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Fg`ëïh i² 6? ‟ Mnrëh/34><4

Sfv`stn Feftr÷i`on Crnknit`in Hi E`if 

G`sout`igh `gf`ns, ohistru`igh hp`i`öfs!

Iòmfrh 6? ‟ Mnrëh/34><

Bhniÿphe`s/_T

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_VMÎS@H

Ifstn Fg`ëïh2

- FG@WHS@NE  ‟  Fqu`eícr`h ...................................................................................... Tîk`in ?:

- E@IAN GH WFMTH  ‟  N g`vfrs`gngf quf ohiguz nh g`nkiÿst`oh

Thr Afefi Jne`if T`iaf`rh ....................................................................................... Tîk`in 7:

- OHEOAN GF SFWNEAH_  ‟  Îkuns gf mnrëh

Thr Shsy Euo`nif gf _huzn Ohstn ........................................................................... Tîk`in 4:

- N NSWF GH WVS@_MH F GN AHWFENS@N  ‟  Nprhpr`nëïh gn nt`v`gngf turíst`on fm

nmc`fitfs inturn`s

Thr Efhinrgh K`hvnif ........................................................................................... Tîk`in >?:

- TNEN\SN_ F FQTFS@ÂIO@N_  ‟  Aî ofrth f frrngh in ahrn gf lhthkrnlnr8 

Thr Fm`ey Onrhe`if Jhmmfrs Tfrf`rn .................................................................. Tîk`in >1:

- H NIGNS@EAH GN _FSSN  ‟  @mprfssöfs

Thr G`fkh gf Whefgh E`mn gn _`evn ....................................................................... Tîk`in 3>:

- MFMßS@N_  ‟  Tfish, ehkh gfs`sth

Thr _usumu Pnmnkuoa` ......................................................................................... Tîk`in 3?:

- T_@OHEHKVÂ_  ‟  Vm nih gfph`s...

Thr Euo`nih Nlnz gf He`vf`rn ................................................................................ Tîk`in 3;:

- G@\VEKNËÏH  ‟  Sfefnsf "N prhmfssn f n lnitns`n"

Thr G`ns Onmphs ..................................................................................................... Tîk`in 30.

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SF\@_WN FEFWS×I@ON CSNKNIW@IN HI E@IF

Vmn puce`onëïh `igfpfigfitf, ohm pfr`hg`o`gngf mfisne.

_`tf2 attps2//s`tfs.khhkef.ohm/s`tf/rfv`stncrnknit`inhie`if

Lnofchhj2 

attps2//www.lnofchhj.ohm/Sfv`stnCrnknit`inHiE`if

F-mn`e2 

rfv`stncrnknit`inhiDkmn`e.ohm

Ihssns fg`ëöfs sïh puce`ongns ih _or`cg f ih @__VV2

www.sor`cg.ohm / www.`ssuu.ohm

https://sites.google.com/site/revistabragantinaonlinehttps://www.facebook.com/RevistaBragantinaOnLinemailto:revistabragantinaon@gmail.comhttp://www.scribd.com/http://www.scribd.com/mailto:revistabragantinaon@gmail.comhttps://www.facebook.com/RevistaBragantinaOnLinehttps://sites.google.com/site/revistabragantinaonline

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FG@WHS@NE

F^V@EÍCS@H

Trfznghs ef`thrfs!

^uf tfmphs turcuefiths!

^unitn nkhi`n... ̂ unith gfsnkrngh... ̂ unitn lnetn gf rfspf`th...

F fu nqu` in prnën gnigh m`eah nhs phmchs!

H câcngh f h fqu`e`cr`stn, ohmh ihsshs pn`s...

\n` pnssnr mfu nm`kh, gfph`s gn tfmpfstngf vfm h she.

Hean h she, vfm surk`igh gf trîs gns mhitnians nzu`s, à h she!

Tnz, sfrfi`gngf f thefrãio`n, mfus chis onmnrngns!

G`fkh gf Whefgh E`mn gn _`evn  ‟  Fg`thr (>;/4?/34>

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Fg`ëïh i² 6? ‟ Mnrëh/34><7

E@IAN GH WFMTH

Afefi Jne`if T`iaf`rh

Fstugnitf gf Ts`ohehk`n f bhvfm tnefith gf Bhniÿphe`s

F-mn`e2 afefijp`iaf`rhDkmn`e.ohm 

N G@\FS_@GNGF ^VF OHIGVR NH G@NKIß_W@OOH

Nh ihs rflfr`rmhs ä fguonëïh phgfmhs ihmfnr umn e`stn gf prhcefmns f quf`xns quf

g`vfrsns îrfns gn sho`fgngf. N fxofss`vn prfhoupnëïh fm g`nkihst`onr h neuih tfm s`gh um

ghs lnthrfs quf gfsfiongf`nm hs prhcefmns fguono`hin`s f hs prhlfsshrfs quf mu`tns vfzfs sf

sfitfm shz`iahs ohm n tnmnian rfsphisnc`e`gngf gf trnism`t`r h ohiafo`mfith n umn krnigf

g`vfrs`gngf gf neuihs.

Mu`tns vfzfs n fsohen prflfrf ntr`cu`r n rfsphisnc`e`gngf pnrn h neuih, fstf à quf tfm h

 prhcefmn, n g`l`ouegngf gf nprfig`znkfm, h g`nkiÿst`oh, neuihs quf fm gftfrm`inghs onshs

 phgfm npfins nprfsfitnr ohmphrtnmfiths f mhghs gf nprfigfr g`st`iths gh pngrïh ui`lhrmf

ntunemfitf fstncfefo`gh in sho`fgngf. _ïh or`niëns ihrmn`s quf sïh rhtuengns, nss`m hs

fspnëhs quf gfvfr`nm sfr gfst`inghs äs or`niëns quf rfnemfitf phssufm gf lnth nekum

ohmprhmft`mfith sf thrinm ongn vfz mn`s fsonsshs, thrinigh ongn vfz mn`s g`lío`e h

nohea`mfith f h ntfig`mfith pnrn nqufefs quf vfrgngf`rnmfitf prfo`snm.

À n fx`kâio`n gf um mhgh gftfrm`ingh gf sfr quf efvn ns pfsshns n umn v`gn ongn

vfz mn`s pngrhi`zngn, hu sfbn, umn fsohenr`znëïh `kune, pnrn subf`ths g`lfrfitfs. Ifssf phith

hcsfrvnmhs quf n ouepn iïh phgf sfr ohiofitrngn fm um òi`oh `ig`víguh, phrquf iïh sf phgf

gfsohis`gfrnr thgh h prhofssh gf fsohenr`znëïh. _fkuigh Oanreht (3446), h nohea`mfith gn

g`vfrs`gngf oueturne fm umn fsohen pnrn thghs `mpe`on gh`s pr`ioíp`hs luio`hinigh nh mfsmh

tfmph, h gn g`lfrfiën oueturne f h gn `gfit`gngf ghs subf`ths fiqunith sfrfs aumnihs, hu sfbn,hs pr`ioíp`hs gh g`rf`th ä g`lfrfiën f gh g`rf`th ä sfmfeaniën.

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N fsohen à h euknr higf fstî prfsfitf thgn n phpuenëïh, sfigh nss`m aî n ohfx`stâio`n

gns g`lfrfiëns, higf h prhlfsshr prfo`sn gnr ohitn gf trnism`t`r h ohiafo`mfith pnrn thghs.

 Ih fitnith, nss`m ohmfënmhs n ihs gfpnrnr ohm hs mhghs sut`s gf fxoeusïh, ohm n lnetn gf

sfit`gh gn fsohen pnrn h neuih, ohm n rnr`gngf gf pfsshns nptns pnrn gfsfmpfianr n luiëïh gf

 prhlfsshr f ohm ns `iòmfrns ohcrniëns f or`t`ons sfigh g`rfo`hingns nh prhlfsshr.

Whgnv`n, h heanr gn fsohen prfo`sn sf vhetnr ongn vfz mn`s pnrn h sfr aumnih ohmh

sfigh h rfoursh mn`s `mphrtnitf gnqufef nmc`fitf, tnith pnrn h neuih qunith pnrn h

 prhlfsshr, nmchs phrtnigh e`m`tfs f phss`c`e`gngfs n sfrfm trncneangns. ^unith ä lnmíe`n f ä

fsohen, fstns iïh phgfm sf ohitfitnr ohm um g`nkiÿst`oh, fstf quf mu`tns vfzfs rft`rn gns

 pfsshns n rfsphisnc`e`gngf, n fspfrniën, n or`nt`v`gngf pnrn lnzfr ohm quf nqufef neuih

ohis`kn nprfigfr. N g`lfrfiën gfvf sfr pfisngn n pnrt`r gns sfmfeaniëns fx`stfitfs, f pnrn

`ssh gfvf hohrrfr n nprfig`znkfm ntrnvàs gfen sf thrin phssívfe pfisnr in ohistruëïh gf um

ihvh ahmfm. 

Sflfrâio`ns

MHP_À_, Mnr`n Npnrfo`gn Nllhish. OHEENSF_, Ofoíe`n Nzfvfgh E`mn. H engh fsourh gng`sefx`n f gh WGNA.

OANSEHW, Cfrinrg. H prhlfsshr in sho`fgngf ohitfmphrãifn2 um trncneanghr gnohitrng`ëïh.

E@CÃIFH, Bhsà Onrehs. H gune`smh pfrvfrsh gn fsohen pòce`on crns`ef`rn2 fsohen ghohiafo`mfith pnrn hs r`ohs, fsohen gh nohea`mfith sho`ne pnrn hs phcrfs.

Ef`n mn`s ih Cehk2 attp2//afefijne`if.cehkspht.ohm.cr/ 

Ohmh o`tnr2

T@IAF@SH, A.J. N g`vfrs`gngf quf ohiguz nh g`nkiÿst`oh. Sfv`stn Feftr÷i`on Crnknit`in

Hi E`if. Bhniÿphe`s, i.6?, p. 7-6, mnr. 34>

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OHEOAN GF SFWNEAH_

Shsy Euo`nif gf _huzn Ohstn

Trhlfsshrn, A`sthr`nghrn f Tfsqu`snghrn

F-mn`e2 ohstnrhsyeuo`nifDahtmn`e.ohm

ÎKVN_ GF MNSËH

Fm mf`h n rfzns f prhmfssns, pnemns lhrnm huv`gns ins mnrkfis cf`rn-r`h. N sfgf f n

lhmf quf ntà fitïh nsshenrn h vnef _nilrnio`sonih, pfrm`t`n-sf invfknr fm ihvns îkuns quf,

gf tïh cnrrfitns, nsshmcrnvn n phpuenëïh ohm n phss`c`e`gngf gf mn`s umn oaf`n. Orfgh fm

oruz, nekuàm sf cfiz`n qufrfigh nlnstnr fssn tfmívfe a`pÿtfsf. G`r`n h onihf`rh quf sfon à

umn pfstf quf ifiaum l`eah gf Gfus sf onig`gntf n fxpfr`mfitnr: îkun gfmn`s tnmcàm à um

noòmueh gf ghfiëns f gfsfspfrh.

(Nofrvhs gf Bn`rhi He`vf`rn)

Trnën Gfsfmcnrknghr Mhitf`rh (Trnën gn @ krfbn), fm >03

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Sun Gr. Buvâio`h Nevfs, fm >033 ahmfis in sun Whegn, v`rnm h r`h

filrnqufofr. G`z`nm ns p`hif`rns Cnrons Fmns hu Wnpn-gf-knth2 _f iïh tfm mn`s oaf`ns, ihsrfoheafrfmhs nh fstnef`rh hu ins pîk`ins ghs e`vrhs/ghoumfitn`s: h r`h iïh prfo`sn gh ihssh

sfrv`ëh. Turh o`òmf gf cnrquf`rh gh rfmh, g`nitf gh surk`mfith gf cnrons n mhthr hu ä vfen.

(T`iturn gf Bhsà Enizfeehtt`)

― Fmn gh _ïh Lrnio`soh”. Gn Sfv`stn Mnioaftf, gf >3 gf buiah gf >0;>.

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Cnrquf`rhs, onihf`rhs hu rfmnghrfs, trâs g`st`itns gfihm`inëöfs gf umn òi`on lnmíe`n.

Hs cnigf`rnitfs gns îkuns pfrfifs gh _ïh Lrnio`soh: hs cnigf`rnitfs gfstfm`ghs quf l`zfrnm

tr`eans ins îkuns gf mnrëh n gfzfmcrh: hs cnigf`rnitfs quf nv`vnrnm n a`stÿr`n gh r`h, suns

efigns f lhrmnëïh àti`on gh sfu phvh  cf`rngf`rh. Fsor`thrfs anvfrïh gf prhpnknrfm ―onushs”

f ofrtfzns prhpnkngns gns sfons hu oaf`ns gf mnrëh.

F Bunzf`rh fxuethu ohm n v`ign gns îkuns gf M`ins Kfrn`s. Qhu lhmf, xhu sfgf: h r`h

vhethu onugnehsh f tnmcàm cnrrfith. _fku`igh sfu pfroursh trnisphrtn cnrhifsns (vfkftnëïh

nquît`on), ohcrns f bnonràs. _hrr`shs m`ian kfitf, _hcrng`iah ncr`u suns ohmphrtns.

G`nitf ghs tfmhrfs gh phvh, hs mn`s nis`hshs pfrkuitnvnm2 _frî quf sn`u gh

vfrmfeah8 H hutrh gf fsprf`tn rfsphig`n2 Iïh guv`gfm: h tnith gf îkun quf vfm n` fstî

 pnrfofigh ohm ns oaf`ns gf >070 hu >0;08 N prugâio`n oanmnvn ntfiëïh pnrn hs

fxnofrcnghs nkhurhs (prfv`söfs mneàl`ons). _ÿ phrquf ns îkuns fstïh suc`igh vhoâs bî fstïh

`mnk`inigh trnkàg`ns8 F`tn phvh nsshmcrngh! Thgf ntà iïh sfr: mns knth fsonegngh tfm ntà

mfgh, gf îkun lr`n.

(Nofrvh gn L.M.S._. L.)

\nphr Cnrïh gf Ohtfk`pf   ‟   H np`th mn`s shihrh quf bî fohhu in onrrf`rn gh S`h _ïh Lrnio`soh.

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F h snith r`h gf Lrnio`soh, h r`h ghs vnphrfs, gns onihns f pnquftfs, iïh pnrhu gf

ohrrfr, gf efvnr f trnzfr ihtío`ns gns oncfof`rns gns Kfrn`s, ohmh um phmch ohrrf`h leuv`ne. F

ohmh qufm um g`n lh` mnbfstngf, thgn n v`gn sfrî, rfthrin nh sfu ef`th fmcnengh pfens îkuns

gf mnrëh, gfikhsh f shihefith lfstfbnigh n lnrturn `istnengn ins suns mnrkfis lfrt`e`znitfs.

H S`h gn @itfkrnëïh Ino`hine , h I` eh crns`e f`rh, h Oa`oïh hu Oa`qu`iah, vhethu onrr fkngh

gf câiëïhs pnrn h fspfrniëhsh r `cf` r `iah. 

Ohmh o`tnr2

OH_WN, S.E._. Îkuns gf mnrëh. Sfv`stn Feftr÷i`on Crnknit`in Hi E`if. Bhniÿphe`s,

i.6?, p.

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SHMNIOF GN_ EFWSN_

Cfttn Lfrinigfs

Fsor`thrn f Ngvhkngn

F-mn`e2 cfttnc`nioa`74Dkmn`e.ohm

NI_@FGNGF, F_WSF__F F F_KHWNMFIWH 

_ïh tfrmhs gf ush ohrrfitf fitrf ns pfsshns pnrt`o`pnitfs gnqu`eh quf sf oanmn v`gn

mhgfrin. I`ikuàm khstn gf pfisnr in  Nis`fgngf, ih Fstrfssf, ih Fskhtnmfith hu

in Gfprfssïh  ohmh sfigh lhrmns gf nekum trnisthrih mfitne, à oenrh. @ssh phgf pnrfofr

mu`th prÿx`mh gh gfsohitrhef, gn p`rnëïh hu gn ehuourn f, g`nitf gn phss`c`e`gngf gf sfrmhs

nlftnghs, pfeh mfihs nekumn vfz in v`gn, pfeh Fstrfssf, pfeh Fskhtnmfith hu pfen Gfprfssïh, fitïh sfrî mfeahr iïh ohis`gfrî-ehs ohmh lhrmns gf nekum trnisthrih

fmho`hine.

Gfvfmhs ohis`gfrnr h Fstrfssf  umn hohrrâio`n l`s`heÿk`on f ihrmne ih rf`ih ni`mne.

H Fstrfssf à n nt`tugf c`heÿk`on ifofssîr`n pnrn n ngnptnëïh gh hrkni`smh n umn ihvn

s`tunëïh. Fm mfg`o`in, fitfigf-sf h Fstrfssf  ohmh umn hohrrâio`n l`s`heÿk`on kehcne, tnith

gh phith gf v`stn lís`oh qunith gh phith gf v`stn fmho`hine. Ns pr`mf`rns pfsqu`sns màg`ons

shcrf h Fstrfssf  fstugnrnm thgn umn ohistfenëïh gf netfrnëöfs hrkãi`ons prhguz`gns ihhrkni`smh g`nitf gf umn s`tunëïh gf nkrfssïh.

L`s`onmfitf h Fstrfssf  npnrfof qunigh h hrkni`smh à sucmft`gh n umn ihvn s`tunëïh,

ohmh umn o`rurk`n hu umn `ilfoëïh, phr fxfmpeh: hu gh phith gf v`stn ps`ohfmho`hine,

qunigh aî umn s`tunëïh pfrofc`gn ohmh gf nmfnën.

Gf qunequfr lhrmn, trntn-sf gf um hrkni`smh sucmft`gh n umn s`tunëïh ihvn (lís`on

hu psíqu`on), pfen qune fef tfrî gf eutnr f ngnptnr-sf, ohisfqufitfmfitf, tfrî gf supfrnr.

Thrtnith, h Fstrfssf  à um mfoni`smh `ig`spfisîvfe pnrn n mniutfiëïh gn ngnptnëïh ä v`gn,`ig`spfisîvfe ä shcrfv`vâio`n.

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0 g`ons pnrn fv`tnr h fstrfssf

>  ‟  Trnt`quf nt`v`gngfs fxtfrins

 Ingn gf v`rnr um "fsornvh" gh sfu trncneah. Trnt`quf nt`v`gngfs lís`ons, trncneahs vheuitîr`hs

f qunequfr t`ph gf nt`v`gngf fxtfrin quf t`rf h sfu lhoh gh fmprfkh f h lnën sf g`strn`r.

3  ‟  Huën mòs`on

_f h sfu fsor`tÿr`h lhr mu`th cnrueafith f `ssh h gf`xnr fstrfssngh, pfrkuitf nh sfu oaflf sf

vhoâ phgf huv`r mòs`ons gurnitf h fxpfg`fitf. Nprfsfitf hs sfus mht`vhs f g`kn quf vhoâ

norfg`tn quf lnrî um trncneah mfeahr. Fef g`l`o`emfitf ifknrî h sfu pfg`gh.

?  ‟  Iïh pnssf gn ahrn

_f h sfu trncneah bî à fstrfssnitf, phrquf l`onr n`ign mn`s tfmph ifef8 Oumprn suns

nt`v`gngfs gfitrh gh prnzh fst`puengh f vî fmchrn. Lnën ahrns-fxtrns npfins qunigh

ifofssîr`h. 

7  ‟  Sfsfrvf um tfmph pnrn g`vnknr

Norfg`tf2 `ssh à phssívfe. Tenifbf h sfu g`n f rfsfrvf um tfmph pnrn g`vnknr fm sfus

 pfisnmfiths, quf, hcv`nmfitf, gfvfrïh sfr phs`t`vhs. \nef penifbnr ns suns làr`ns, pfisnr ih

l`ine gf sfmnin, pfsqu`snr euknrfs pnrn sn`r ohm nm`khs... Wugh quf h lnën sf sfit`r mfihs

 prfss`hingh à vîe`gh.

6  ‟  Nlnstf-sf gf ohefkns ru`is

Krnigf pnrtf gh fstrfssf quf sfit`mhs ih trncneah à hons`hingn pfeh nmc`fitf. _f vhoâ tfm

ohefkns gf trncneah ifknt`vhs, oanths hu quf h lnzfm sf fstrfssnr ohm lno`e`gngf, ohmui`quf-

sf npfins cns`onmfitf ohm fefs. Iïh pfrm`tn quf pfsshns nss`m fitrfm flft`vnmfitf in sun

v`gn, onsh ohitrîr`h h sfu fstrfssf numfitnrî n`ign mn`s.

<  ‟  _f ifofssîr`h, mugf gf fmprfkh

Thr mn`s g`ons quf phssnmhs eaf gnr shcrf mnitfr n onemn ih fmprfkh, iïh tfm bf`th2 sf vhoâ

iïh khstnr gh trncneah, g`l`o`emfitf ohisfku`rî heaî-eh shc umn pfrspfot`vn mfihs

ifknt`vn. Thrtnith, sf h sfu fstrfssf fst`vfr lhrn gf ohitrhef, prhourf phr hutrn nt`v`gngf.

Wnevfz um fmprfkh ihvh f ihvhs nrfs h nbugfm n rffqu`e`crnr h sfu fmho`hine.

; ‟ 

 Iïh ohehquf efian in lhkuf`rn_fu oaflf fstî kr`tnigh ohm vhoâ8 Vm oe`fitf fstî cfrrnigh ih tfeflhif8 Iïh pfron n

 pno`âio`n, f ifm l`quf thtnemfitf qu`fth. Tfsshns quf fstïh mu`th `rr`tngns tfigfm n l`onr

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n`ign mn`s crnvns qunigh sfitfm quf fstïh sfigh `kihrngns. Nh `ivàs gf kr`tnr mn`s neth

n`ign, g`kn lrnsfs ohmh2 ―fu fitfigh” f ―fsthu tf huv`igh”. Vsnr lrnsfs ifutrns pnrn mhstrnr

quf vhoâ fstî prfstnigh ntfiëïh f sfm p`hrnr n`ign mn`s n s`tunëïh à n mfeahr lhrmn pnrn

noncnr fssn s`tunëïh h mn`s rîp`gh phssívfe.

1  ‟  Mnitfian umn fxprfssïh ifutrn

Mnitfr-sf ifutrh à n oanvf pnrn ohithrinr h fstrfssf. Thr mn`s quf, phr gfitrh, vhoâ fstfbn

qufrfigh cfrrnr ohm thgh muigh, mnitfian umn fxprfssïh ifutrn ih rhsth. Iïh tfitf shrr`r

hu l`ik`r quf ingn fstî nohitfofigh, phrquf `ssh `rî gf`xî-eh n`ign mn`s `rr`tngh f lrustrngh.

 Iïh `ileufio`nr ifknt`vnmfitf ifm phs`t`vnmfitf umn s`tunëïh à n oanvf pnrn neoniënr h

cfm fstnr. 

0  ‟  Gâ rfsphstns vnkns

_f nekuàm pfrkuitî-eh g`rftnmfitf qune à n sun hp`i`ïh shcrf um nssuith, hu ohmh vhoâ `rî

sheuo`hinr um prhcefmn, sfbn h mn`s `mpnro`ne phssívfe. G`kn quf vhoâ fstî sf fslhrënigh

 pnrn rfshevfr n s`tunëïh f quf fstî fspfrnigh phr g`rftr`zfs ghs sfus supfr`hrfs. Iïh g`kn quf

vhoâ iïh sncf h quf lnzfr hu quf umn s`tunëïh iïh à gn sun neëngn2 `ssh sÿ gf`xnrî ns pfsshns

n`ign mn`s `rr`tngns 

\fbn mn`s fm2

Cehk2 cfttnlfrinigfs.cehkspht.ohm.cr

Ww`ttfr2 Dcfttnc`nioa`74

Lnofchhj2 Cfttn Lfrinigfs

Ohmh o`tnr2

LFSINIGF_, C. Nis`fgngf, fstrfssf f fskhtnmfith. Sfv`stn Feftr÷i`on Crnknit`in Hi

E`if. Bhniÿphe`s, i.6?, p. >4->3, mnr. 34>

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N NSWF GH WVS@_MH F GN AHWFENS@N

Efhinrgh K`hvnif M. KhiënevfsWàoi`oh fm Ahspfgnkfm f Krngunigh fm Wur`smh

F-mn`e2 efhinrgh.k`hvnifDahtmn`e.ohm

NTSHTS@NËÏH GN NW@\@GNGF WVSÍ_W@ON FM NMC@FIWF_ INWVSN@_

N nt`v`gngf turíst`on tfm sun vfrtfitf pr`io`pne in nprhpr`nëïh gn ntrnt`v`gngf ghs

gfst`ihs, sfbn fen `isfr`gn ih mf`h nmc`fitf inturne hu urcnih. Ih mf`h nmc`fitf inturne, fm

fspfo`ne, n nt`v`gngf ifofss`tn gf um filhquf onutfehsh, vfrsnigh shcrf h `mpnoth gn

v`s`tnëïh, cfm ohmh hs rnstrhs gf`xnghs phr sfus v`s`tnitfs.

 Ifstn ohibuiturn h hcbft`vh gfstf  pnpfr phs`t`hi  à rfne`znr umn fxpeninëïh

nrkumfitnt`vn shcrf n nt`v`gngf turíst`on gfshrgfingn ih mf`h inturne, nss`m ohmh ns suns

onrnotfríst`ons f sun nprhpr`nëïh, tfigh ohmh hcbfth gf fstugh h Tnrquf gn Onoahf`rn ghs

Trfths, s`tungn in Fstãio`n Wuríst`on gf Bhniÿphe`s/_T.

N Fstãio`n Wuríst`on gf Bhniÿphe`s `isfrf-sf fm umn Îrfn gf Trhtfëïh Nmc`fitne

(NTN) T`rno`oncn/Buqufr` M`r`m f, s`tun-sf ih fstngh gf _ïh Tnueh, sfigh pfrtfiofitf nSfk`ïh Crnknit`in f mui`oíp`h e`mítrhlf gf T`rnon`n/_T, _ïh Bhsà ghs Onmphs/_T

\nrkfm/_T, Fstrfmn/MK f Onmniguon`n/MK (E@MN, 3441, p. >0).

H mui`oíp`h phssu` gh`s kfhss`stfmns, Mnrfs f Mhrrhs f Mnit`quf`rn, à onrnotfr`zngh

 phr phssu`r cfeíss`mns pn`snkfis, cfm ohmh `iòmfrhs ntrnt`vhs inturn`s f, neàm g`ssh, phssu`

trnëhs f mni`lfstnëöfs oueturn`s nrrn`kngns gngh h sfu a`stÿr`oh gf ohist`tu`ëïh (E@MN, 3441,

 p. 34).

Gfitrf sfus `iòmfrhs ntrnt`vhs, h Tnrquf gn Onoahf`rn ghs Trfths gfstnon-sf phr sfr h pr`io`pne ntrnt`vh turíst`oh inturne gn Fstãio`n Wuríst`on. Ohm ofron gf >67 mftrhs gf qufgn

g‐nkun n onoahf`rn lhrmn fm sfu pfroursh `iòmfrns p`so`ins inturn`s prhpío`ns pnrn cniah f

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ohitfmpenëïh f neàm g`ssh, h Tnrquf, phr sun vfz phssu` nmpen `ilrnfstruturn gf nph`h nh

tur`stn, cfm ohmh sni`tîr`hs, fstno`hinmfith, qu`hsqufs, rfstnurnitfs, ehbns f hutrhs cfis f

sfrv`ëhs (_HEAN, 344?, p. 01).

H Tnrquf gn Onoahf`rn ghs Trfths s`tun-sf n >1 jm gh ofitrh gf Bhniÿphe`s, h nofssh à

lf`th phr umn v`n quf lh` pnv`mfitngn ih nih gf 344;. @isfr`gh fm umn prhpr`fgngf

 pnrt`ouenr, n phrëïh in qune ehone`zn-sf n Onoahf`rn ghs Trfths lnz pnrtf gf umn Vi`gngf gf

Ohisfrvnëïh, onrnotfr`zngn phr umn Îrfn gf Trhtfëïh Nmc`fitne, hu sfbn, pfrm`tf h ush

sustfitîvfe gh fspnëh (_HEAN, 344?, p. 11).

Gngh n phtfio`ne`gngf ntrnt`vn gh pnrquf, `iòmfrhs tur`stns v`s`tnm ohm `itu`th gf

gfslrutnr gf sun cfefzn oâi`on, mns shcrftugh rflrfsonr-sf fm g`ns gf fishenrnghs gf

tfmpfrnturns netns. Gfstnrtf, h mui`oíp`h ntrn` ohrrfitfs rfefvnitfs gf tur`stns ihs l`is gf

sfmnins, lfr`nghs f làr`ns.

Fitrftnith, hcsfrvn-sf quf h Tnrquf gn Onoahf`rn ghs Trfths phssuí umn houpnëïh

turíst`on gfshrgfingn, n ohmfënr pfehs sfrv`ëhs turíst`ohs fx`stfitfs ih ehone, ohmh phr

fxfmpeh h rfstnurnitf `it`tuengh ―Sfstnurnitf Onoahf`rn” tfr  s`gh ohistruígh n phuoh mfihs

gf 6 mftrhs gh r`h onoahf`rn.

H pfrl`e ghs tur`stns, fm sun mn`hr`n, g`vfrkf ghs pr`ioíp`hs fohturíst`ohs. Vmn vfz

quf gngh n mnss`l`onëïh gh nmc`fitf, hs tur`stns prhournm hs fspnëhs ohm h `itu`th gf

usulru`r gh fspnëh pnrn cniah f lnzfr ush ghs hutrhs cfis f sfrv`ëhs fx`stfitfs ih Tnrquf

(MN__N, 34>3).

H fohtur`smh surkf ohmh umn nt`v`gngf `it`tuengn gf iïh-prfgntÿr`n gn sun cnsf

 pr`io`pne gf rfourshs quf à n inturfzn f, nssumf n netfrint`vn gf kfrnëïh gf rfign pnrn ns

ohmui`gngfs quf sïh gfpfigfitfs ghs rfourshs inturn`s, mns, quf lnzfm ush gf mhgh n iïh

 prfbug`onr h nmc`fitf f, tfm ohmh pr`io`pne vfrtfitf n ohitfmpenëïh gn pn`snkfm (T@SF_,

34>3, p. ;7).

Gfstn lhrmn, hs tur`stns quf v`s`tnm h nmc`fitf inturne gn onoahf`rn iïh phssufm n

 prfhoupnëïh fm m`i`m`znr sfus `mpnoths f, tnmcàm, iïh cusonm rfleft`r shcrf n houpnëïh

gfshrgfingn fx`stfitf ih nmc`fitf f hs `mpnoths ifknt`vhs quf n nt`v`gngf turíst`on phgffstnr hons`hinigh n ourth, màg`h f ehikh prnzh.

Neàm ghs `mpnoths ifknt`vhs quf fstfs tur`stns hons`hinm ih nmc`fitf inturne, cfm

ohmh h p`shtf`h gn vfkftnëïh f n prhguëïh gf e`xh quf noncn sfigh gf`xngn ih ehone, oncf

rfssnetnr, quf ns ohigutns gf nekuis tur`stns sïh `mprugfitfs qunigh sf rflfrf nhs r`sohs

fx`stfitfs in Onoahf`rn ghs Trfths (CVI@, 34>6).

Thr ohitn gn mnss`vn v`s`tnëïh in pnrtf cn`xn gn onoahf`rn hu tnevfz pfeh fsp`r`th

nvfiturf`rh gf nekuis v`s`tnitfs, n Onoahf`rn ghs Trfths nprfsfitn nekuis r`sohs gf no`gfitfs pnrn hs v`s`tnitfs mn`s fxpehrnghrfs, umn vfz quf gngh n net`tugf gf onoahf`rn, cfm ohmh n

 prfsfiën gf cr`ÿl`tns ins rhoans, phr ohitn gn um`gngf, ns rhoans l`onm fsohrrfkng`ns,

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hons`hinigh nss`m qufgns ghs mfihs ntfiths.

N houpnëïh mnss`vn tnmcàm numfitn h r`soh gf no`gfitfs, `ssh phrquf ns pfsshns

l`onm sfitngns ins rhoans f `mpfgfm quf hutrns pfsshns sf nph`fm pnrn trnis`tnr ih fspnëh,

hu sfbn, nh houpnr onm`iahs mn`s nofssívf`s rfstnm nhs gfmn`s tur`stns hs onm`iahs mn`s

íikrfmfs f pfr`khshs gf nofssh n onoahf`rn.

Hs r`sohs gf qufgn phr ohitn gn `mprugâio`n f pfen houpnëïh gfsonc`gn gh nmc`fitf

inturne nprfsfitnm-sf ohmh lnthrfs ohrr`quf`rhs ghs g`ns gf netn tfmphrngn. Fitrftnith, h

Tnrquf gn Onoahf`rn ghs Trfths tnmcàm lh` pneoh gf no`gfitfs lntn`s.

Ofron gf v`itf f trâs pfsshns, fitrf `ghshs, ngueths, nghefsofitfs f or`niëns bî

mhrrfrnm nh tfitnr fxpehrnr hs euknrfs mfihs nprhpr`nghs gn onoahf`rn. Vmn pnrtf

ohis`gfrîvfe ghs no`gfitfs lntn`s hohrrfrnm in pnrtf netn gn onoahf`rn, phr ohitn gn

`mprugâio`n ghs v`s`tnitfs quf iïh rfspf`tnrnm hs e`m`tfs gh nmc`fitf inturne (EF@WF, 34>7).

H r`soh gf no`gfitfs, cfm ohmh n v`s`tnëïh gfshrgfingn hohrrfitf ih Tnrquf gn

Onoahf`rn ghs Trfths f n lnetn gf sfkurniën, rfsuethu fm umn ihtn gh phgfr pòce`oh mui`o`pne

gf Bhniÿphe`s quf g`ssfrthu ih s`tf Thrtne _frrn gn Mnit`quf`rn quf iïh rfohmfign n v`s`tnëïh

in Onoahf`rn ghs Trfths, sfigh quf fstf à h pr`io`pne ntrnt`vh quf mn`s rfofcf leuxhs

turíst`ohs f mhv`mfitn n fohihm`n gn Fstãio`n Wuríst`on (CVI@, 34>6).

Gfstf mhgh, efvnigh fm ohis`gfrnëïh n nprhpr`nëïh gh nmc`fitf inturne pfeh tur`smh,

à phssívfe nl`rmnr quf hs tur`stns quf lrfqufitnm h Tnrquf gn Onoahf`rn ghs Trfths fstïh

`sfiths gf pheít`ons gf míi`mh `mpnoth f, shcrftugh, iïh prfznm fm rfspf`tnr hs e`m`tfs gh

mf`h inturne, onrnotfríst`ons fssns quf rfleftfm in pfrshine`gngf gh ntrnt`vh, hu sfbn, ns

ohigutns ghs v`s`tnitfs trnislhrmnm h ehone.

Nss`m, gfvf-sf prhspfotnr ofiîr`hs ihs qun`s hs tur`stns sfbnm ohiso`fit`znghs pnrn

fitrnr ih mf`h inturne f iïh h mf`h inturne netfrngh pnrn rfofcfr hs tur`stns. Cns`onmfitf,

fitfigf-sf quf n trnislhrmnëïh iïh gfvf hohrrfr ih fspnëh inturne, mns s`m in ohiso`âio`n

ghs tur`stns quf v`s`tnm (TF__HN f SNC@IH\@O@, 34>4, p. >40).

N ohiso`fit`znëïh, phr sun vfz, phgf sfr rfne`zngn phr mf`h gf nëöfs gf Fguonëïh

Nmc`fitne, vfrsnigh shcrf hs pr`ioíp`hs gh efnvf ih trnof  f sne`fitnigh n `mphrtãio`n gn prfsfrvnëïh f gh ush sustfitîvfe ghs rfourshs inturn`s gf tne mhgh quf h ush ih prfsfitf iïh

netfrf h ush ih luturh.

Thrtnith, fmcnsngh in nprhpr`nëïh gf ush turíst`oh gh Tnrquf gn Onoahf`rn ghs Trfths,

fitfigf-sf quf n lhrmn fm quf h gfst`ih à ut`e`zngh phgfr`n f phgf sfr trnislhrmngn n pnrt`r

gf nëöfs gf Fguonëïh Nmc`fitne ohm hs sfus lrfqufitnghrfs, ph`s sïh hs mfsmhs quf

trnislhrmnm n ehone`gngf. Neàm gn Fguonëïh Nmc`fitne v`snigh h ush netfrint`vh gh Tnrquf,

n mfsmn phgf sfr ut`e`zngn pnrn prfvfi`r hs v`s`tnitfs fm rfenëïh nhs r`sohs gf no`gfitfsfx`stfitfs.

Nss`m, cfm ohmh hohrrf ih Tnrquf gn Onoahf`rn ghs Trfths, mu`tns gns houpnëöfs

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 prfgntÿr`ns gf tur`stns ihs nmc`fitfs inturn`s phgfm sfr `itfrprftngns pfen lnetn gf

ohiso`fit`znëïh nmc`fitne gf sfus lrfqufitnghrfs, hu, phr s`mpefsmfitf lnetn gf kfstïh f

l`sone`znëïh ghs ÿrkïhs ohmpftfitfs.

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Sflfrâio`ns

CVI@, O. Trflf`turn gf Bhniÿphe`s cuson mfeahr sfkurniën f mfihr `mpnoth nmc`fitnein tfmphrngn gf vfrïh in Onoahf`rn ghs Trfths. Thrtne gn _frrn gn Mnit`quf`rn. >> gfmnr. gf 34>6. G`sphiívfe fm 5attp2//www.phrtnesfrrngnmnit`quf`rn.ohm.cr/prflf`turn-gf-

 bhnihphe`s-cuson-mfeahr-sfkurnion-f-mfihr-`mpnoth-nmc`fitne-in-tfmphrngn-gf-vfrnh-in-onoahf`rn-ghs-prfths/#ohmmfit-?06 gf bni. gf34>7. G`sphiívfe fm 5attp2//nkfitfvn`gfmhoa`en.cehkspht.ohm.cr/34>7/4>/l`ine-gf-nih-ih-onmp`ik-gh-zf-rhquf.atme9 Nofssh fm2 4? gf bni. gf 34>3.G`sphiívfe fm 5attp2//www.mhoa`ef`rhs.ohm/fsonenm`iangn-gn-onoahf`rn-ghs-prfths-

 bhnihphe`s-sp-t;;466.atme9 Nofssh fm2 4? gf bni. gf 34>4, p. >46->3?. 

_HEAN, J. W. (hrk.). Tenih g`rfthr gf gfsfivhev`mfith turíst`oh gf Bhniÿphe`s. Trflf`turnMui`o`pne gf Bhniÿphe`s. Bhniÿphe`s2 V_T, 344?.

Ohmh o`tnr2

KHIËNE\F_, E.K.M. Nprhpr`nëïh gn nt`v`gngf turíst`on fm nmc`fitfs inturn`s. Sfv`stn

Feftr÷i`on Crnknit`in Hi E`if. Bhniÿphe`s, i.6?, p. >?->;, mnr. 34>

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TNEN\SN_ F FQTFS@ÂIO@N_

Fm`ey Onrhe`if Jhmmfrs Tfrf`rnFsor`thrn f Bhrine`stn

F-mn`e2 myz`ianonrheDkmn`e.ohm

AÎ OFSWH F FSSNGH IN AHSN GF LHWHKSNLNS8

Onrhs ef`thrfs,

H tfxth quf sf sfkuf lh` prhguz`gh phr m`m, ohm cnsf fm hutrh tfxth, oanmngh ―H

rfskntf gn àt`on ih lhthbhrine`smh2 n cnine`znëïh gns `mnkfis ihs mf`hs gf ohmui`onëïh”, gf

Fr`vni Mhrn`s gf He`vf`rn. Fspfrh quf phssnm efr f gfslrutnr gfssf ohiafo`mfith, quf à gf

krnigf vne`n.

N lhthkrnl`n à tïh ohmum ahbf fm g`n, tïh cnine`zngn. Fstïh prfsfitfs fm thghs hs

euknrfs, gf ofeuenrfs f tncefts n bhrin`s f rfv`stns. Mns h qufst`hinmfith l`on2 h quf sf phgf

hu iïh lhthkrnlnr8 H quf à àt`oh8

Ntà mfsmh ns `mnkfis vf`ouengns pfen míg`n sïh qufst`hingns mu`tns vfzfs, fm

rfenëïh ä `itfkr`gngf, ä àt`on, nh rfspf`th f ä vfrno`gngf gh lnth lhthkrnlngh. Iïh sf phgf

ohil`nr thtnemfitf, n`ign mn`s ohm hs prhkrnmns gf fg`ëïh f ns lno`e`gngfs quf fx`stfm

ntunemfitf. Neàm g`ssh, h pfg`gh ―mnign iugfs” sf thrihu fspào`f gf v`rne, f nohitfof ohm

nekumn lrfquâio`n h vnznmfith gf lhths íit`mns gf ofefcr`gngfs f pfsshns ohmuis. @sth noncn

sf thrinigh mht`vh gf prhofsshs, cntneans bug`o`n`s f mu`tn ohitrhvàrs`n.

Ohmh bhrine`stn, nine`sf` mn`s n luigh n qufstïh vhetngn pnrn h Lhthbhrine`smh,

ohitugh n mni`puenëïh f h ush gf `mnkfis phgf rfigfr nssuith pnrn hutrhs gh`s hu trâs

nrt`khs.

 Fmchrn ns lhthkrnl`ns iïh phssnm mfit`r, hs mfit`rhshs phgfm lhthkrnlnr   (Efw`s

A`if) f n lhthkrnl`n mfitf sfmprf, `mphrtn sncfr h quf phgfmhs lnzfr ohm fstn mfit`rn 

(Bhni Lhitoucufrtn) sïh guns lrnsfs npnrfitfmfitf ohitrng`tÿr`ns. Lhrnm prhlfr`gns ohm

qunsf um sàoueh gf g`stnio`nmfith umn gn hutrn, phr gh`s lhtÿkrnlhs quf v`v`nm rfne`gngfs

g`lfrfitfs (h pr`mf`rh frn nmfr`onih, h sfkuigh, ontneïh). Mns pfrkuitn-sf ntà quf phith fens

mailto:myzinhacarol@gmail.commailto:myzinhacarol@gmail.com

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ohistrhfm mfsmh umn ohitrng`ëïh fm s`.

Fm tfmphs gf lhthkrnl`n g`k`tne, n ongn g`n n mni`puenëïh f n fg`ëïh gf `mnkfis sf

thrinm mn`s ohmuis. Iïh à prfo`sh sfr lhtÿkrnlh prhl`ss`hine hu lhthbhrine`stn pnrn sncfr

e`gnr ohm prhkrnmns fst`eh Tahthsahp f mhg`l`onr ns lhthkrnl`ns lf`tns phr um lhtÿkrnlh

nmnghr fm um l`m gf sfmnin, phr fxfmpeh.

Ohitugh, n fg`ëïh gf `mnkfm iïh vfm gf ahbf, ohm thgh h nvniëh tfoiheÿk`oh quf

 prfsfio`nmhs, mns nkhrn à mu`th mn`s lîo`e gf sfr fxfoutngn f à ut`e`zngn ohm lrfquâio`n.

Nss`m, mu`tns vfzfs h rfspf`th nh ef`thr f ä pfsshn lhthkrnlngn noncn sfigh gf`xngh gf engh.

N lhthkrnl`n g`k`tne lno`e`tn n v`gn gh lhthbhrine`stn ohm n prnt`o`gngf f n vfeho`gngf

fm onptnr `mnkfis. Aî, tnmcàm, n lno`e`gngf gf nrmnzfinmfith gns `mnkfis. Thr hutrh engh,

fstn mfsmn lno`e`gngf fx`stf in ahrn gf npnknr lhths f, mu`tns vfzfs, fxoeu`r lnths.

―...gfvfmhs tfr ohmh nefrtn suns e`m`tnëöfs (gn lhth g`k`tne)  pnrn fv`tnrmhs prhcefmns...”

(kr`lh mfu). Ifstf mhmfith, h nuthr gh nrt`kh o`tn um onsh gf fxoeusïh `igfv`gn gf `mnkfis

 phr um vfíoueh gf ohmui`onëïh gh S`h gf Bnif`rh.

 Ih ohrrfr gh tfxth, He`vf`rn rflhrën fstn `gf`n gn fxoeusïh gf `mnkfis, g`zfigh quf ―ns

`mnkfis g`k`tn`s phgfm sfr lno`emfitf npnkngns, h quf iïh hohrr`n ohm hs ifknt`vhs”. Ih

 pnssngh, qunigh sÿ anv`n mîqu`in nineÿk`on, h lhtÿkrnlh t`rnvn lhths f, pnrn ntfstnr n

qune`gngf hu iïh gfens, prfo`snvn fspfrnr ntà quf h ifknt`vh lhssf nine`sngh. Ahbf, ohm ns

oãmfrns g`k`tn`s, à phssívfe t`rnr umn lhth, vfr sf ―fstî chn hu iïh” f npnknr ne` mfsmh, sfm

mu`th or`tàr`h, h òi`oh or`vh à h gh lhtÿkrnlh.

Fssf ohmhg`smh quf aî, ih qune h lhtÿkrnlh phgf ofisurnr `istnitnifnmfitf ns lhths

quf efvnrî hu iïh pnrn h fg`thr gf `mnkfis, noncn sfigh prfbug`o`ne in ahrn gf nrqu`vnr fssns

lhths. Nl`ine, ―qunigh sf npnknm `mnkfis sfm h thtne ohiafo`mfith ghs nohitfo`mfiths,

 phgf-sf fstnr npnknigh ns `mnkfis mn`s `mphrtnitfs”.

Neàm gh onsh gn lhth npnkngn ih bhrine gh S`h gf Bnif`rh shmfitf pnrn gfshoupnr

fspnëh ih nrqu`vh v`rtune gh bhrine, He`vf`rn o`tn h onsh gf g`spe`oâio`n, ohm hs lhthkrnlnghs f

ohm n efk`senëïh gh pnís in àphon, gh bhrine H Kehch. Fm umn lhth quf hr`k`inemfitf

mhstrnvn trâs hpfrîr`hs, in lhth fg`tngn npnrfofu npfins um. Iïh sÿ `ssh, mns n lhth ghshpfrîr`hs lh` t`rngn pfeh lhtÿkrnlh Mnurío`h E`mn pnrn n nkâio`n lrniofsn NLT ( Nkfiof

 Lrniof Trfss). Ohitugh, n ef` Hut-Crnz`e , fx`stfitf fitïh, ―`mpfg`n n ut`e`znëïh pfehs bhrin`s

 crns`ef`rhs gf lhthkrnl`ns prhguz`gns ih Crns`e pfens nkâio`ns gf ihtío`ns ̀ itfr ino`hin`s”.

Hutrh onsh o`tngh à gn lhthkrnl`n ohm gh`s nuthrfs. H lnth à quf n lhth gf onpn gf umn

fg`ëïh gn Lhean gf _ïh Tnueh f gf umn pîk`in `itfrin in fg`ëïh gh mfsmh g`n gh Bhrine gn

Wnrgf, fmchrn orfg`tngns pnrn lhtÿkrnlhs g`lfrfitfs, lhrnm ohistntngns ohmh n mfsmn, snígn

gn mfsmn mîqu`in. Ium nofrth nit`àt`oh fitrf hs gh`s lhtÿkrnlhs, Hsen`m Cr`th sn`u ohmhnuthr gn lhth quf, ohmh n hutrn, lhrn t`rngn phr Necfrth Wnjnhjn.

Fstfs trâs prhcefmns fivhevfm n lnetn gf àt`on gf mu`ths lhthbhrine`stns, fspfo`nemfitf

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nkhrn ohm hs nvniëhs gn tfoihehk`n, mns bî nitfs, qunigh anv`n shmfitf lhthkrnl`ns

nineÿk`ons. Fm cuson gf sfku`r `itfrfssfs fspfoíl`ohs hu l`rmnr ohiof`ths shcrf gftfrm`ingh

nssuith, h lhtÿkrnlh hu h fg`thr noncn ohmftfigh gfse`zfs quf phgfm pfrpftunr phr mu`ths

nihs f rfleft`r ifknt`vnmfitf ih lhthbhrine`smh ohmh um thgh.

\hetnigh äs lrnsfs o`tngns ih pr`mf`rh pnrîkrnlh, phgf-sf ihtnr quf iïh aî

ohitrng`ëïh, mns guns vfrgngfs quf sf shcrfpöfm. N lhthkrnl`n à mfit`rhsn8 H lhtÿkrnlh h à8

Hu à mfit`rhsh h fg`thr8 _ïh qufst`hinmfiths quf surkfm nh e`gnrmhs ohm fstf muigh gf

`mnkfis. À n àt`on quf gfvf hs pnutnr, h rfspf`th phr qufm vfrî n lhthkrnl`n (ef`thr) f phr

qufm fstî in lhthkrnl`n (lhthkrnlngh). _ÿ nss`m n lhth iïh sfrî mfit`rhsn, ifm qufm n lfz,

ifm h fg`thr quf n fefkfu. Fen sfrî umn lhthkrnl`n s`iofrn f ft`onmfitf ohrrftn.

Ohmh o`tnr2

TFSF@SN, F.O.J. Aî ofrth f frrngh in ahrn gf lhthkrnlnr8 Sfv`stn Feftr÷i`on Crnknit`in

Hi E`if. Bhniÿphe`s, i.6?, p. >1-34, mnr. 34>

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Fg`ëïh i² 6? ‟ Mnrëh/34><3>

H NIGNS@EAH GN _FSSN

G`fkh gf Whefgh E`mn gn _`evn

Wàoi`oh/Fikfiaf`rh Nmc`fitne, Nignr`eah f Orhi`stn

F-mn`e2 g`fkhn`j`ghbhnDahtmn`e.ohm

@MTSF__ÖF_

H sfrtïh gf Bunzf`rh l`ohu ohmh umn m`rnkfm fm sun mfitf, thmngn phr sfit`mfiths

ehikíiquhs gf sun nmngn tfrrn. Gfsfmcnrohu in pfqufin rhghv`îr`n f suc`u h mhrrh fm

g`rfëïh ä prnën ofitrne, higf _ïh Bhïh snughu sun ihvn v`s`tnitf.

Sftr`cu`u ohm um heanr `ioràgueh gn cfefzn gnqufen `krfbn, ehone`zngn nhs pàs gn

sfrrn. Heahu h ahr`zhitf f v`u um k`knitf gf`tngh fm cfrëh fspeâig`gh, ium shih ftfrih quf

sÿ hs gfusfs tâm g`rf`th.

_hrr`u pnrn h oàu, norfg`tnigh tfr oafkngh nh pnrnísh... Gn shmcrn gf umn s`c`p`ruin

v`u gfsofr um luson gns cnigns hr`fitn`s, rfofpo`hinigh-hs ohm um onehrhsh ncrnëh

ihrgfst`ih f um puiangh gf prfsfitfs.

H nignr`eah shrr`u, prfourshr gnqufef fiohitrh pfens suns nigniëns nlhrn. Fm sun

mfmÿr`n, umn tfrrn gf mu`tns a`stÿr`ns, ih rumh gn Kufrrn gf Oniughs. Enmp`ïh f Mnr`n

Chi`tn frnm hs nuthrfs gnqufen hcrn gh gfst`ih, hu sfr`n Fuoe`gfs gn Ouian8

"N mn`hr`n ghs shegnghs ifm gfv`n sfr inso`gn in àphon fm quf h ofnrfisf Nit÷i`h

\`ofitf Mfigfs Mno`fe ohmfënrn n pfrfkr`inr pfehs sfrtöfs gh ihrtf, ohistru`igh f

rflhrmnigh `krfbns, efvnitnigh murhs, e`mpnigh f p`itnigh ofm`tàr`hs, lnzfigh nkungns f

 pfqufihs nëugfs, prfknigh f nohisfeanigh. Mns fefs t`ianm o`âio`n gf quf sfus

nohmpnianitfs anv`nm numfitngh pnrn m`eanrfs gf gfvhths, quf bî t`ianm gfrrhtngh vîr`ns

g`e`kâio`ns phe`o`n`s fionrrfkngns gf prfigâ-eh, f quf nkhrn gfv`nm ohilrhitî-ehs ih sfrtïh

f gfstru`r n nmfnën gf `ivnsïh n Bunzf`rh. Fssn s`tunëïh tfr`n sf hr`k`ingh gn iïh fitrfkn,

 phr mî-là, gf mngf`rns ngqu`r`gns phr Nit÷i`h Ohisfeaf`rh pnrn n `krfbn ihvn gf Oniughs, f

ohmh fef t`ian nl`rmngh quf ns cusonr`n ä lhrën, ns nuthr`gngfs gn o`gngf pfg`rnm prhtfëïh

m`e`tnr. ―Gfph`s `ivfitnrnm a`stÿr`ns, g`ssfrnm quf mnignrnm ns mngf`rns pfeh _ïh

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 Lrnio`soh pnrn quf fefs ns pfknssfm eî fmcn`xh, mns quf fens tfr`nm l`ongh prfsns fm

nekumn ourvn gh r`h” , g`ssf Shsy Euo`nif mhstrnigh um ihvh nspfoth, pfeh mfihs pnrn

m`m, gfssf fp`sÿg`h quf prfo`p`thu umn suofssïh gf nohitfo`mfiths `i`mnk`iîvf`s. F quf

mnrohu h `iío`h gn lnsf gf fxtfrmíi`h gf umn eutn quf v`ian gfsgf mu`th tfmph." (*)

Thr um mhmfith sf fsqufofu ghs gftneafs, ium rftneah gh tfmph pfrohrrfu ns runs gn

o`gngf gf pfgrn. Fitrf suns suc`gns f gfso`gns, nphitnvn vfrgngfs f mfit`rns quf sÿ n

ftfri`gngf sfr`n onpnz gf ohmprhvnr hu gfsmfit`r.

H iucengh gh oàu gfiuio`nvn mn`s umn tfmpfstngf gf vfrïh, gfspfg`u-sf gfen f

rfthrihu nh `shengh p`oh gnqufen sfrrn. Fen pfrmnifofu nhs pàs gn sfrrn, hcsfrvnigh äqufens

euzfs ihturins ih neth gn vfean Mnit`quf`rn, `mnk`inigh h ehone f sun pn`snkfm.

Mns fm suns ih`tfs gf shih h sfrtïh gf Bunzf`rh sfkuf ohmh h mn`s cfeh ghs shiahs,

ohiguz`gh pfens îkuns gh r`h _ïh Lrnio`soh...

 XXXXXXXXXXX

(*) _usumu Pnmnkuoa` - F lhkf h nr - E`ij2 attps2//pt.sor`cg.ohm/gho/>310?46;3/F-lhkf-h-nr

Ohmh o`tnr2

GN _@E\N, G.W.E. @mprfssöfs. Sfv`stn Feftr÷i`on Crnknit`in Hi E`if. Bhniÿphe`s, i.6?,

 p. 3>-33, mnr. 34>

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MFMßS@N_

_usumu Pnmnkuoa`Orhi`stn f Nignr`eah

F-mn`e2 sussnynmDkmn`e.ohm

TFI_H, EHKH GF_@_WH

_fitngh fm umn pfgrn in or`stn gn sfrrn gh Mnr`mchigh, tfiah ä lrfitf h vnef gh r`h

Trfth n mn`s gf m`e f guzfiths mftrhs ncn`xh. Thuohs qu`e÷mftrhs ntrîs, h p`oh gns Nkueans

 Ifkrns neoniën 3.;1; mftrhs gf net`tugf: ä g`rf`tn, prÿx`mh, h neth gh Mnr`mchigh kunrgn

 pnrn s` n v`sïh gh vnef gh Tnrnícn: f ä fsqufrgn, fm N`uruhon, g`stnitf, n sfrrn gh Tnpnkn`h

fx`cf hs ohouruths gf sfu pfrl`e.

N gfso`gn ncruptn pnrn h vnef gh r`h Trfth à lf`tn phr umn tr`ean ohiafo`gn ohmh

 Mntn-onvneh, quf sn` in fstrngn quf shcf gf \`sohigf gf Mnuî pnrn Mnrhmcn buith n umn

nit`kn onsn gf lnzfign. Mns iïh mf mhvh gf m`ian pfgrn: npfins m`ian mfitf lnz umrfohiafo`mfith gn tr`ean sfm, ih fitnith, oruznr ohm `mnkfis quf shcfm gf mnish gns

 prhluigfzns f neoniënm-mf nqu` ih neth.

 If`gf v`u quf pfsshns gfso`nm n onoahf`rn gh Fsohrrfkn gn Mnrhmcn gf cruëhs hu gf

ohstns, fm pà hu sfitngns, f g`ssf2 ―\hu eî!...”. In mniaï n`ign lr`n fen fitrhu ih r`h, sfithu-

sf ih neth gn pfgrn f gfsofu ohm ns îkuns. Ih efvf rfssneth quf mnron h tfrëh l`ine gn gfso`gn

fen gfse`zhu gf engh f qunsf sf gfsfqu`e`crhu, mns ehkh rfthmhu n phsturn f mfrkueahu in

îkun prhluign nh l`ine gn rnmpn gf pfgrn.H quf qunsf pfrofcfmhs ne`2 ih `istnitf fm quf fen pnrfofu sf gfsfqu`e`crnr, lh`

npfins n nëïh gh tfmph mni`lfstngh quf ihs gfu nqufen `mprfssïh. Whgh mhv`mfith lhrn

suspfish, gfsgf h leuxh gns îkuns, h ohrrfr gh tfmph, ntà ihssh heanr tïh nssustngh. If`gf

iïh fsohrrfknvn ntrnvàs gh Fsohrrfkn gn Mnrhmcn ‟  fen gniënvn pnrngn ih nr, n`ign quf iïh

h shucàssfmhs. F, `iofrtnmfitf, ifm mfsmh fen.

Ohitfm-peh h r`h quf ohrrf pnrngh

f n gniënr`in gf pfgrn quf fvheu`.(*) 

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N or`stn gh Mnr`mchigh lnz pnrtf gn chrgn gh pent÷ gns tfrrns netns gh mno`ëh gf

@tnt`n`n f mnron h ohmfëh gh gfsofish pnrn n v`gn ih vnef. Mns iïh gfsëh: ohit`iuh sfitngh

nqu` f nohmpniah h shcrfvhh gf mfu heanr, quf pn`rn phr um `istnitf shcrf hs m`iòsouehs

s`in`s gf Mnuî f gfph`s vn` ntà h g`stnitf p`oh gn Tfgrn _fengn. Gf eî, vhetn pfen g`rf`tn phr

shcrf n or`stn gn sfrrn gn Tfgrn ntà mf fiohitrnr ihvnmfitf.

Mfu heanr rfthrin npÿs ohcr`r ns oncfof`rns ghs lhrmnghrfs g`rf`ths gh r`h Trfth, pnssn

 phr m`m f prhssfkuf pnrn hs gn fsqufrgn ntrnvàs gn or`stn gn sfrrn Ifkrn ntà h g`stnitf neth gh

M`rnitïh, quf bî fikehcn ns insofitfs gh r`h gns Lehrfs. Trhith2 h mfu vnef shiangh f

ohmphsth fstî or`ngh: lhrn gfef, ä g`rf`tn, neàm gns or`stns quf gfsfianm ahr`zhitfs, h muigh

 pfisngh fx`st`gh fstî `shengh.

No`mn gfefs, nkhrn, mfu heanr à h quf hs uif. Mns fsthu nqu` ih neth f tnmcàm eî

fmcn`xh  ‟   fitrnigh f sn`igh gh vnef gh r`h Trfth. Thr Tfifgh, pfen sfrrn gn Tfgrn, phr

 pr`mío`ns. Tfeh Sfk`strh, pfeh Ncr`kh Sfchuëns, pfen sfrrn gh Mnr`mchigh. Tfen sfrrn Ifkrn,

 pfen sfrrn gn Ohe`in, phr @tnmhitf. Thr M`rnitïh, phr Nenkhn, pfeh vnef gh Mntutu. Tfeh

 cn`xh, pfeh neth: phr tne vnef, phr qune mhitnian. Nqu`, ne`, noheî.

Ohmpeftn ‟  mfitf, sfm mftns, sfitngh

iïh tfiah s`gh2 fu shu: iïh sfrf`, ifm lu`.(*)

Nkhrn, nqu` ih neth, oafknm hutrns `mnkfis quf shcfm f chefm m`ian mfitf2 n rnmpn

nzue vnz`n gf nsns-gfetns gf mu`tns ohrfs, h she ghurngh mnronigh h mf`h gn tnrgf ih nzue gh

oàu, h vfith ntfstnigh n rfsp`rnëïh gf thgns ns oh`sns, h vnef gh Tnrnícn `mfisnmfitf n

ihsshs pàs. Gh `iío`h gn rnmpn, ehikf gn chrgn, heaîvnmhs h muigh f sfitínmhs anvfr umn

 pnz n ohmphr n v`gn inqufef mhmfith.

Gf rfpfitf ‟  npÿs tfr `gh shz`iah ntà n cf`rn gn rnmpn f vhetngh efitnmfitf ntà h mf`h

 ‟   @vn`r sn`u ohrrfigh fm g`rfëïh nh phith gf gfohenkfm f, nh nt`ik`r h e`m`tf gn tîcun gn

cf`rngn, puehu ih vnz`h. Gh `istnitf fm quf h cnrueah gf suns pnssngns oanmhu ihssn

ntfiëïh ntà h ît`mh fm quf fef gfsnpnrfofu, um sfm tfmph pnrn ihssn ohiso`âio`n, thgn n

anrmhi`n gf mhmfiths nitfs ruírn sfm oefmâio`n.

 M _

 / U U N fitf qufr fr mns qufrfigh f(S)rn

U / /K W

 ph`s sÿ sfm gfsfbhs à quf sf v`vf h nkhrn.(*)

Gh mf`h gh fstuphr gf ihsshs nm`khs sní nignigh fm g`rfëïh ä chrgn tnmcàms`efio`hsn. Fu ohiafo`n n rnmpn gf hutrn vfz quf ne` fst`vfrn, mns iïh mf efmcrnvn gf thghs

hs sfus gftneafs. _fit`n sfus heanrfs l`xhs fm m`ians ohstns f ih vnz`h ä m`ian lrfitf,

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neàm gh tfmph f gh fspnëh, sfm husnrfm fspfrniëns hu câiëïhs. Oafkuf` nh l`ine, heaf` pnrn

 cn`xh, vhetf`-mf f l`z s̀ ine pnrn quf sf nprhx`mnssfm.

Nqu` in or`stn gh Mnr`mchigh m`ian mfitf n`ign sf nk`tn, mns iïh tnith ohmh

inqufen tnrgf in pentnlhrmn. Hs nm`khs oafknrnm ä cf`rngn, tfmfrhshs, f heanrnm2 @vn`r

ohithro`n-sf fm um pfqufih pent÷ ehkh ncn`xh  ‟  pnrn iïh on`r gf vfz fm knrkneangns shetns!

Ousthu pnrn quf nt`iîssfmhs ohm tugh h quf hohrrfrn ne`, `ioeus`vf If`gf, quf gf mniaï bî

ihs l`zfrn tnmcàm qunsf vfr umn lrfstn fitrf ns lhrmns gh muigh.

\fgf2 h pà gh ypâ (npfins MFIWF) lehrn

 S \ E O H N @ M I F

U / U / U / U / U / U / U / U / U / F H V @ I S N F W

n ‟  pfish nh pà gn sfrrn.(*)

M`rn`, fitïh. Gf M`rnitïh, g`lfrfitfmfitf gn v`sïh gh Mnr`mchigh, h pfrl`e gn Tfgrn_fengn bî iïh h à. Mns hs vnefs f r`hs gf M`rnitïh, sïh  ‟  hs gn Trntn ohm suns ohrrfitfzns

 cr`eanitfs f hs gns Lehrfs ohm sfus neonit`enghs nvfrmfeanghs gf lehrfs gf onp`is-khrgurns. F

ghs shiahs gf pnz gf umn kfrnëïh fu trhuxf gf eî, nignigh phr sfus onm`iahs, umn gfe`ongn

lehr gf eÿtus-nzue p`itngn fm umn onm`sftn crnion.

Mnrknrfta ‟  mnrkht.bhni`ianDahtmn`e.ohm

À fssn lehr quf nkhrn fefvn gh vnef `mnkfis mn`s pnontns fm quf, in fsour`gïh

 prfohof gns ih`tfs gf `ivfrih, vnknmhs phr rufens gf Mnr`ikî f pfen pnssnrfen quf e`kn ns

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suns pnrtfs leum`ifisf f m`if`rn shcrf h r`h Trfth. Nl`ine, fm gfmhrngh ohioíe`h gf ncnenghs

f fxnetnghs nm`khs, gfo`gírnmhs iïh nrrfmfssnr @vn`r ih nc`smh f cusoîvnmhs h rfenxnmfith

gf umn snuin nitfs gf fiofrrnr h g`n ohm um bnitnr.

_fitngh fm umn pfgrn in or`stn gn sfrrn gh Mnr`mchigh, ns `mnkfis pnssnm n mf

surk`r ohmh sfisnëöfs quf nhs phuohs nqu`ftnm m`ian mfitf n`ign rfi`tfitf. Ohmh nqufen

fm quf Cfta sf efvnitn gf um onith gn snuin f hean pnrn iÿs, ih `istnitf fm quf umn îkun

 bhkngn in pfgrn qufitf fxpehgf fm umn iàvhn quf g`sshevf thgns ns lhrmns f s`efio`n, fil`m,

m`ian mfitf. Fen bî iïh à ‟  ohmh sf iuion ahuvfssf fx`st`gh.

 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX(*) Ppâ ‟   Cfeoa`hr  

Ohmh o`tnr2

PNMNKVOA@, _. Tfish, ehkh gfs`sth. Sfv`stn Feftr÷i`on Crnknit`in Hi E`if.

Bhniÿphe`s, i.6?, p. 3?-3

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T_@OHEHKVÂ_

Euo`nih Nlnz gf He`vf`rnWS@-T_@OH

Ts`oÿehkh Oeíi`oh Tnrt`ouenr (T`rnon`n)Ts`oÿehkh gn _nògf Mfitne (Trflf`turn Mui`o`pne gf T`rnon`n)

Ts`oÿehkh Oeíi`oh Tnrt`ouenr (Bhniÿphe`s)F-mn`e2 euo`nihnlnzDkmn`e.ohm

VM NIH GFTH@_...

^uf cfefzn, sïh >3 fg`ëöfs fm quf fsorfvh pnrn fstn oheuin, ohmh à chm lnzfr `sth.

Äs vfzfs l`oh pfisnigh sf fstïh efigh h quf fsorfvh, ntà phrquf iïh ohis`kh vfr qufm fstî

gh hutrh engh. Mns um nih nohitfofm mu`tns oh`sns...

\hu lnenr fitïh gf shiahs, pfisnmfiths luturhs f, eÿk`oh, quf h pnssngh gfstf um nih

à rflfrâio`n tnmcàm.

_ïh nprfig`znghs quf hct`vf, quf ifm `mnk`invn tfr2 snògf mfitne ih Crns`e, n

rflhrmn ps`qu`îtr`on, pheít`on, sho`ne`smh, fef`ëöfs, gfpfigâio`n quím`on, ohmui`gngf

tfrnpâut`on, orfgfio`nmfith gf ohivâi`h, ou`gngh ohm hs l`eahs, rflefxïh gf phssívf`s frrhs f

nofrths, fto.

Vm nih à mu`th tfmph...Mu`tn là rfihvngn ifstf nih ohm trncneahs pnsthrn`s f hutrhs. Iïh `mphrtnigh n

o`gngf f s`m rfihvnëïh gf là mfsmh.

 Ihvhs nm`khs f mu`th mn`s nprfig`zngh...

\`nkfm, gfsonish, onisnëh f mu`th trncneah...

Ghfiën l`ohu pnrn trîs krnëns nh chm Gfus.

Nih gf pnefstrns, nekh quf bî lh` ohistruígh gfsgf hs fstîk`hs gn lnouegngf. N îrfn gf

trf`inmfith f gfsfivhev`mfith quf fu g`kn.Ohmh fu shianvn fm sfr um pnefstrnitf aî mu`ths nihs ntrîs. F nkhrn, bî ohmfof` f

iïh vhu pnrnr.

mailto:lucianoafaz@gmail.commailto:lucianoafaz@gmail.com

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Lnenr ohm ns pfsshns f trnism`t`r nekum ohiafo`mfith sïh ohmh nprfigfr mn`s f

mn`s.

Hphrtui`gngf gf fsorfvfr ifstf pfr`ÿg`oh f fm hutrh quf à `mprfssh iïh tfm pnenvrns

 pnrn gfsorfvfr h ohmh à chm.

Chm, h quf phssh fsorfvfr à quf gfsfbh tugh gf chm n thghs f gf`xh nqu` m`ian

 pîk`in gh Lnofchhj pnrn ohitnths2 attps2//www.lnofchhj.ohm/ps`ohehkheuo`nihnlnz. 

L`qufm in pnz f ntà n prÿx`mn fg`ëïh.

Ohmh o`tnr2

GF HE@\F@SN, E.N. Vm nih gfph`s... Sfv`stn Feftr÷i`on Crnknit`in Hi E`if.

Bhniÿphe`s, i.6?, p. 3;-31, mnr. 34>

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Fg`ëïh i² 6? ‟ Mnrëh/34><30

G@\VEKNËÏH

SFEFN_F " N TSHMF__N F N LNIWN_@N"  

 Ifstf mâs gf mnrëh gf 34>

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Fg`ëïh i² 6? ‟ Mnrëh/34><?4

_`ihpsf

_fr lï gf Bfrry Efw`s iïh cnstnvn. Frn prfo`sh mhstrnr n fef, f nh muigh, n `ghentr`nquf gh pf`th gh nuthr fxpehg`n. Gní n `gf`n gf um rhmniof phr mf`h gh qune fssf sfit`mfith

sf lnr`n ui`vfrsne. F mn`s gf quntrh nihs lhrnm ifofssîr`hs ntà n ohioeusïh gf N prhmfssn f n

 lnitns`n.

O`ioh nghefsofitfs  crns`ef`rhs gfo`g`rnm quf suns làr`ns sfr`nm `ifsqufoívf`s. Nss`m,

gfph`s quf ourt`ssfm nekuis g`ns ih Ofnrî, ih ihrgfstf gh Crns`e, pnrt`r`nm pnrn Trn`n, n

onp`tne gf Onch \frgf. Eî, neàm gf snchrfnrfm thgns ns gfeío`ns quf h nrqu`pàenkh eafs

rfsfrvnvn, Or`st`nif, n mn`s gfsohengn gh kruph, tfitnr`n rfne`znr h sfu mn`hr shiah2 ohiafofr

Ofsîr`n Àvhrn, N G`vn ghs Tàs Gfsoneëhs. Fm sfku`gn, thmnr`nm um fspefighrhsh oruzf`rh f

rumnr`nm pnrn n Îlr`on gh _ue, tfrm`inigh n v`nkfm phr fitrf hs snlîr`s foheÿk`ohs f n

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Fg`ëïh i² 6? ‟ Mnrëh/34><?>

rfnefzn ahtfef`rn.

Nh oafknrfm n Onch \frgf, h gfst`ih eafs ohiguz`rî n Nitÿi`h, um knrhth gf ihvf

nihs, nt`engh, ohis`gfrngh h mfeahr ku`n m`r`m gn o`gngf f nl`eangh gf Ofsîr`n Àvhrn, n

Sn`ian gn Mhrin.

Nitÿi`h, fm sun purfzn `ilnit`e, tfm umn inmhrng`ian, Mnr`n Or`st`in, fm oubh ohrph

lh` g`nkihst`ongn n efuofm`n m`feh`gf or÷i`on, oãiofr quf n ohishmf rnp`gnmfitf.

Mnr`n Or`st`in tfm um nv÷, h vfeah @crnet`ih, quf lh` h rfsphisîvfe phr trnism`t`r n fen

f n Nitÿi`h h nmhr phr Bfrry Efw`s. Ohighígh pfen ghfiën gn iftn, mns npfins ih `itu`th gf

ni`mî-en, sfu @crn eafs rfefmcrn umn prhmfssn quf l`zfrn2 h tr`h ahmfinkfnrî h sfu ígheh phr

mf`h gf umn s`eauftn fm quf fef sfr`n rftrntngh oafknigh nh oàu. Gfph`s n efvnrïh pnrn hs

Fstnghs Vi`ghs f n fitrfknrïh pfsshnemfitf nh ohmfg`nitf.

Ohmh Mnr`n Or`st`in iïh qufr vfr h nv÷ shlrfigh, pfgf pnrn Nitÿi`h nssum`r n

 prhmfssn äs fsohig`gns. H knrhth sf ohmprhmftf ohm umn ofrtfzn thgn sun, mns sÿ gfph`s sf

 pfrkuitn ohmh f qunigh phgfr`n oumpr`-en. On`igh fm s`, gfsfspfrn-sf. _ÿ eaf rfstn, fitïh,

 pfg`r lfrvhrhsnmfitf fm hrnëïh pnrn quf Gfus eaf ohiofgn nbugn. F n lnitns`n sf nprfsfitn2 n

gupen _tni Enurfe f He`vfr Anrgy, H Khrgh f H Mnkrh, vfm gh oàu fm sfu nuxíe`h.

À oenrh quf fssfs psfugh-afrÿ`s sÿ phgfr`nm `mpe`onr trnpneangns. Ih fitnith, nmchs

 pfrofcfm quf hs crns`ef`rhs f Nitÿi`h phgfm sf nbugnr2 fstf, ohisfku`igh um fiohitrh ohm

Ofsîr`n Àvhrn: nqufefs, lnzfigh n s`eauftn f efvnigh h kur` ohis`kh pnrn fitrfkî-en n Bfrry

Efw`s, ph`s pfisnvnm quf h pnssf`h tfrm`inr`n in tfrrn gh W`h _nm.

Gurnitf n v`nkfm, ns cfefzns gf Onch \frgf sfrïh fsm`uëngns, `ioeu`igh h lnitîst`oh

trncneah gf prhtfëïh äs tnrtnrukns mnr`ians: h rhmnit`smh sf lnrî huv`r nhs nghefsofitfs: ns

 pntft`ofs ghs aumhr`stns gh hutrh muigh pfrmfnrïh vîr`ns s`tunëöfs: hutrhs nrt`stns gh

 pnssngh, n fxfmpeh gf Kfif Jfeey f gf Tnt Mhr`tn (h ftfrih _r. M`ynk`), v`rïh nbugnr

Nitÿi`h: f h oruzf`rh iïh sfrî ns m`e mnrnv`eans quf thghs `gfne`znrnm, ph`s hs p`rntns gf ahbf

iïh ohmuiknrïh ohm h `gfne gf pnz ghs pnssnkf`rhs.

 Ih fpíehkh, aî pnrt`o`pnëöfs fspfo`n`s gf Hprna [`ilrfy f Whm Anijs.

Hs nghefsofitfs fiohitrnrïh suns onrns-mftngfs8 Mnr`n Or`st`in l`onrî ourngn8Nitÿi`h ohisfku`rî oumpr`r n sun prhmfssn8 _ÿ sf phgf nl`niënr quf N prhmfssn f n lnitns`n

à um rhmniof quf lnz r`r f oahrnr gf fmhëïh.

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C`hkrnl`n

Nuthr gh rhmniof  N prhmfssn f n lnitns`n ( Trhm`sf nig lnitnsy), nmcns ns vfrsöfs

fm Nmnzhi.ohm.cr, 34>6: nuthr gh rhmniof Ns v`gns gh oaniofefr gf lfrrh, E`schn2 Oa`ngh

Fg`thrn, 3440:―Fmcnbnghr gf en Tnencrn”, títueh ohiofg`gh pfen Nsho`no`ÿi gf Nm`khs gfe

Musfh gf en Tnencrn, 34>7: ?² ohehongh ih @ Ohioursh gf Or÷i`ons gn Nongfm`n Crnknit`in

gf Eftrns, 34>7: knianghr gh Trâm`h Ent`ih-Nmfr`onih gf Fxofeâio`n, 34>?: Mfgnean gf

Hurh ih @ Ohioursh He`vf`rn Onrush, 34>>: vfiofghr gh Ohioursh Muig`ne gf Oufith y

Thfsín Tno`l`stn, 34>4: ?² ohehongh ih @@ Trâm`h Nrnuoîr`n gf E`tfrnturn, 34>4: mfmcrh gn

Nsho`no`ÿi gf Nm`khs gfe Musfh gf en Tnencrn, gn Nssho`nëïh @itfrino`hine gf Fsor`thrfs f

Nongâm`ohs, gh Mhv`mfith Thftns gfe Muigh, gn Sfv`stn C`hkrnl`n, gn Sfv`stn \nrne gh

Crns`e: nuthr gf g`vfrshs tfxths e`tfrîr`hs: ngvhkngh, nuthr f ohnuthr gf e`vrhs f nrt`khs

 buríg`ohs: f prhlfsshr gf Fxprfssïh \frcne gfsgf 3444.