo lke mcmtrhlhdodm sm msso `ìk gkr suo mspmlhochdodm.

WHHH “ @ìk goéo lk`lmssýms ̀ me pmrehto mxlméýms quo`dk sm troto dm smiuro`éo.

HV  “ K trojocfk me octuro# `k mspoék lk`gh`odk m k trojocfk rmochzodk me eïquh`os

sìk othvhdodms mspmlhohs. @ìk sm ovm`turm sme k trmh`oem`tk odmquodk.

V “ \m `ìk m`tm`dmu os rmiros o`tmrhkrms# pmriu`tm.

Lkek lhtor>

GK@\MLO# Z.O.  Dmz eo`doem`tks do prmvm`éìk. Zmvhsto Mcmtrô`hlo Jroio`th`o K`

Ch`m. Nko`üpkchs# `.:2# p. 6# nu`. :2?<.

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<8

CH@FO DK TMERK

Fmcm` Aoch`m Rh`fmhrk 

Mstudo`tm m nkvme tocm`tk dm Nko`üpkchs 

M%eohc> fmcm`aph`fmhrkBieohc.lke  

LOLFKMHZO DK\ RZMTK\

Cklochzodo `k eu`hlåphk dm Nko`üpkchs+\R# pkssuh ?=4 emtrks dm qumdo chvrm lke

vïrhos lkrrmdmhros m ueo h`gromstruturo turåsthlo lkepcmto.

Ocèe dm suo jmcmzo# o Lolfkmhro dks Rrmtks mstï h`smrhdo `ueo Ïrmo dm Rrktméìk

Oejhm`toc &ORO(# prktmim`dk o jhkdhvmrshdodm m lk`slhm`thzo`dk o tkdks do hepkrtê`lho dm

luhdor lke lorh`fk do `oturmzo qum `ks lmrlo.

Os ïiuos dk rhk Lolfkmhro# nu`toem`tm lke ks dmeohs rhks do rmihìk# sìk dm mxtrmeo

hepkrtê`lho# pkhs lk`trhjume `k ojostmlhem`tk do lhdodm dm \ìk Rouck.

]eo pohsoime mxujmro`tm# qum m`lo`to o lodo ue lke suo iro`dhkshdodm dm gozmr 

lodo ekvhem`tk dhgmrm`tm# emsek pmrtm`lm`dk smeprm ok emsek tronmtk.

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<?2

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<??

Lk`fméo eohs `k Jcki> fttp>++fmcm`aoch`mjckispktlkejr+ 

Lkek lhtor>

RH@FMHZK# F.A. Lolfkmhro dks Rrmtks. Zmvhsto Mcmtrô`hlo Jroio`th`o K` Ch`m.

Nko`üpkchs# `.:2# p. 8%??# nu`. :2?<.

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<?:

CK]LK\ RMCK TMERK

Dhmik dm Tkcmdk Cheo do \hcvoTèl`hlk Oejhm`toc

M%eohc> dhmikohahdknkoBfkteohc.lke

LCHEO M TMERK

Dmsdm ks prheürdhks do lhvhchzoéìk# k lk`fmlhem`tk jïshlk dm lcheotkckiho m

emtmkrkckiho gkh dm vhtoc hepkrtê`lho poro k fkeme. @o otuochdodm# iro`dm portm dos pmsskos

dmhxku dm pmsquhsor# dhsluthr m prkduzhr mstm lk`fmlhem`tk poro sm h`gkreor pkr emhk dm

 jkcmth`s nkr`ocåsthlks &prh`lhpocem`tm pkr emhk dk rïdhk m do tmcmvhsìk(.

 @k m`to`tk# rmlkrrmr o jkcmth`s nkr`ocåsthlks `ìk mspmlhochzodks pkdm olorrmtor ueo

sèrhm dm prkjcmeos# pkhs sìk euhtk lkeu`s ks mrrks irkssmhrks m os prmvhsýms mquhvklodos. Rkr 

hssk# oh`do è hepkrto`tm sm h`gkreor m juslor lk`fmlhem`tk# jme lkek k m`tm`dhem`tk dm

ociu`s lk`lmhtks jïshlks rmcolhk`odks ok tmeo.

Rm`so`dk `hssk# k kjnmthvk dmstm orthik è tro`sehthr ociu`s lk`fmlhem`tks jïshlks dm

lcheotkckiho m emtmkrkckiho# `ueo mspèlhm dm chsto dm tmreks tèl`hlks me ch`iuoime

olmssåvmc. Mspmro%sm lke hssk lk`trhjuhr lke o lk`struéìk dk lk`fmlhem`tk skjrm k lcheo m k

tmepk# dhgu`dh`dk k h`tmrmssm pmco lhî`lho do oteksgmro m pmck mstudk lhm`tåghlk dk lcheo.

Chsto dm tmreks emtmkrkcüihlks m lcheotkcüihlks

Lcheo> loroltmråsthlo me tmreks dk lkepkrtoem`tk eèdhk dks mcmem`tks

oteksgèrhlks# tohs lkek o eèdho tèrehlo# pcuvhkeètrhlo m dm prmssìk. Os eèdhos mstotåsthlos

dmvme smr mstojmcmlhdos o porthr dm ueo sèrhm dm dodks dm ue pmråkdk dm <2 o`ks.

Tmepk> è k mstodk ekem`tê`mk do oteksgmro me ue dodk h`sto`tm m cuior.

Mstodk do oteksgmro> lk`nu`tk dm otrhjutks qum o loroltmrhzoe `oqumcm ekem`tk# tohs

lkek rodhoéìk &h`skcoéìk(# tmepmroturo# uehdodm &prmlhphtoéìk# `mjuckshdodm# mtl.( m prmssìk&vm`tks# mtl.(.

Lcheotkckiho> è k mstudk lhm`tåghlk dk lcheo.

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<?<

Emtmkrkckiho> è o lhî`lho do oteksgmro# rmcolhk`odo ok mstodk gåshlk%quåehlk m

dh`êehlk do oteksgmro# jme lkek o h`tmroéìk m`trm mcms m o supmrgålhm tmrrmstrm.

Eolrklcheo> ospmltks dks lcheos dm oepcos ïrmos dk pco`mto m lke ks ekvhem`tks

oteksgèrhlks me corio msloco.

Emsklcheo> mstudk dk lcheo me ïrmos m`trm ?2 m ?22 ae. dm coriuro# pkr mxmepck# k

mstudk dk lcheo urjo`k.

Ehlrklcheo> mstudk dk lcheo dm pmqum`os ïrmos.

Lcheo ckloc> è dmgh`hdk pkr ospmltks mspmlåghlks dm dmtmreh`odks cklohs# lkek ueo

iro`dm lhdodm# ue chtkroc# ueo ïrmo oirålkco# ueo gckrmsto# mtl.

Tkpklcheo> è dmgh`hdk pmck rmcmvk m suo h`gcuî`lho me porêemtrks lcheïthlks.

Gotkrms lcheïthlks> lkrrmspk`dme âqumcos loroltmråsthlos imkirïghlos mstïthlos

dhvmrshghlodkros do pohsoime# lkek cothtudm# octhtudm# rmcmvk# vmimtoéìk#

lk`th`m`tochdodm+eorhthehdodm m othvhdodms fueo`os.

Oteksgmro> loeodo gh`o dm iosms prmso ok pco`mto Tmrro pmco gkréo do irovhdodm# vhtoc

 poro o vhdo `k pco`mto.

Lhrlucoéìk oteksgèrhlo> è dmsm`lodmodo pmco dmshiuoc dhstrhjuhéìk dm m`mriho skjrm o

supmrgålhm tmrrmstrm# h`hlho`dk%sm pmco ekvhem`toéìk do m`mriho olueucodo `ks trüphlks me

dhrméìk oks pkcks. Msso ekvhem`toéìk gkreo trîs lècucos dm lhrlucoéìk me lodo fmehsgèrhk>

trkphloc# tmepmrodo m pkcor. O lhrlucoéìk imroc m k ekvhem`tk dos eossos dm or pkdme smr 

lk`shdmrodks lkek ueo josm skjrm o quoc sm nustopýme euhtos kutros hrrmiucorhdodms m

 pmrturjoéýms em`krms.

Grm`tms> sìk zk`os ku supmrgålhms dm dmslk`th`uhdodm ku tro`shéìk &tèrehlo#

o`mekeètrhlo# jorkeètrhlo# fhirkeètrhlo# mtl.( `k h`tmrhkr do oteksgmro# krhu`dos dk m`lk`trk

dm duos eossos dm or dm loroltmråsthlos dhgmrm`tms. Rkdme smr grhos m+ku qum`tms.

Eossos dm or> è ueo u`hdodm omrkcüihlo# ku smno# ueo pkréìk do oteksgmro# dm

mxtm`sìk lk`shdmrïvmc# qum pkssuh loroltmråsthlos tèrehlos m fhirkeètrhlos fkekiî`mos.

Johxo prmssìk ku lhlck`m> è quo`dk k vockr do prmssìk oteksgèrhlo mstï ojohxk dm

?2?< ej &Ehchjor( ku fRo &Fmltkposloc(. Osshe# lkek k or mstï eohs cmvm# mcm sujhrï cmvo`dkk lockr m o uehdodm# qum sm tro`sgkreorìk me `uvm`s m# me smiuhdo# lfuvo.

Octo prmssìk ku o`thlhlck`m> è quo`dk k vockr do prmssìk oteksgèrhlo mstï olheo dm

?2?< ej ku fRo. Osshe# k or mstï eohs pmsodk# dmslm`dk# lkek lk`smquî`lho eohs grhk m

smlk# pkdm`dk smr rmcolhk`odk lke tmepk jke m+ku grhk.

Lovodk> ïrmo ock`iodo dm johxo prmssìk# qum mstï ossklhodo o ueo ïrmo dm lhrlucoéìk

lhlcô`hlo eå`heo.

Lrhsto> ïrmo ock`iodo dm prmssìk oteksgèrhlo mcmvodo# qum mstï ossklhodo o ueo ïrmodm lhrlucoéìk o`thlhlcô`hlo eïxheo.

Jckqumhks oteksgèrhlks> `k losk do `ksso rmihìk sìk gkreodks skjrm ks klmo`ks

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<?4

Rolåghlk \udmstm m Otcê`thlk \udkmstm# h`tmrrkepm`dk k dmsckloem`tk `kreoc poro cmstm dks

shstmeos ehirotürhks dm cothtudms eèdhos# dmvhdk â gkreoéìk dm ue o`thlhlck`m quosm%

mstolhk`ïrhk# prkpkrlhk`o`dk ueo loceo oteksgèrhlo.

Octo do Jkcåvho> shstmeo dm octo prmssìk qum sm gkreo `o octo trkpksgmro &?2 m ?< ae.

dm octhtudm( `k vmrìk# skjrm o Oeèrhlo dk \uc.

^k`o dm Lk`vmriî`lho dk Otcê`thlk \uc &^LO\( ku dm ]ehdodm &^LK](> dmgh`hdo

lkek ueo pmrshstm`tm gohxo dm `mjuckshdodm krhm`todo `k sm`thdk `krkmstm%sudmstm# qum sm

mstm`dm dk suc do Oeozô`ho ok Otcê`thlk \uc%Lm`troc pkr ociu`s ehcforms dm ae.# jme

loroltmrhzodo ̀ ks emsms dm vmrìk.

\hstmeos Lk`vmlthvks> pkdme sm gkreor rophdoem`tm duro`tm k vmrìk# kloshk`odk

h`tm`sos prmlhphtoéýms m h`u`doéýms rmcêepoiks. Fï ueo ossklhoéìk dm lk`dhéýms lkek octos

tmepmroturos m uehdodm dk or &tåphlks dk vmrìk(# jme lkek k rmcmvk ckloc do \mrro do

Eo`thqumhro.

Wm`tk> ekvhem`toéìk dk or lousodo pkr dhgmrm`éo do prmssìk oteksgèrhlo.

Rrmlhphtoéìk> qumdo dm uehdodm `k skck `o gkreo cåquhdo &lfuvo# iorko# mtl.( m+ku

süchdo &iro`hzk m `mvm(. O prmlhphtoéìk è emdhdo pkr emhk dm h`struem`tks lk`fmlhdks lkek

 pcuvhôemtrks# sm`dk o u`hdodm dm emdhdo ee &ehcåemtrks(.

]ehdodm rmcothvo> quo`thdodm dm vopkr dm ïiuo prmsm`tm `o oteksgmro. Lk`sthtuh o

rmcoéìk m`trm o tm`sìk dm vopkr kjsmrvodo m tm`sìk dm vopkr soturo`tm â emseo tmepmroturo#

imrocem`tm mxprmsso me pkrlm`toime. O sm`soéìk ghshkcüihlo dm uehdodm# jme lkek

`uemrksks gm`ôem`ks emtmkrkcüihlks mstìk rmcolhk`odks lke o ]ehdodm Zmcothvo dk Or 

&]Z(# qum rmprmsm`to ueo mtopo dk lhlck fhdrkcüihlk &k lhlck do ïiuo( mssm`lhoc poro o

quochdodm dm vhdo do pkpucoéìk. Ks mquhpoem`tks qum emdme o uehdodm rmcothvo dk or sìk ks

tmreôemtrks dm jucjk þehdk# pshlrôemtrks m fhirôemtrks.

Tmepmroturo dk or> ue dks porêemtrks eohs hepkrto`tms do emtmkrkckiho m do

lcheotkckiho. Emdhdo pkr emhk dm tmreôemtrks# tm`dk lkek u`hdodm dm emdhdo `k Jroshc

irous Lmcshus &¾L(.

KEE> Krio`hzoéìk Emtmkrkcüihlo Eu`dhoc % è ueo oiî`lho mspmlhochzodo do K@]&Krio`hzoéìk dos @oéýms ]`hdos(.

Lkek lhtor>

DO \HCWO# D.T.C. Lcheo m tmepk. Zmvhsto Mcmtrô`hlo Jroio`th`o K` Ch`m. Nko`üpkchs#`.:2# p. ?:%?4# nu`. :2?<. 

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<?=

RZKNMTK FMZJÏZHK

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<?7

K O@DOZHCFK DO \MZZO

\usueu Xoeoiulfh 

Lrk`hsto# o`dor hc fk m ekrodkr dm Nko`üpkch s 

M%eohc > sussoyoeBieohc .lke 

OK\ L]HDODK\ DK RMRH

&Lrô`hlos dhoeo`th`os “ ?(

Lfmiumh ok h`ålhk do Trhcfo dks Trkpmhrks nu`toem`tm lke ueo h`mspmrodo lfuvo qum

em lmrlku `k lklfk dk lurroc do loso dm dk`o ^mchto# k`dm pormh poro lkcklor os lopos.Ociueos volos sm oprkxheoroe me juslo dk soc qum “ heoih`mh “ mspmrovoe qum mu lkcklossm

och. Dhssuodh%os m prklurovo ks h`dålhks do trhcfo quo`dk kuvh# vh`dks do loso â dhrmhto# irhtks

dm ociuèe qum olm`ovo do no`mco> –Lfmio eohs/... Lfmio eohs/...― 

K tmepk mstovo ojmrtk quo`dk mu th`fo soådk dm \o`tk O`tô`hk dk Htoejè &EI( âs

khtk fkros do eo`fì# m`grm`to`dk ckik ueo gkrtm sujhdo poro dmhxor o lhdodm dmpkhs dm lruzor 

ue dm smus rhks. Rrmtm`dho otrovmssor k Rorqum Mstoduoc dk Rhlk dk Htoejè# RMRH# m lfmior ok

 pkvkodk dk Lophvorh# pmrtm`lm`tm ok eu`hlåphk dk \mrrk &EI(# loeh`fo`dk lmrlo dm vh`tm

quhcôemtrks dm octks m johxks# dkzm dks quohs dm`trk dk porqum.

Mu mstovo quosm m`tro`dk `ks chehtms dk porqum# eos pkr louso do lfuvo qum

m`irkssovo lkrrh poro ks dkhs dmirous dm pmdros m m`trmh `o loso dm dk`o ^mchto. _ume th`fo

em lk`vhdodk o mslk`dmr do lfuvo th`fo shdk smu ghcfk @otocålhk# gu`lhk`ïrhk dk H`sthtutk

Mstoduoc dm Gckrmstos# HMG. Thrmh os lopos qum nï ph`iovoe dm`trk do loso m toejèe o

eklfhco# m prmpormh%em poro mspmror o lfuvo oeoh`or.

Mu th`fo o`dodk smhs quhcôemtrks otè o trhcfo pmco mstrodo dm tmrro jme sh`ochzodo qum

h`dhlovo# `os jhgurloéýms# o Trhcfo dks Trkpmhrks m portms johxo m octo do Lolfkmhro do

Gueoéo. Gcovh`fo# toejèe dk HMG# possku pkr ehe m vmrhghlku o outkrhzoéìk ossh`odo pkr smu

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<?9

lkcmio Mchos `k dho o`tmrhkr. Lke tudk me krdme# ghz o oprkxheoéìk do smrro qum em gozho

cmejror k Ihio`tm dm Nko`üpkchs &\R( “ kro eohs# kro em`ks.

–Rkdm qum o lfuvo vme m poro―# kuvh qum @otocålhk gocovo m ghqumh jme o`heodk lke

o pmrspmlthvo dm ckik pkdmr prkssmiuhr. Mu mstovo me pè `o pkrto m kcfovo poro o lfuvo qum

lk`th`uovo o lohr gkrtm# m mcm smiuho opkhodk `o no`mco do quoc th`fo em lfoeodk poro lfmior.

M oks pkulks guh lkeprmm`dm`dk qum mcm qumrho dhzmr qum o lfuvo pkdho lfmior m poror  “ k

qum shi`hghlovo mco mstolhk`or m ghlor loh`dk# sme tmepk lmrtk dm tèreh`k.

Eorikt  “ eorikt.nko`h`foBfkteohc.lke  

\mu @m`zh`fk lkeméku o olkepo`for k poh m kutrks trkpmhrks pmco trhcfo oh`do

em`h`k# fï eohs dm lh`qum`to o`ks. Th`foe otè dm onudï%ck o lorrmior os eucos dm ph`io#

qumhnk m kutros emrlodkrhos. –O im`tm cmvovo trîs dhos poro lfmior o Dhoeo`th`o# gocfovo ue

dho cï m eohs trîs poro vkctor.― Mcm dmslrmvho lke euhtos lkrms o trhcfo m`quo`tk mu no`tovo

me suo lo`th`o do Lhdo# emekrhzo`dk m sk`fo`dk lke k loeh`fk dk dho smiuh`tm.

Lke o lfuvo rmprmsm`to`dk poror # @otocålhk oehudovo lk`vhtms poro qum em sm`tossm

`k jo`lk# ku qum em smrvhssm dm jo`o`os dm ue lolfk lunos pm`los hoe dk eohs vmrdm otè k

eohs oeormck# ku oh`do sm prkpu`fo o possor ue logè. Opo`fmh ueo jo`o`o# sm`tmh%em `k

 jo`lk m lkeh lke ue ikstk quosm msqumlhdk. Zmpmth msso cmejro`éo eohs ociueos vmzms# otè

qum me lmrlo dm lh`qum`to eh`utks o lfuvo porku dm lohr.

Rmck em`ks ueo vmz pkr o`k# mejkro sme doto lmrto# Yoccolm m ue irupk dm oehiks

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<?6

otrovmssovoe o trhcfo otè Lophvorh. Hoe sme prmsso# lke smus h`struem`tks eushlohs#

 jo`fovoe%sm me rhks m lolfkmhros m lfmiovoe ok gh`oc do tordm. Cï# k pkvkodk ks mspmrovo

 poro ueo `khtm mspmlhoc dm gmsto m lo`tkrhos. –Wklî voh ikstor―# dhssm%em tkeo`dk eohs lmdk

k þcthek ikcm “ è qum `o ehsso dk dho smiuh`tm# jme lmdh`fk# mcm mstorho cï# tklo`dk.

 @otocålhk kcfovo poro os `uvm`s qum do`éovoe `o smrro m pkr vmzms gozhoe k tmepk

ojrhr ue pkulk> –Lcormho poro lfkvmr.― Kuvåoeks trkvkodos me rmspksto. Mcm dhzho qum

quo`dk lfkvho euhtk cï me lheo ks lh`lk rhks qum mu th`fo dm otrovmssor lrmslhoe euhtk# m

 pkdho otè ghlor prmsk m`trm mcms# sme pkdmr hr m sme pkdmr vkctor. M m`tìk mu ghlovo och# kuvh`dk

o `oturmzo m ue fkeme qum kuvho euhtk jme o `oturmzo.

 @o pkrtorho dk porqum# Mchos th`fo em dhtk qum poro hr otè k phlk  “ kutrk loeh`fk poro

Lophvorh “ toejèe mro prmlhsk outkrhzoéìk. Roro os trovmsshos fovho ek`htkroem`tk dupck> `o

m`trodo m `o soådo# sm`dk qum opüs k tmepk dm lkrtm me lmrtk pk`tk k gu`lhk`ïrhk do soådo ho â

 prkluro dk loeh`fo`tm# k emsek gozm`dk k do m`trodo. Lke hssk# ghqumh oh`do eohs tro`quhck

 poro pmrlkrrmr o trhcfo rmlm`tmem`tm sh`ochzodo.

M dk`o ^mchto; @otocålhk dhssm qum mco mstovo sm troto`dk me Jmck Fkrhzk`tm &EI(# o

qum mcm sm rmgmrhu lkek –jmoiï lophtoc iro`dm orrueodo.― Hssk `ìk em lfmiku lkek ue

rohk# eos jme qum hcueh`ku k qum cmejrmh `o fkro> –\ü qum# pmck rmspmht k# mu sm`dk Lfmgm#

`ìk ho pkdmr dmhxor k Gmchsjmrtk em ovhstor osshe# pmrgmhtk dmslkepkstk `u# lkek mstovo.― &.( 

Mspo`todk# kcfmh jme poro mcm> –Lkek dhssm;...― M @otocålhk rmpmthu “ dmsdm smeprm.

–M oquh mstï k smu ochem`tk poro k lkrpk― # dhssm Ocmxeo`m m`trmio`dk%em k co`lfm m

o ïiuo qum th`fo pmdhdk poro ue dho h`tmhrk dm loeh`fodo. Mcm th`fo gocodk dm lkek `ks

`utrheks dmssm m`lo`tk dm mejrm`for pmcos m`lkstos m skpès dk Htoejè# m toejèe do smeprm

 poz qum `ks m`vkcvm. M skjrmovhsku> –Oeo`fì# gmlfk âs dmz  poro os khtk# vku â ehsso m

rmojrk âs `kvm m emho. M gmlfk ok emhk%dho.― \he# lcork/ Lcork lkek ue dho dm skc.

K dho `ìk prkemtho eohs skc m m`tìk dmlhdh vkctor ckik poro ovhsor qum dmshsthro# nï qum

 @otocålhk mstovo sme k rïdhk. Mcm ekstrku%em k lkemék do trhcfo qum th`fo onudodk o chepor m

sh`ochzor. Dm rmpm`tm# trkvmnku m rmlkeméku o lfkvmr. Mcm dhssm poro dhcotor eohs# k qum

m`tm`dh lkek sm`dk poro mspmror o lfuvo possor. Eos mu nï soåo m o lodo trkvìk mcm irhtovo mh`shstho `k pmdhdk# octmr`o`dk lke gmrvkr> –Woh lke Dmus/... Woh lke Dmus/...― 

Mro pmck emhk dk dho quo`dk lfmiumh â pkrtorho dk porqum# sujh`dk â msqumrdo pkr 

emho fkro nï pmrtk do lhdodm. Zmm`lk`trmh Gcovh`fo qum lkjrho k ocekék dm Hseomc# m mco dm

hemdhotk lfoeku pmck rïdhk k gu`lhk`ïrhk do soådo m ovhsku qum mu vkctoro pkr louso do

lfuvo. Kuvh o vkz dm Ik`éock> –Iroéos o Dmus/... Oikro vku vkctor poro loso pkrqum mstku

tkdk ekcfodk.― Mcm em prklurovo fovho fkros# dmsdm k h`ålhk do lfuvo cï.

Eohs tordm# dk ô`hjus qum dmhxovo \o`tk O`tô`hk mu vho euhto lfuvo porodo `k Rhlkdk Htoejè  “  ïiuos qum ochem`tovoe `oslm`tms sme ghe qum dmslhoe o smrro me to`tos

lolfkmhros. M pm`sovo toejèe `os h`þemros gk`tms dk smrtìk me qum jmjmu Iuheorìms Zkso.

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<?8

Mcos pmrshsthoe# me sþjhtos hcfos dks eorms dm Eh`os# dhcoto`dk skjrmvhdos# euto`tms dm

krhime ku pkr vm`tks dm tmepmstodms> –Dmcoto eohs/... Dhcoto eohs/... Dmcoto eohs/...― 

 [[[[[ Q.U  “ Iro`dm smrtìk> vmrmdos  “  Nkìk Iuheorìms Zkso 

Lkek lhtor>

XOEOI]LFH# \. Oks luhdodks dk RMRH. Zmvhsto Mcmtrô`hlo Jroio`th`o K` Ch`m.Nko`üpkchs# `.:2# p. ?7%?8# nu`. :2?<.

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<:2

EOTMEÏTHLO

Lorh`o \hcvo Jorrks

Chlm`lhodo me Eotmeïthlo m Gu`lhk`ïrho dm H`sthtuhéìk Jo`lïrho

M%eohc> lorh`osjorrksBfkteohc.lke

RCO@MNOEM@TK TZHJ]TÏZHK

K pco`mnoem`tk trhjutïrhk è mcmem`tk mssm`lhoc qum dmvm smr h`smrhdk `o imstìk

meprmsorhoc m prmlmdmr quocqumr `kvk `miülhk ku octmroéìk meprmsorhoc. È tìk hepkrto`tm

quo`tk k pco`mnoem`tk mlk`ôehlk# tèl`hlk# lkemrlhoc m dm emrlodk &F]LA# p. ?46(.

Lke o uthchzoéìk dk pco`mnoem`tk trhjutïrhk lkek gkreo dm imstìk meprmsorhoc#

vhso`dk o rmduéìk cålhto do lorio trhjutïrho# o meprmso tkr`or%sm%ï eohs lkepmththvo# rmduzh`dk

smus lustks m lkcklo`dk `k emrlodk prkdutks lke ue prmék eohs otrom`tm.

Dhghlhcem`tm o krio`hzoéìk meprmsorhoc lk`smiuhrï# chlhtoem`tm# mxlcuhr pkr lkepcmtk

ks lustks trhjutïrhks# m`trmto`tk# uthchzor eo`mhros qum rmduzoe mstms lustks sme h`grh`ihr o cmh

 pksshjhchtorï â krio`hzoéìk kgmrmlmr prkdutks o ue prmék h`gmrhkr oks dm smus lk`lkrrm`tms#

tm`dk m`tìk suo vo`toime lkepmththvo `k prmék qum è kgmrtodk smu prkdutk.

Lk`shdmro`dk qum o lorio trhjutïrho è ue gotkr qum h`gcum`lho dhrmtoem`tm `o

lopolhdodm lkepmththvo dos krio`hzoéýms# k pco`mnoem`tk trhjutïrhk è ue h`struem`tk qum

dmvm smr odktodk lkek gkreo dm mstrotèiho poro os imstýms meprmsorhohs. Whso o mchsìk mvhtor o

h`lhdî`lho dk trhjutk# odkto`dk%sm emdhdos qum mvhtme o klkrrî`lho dk gotk imrodkr# o rmduéìk

dk ek`to`tm o smr poik# rmduzh`dk%sm o josm dm lïcluck ku o ocåqukto o smr opchlodo# m oh`do k

rmtordoem`tk dk poioem`tk dk trhjutk# sme qum hstk hepchqum o klkrrî`lho dm eucto poro k

lk`trhjuh`tm.

Osshe# kjsmrvo%sm qum ks kjnmthvks do mchsìk ghsloc sm lk`gu`dme lke k kjnmthvk dk

 pco`mnoem`tk trhjutïrhk. Oejks vhsoe o ueo mlk`keho cålhto dm trhjutks# uthchzo`dk%sm dmemhks cmiohs poro qum# `k gh`oc# tm`foe qum supkrtor em`kr ô`us trhjutïrhk.

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<:?

Dmsso gkreo# os meprmsos qum uthchzoe o prïthlo do mchsìk ghsloc lkek gotkr 

lkepmththvk# lmrtoem`tm pkssume vo`toim`s skjrm os dmeohs# pkhs ks –dmslk`tks― `ks trhjutks

 pkdme smr h`vmsthdks dm kutro gkreo m+ku rmpossodks oks lk`suehdkrms# tkr`o`dk smus prméks

eohs otrom`tms dho`tm do lk`lkrrî`lho.

ZMGMZÎ@LHO\ JHJCHKIZÏGHLO\

AZO]\RM@FOZ N]@HKZ# D. O mchsìk ghsloc lkek gkreo dm pco`mnoem`tk trhjutïrhk

opüs o Cmh Lkepcmem`tor ?24+2? m suos hepchloéýms `o imstìk meprmsorhoc :22=. 86p.

Dhssmrtoéìk dm Emstrodk. Lm`trk dm Lhî`lhos do Odeh`hstroéìk# ]`hvmrshdodm dk Mstodk dm

\o`to Lotorh`o# Gckrho`üpkchs. Dhspk`åvmc me> fttp>++tmdm.udmsl.jr+tdm[orquhvks+?<+TDM%

:22=%28%28T?4>:9>=?^%<:+Rujchlk+Dhssmrtolok-:2Dorvh`.pdg. Olmssk me> ?= Nu`fk :2?<.

Lkek lhtor>

JOZZK\# L.\. Rco`mnoem t̀k trhjutïrhk. Zmvhsto Mcmtrô`hlo Jroio`th`o K` Ch`m.Nko`üpkchs# `.:2# p. :2%:?# nu`. :2?<.

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<::

MD]LOÉÌK OEJHM@TOC

Gcïvhk Zkjmrtk Lfoddod

Iroduodk me M`im`forho Oirk`ôehlo m L hî`lhos Jhkcüihlos1 Mspmlhochsto me Mduloéìk Oejhm`toc1

Mspmlhochzo`dk me Imstìk do Mduloéìk Jïshlo m Oejhm`toc1 m Emstrm me Mduloéìk

M%eohc> grlfoddodBieohc.lke

GK@TM\ DM M@MZIHO

 @üs smrms fueo`ks dmpm`dmeks dhrmtoem`tm do m`mriho poro o rmochzoéìk dm `ksso

mxhstî`lho. Ku smno# dmpm`dmeks dmco poro tudk. Fknm# `ksso eotrhz prh`lhpoc è k pmtrücmk. O

qumheo dmstm lkejuståvmc# dm krhime güsshc# mstï onudo`dk o lousor ue prklmssk dm`keh`odk

dm oqumlhem`tk ickjoc. Ocèe dhssk# mstm lkejuståvmc è gh`htk# `ìk rm`kvïvmc.

Kutros gk`tms dm m`mriho# qum sìk josto`tm uthchzodos# sìk o m`mriho fhdrmcètrhlo# o

m`mriho `ulcmor# ks jhklkejuståvmhs m ueo sèrhm dm kutrks thpks &m`mriho skcor# m`mriho müchlo#

m`mriho eormektrhz m m`mriho imktèrehlo( lkepýme o eotrhz m`mrièthlo uthchzodo pmcks poåsms

eu`dhohs.

O m`mriho fhdrmcètrhlo# opmsor do prhemhro vhsto sm oprmsm`tor lkek ueo m`mriho chepo#

troz prkjcmeos poro k emhk oejhm`tm lkek# pkr mxmepck# hepoltks oejhm`tohs dmvhdk o

h`u`doéýms dm iro`dms ïrmos dm gckrmstos m vmimtoéýms1 pmrdo dm jhkdhvmrshdodm1 dmsckloem`tk

dm pkpucoéýms rhjmhrh`fos1 prkduéìk dm iosms# me vhrtudm do dmlkepkshéìk do eotèrho

kriê`hlo dos ïrmos ocoiodos. Eos# oh`do osshe# è ueo m`mriho qum dmvmeks odktor lkek ue

emhk dm gkreor ueo eotrhz m`mrièthlo chepo m prkduzhr mstudks ku pmsquhsos qum hepchqume

me suo prkduéìk lke em`krms hepoltks oejhm`tohs.

Ks jhklkejuståvmhs# euhtk gocodks `k eu`dk h`tmhrk# rmprmsm`toe toejèe ueo kutro

gkreo dm m`mriho qum dmvm smr pmsquhsodo m uthchzodo rolhk`ocem`tm. Oporm`tmem`tm# mcms sìk

ueo gk`tm rm`kvïvmc qum `ìk lk`trhjume poro k oqumlhem`tk ickjoc. Rkrèe# do gkreo lkek

mstìk sm`dk prkduzhdks lk`trhjume# m euhtk# poro o pkcuhéìk oejhm`toc# pmrdo do jhkdhvmrshdodm m poro o johxo quochdodm dm vhdo o qum mstìk sm`dk sujemthdks ks trojocfodks

rurohs# lkek# pkr mxmepck# ks lkrtodkrms dm lo`o.

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<:<

Dm olkrdk lke IZOÉO mt oc. &:2??(# os m`mrihos qum em`ks pkcume sìk os m`mrihos>

müchlo# eormektrhz# skcor m imktèrehlo. Rkrèe# mstos toejèe oprmsm`toe h`lk`vm`hm`tms.

Eos# smus lustks oejhm`tohs sìk euhtk rmduzhdks.

O m`mriho müchlo oprmsm`to lkek vo`toime smr k vm`tk ue rmlursk `oturoc rm`kvïvmc m

qum# me euhtos portms dk Jroshc# pkdm smr oprkvmhtodk. \uos dmsvo`toim`s mstìk `k lustk dks

mquhpoem`tks1 octoem`tm dmpm`dm`tm dk lcheo  “  k vm`tk pkdm do`hghlï%ck duro`tm gkrtms

vm`to`hos ku `ìk ihror duro`tm ociu`s dhos# lk`gkrem o mstoéìk dk o`k. Ocèe dhssk# pkdm

ogmtor pïssorks m lkcklï%cks me pmrhik.

O m`mriho eormektrhz è toejèe ueo m`mriho rm`kvïvmc# `ìk prkduz quocqumr thpk

rmsåduk m `ìk rmqumr eotmrhohs euhtk skghsthlodks. Rkrèe# toejèe pkssuh dmsvo`toim`s lkek#

 pkr mxmepck# k gkr`mlhem`tk `ìk è lk`tå`uk1 tme johxk rm`dhem`tk1 sìk `mlmssïrhos

oepchtudms dm eorès supmrhkrms o = emtrks poro qum mstm thpk dm m`mriho smno rm`kvïvmc1 os

h`stocoéýms dmvme smr gkrtms k sughlhm`tm poro rmshsthr o tmepmstodms.

O m`mriho skcor toejèe è ueo m`mriho rm`kvïvmc. Oprmsm`to lkek h`lk`vm`hm`tms

qum è chehtodo âs ïrmos dk ickjk qum rmlmjme josto`tm rodhoéìk skcor1 rmqumr eotmrhohs

mspmlhohs poro qum ks poh`èhs m lkcmtkrms `ìk ogmtme k emhk oejhm`tm.

O m`mriho imktèrehlo è toejèe ueo m`mriho rm`kvïvmc# `ìk pkcum`tm m pkssuh

dhvmrsos uthchzoéýms. Oprmsm`to lkek dmsvo t̀oime smr dm johxk rm`dhem`tk1 mstor prmsm`tm me

ïrmos lke tmltk`hsek1 m chjmroéìk dm iosms poro o oteksgmro# lkek k sucgmtk dm fhdrkiî`hk m k

dhüxhdk dm lorjk`k# qum sìk pkcum`tms m lkrrkshvks.

O chéìk qum sm pkdm thror do uthchzoéìk dos dhgmrm`tms gkreos dm m`mriho è qum dmvmeks

h`vmsthr me pmsquhsos# poro qum pkssoeks tkr`or k eohs chepo pkssåvmc os `kssos gkreos dm

m`mriho# ku smno# prkduzhr m`mrihos chepos qum `ìk ogmtme o quochdodm dk emhk oejhm`tm m dk

fkeme m# skjrmtudk# qum suproe os `mlmsshdodms fueo`os.

ZMGMZÎ@LHO\ JHJCHKIZÏGHLO\ 

IZOÉO# O.G.1 EOTK\# D.1 LZOWH@FK# Z. M`mrihos octmr`othvos Dhspk`åvmc me>

fttp>++www.`ktopkshthvo.lke+troj[mstudo t̀ms+troj[mstudo`tms+jhkckiho+jhkckiho[trojocfks+m`mrihosoctmr`othvos.fte. Olmssk me> Q2<+?:+:2??U.

 @MOD%]@HOZO. Ickjochzoéìk m rmspk`sojhchdodm sülhk%oejhm`toc> pkcuhéìk oejhm`toc. H`>

Eüduck H> Mlkckiho m Imstìk Oejhm`toc. Ororoquoro> ]@HOZO# :2??.

Lkek lhtor>

LFODDOD# G.Z. Gk`tms dm m`mriho. Zmvhsto Mcmtrô`hlo Jroio`th`o K` Ch`m. Nko`üpkchs#`.:2# p. ::%:<# nu`. :2?<. 

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<:4

JHKCKIHO 

Nm``hgmr Cmìk dks \o`tks

Jhückio m Rmsquhsodkro

M%eohcs> nm``hgmrcmokByofkk.lke.jr

_]OC HEROLTK WKLÎ TME LO]\ODK;

Kcï cmhtkrms# o lkcu`o dmstm eîs oprmsm`to ue lk`lmhtk lrhodk me :22:# dm`keh`odk

dm –Rmiodo Fådrhlo―# h`tmiro`dk eohs ue orthik ok tmeo lm`troc –Ïiuo―. 

]eo dos gkreos dm mvhtor k eou usk ku dmspmrdålhk dm ue dmtmreh`odk rmlursk è

lk`fmlmr tkdk k smu lhlck# ku smno# pm`sor `ìk opm`os `o gkreo lkek k uthchzoeks# eos me

tkdk k prklmssk qum mcm pmrlkrrm otè lfmior o `üs.

Me rmcoéìk ok rmlursk fådrhlk# `ìk josto

quo`thghlor k lk`suek dm ïiuo dos othvhdodms

lkthdho`os# lkek covor# lkzh`for m jmjmr# è

`mlmssïrhk olrmslm`tor toejèe k vkcuem dm ïiuo

iostk ok ck`ik do lodmho prkduthvo# poro prkduéìk

dm ochem`tks# dm rkupos m gojrhloéìk dm popmc# pkr mxmepcks.

K lk`lmhtk –Yotmr Gkktprh`t―# troduzhdk lkek –Rmiodo Fådrhlo―# trojocfo msto

qumstìk# tm`dk lkek m`gkqum mstheor quoc è k lk`suek dm ïiuo dklm `k prklmssk dm

 prkduéìk &usk dhrmtk( m `os dhvmrsos mtopos do lodmho prkduthvo &usk h`dhrmtk(# ovocho`dk k

lk`suek toejèe me rmcoéìk oks smrvhéks prmstodks# smrvh`dk osshe lkek h`dhlodkr dk usk

do ïiuo. Mstm lk`lmhtk gkh lrhodk me :22:# pmck Rrkgmsskr Ornm` X. Fkmastro# do ]`hvmrshdodm

dm Twm`tm# `o Fkco`do# o hdmho è prkvm`hm`tm do emseo ch`fo dm mstudk dk lk`lmhtk –Rmiodo

Mlkcüihlo―# pkr mxmepck. O dhgmrm`éo m`trm mssms è dm qum o –Rmiodo Mlkcüihlo― lkrrmspk`dm

ok quo`tk dm ïrmo dm skck# me fmltorms# sìk `mlmssïrhks poro prkduéìk dm jm`s m smrvhéks qum

sustm`toe k msthck dm vhdo dm ueo sklhmdodm ku ue h`dhvåduk.

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<:=

Opmsor do –Rmiodo Fådrhlo― `ìk smr ue lk`lmhtk `kvk# mstm sm ekstro hepkrto`tm m þthc

`k prklmssk dm sm`shjhchzoéìk do sklhmdodm# `o tkeodo dm dmlhsýms me rmcoéìk o lkek

 prklmdmr `o uthchzoéìk dmssm rmlursk gh`htk# pkrèe h`dhspm`sïvmc poro skjrmvhvî`lho m

dmsm`vkcvhem t̀k# ocèe dm gkr`mlmr h`gkreoéýms lkepcmem`torms m h`dhlodkrms.

Lke k dmsm`vkcvhem`tk dmstm ossu`tk gkh lrhodo ueo krio`hzoéìk h`tmr`olhk`oc qum

otuo `o dhvucioéìk m opchloéìk dmsto gmrroem`to# dm`keh`odo Yotmr Gkktprh`t @mtwkra # m

lke o lkcojkroéìk dm porlmhrks# pmsquhsodkrms# meprmsos# K@Is m pkcåthlks# o –Rmiodo

Fådrhlo― vme sm tkr`o`dk ueo gmrroem`to hepkrto`tm `o rmskcuéìk dm prkjcmeos eu`dhohs

rmcolhk`odks oks rmlursks fådrhlks.

Rkr emhk dmssm lk`lmhtk toejèe gkh dmsm`vkcvhdk ue –podrìk ickjoc dm pmiodo  

fådrhlo―# qum pksshjhchto qum h`dhvåduks# meprmsos m poåsms lk`shioe loclucor o quo`thdodm dm

ïiuo qum uthchzoe me dmtmreh`odos othvhdodms m poro eo`tmr smu msthck dm vhdo# o porthr dm

dodks rmcolhk`odks ok lk`suek# o prkdutks m smrvhéks. Mssms dodks vorhoe dm olkrdk lke k

ckloc# smiu`dk k prkgmsskr Ornm` X. Fkmastro# ueo ïrmo k`dm fï dhspk`hjhchdodm dm ïiuo me

oju`dê`lho oprmsm`to dodks dhgmrm`tms dm ueo ïrmo k`dm k kpkstk klkrrm# sm`dk o pmiodo dk

þcthek ckloc oh`do eohkr.

Dmsso gkreo# poro k lïcluck dk vkcuem tktoc dks rmlursks fådrhlks qum uthchzoeks#

toejèe dmvmeks olrmslm`tor# pkr mxmepcks# quo`tks chtrks qum sìk usodks `o prkduéìk dks

ochem`tks# `o gojrhloéìk rkupos# `o prkduéìk dm lor`m m `o gojrhloéìk dm popmc. Roro

 prkduéìk dm ? Ai dm orrkz sìk lk`suehdks :.=22 C &chtrks(1 poro ? Ai dm lor`m sìk

`mlmssïrhks ?=.422 C1 poro prkduéìk ? Ai dm ocikdìk sìk uthchzodks ?2.222 C dm ïiuo# mstms

sìk opm`os ociu`s mxmepcks dk quo`tk uthchzoeks ks rmlursks fådrhlks % k Jroshc oprmsm`to

ueo pmiodo dm :.2:9 emtrks lþjhlks pmr lophto# pkr o`k.

O –Rmiodo Fådrhlo― toejèe è lcosshghlodo pkr lkrms % sìk mcos o vmrdm# ozuc m lh`zo. O

vmrdm è rmgmrm`tm â ïiuo do lfuvo# to`tk o qum è h`lkrpkrodo o ue prkdutk# lkek o portm qum

è mvopkrodo. O ozuc mxprmsso k lïcluck dos ïiuos supmrghlhohs ku sujtmrrê`mos# os qum sìk

h`lkrpkrodos o ue prkdutk# o portm qum mvopkro m o portm qum rmtkr`o ok oejhm`tm &eor ku

kutro jolho(. Nï o lh`zo locluco k vkcuem `mlmssïrhk poro dhcuhr o pkcuhéìk imrodo duro`tm k prklmssk prkduthvk.

O –Rmiodo  Fådrhlo― è m`tìk ueo gmrroem`to qum lk`trhjuh `o imstìk dks rmlursks

fådrhlks# pksshjhchto`dk qum klkrro o porthlhpoéìk pþjchlo# prhvodo m do pkpucoéìk me imroc.

Msso gmrroem`to dmek`stro k quo`tk dm ïiuo è `mlmssïrhk poro gojrhloéìk dm ue prkdutk# k

quo`tk lodo ue &h`dhvhduoc ku lkcmthvoem`tm( lk`trhjuh `k lk`suek m `o pkcuhéìk dks

rmlursks fådrhlks# skjrm quohs sìk ks pk`tks eohs lråthlks# m oh`do o rmspmhtk dk qum pkdm smr 

emcfkrodk.È gu`éìk dk Ikvmr`k dmsm`vkcvmr cmhs qum tkr`me kjrhiotürho o imstìk dmssm rmlursk

dm gkreo mghlhm`tm m sustm`tïvmc1 os meprmsos toejèe dmvme juslor lk`fmlhem`tks m

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<:7

dmsm`vkcvmr tml`kckihos qum lk t̀rhjuoe lke emcfkr usk &eïxhek oprkvmhtoem`tk( do ïiuo#

ocèe dm dmvkcvî%co lke o emseo quochdodm ok oejhm`tm dk quoc gkh rmthrodk. Lk`tudk# ks

lk`suehdkrms toejèe tîe smu popmc me mxhihr h`gkreoéýms skjrm o krhime dk prkdutk m ks

 prklmdhem`tks usodks poro toc# dmsso gkreo dmsm`vkcvm`dk ueo lk`slhî`lho oejhm`toc# poro

 prkekvmr m lkjror osshe k usk rmspk`sïvmc m h`tmchim`tm dks rmlursks fådrhlks.

O ïiuo è ue rmlursk gu`doem`toc m h`dhspm`sïvmc poro `ksso skjrmvhvî`lho# m mstï

 prmsm`tm me tkdos os othvhdodms fueo`os# pkr hssk o m`krem `mlmsshdodm dm prktmimr mssm

rmlursk tìk vochksk. Msto`dk k ikvmr`k# ks prkdutkrms m lk`suehdkrms lhm`tms dks hepoltks

imrodks pmck lk`suek# smno mcm dhrmtk ku h`dhrmtk# m lodo ue sm lkeprkemtm`dk me mxmrlmr 

suo gu`éìk# o lk`smrvoéìk m prktméìk dks rmlursks fådrhlks `ìk smrï eohs ueo emto o sm

oclo`éor# eos she ue msthck dm vhdo.

Gk`tm>

fttp>++www.pmiodofhdrhlo.kri+;poim5ghcms+fkem

fttp>++www.wotmrgkktprh`t.kri+;poim5ghcms+fkem &shtm krhih`oc(

fttp>++www.wwg.kri.jr+;:96::+Rmiodo%Fdrhlo%h`lm`thvo%k%usk%rmspk s̀vmc%do%iuo

Roro eohkrms h`gkreoéýms>

% Roro vmrhghlor k toeo`fk do suo pmiodo fådrhlo# olmssm>

fttp>++www.wotmrgkktprh`t.kri+h`dmx.pfp;poim5loc+YotmrGkktprh`tLoclucotkr 

% Roro vmrhghlor k lk`suek m o dhspk`hjhchdodm dm ïiuo me lodo poås# olmssm>

fttp>++www.nksmpfjmrim`.lke+vhz+wotmr 

% Roro m`tm`dmr ue pkulk skjrm k lhlck dm vhdo dks prkdutks# olmssm>

fttp>++www.ykutujm.lke+wotlf;v5AmAYjaC?fG4

fttp>++www.stkrykgstugg.kri

% Jo`lk Lyo` “  –Oquh suo ekmdo sìk chtrks dm ïiuo―> 

fttp>++www.jo`lklyo`.lke.jr+Dmgouct.ospx

% –Lfuvmhrk gocsk―# lk`tojhchzo k iostk dm ïiuo duro`tm k tmepk dm ue jo`fk&opchlothvk(>

fttp>++www.oaotu.kri.jr+ekjhcm+goamsfkwmr 

Lkek lhtor>

\O@TK\# N.C. _uoc hepoltk vklî tme lousodk; Zmvhsto Mcmtrô`hlo Jroio`th`o K` Ch`m.Nko`üpkchs# `.:2# p. :4%:7# nu`. :2?<.

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<:9

RZKNMTK FMZJÏZHK

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<:6

MD]LOÉÌK OEJHM@TOC

Gcïvhk Zkjmrtk Lfoddod

Iroduodk me M`im`forho Oirk`ôehlo m L hî`lhos Jhkcüihlos1 Mspmlhochsto me Mduloéìk Oejhm`toc1

Mspmlhochzo`dk me Imstìk do Mduloéìk Jïshlo m Oejhm`toc1 m Emstrm me Mduloéìk

M%eohc> grlfoddodBieohc.lke

O ÈTHLO @K ]\K DO ÏI]O DKLM

? H@TZKD]ÉÌK

O Tmrro è ozuc. Trîs quortks dm suo supmrgålhm mstìk lkjmrtks dm ïiuo. Mco è mssm`lhoc â

vhdo dm tkdks ks krio`hseks. K pco`mto Tmrro è k þ`hlk qum tme o ïiuo `ks trîs mstodks gåshlks

&süchdk# cåquhdk m iosksk(# m os eudo`éos dm mstodk gåshlk do ïiuo `k lhlck fhdrkcüihlk sìk

gu`doem`tohs m h`gcum`lhoe ks prklmssks jhkimkquåehlks `ks mlksshstmeos tmrrmstrms m

oquïthlks &T]@DH\H# :22<(.

Dk tktoc dm ïiuo qum mxhstm `k `kssk pco`mto 89#=- mstìk `ks klmo`ks. Dks :#=-

rmsto`tms# 82- mstìk mstklodo `ks pkcks m `ks sujskcks m k rmsuctodk gh`oc ekstro qum skem`tm

2#:7- dm tkdo o ïiuo mxhstm`tm mstï dhspk`åvmc poro k lk`suek fueo`k. Emsek `k Jroshc#

k`dm mstìk lmrlo dm ?:- dos rmsmrvos pco`mtïrhos dm ïiuo dklm# o dhstrhjuhéìk m k olmssk o mco

sìk dmshiuohs. @ue ro`ah`i do ]@M\LK m`vkcvm`dk ?62 poåsms skjrm o quo`thdodm o`uoc dm

ïiuo dhspk`åvmc pmr lophto# k Jroshc opormlm `o :=ª pkshéìk# lke 46.<?4 e <  “  ehc chtrks

&JZO\HC M\LKCO# :2?2(.

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<:8

Dhstrhjuhéìk dm Ïiuo pmck Ickjk

CKLOC WKC]EM &Ae ( Rmrlm`tuoc &-(

Klmo`ks ?.<92.222 89#7?

Locktos Rkcorms m Imcmhros :8.222 :#26

Ïiuos \ujtmrrê`mos 4222 2#:8

Ïiuo dklm dm coiks ?:= 2#228Ïiuo \ociodo dm coiks ?24 2#226

Ïiuo Ehsturodo `k \kck 79 2#22=

Zhks ?.: 2#22228

Wopkr d‘ïiuo ̀ o oteksgmro ?#4 2#2228

GK@TM> YMT^MC#?86<.

È ue cåquhdk euhtk hepkrto`tm# pkhs porthlhpo dhrmtoem`tm dm tkdos os rmoéýms qum

olk`tmlme me `åvmc lmcucor# è k skcvm`tm u`hvmrsoc. M k qum sm kjsmrvku# otrovès dks dodks

olheo# è qum dks ?22- dm tkdo ïiuo mxhstm`tm me `kssk pco`mto# ueo pmqum`o portm è dm ïiuo

dklm dhspk`åvmc poro k smr fueo`k. Rkrèe mstm rmlursk# lke k lrmslhem`tk pkpucolhk`oc

dmskrdm`odk# mstï mslossmo`dk# lk`toeh`odk m pkcuådk# k qum# pkr suo vmz# goz lke qum k smr 

fueo`k rmgchto skjrm ks loeh`fks qum dmvm trhcfor poro ioro`thr mstm rmlursk o tkdks# lke

quochdodm m quo`thdodm sughlhm`tm poro os suos othvhdodms. È ue prh`lhphk do dhi`hdodm

fueo`o. Josmodk `hstk# ks kjnmthvks dmstm trojocfk sìk>  Oprmsm`tor o dmpm`dî`lho qum k smr fueo`k tme do ïiuo# m`gothzo`dk quohs dos

suos prh`lhpohs othvhdodms  “  oirhlucturo# h`dþstrho m ojostmlhem`tk  “  lk`skem eohs ïiuo m

quohs ks pmrhiks dk lrmslhem`tk pkpucolhk`oc dmskrdm`odk poro o prkduéìk dm ochem`tks# nï

qum o ïiuo è ue gotkr chehto`tm poro hstk1

  Ekstror toejèe qum o ïiuo# opmsor dm smr ue cåquhdk prmlhksk# pkdm smr 

vmåluck dm dkm`éos lkek# pkr mxmepck# o gmjrm thgühdm# oemjåosm# vmreh`ksms# dkm`éos vhrohs#

mtl.1  M`uemror os gosms dm trotoem`tk dmstm rmlursk# poro qum mcm pksso sm tkr`or 

chvrm dm ehlrkrio`hseks m pktïvmc poro k smr fueo`k1

  Oprmsm`tor ueo pmqum`o dhslussìk o rmspmhtk dm lkek mvkcuåroe os

 prmklupoéýms dos outkrhdodms pmco èthlo `k usk do ïiuo dklm m quohs ks prh`låphks èthlks qum

dmvme smr o josm dm ueo ioro`tho dm ïiuo me quochdodm m quo`thdodm poro tkdks ks smrms

fueo`ks1

   @k gh`oc# oprmsm`tor ueo jrmvm dhslussìk o rmspmhtk dm quoc dmvm smr o èthlo# k

 prh`lhpoc loeh`fk# poro qum tkdks rmspmhtme ks rmlursks fådrhlks# lkek dktodks dm ue vockr 

h`trå`smlk.

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<<2

: ]\K\ DO ÏI]O RMCK \MZ F]EO@K

Ks usks eohs lkeu`s m grmqum`tms dks rmlursks fådrhlks sìk> ïiuo poro hrrhioéìk &k

qum lk`skem eohkr vkcuem dm ïiuo(# h`dustrhoc m dm ojostmlhem`tk dkeèsthlk. Mstms usks

mstìk olmcmro`dk me tkdos os rmihýms# lk`th`m`tms m poåsms. Mcms ouem`toe â emdhdo qum os

othvhdodms mlk`ôehlos sm dhvmrshghloe m os `mlmsshdodms dm ïiuo ouem`toe poro oth`ihr `åvmhs

dm sustm`toéìk lkepotåvmhs lke os prmssýms do sklhmdodm dm lk`suek# o prkduéìk h`dustrhoc m

oirålkco.

Dm olkrdk lke o ]@M\LK &:22?(# o oirhlucturo prkduz o eohkr portm dks ochem`tks

lk`suehdks pmco fueo`hdodm. \hepcmsem`tm `ìk fï kutro skcuéìk poro k `kssk guturk sm`ìk

lucthvor k pco`mto# m usor pco`tos m o`heohs lkek ochem`tk. @k m`to`tk# o oirhlucturo è toejèe

k eohkr lk`suehdkr dm ïiuo dklm# sm`dk rmspk`sïvmc pkr lmrlo dm trîs quortks dk lk`suek

eu`dhoc. \m o pkpucoéìk ouem`tor me 7=- `ks prüxheks lh`qum`to o`ks# lkek è

vhrtuocem`tm lmrtk# lmrlo dm 92- dks fojhto`tms dmstm pco`mto m`grm`torìk dmghlhî`lhos `k

suprhem`tk dm ïiuo# m ?7- dmcms `ìk tmrìk ïiuo josto`tm poro prkduzhr suo ochem`toéìk

 jïshlo. K `mlmssïrhk ouem`tk do prkduéìk dm ochem`tks `ìk pkdmrï smr oclo`éodk sme ueo

eohkr prkduthvhdodm `o tmrro mxhstm`tm m lke o ïiuo dhspk`åvmc.

\miu`dk T]@DH\H &:22<(# o uthchzoéìk dm ïiuo dm hrrhioéìk mro dm :.=22 Ae< me

?888. Roro mcm# sme msso ïiuo uthchzodo poro o hrrhioéìk# o prkduéìk oirålkco eu`dhoc mstorho

euhtk ojohxk do prkduéìk otuoc. Ku smno# `os othvhdodms oirålkcos o ïiuo è gotkr 

 prmpk`dmro`tm. Lkek mxmepcks# mcm lhto qum poro o prkduéìk dm ? Ai dm trhik sìk `mlmssïrhks

822 o :222 Ai dm ïiuo m poro o prkduéìk dm ? Ai dm lor`m jkvh`o sìk `mlmssïrhks ?=.222 o

92.222 Ai dm ïiuo.

Rkrèe# ue dodk lfoeo o otm`éìk. Lk`gkrem o ]@M\LK &:22?(# o oirhlucturo è

lk`shdmrodo# dm ekdk imroc# ue lk`suehdkr dm ïiuo dm pkulk vockr rmcothvk# pkhs kutrks

lk`suehdkrms pkdme olrmslm`tor eohs vockr â ïiuo uthchzodo# otuo`dk lke eohkr mghlhî`lho `o

rmekéìk do pkjrmzo m `k ouem`tk do rhqumzo# k qum cmvo`to o smiuh`tm qumstìk>% Rkdmrï o prïthlo do hrrhioéìk pmreo`mlmr heu`m o quocqumr eudo`éo# m nusthghlodo me

shtuoéýms dm mslossmz# quo`dk k rmtkr`k mlk`ôehlk do ïiuo meprmiodo pmco h`dþstrho è lke

grmquî`lho duzm`tos vmzms eohkr dk qum o hrrhioéìk# ku quo`dk eohs dm 92- do ïiuo dklm

dhspk`åvmc lk`lkrrme poro ?- o <- dk R@J; Eos# fï dm sm qumsthk`or> Fï octmr`oth vos poro 

mstm gotk;  

O h`dþstrho# otrovès dos othvhdodms dmsm`vkcvhdos me smu h`tmrhkr# rmprmsm`to ue smtkr 

dm othvhdodm iro`dm usuïrhk dm ïiuo. Dmsso gkreo# lormlm mstor otm`tk oks emhks dhspk`åvmhs poro sm uthchzor dm gkreo mghlhm`tm mssm rmlursk `oturoc. Dm olkrdk lke OZZMI]Å@%LKZTÈ\

&?884(# ks usks do ïiuo `o h`dþstrho pkdme smr dhvhdhdks me ue dks irupks o smiuhr>

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<<?

tro`sgmrî`lho dm lockr# imroéìk dm m`mriho m opchloéìk o prklmssks. O tro`sgmrî`lho dm lockr è

oprkprhodo me prklmssks dm oqumlhem`tk ku msgrhoem`tk. Roro k oqumlhem`tk# me imroc#

uthchzo%sm o imroéìk dm vopkr otrovès dm locdmhros qum opchloe o lkejustìk dm lorjk`k#

 pmtrücmk# iïs ku prkdutks dm rmsåduk. Me rmcoéìk ok msgrhoem`tk sm uthchzo o lhrlucoéìk dm

ïiuo otrovès dm tkrrms ku to`qums dm msgrhoem`tk.

Me suo iro`dm eohkrho# o imroéìk dm m`mriho tme krhime# me euhtks poåsms# me

 pco`tos tmrekmcètrhlos qum uthchzoe k vopkr d‘ïiuo lke k prkpüshtk dm ekvmr turjh`os

odoptodos o imrodkrms. Lke rmcoéìk â opchloéìk o prklmssks# pkdm%sm dhzmr qum ks prklmssks

 prkduthvks# me suo eohkr portm# sìk iro`dms usuïrhks dm ïiuo.

Dm`trm ociu`s dmssms prklmssks pkdme smr rmgmrm`lhodks ks dm tro`spkrtm dm eotmrhohs#

k`dm sìk uthchzodks tujks ku lo`ohs poro k smu tro`spkrtm. Os h`dþstrhos qum eohs sm uthchzoe

dmssm shstmeo sìk os dm popmc m lmcucksm# os m`cotodkros dm ochem`tks# os lorjk`ågmros m ks

m`im`fks oéulormhrks. K outkr me lkem`tk toejèe goz em`éìk âs tèl`hlos qum pkdme smr 

opchlodos lkek gkreo dm sm kjtmr k usk mghlhm`tm do ïiuo `k smtkr h`dþstrhos# quohs smnoe>

rmlhrlucoéìk# rmusk m o rmduéìk dk lk`suek. Roro ks trîs losks sìk heprmslh`dåvmhs qum smnoe

lueprhdos os oéýms dm emdhéìk m k ek`htkroem`tk do quochdodm do ïiuo &@MTK# :2?2(.

K lk`suek dkeèsthlk msthpucodk pmco K@] &Krio`hzoéìk dos @oéýms ]`hdos# :2?2(

dhz qum lodo pmssko `mlmsshto dm <#< e¼+pmssko+eîs &lmrlo dm ??2 chtrks dm ïiuo pkr dho poro

otm`dmr os ̀ mlmsshdodms dm lk`suek m fhihm`m(.

 @k m`to`tk# `k Jroshc# k lk`suek pkr pmssko pkdm lfmior o eohs dm :22 chtrks+dho.

Iostor eohs dm ?:2 chtrks dm ïiuo pkr dho è nkior dh`fmhrk gkro m dmspmrdhéor `kssks rmlursks

`oturohs. Jo`fk dm dulfo pkr ?= eh`utks# lke k rmihstrk emhk ojmrtk# lk`skem ?<= chtrks dm

ïiuo. Ok gmlfoeks k rmihstrk# ok sm m`sojkor# m rmduzheks k tmepk poro = eh`utks# k

lk`suek loh poro 4= chtrks. @k losk dm jo`fk lke lfuvmhrk mcètrhlk# toejèe me ?= eh`utks

lke k rmihstrk emhk ojmrtk# sìk iostks 4= chtrks `o rmshdî`lho. Lke ks emseks luhdodks qum

lke o dulfo# k lk`suek loh poro ?= chtrks. @ueo loso# covo`dk ckuéo lke o tkr`mhro emhk

ojmrto me ?= eh`utks# sìk uthchzodks ??9 chtrks dm ïiuo. @k to`qum# lke o tkr`mhro ojmrto pkr 

?= eh`utks# k iostk dm ïiuo pkdm lfmior o :98 chtrks. Ok ekcfor os pco`tos duro`tm ?2eh`utks k lk`suek dm ïiuo pkdm lfmior o ?67 chtrks. Covor locéodo lke o eo`iumhro è ue

fïjhtk lkeue m qum troz iro`dms prmnuåzks. Me ?= eh`utks sìk pmrdhdks :98 chtrks dm ïiuo.

Euhto im`tm iosto otè <2 eh`utks ok covor k lorrk. Lke ueo eo`iumhro `ìk euhtk ojmrto#

iostoe%sm :?7 chtrks dm ïiuo. Lke emho vkcto dm ojmrturo# k dmspmrdålhk oclo`éo =72 chtrks.

Rkrto`tk# dmvmeks urim`tmem`tm rolhk`ochzor k usk do ïiuo# odktor kutro pksturo

grm`tm ok `kssk ekdmck mlk`ôehlk lk`suehsto# ku smno# qum sm dhrmlhk`m o ue vmrdodmhrk

sm`thdk dm dmsm`vkcvhem`tk sustm`tïvmc# m# prh`lhpocem`tm# odktoreks prïthlos ochem`tormsqum lk`sueoe ueo em`kr quo`thdodm dm ïiuo# prkluro`dk lk`suehr lodo vmz em`ks

 prktmå`os dm krhime o`heoc &\OJM\R# :2?2(.

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<<:

Kutro qumstìk qum m`vkcvm ks rmlursks fådrhlks è o quochdodm do ïiuo  “  qum è k

gkr`mlhem`tk dm ïiuo me quo`thdodm m quochdodm do ïiuo poro tkdk eu`dk. K dhrmhtk fueo`k

â ïiuo# oghreo k Lkehtî dos @oéýms ]`hdos skjrm Dhrmhtks Mlk`ôehlks# \klhohs m Lucturohs#

ioro`tm o tkdos os pmsskos k dhrmhtk o ïiuo sughlhm`tm# smiuro# olmhtïvmc# ghshloem`tm olmssåvmc m

o ue jke prmék# poro usk dkeèsthlk m pmsskoc. Mstms lh`lk otrhjutks lm`trohs rmprmsm`toe o

 josm do smiuro`éo me tmreks dm ïiuo. Zmprmsm`toe hiuocem`tm pk`tks dm rmgmrî`lho dm ue

dhrmhtk fueo`k qum è oepco m shstmeothloem`tm vhkcodk poro ueo iro`dm portm do

fueo`hdodm. Roro lmrlo dm ?#? jhcfìk dm pmsskos# o ïiuo sughlhm`tm# smiuro# olmhtïvmc#

olmssåvmc m o jke prmék poro tkdo o vhdo rmprmsm`to ueo mspmro`éo poro k guturk m `ìk ueo

rmochdodm poro k prmsm`tm &ZMCOTÜZHK DK DM\M@WKCWHEM@TK F]EO@K# :227(.

Rkrto`tk# o ïiuo dmvm smr dhstrhjuådo me quo`thdodm sughlhm`tm m lke quochdodm.

\miu`dk o Krio`hzoéìk Eu`dhoc dm \oþdm &KE\(# lmrlo dm 62- dm tkdos os dkm`éos qum sm

ocostroe `ks poåsms me dmsm`vkcvhem`tk sìk prkvm`hm`tms do ïiuo dm eï quochdodm. Os

dkm`éos eohs lkeu`s# dm tro`sehssìk fådrhlo# sìk os smiuh`tms>

DKM@ÉO\ OIM@TM\ LO]\ODKZM\

Gmjrm Thgühdm \ocek`mco Thgühdm

Gmjrms Rorothgühdms &<( \ocek`mcos Rorothgühdms &O#J#L#(

Dhsm`tmrho Jolhcor Jolhck Dhsm`tèrhlk

Dhsm`tmrho Oemjho`o M`toekmjo Fhstkcythlo

Lücmro Whjrhìk do Lücmro

Dhorrmho M`tmrkvårus# M. lkch 

Fmpothtm H`gmllhkso Wårus Thpk O

Ihordhksm Ihïrdho Coejcho

GK@TM> LKCÈIHK \ÌK GZO@LH\LK# :2?2.

Roro qum o ïiuo me quo`thdodm m quochdodm# chvrm dm dkm`éos# lfmium o tkdks# tkr`o%sm`mlmssïrhk trotï%co. \ìk smhs os mtopos qum m`vkcvme k trotoem`tk m k gkr`mlhem`tk dm ïiuo

me quo`thdodm m quochdodm poro k smr fueo`k# k qum toejèe# pkr suo vmz# hrï dmeo`dor 

dh`fmhrk> ?( Loptoéìk1 :( Gcklucoéìk &fhdrüxhdk dm ocueå`hk( m Dmlo`toéìk1 <( Ghctroéìk1 4(

Lckroéìk1 =( Gcukrmtoéìk1 m# pkr ghe# o 7( Dhstrhjuhéìk.

Dmstm ekdk# vme olk`tmlm`dk ueo iro`dm prmklupoéìk lke ks rmlursks fådrhlks m#

msto prmklupoéìk sm rmgcmtm me mvm`tks pmck eu`dk qum tm`toe dor ue `krtm poro msto

 prkjcmeïthlo. Lke ueo pmrlmpéìk vkctodo ok dhtk dmsm`vkcvhem t̀k sustm`tïvmc# `k h`tmrhkr 

dk lophtochsek# o ]@M\LK lrhku o Lkehssìk Eu`dhoc skjrm o Èthlo do Tml`kckiho m dk

Lk`fmlhem`tk Lhm`tåghlk &LKEM\T(. Msto lkehssìk dmvho smr ue gkrk dm rmgcmxìk#

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<<<

rmlmjm`dk k eo`dotk dm gkreucor prh`låphks qum pudmssme prkpkrlhk`or âs pmsskos lke

rmspk`sojhchdodm dmlhsürho# me ïrmos sm`såvmhs# lrhtèrhks qum uctropossossme ks ospmltks

 puroem`tm mlk`ôehlks ku lhm t̀åghlks.

Dm ueo gkreo imroc# `k loepk dks rmlursks dm ïiuo dklm o LKEM\T dmvho h`sthtuhr 

ue lmrtk `þemrk dm prh`låphks èthlks m dhrmtrhzms josmodos me h`gkreoéýms lhm`tåghlos

gu`doem`todos# m cmvo`dk me lk`to ks lk`gchtks dm h`tmrmssms qum pudmssme mxhsthr# lk`gkrem

tmxtk ojohxk.

< FH\TÜZHLK DO LKEM\T M \]O ROZTHLHROÉÌK @O MCOJKZOÉÌK DM ]EO

ÈTHLO @K\ ]\K\ DK\ ZML]Z\K\ DO ÏI]O DKLM

Lke ueo pmrlmpéìk vkctodo ok dhtk dmsm`vkcvhem`tk sustm`tïvmc# `k h`tmrhkr dk

lophtochsek# o ]@M\LK lrhku o Lkehssìk Eu`dhoc skjrm o Èthlo do Tml`kckiho m dk

Lk`fmlhem`tk Lhm`tåghlk &LKEM\T(. Msto lkehssìk dmvho smr ue gkrk dm rmgcmxìk#

rmlmjm`dk k eo`dotk dm gkreucor prh`låphks qum pudmssme prkpkrlhk`or âs pmsskos lke

rmspk`sojhchdodm dmlhsürho# me ïrmos sm`såvmhs# lrhtèrhks qum uctropossossme ks ospmltks

 puroem`tm mlk`ôehlks ku lhm`tåghlks. @k loepk dks rmlursks dm ïiuo dklm o LKEM\T dmvho

h`sthtuhr lmrtk `þemrk dm prh`låphks èthlks m dhrmtrhzms josmodos me h`gkreoéýms lhm`tåghlos

gu`doem`todos# m cmvo`dk me lk`to ks lk`gchtks dm h`tmrmssms qum pudmssme mxhsthr.

K irupk dm trojocfk skjrm o Èthlo dk ]sk dks Zmlursks dm Ïiuo Dklm mro ueo mquhpm

h`tmrlucturoc m h`tmrdhslhpch`or. K irupk mxoeh`ku o èthlo do odeh`hstroéìk dks vïrhks usks do

ïiuo1 o smiuro`éo do ïiuo m dks ochem`tks1 o ïiuo# o soþdm m k so`moem`tk1 o ïiuo m ks

dmsostrms `oturohs1 k prklmssk dmlhsürhk m o odeh`hstroéìk do ïiuo1 o ïiuo m o mlkckiho1 k

 popmc mspmlhoc dos eucfmrms `o uthchzoéìk do ïiuo1 o fhstürho do ïiuo m o èthlo sklhoc eohs

oepco1 ks dmsoghks do tml`kckiho m ks podrýms prkghsshk`ohs1 tmeos mspmlhohs rmcolhk`odks lke

k usk h`tm`shvk qum sm vme gozm`dk rmlm`tmem`tm do ïiuo `k sujskck `ks poåsms ïrhdks1 o

ïiuo m ks lk`gchtks1 m ks mcmem`tks poro ueo `kvo èthlo do ïiuo.

Gkh lrhodo ueo \ujlkehssìk skjrm o Èthlo do Ïiuo Dklm do LKEM\T# qum sm rmu`hume Ossuo`# `k Mihtk# me kutujrk dm ?888. O rmu`hìk lk`tku lke o prmsm`éo dm mxpmrtks m

rmprmsm`to`tms quochghlodks dk smtkr h`dustrhoc h`tmrmssodk `o dhstrhjuhéìk m `k usk dks

rmlursks dm ïiuo dklm. K dmjotm gklochzku ociueos dos qumstýms èthlos gu`doem`tohs#

mxpckro`dk vïrhks loeh`fks poro oepchor o lkkpmroéìk h`tmr`olhk`oc `k loepk do lkcmto dm

dodks m do pmsquhso fhdrkcüihlo. Osshe# k kjnmthvk dmstm rmcotürhk skjrm o èthlo `k usk do ïiuo

dklm gkh k dm lrhor ueo josm dm lk`gho`éo# nusthéo m mquhdodm poro tkdo o lkeu`hdodm dos

`oéýms o rmspmhtk do dhspk`hjhchdodm m dk olmssk oks rmlursks dm ïiuo dklm# pkhs# lkekkjsmrvku k dhrmtkr imroc do ]@M\LK# Akhlfhrk Eotsuuro# `o suo em`soime dk dho eu`dhoc

do ïiuo me :222> –...k dmsoghk qum m`grm`toeks è k dm pkr me ekvhem`tk ueo dh`êehlo qum

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<<4

 goéo dmstm sèluck k sèluck do smiuro`éo fådrhlo eu`dhoc. Fï euhtk tmepk vme sm`dk

otrhjuådo â ïiuo pkulo hepkrtê`lho `o oim`do dos pkcåthlos pþjchlos1 mco sü opormlm me

tmreks dm dmsostrms# dm mslossmz# pkcuhéìk ku lkek ueo gk`tm pktm`lhoc dm lk`gchtk ...―.

 @mstm dkluem`tk ghloroe mxpcålhtks ociu`s prh`låphks èthlks# lke josm `o Dmlcoroéìk

dks Dhrmhtks dk Fkeme dm ?846. È `mlmssïrhk rmssoctor qum# eohs qum skcuéìk tèl`hlos m

lhm`tåghlos poro o prkjcmeïthlo dks rmlursks fådrhlks# fovho o prmklupoéìk lke o lrhoéìk dm

ueo `kvo èthlo# qum tro`sgmrhssm o mstm jme ue vockr h`trå`smlk. Mstms prh`låphks èthlks

u`hvmrsohs sm m`lk`troe ckik ojohxk.

4 O DH\TZHJ]HÉÌK M_]HTOTHWO DO ÏI]O LKEK RZH@LÅRHK ÈTHLK

Euhtks pkvks m `oéýms `ìk pkssume# pkr dhvmrsks ekthvks# lk`dhéýms dm tmrme poro

suo pkpucoéìk ïiuo me quo`thdodm m quochdodm sughlhm`tm poro os `mlmsshdodms dk dho o dho.

Hstk voh `o lk`troeìk dm ue lk`nu`tk dm prh`låphks èthlks u`hvmrsohs# lunk tmxtk toejèe sm

m`lk`tro `o Dmlcoroéìk ]`hvmrsoc dks Dhrmhtks Fueo`ks dm ?846# qum dhz# rmsuehdoem`tm

me suos m`trmch`fos# qum –tkdks ks pkvks...tîe dhrmhtk ok chvrm olmssk â ïiuo pktïvmc me

quo`thdodms m dm quochdodm hiuohs âs suos `mlmsshdodms jïshlos―. Mssms prh`låphks èthlks

u`hvmrsohs pkdme smr osshe rmsuehdks>

  K prh`lhphk do dhi`hdodm fueo`o# pkhs `ìk fï vhdo sme ïiuo# m âqumcms o qume

sm `mio ïiuo# `mio%sm â vhdo1

  K prh`lhphk do porthlhpoéìk# pkhs tkdks ks h`dhvåduks# mspmlhocem t̀m ks pkjrms#

 prmlhsoe mstor m`vkcvhdks `k pco`mnoem`tk m `o odeh`hstroéìk do ïiuo1 m `o prkekéìk dmssm

 prklmssk sm rmlk`fmlm k popmc dk iî`mrk m do pkjrmzo1

  K prh`lhphk do skchdorhmdodm# pkhs o ïiuo lk`grk`to ks smrms fueo`ks lke o

h`tmrdmpm`dî`lho o ek`to`tm m o nuso`tm# m os prkpkstos lkrrm`tms dm ueo odeh`hstroéìk

h`tmirodo dks rmlursks fhdrïuchlks pkdme smr vhstos lkek lk`smquî`lho dhrmto dmsso

lk`slhî`lho1

  K prh`låphk do hiuocdodm fueo`o# m`tm`dhdk lkek o lk`lmssìk o tkdos os pmsskos dk qum cfms è dmvhdk# m qum dmslrmvm pmrgmhtoem`tm ks dmsoghks otuohs do

odeh`hstroéìk dos jolhos gcuvhohs1

  K prh`låphk dk jme lkeue# pkhs# smiu`dk o dmgh`héìk olmhto pkr quosm tkdks# o

ïiuo è ue jme lkeue# m sm `ìk gkr odeh`hstrodo odmquodoem`tm# o dhi`hdodm m k pktm`lhoc

fueo`ks ghloe rmduzhdks poro tkdks# m sìk `miodks o ociu`s1

  K prh`låphk do mlk`keho# qum m`sh`o k rmspmhtk pmco lrhoéìk m k usk prudm`tm# m

`ìk ueo rmvmrî`lho mxtrmeodo pmco `oturmzo1 lke mgmhtk# o jko odeh`hstroéìk fådrhlo dhzrmspmhtk ok m`lk`trk dm ue mquhcåjrhk èthlk m`trm k usk# o eudo`éo m o prmsmrvoéìk do `ksso

tmrro m dks rmlursks fhdrïuchlks.

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Mdhéìk `¾ :2 “ Nu`fk+:2?<<=

Eos# mstm dkluem`tk skjrm o èthlo dk usk do ïiuo dklm ocmrto qum `ìk lk`smiuhrmeks

eudor o eï dhstrhjuhéìk dm ïiuo `k eu`dk opm`os lke emdhdos odeh`hstrothvos ku tèl`hlos

lhm`tåghlos. Goz%sm `mlmssïrhk# pkrto`tk# ueo `kvo èthlo# ueo `kvo rmcoéìk m`trm k fkeme m ks

rmlursks fådrhlks m lke k emhk oejhm`tm dm ueo eo`mhro imroc. Msto `kvo èthlo posso pmco

vockrhzoéìk dmstm rmlursk otrhjuh`dk%cfm ue vockr h`trå`smlk# ue vockr tocvmz rmchihksk# k`dm

ghlo hepcålhto o `mlmsshdodm dm tkdks ks krio`hseks. Msto `kvo èthlo pkdm smr m`lk`trodo `ks

o`thiks ghcüskgks irmiks# lkek# pkr mxmepck# Tocms dm Ehcmtk. Mstms prhemhrks ghcüskgks vhoe

o eotèrho lkek dktodo dm vhdo# lfmho dm dmusms# m pkr mstm ekthvk dmvho smr rmspmhtodo# pkr 

smu vockr h`trå`smlk# pkr `üs smrms fueo`ks “ mroe ks ghcüskgks F hckzkåstos # ku smno# oqumcms

qum pm`sovoe qum o eotèrho mro vhvo. Toejèe pkdmrhoe smr lfoeodks dm Ro`tmåstos. \ü

osshe# rmlupmro`dk mstm pk`tk dm vhsto# qum `ìk dmhxo dm smr ghcksüghlk m rmchihksk# k fkeme

smrï lopoz dm chdor lke k prkjcmeo do gocto do ïiuo m lke o dmtmrhkroéìk dk emhk oejhm`tm#

ku oejks# nï qum o Tmrro è Ioho “ ue krio`hsek pucso`tm.

= LK@LC]\ÝM\

Dmstm ekdk# dmvhdk ok usk h`dhslrheh`odk m â pkcuhéìk qum sujemtmeks `kssks

rmsmrvotürhks dm ïiuo pktïvmc# mstm rmlursk mstï sm tkr`o`dk lodo vmz eohs mslossk. Osshe#

 poro m`grm`toreks o mslossmz dmstm rmlursk# jme lkek gkr`mlmr ïiuo me quo`thdodm m

quochdodm poro tkdks &trotodo m chvrm dm dkm`éos(# qum fknm oh`do `ìk è pkssåvmc me dhvmrsos

rmihýms dk eu`dk# prmlhso%sm# urim`tmem`tm# odktor emdhdos qum prmsmrvme m lk`smrvme ks

rmlursks fådrhlks# lkek# pkr mxmepck>

  Lk`trkcm pkpucolhk`oc1

  Eo`utm`éìk dos ïrmos dm Eotos Lhchorms# pkhs mstos tîe ue iro`dm popmc `o

rmiucoéìk dk lhlck fhdrkcüihlk1

  Zmduzhr k Lk`suek1

  Eudor o dhmto ochem`tor &lkemr em`ks prktmå`o o`heoc(1

   @ìk pkcuhr m lk`toeh`or ks lursks dm ïiuo# coiks m coikos# m cm`éühssujtmrrê`mks1

  Lrhoéìk dm ueo `kvo èthlo m`trm ks smrms fueo`ks m o `oturmzo# ue `kvk

sm`thdk poro k mstor dk smr fueo`k `k eu`dk# qum smno ghcksüghlk%rmchihksk# josmodk `os `kvos

dmslkjmrtos lhm`tåghlos lkek o tmkrho dks shstmeos vhvks ku `ks o`thiks# po`tmåstos# ghcüskgks

irmiks.

Tmreh`k oquh lke os sïjhos pocovros dm T]@DH\H &:22<(> – poro mvhtor dmspmrdålhks#

mlk`kehzor ïiuo# emcfkror ks lustks dk trotoem`tk m dmsm`vkcvmr orlojkuéks cmiohs mh`sthtulhk`ohs è `mlmssïrhk lk`shdmror k lk`nu`tk dm rmlursks fådrhlks  “ ïiuos lk`th`m`tohs

 supmrghlhohs# ïiuos sujtmrrê`mos# ïiuos lkstmhros m suo sustm`tojhchdodm `k mspoék m tmepk

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h`lcuh`dk vockrms mstèthlks# smiuro`éo lkcmthvo# kpkrtu`hdodms lucturohs# smiuro`éo

oejhm`toc# kpkrtu`hdodms rmlrmolhk`ohs# kpkrtu`hdodms mdulolhk`ohs# chjmrdodm m smiuro`éo

h`dhvhduoc― &p.?<(.

7 ZMGMZÎ@LHO\ JHJCHKIZÏGHLO\

JZO\HC M\LKCO. Ïiuo Dhspk`åvmc me>

fttp>++www.sojmsp.lke.jr+Loco`droYmj+Loco`droZmdhrmlt+;tmep5:'tmep:5<'prkn5sojmsp

'puj5T'`kem5]sk[Zolhk`oc[Oiuo[Im`mrhlk'dj5'dklhd5DOM:2L7:=2O?7:786<:=9?

?J22=26O42. Olmssk me> Q?<+27+:2?2U.

LKCÈIHK \ÌK GZO@LH\LK. Dkm`éos rmcolhk`odos â ïiuo Dhspk`åvmc me>

fttp>++www.pkrtocsokgro`lhslk.lke.jr+ocgo+dkm`los%rmcolhk`odos%lke%o%oiuo. Olmssk me>

Q?<+?2+:2?2U.

 @MTK# N.D. ]sk mghlhm`tm do ïiuo `o h`dþstrho Dhspk`åvmc me>

fttp>++www.muemd.`mt+chjrks+:226l+449+]\K-:2MGHLHM@TM-:2DO-:2OI]O-:2@O-:

2H@D]\TZHO.fte. Olmssk me> Q?<+27+:2?2U.

K@]. KZIO@H^OÉÌK DO\ @OÉÝM\ ]@HDO\. Zmcotürhk dm Dmsm`vkcvhem`tk

Fueo`k. Dhspk`åvmc me> fttp>++fdr.u`dp.kri+m`+emdho+2<%Lfoptmr:[RT?.pdg. Olmssk me>

Q?<+27+:2?2U.

\OJM\R. ]sk rolhk`oc do ïiuo Dhspk`åvmc me>

fttp>++www.sojmsp.lke.jr+Loco`droYmj+Loco`droZmdhrmlt+;tmep5:'tmep:5<'prkn5sojmsp

'puj5T'`kem5]sk[Zolhk`oc[Oiuo[Im`mrhlk'dj5'dklhd5DOM:2L7:=2O?7:786<:=9?

?J22=26O42. Olmssk me> Q?<+27+:2?2U.

\MCJKZ@M# C. O èthlo dk usk do ïiuo dklm> ue cmvo`toem`tk Jrosåcho> ]@M\LK# :22?.

62p.

T]@DH\H# N.I. Zmlursks fådrhlks. EucthLhî`lho# `.?# kut. :22<.

Lkek lhtor>

LFODDOD G Z O èth d ï d Z h t Mc t ô h J th K Ch