Revista Eletrônica Bragantina On Line - Novembro/2014

8/10/2019 Revista Eletrnica Bragantina On Line - Novembro/2014

1/25

Dnih k 61 Khvdjerh/52=>2

Udvistm Dldtrkifm Ermamktikm Hk Likd

Nisfutiknh indims, fhkstruiknh hpikids!

Kjdrh 61 Khvdjerh/52=>

Ohmkphlis/VR


2/25

Dnih k 61 Khvdjerh/52=>=

VTJUIH

Kdstm Dnih?

- DNI^HUIMLLdjermkms .................................................................................. Raikm 63

- DNTFMH MJEIDK^MLTjm nms ijphrtmktds qudstds pmrm m adsth nms aumsRhr @lvih Uhedrth Fgmnnmn ................................................................................... Raikm >3

- LIKGM NH ^DJRH H mjhr km dnufmh

Rhr Gdldk Cmlikd Rikgdirh ....................................................................................... Raikm 03

-MU^D D PMUIDNMNDVRdnh`ilimRmrtd @ikml

Rhr gimah Vmkths ..................................................................................................... Raikm 73

- GIV^UIM MJEIDK^MLUdzms, auims d fmrtms

Rhr Nidah nd ^hldnh Lijm nm Vilvm ....................................................................... Raikm =23

- M MU^D NH ^TUIVJH D NM GH^DLMUIMIkvmsh fulturml

Rhr Ldhkmrnh Aihvmkd ........................................................................................... Raikm =53

- H MKNMUILGH NM VDUUMKhitds kh sdrth

Rhr Vusuju Ymjmaufgi ......................................................................................... Raikm =43

- DNTFMH? DVRMH ND RHVVIEILINMNDV Fmphdirm, dldjdkth nm fulturm m`rh-

ermsildirm? fhkstruh nm indktinmnd

Rhr Fhkfdih Jmrquds .......................................................................................... Raikm =9.


3/25


UDPIV^M DLD^UKIFM EUMAMK^IKM HK LIKD

Tjm puelifmh ikndpdkndktd, fhj pdrihnifinmnd jdksml.

Vitd?gttps?//sitds.ahhald.fhj/sitd/rdvistmermamktikmhklikd

@mfdehhc?

gttps?//www.`mfdehhc.fhj/UdvistmErmamktikmHkLikd

D-jmil?

rdvistmermamktikmhkBajmil.fhj

Khssms dnids sh puelifmnms km jmihr eielihtdfm hk likd nh juknh?

www.sfrien.fhj
https://sites.google.com/site/revistabragantinaonlinehttps://www.facebook.com/RevistaBragantinaOnLinemailto:[email protected]://www.scribd.com/http://www.scribd.com/mailto:[email protected]://www.facebook.com/RevistaBragantinaOnLinehttps://sites.google.com/site/revistabragantinaonline


4/25


DNI^HUIML

LDJEUMKMV

Rrdzmnhs ldithrds!

Fhkvinh hs qudrinhs ldithrds pmrm ujm vimadj pdlm jdjrim, dj eusfm nms

ldjermkms nhs ehks tdjphs pmssmnhs. M vivkfim nh prdsdktd `ruth nm iktdksinmnd nh

tdjph pmssmnh, fhktrieuiknh pmrm m `hrjmh nh fmrtdr iknivinuml.

^hldrkfim, djpmtim d rdspdith sh `ruths nm vivkfim, dnufmh d `hrjmh,

fhkstrunhs shlinmjdktd km rhfgm nm vinm. M vimadj pdlm ldjermkm trmz shluds pmrm hs

prheldjms mtumis.

Ndpdknd nd mh shlinrim d fhjukitrim, mfditmknh d fhkvivdknh fhj ms ni`drdkms,

mlj nd trmemlgh shfiml pdlm fulturm nd oustim d pmz.

Fmrhs ldithrds, shjhs m junmkm qud qudrdjhs kh juknh. Pmjhs dj `rdktd8

Nidah nd ^hldnh Lijm nm Vilvm Dnithr (=9/==/52=>)

D-jmil?rdvistmermamktikmhkBajmil.fhj
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


5/25

Dnih k 61 Khvdjerh/52=>>

DNTFMH MJEIDK^ML

@lvih Uhedrth FgmnnmnArmnumnh dj Dkadkgmrim Marhkjifm d Fikfims Eihlaifms3 Armnumknh dj @ilhshìm3Dspdfimlistm dj Dnufmh Mjeidktml, Adsth nm Dnufmh Esifm d Adsth Mjeidktml3

Jdstrd dj Dnufmh SVupdrihrZ d Jdstrmknh dj Dnufmh Dsfhlmr

D-jmil? `rfgmnnmnBajmil.fhj

TJM NMV IJRHU^MK^DV ]TDV^DV RMUM M ADV^H NMV ATMV

Juith sd tdj nisfutinh sherd m qudsth nms aums kh fdkrih nd ujm trdjdknm sdfm

qud dst memlmknh h sundstd ermsildirh. @mlm-sd dj `mltm nd dstrmtaim nh ahvdrkmnhr nh dstmnh,

edj fhjh qud h prheldjm rdmljdktd `ruth nm sdfm. Kh jdu phkth nd vistm, kh sd phnd

ndsfmrtmr dssds `mthrds qud sh dxtrdjmjdktd ijphrtmktds pmrm dxplifmr dstd fdkrih, jms

tdjhs tmjej qud pdksmr khs prhfdsshs qud dkvhlvdj h fiflh ginrhlaifh d km iktdrvdkh

kdamtivm prhvhfmnm pdlh ghjdj.

H fiflh nm aum fhjdm m pmrtir nh jhjdkth dj qud m aum dvmphrm, mlfmkm armknds

mltitunds, sd fhkndksm, virm kuvdj d sd prdfipitm. ]umknh hfhrrd m prdfipitmh m aum phnd

dsfhrrdr supdrìfimljdktd mtikaiknh hs frrdahs, rihs d rdsdrvmtrihs d, ìkmljdktd, hs hfdmkhs3

hu dkth sd ikìltrmr, mtikaiknh hs ldkis `rdtifhs hu rdms nd rdfmram nd mqu`drhs.

Jms pmrm qud dstd prhfdssh nd ikìltrmh kh shlh hfhrrm kdfdssrih qud dxistmj ehms

fhknids, hknd m vdadtmh ir dxdrfdr pmpdl ùknmjdktml. M aum fmi d phr fmusm nm

vdadtmh ir tdr sum vdlhfinmnd rdnuzinm mt mtikair h shlh, d fhjh h shlh phssui ujm jmihr

phrhsinmnd - ndvinh jmtrim hrakifm nh dkthrkh ndstm vdadtmh - dlm ir sd ikìltrmr d

mtikair hs ldkis `rdtifhs hu mqu`drhs. Dstm aum dssdkfiml, phis dlm qud ir memstdfdr

armnumljdktd armknd pmrtd hs rihs d rdsdrvmtrihs.

Rhrj, h sdr gujmkh mtrmvs nd ujm marifulturm dxtdksivm, dj sum armknd pmrtd nd uj

s prhnuth, dxtrdjmjdktd prdnmtrim, dst memlmknh dstm pmrtd nh fiflh ginrhlaifh, qud m

ikìltrmh nm aum kh shlh, qud sd pdrnd phr dvmphrmh d phr dsfhmjdkth - kh sdikìltrmknh, kh pdrjmkdfdknh kh shlh d kdj memstdfdknh hs ldkis `rdtifhs.


6/25


Rhr dxdjplh, dj jikgm rdaih h marhkdafih dst thtmljdktd dkrmizmnh. M marifulturm

dxtdksivm nm fmkm-nd-mfmr thjm armknd pmrtd nm pmismadj. M fmkm mlj nd ndsjmtmr armknd

pmrtd hu qumsd m thtmlinmnd nm vdadtmh kmtivm, kh nmknh dspmh pmrm kmnm, h qud trmz

juiths prheldjms pmrm m eihnivdrsinmnd d rdms nd ikìltrmh kh shlh (nijikuih nm

ikìltrmh), tmjej trmz prheldjms mh shlh d fmusm m phluih nhs ldkis d mqu`drhs.

M utilizmh nd jmquikrih pdsmnh kh prdpmrh nh shlh d km fhlgditm vmi mhs phufhs

fhjpmftmknh ms pmrtds jmis prhùknms ndstd shlh, nijikuiknh m sum phrhsinmnd d,

fhksdqudktdjdktd, hfhrrdr ujm jdkhr ikìltrmh nm aum kh shlh.

Vdj `mlmr km phluih nh shlh, nhs rihs, nhs rdsdrvmtrihs, mqu`drhs d ldkis fhj

thnh tiph nd marhqujifhs, m fmkm - fhjh phnd sdr hesdrvmnh tmjej fmusm h

ndsjmtmjdkth nm jmtm kmtivm d m nijikuih nm phrhsinmnd nh shlh, h qud ir rdpdrfutir kh

mujdkth nh dsfhmjdkth supdrìfiml d m pdrnm phr dvmphrmh d h dsfhmjdkth supdrìfiml.

Dstds `mths mfhktdfdj kms lmvhurms nd fmkm-nd-mfmr nh dstmnh nd Vh Rmulh. G

hutrms lmvhurms d hutrms prtifms qud sh rdmlizmnms phr juiths marifulthrds qud tmjej vj

fhktrieuiknh pmrm qud h fiflh ginrhlaifh kh hfhrrm fhk`hrjd m kdfdssinmnd nd plmktms d

mkijmis, ikflusivd pmrm ks sdrds gujmkhs.

H ijdnimtisjh d h rdthrkh rpinh nh ikvdstijdkth qud jhvd dstm dstruturm, phrj, m

kmturdzm dst nmknh ujm armknd rdsphstm m dstd fmhs, qud sd dspmlgm phr thnh dstmnh. Juiths

marifulthrds dsth pdrndknh sum prhnuh, phrqud m fmkm kh prhnuziu fmlnh, hu sdom, m

prhnuh `hi memlmnm. Kdstd sdktinh, thrkm-sd kdfdssrih kh pdksmr mpdkms kh ijdnimtisjh,

jms kdfdssrih pdksmr tmjej km fhksdrvmh nhs dfhssistdjms, pmrm qud sd tdkgmj

rdmljdktd rdfurshs pmrm ujm prhnuh marfhlm qud mtdknm hs mksdihs nm phpulmh d nh

Ermsil.

Ndvdjhs pdksmr kms qudstds jmfrhs qud dkvhlvdj hs `mthrds flijtifhs d sums

rdlmds fhj m sdfm, edj fhjh dstrmtaifms nd fhkstruh nd emrrmadks, jms tdjhs qud `mzdr

m khssm pmrtd3 fhksfidktizmknh-sd phr jdih nd prtifms dnufmtivms mjeidktmis `hrjmis d

ik`hrjmis, nd `hrjm m prhtdadr mh jxijh hs rdfurshs gnrifhs d kmturmis nh khssh pms.

Vdj dstd fhjpldjdkth qudsth qud dst dkvhlvdknh m sdfm kh dstmnh nd Vh Rmulh,h sh`rijdkth nm phpulmh sdr fmnm vdz jmihr. ^hrkm-sd kdfdssrih fhksfidktizmr marifulthrds

d ndjmis fmjmnms nm phpulmh pmrm ms thjmnms nd ndfisds kh sdthr marfhlm, phis kh sd

ndvd kdamr qud m marifulturm jml nirdfihkmnm phnd prhvhfmr ouktmjdktd fhj hutrms mtivinmnds

phludktds armknds nmkhs mh mjeidktd, fhjh dsth hfhrrdknh.

Fhjh fitmr?

FGMNNMN, @.U. Tjm nms ijphrtmktds qudstds pmrm m adsth nms aums. Udvistm

Dldtrkifm Ermamktikm Hk Likd. Ohmkphlis, k.61, p. >-4, khv. 52=>.


7/25


LIKGM NH ^DJRH

Gdldk Cmlikd Rikgdirh

Dstunmktd nd Rsifhlhaim d ohvdj tmldkth nd Ohmkphlis

D-jmil? gdldkcpikgdirhBajmil.fhj

H MJHU KM DNTFMH

Merir dspmh pmrm h hutrh, mfhlgdr ms indims dxprdssms pdlh hutrh d pdrjitir qud h mjhr

fhknuzm shlinmridnmnd sh mtitunds qud phndj junmr m dnufmh d trmks`hrjmr m rdmlinmnd.

M prhphstm nd uj juknh fhj jmis oustim shfiml d shlinmridnmnd nd Rmulh @rdird,

ùknmjdktmnm km shlinmridnmnd, ndjhfrmfim, oustim d pmz.

Tltrmpmssmr hs jurhs nm supdrìfimlinmnd nm vinm uj mth nd fhrmadj, ujm mh nd

mjhr qud adrm uj fhjprhjissh nd ndnifmh thtml mh hutrh. Rrhtmahkizmr m gistrim d kh

mpdkms pdrjmkdfdr dj ujm dxistkfim sildkfihsm, prhvhfmr ujm trmks`hrjmh phr jdih nd

uj nilhah, qud jhvinh pdlm mh d rd`ldxh.

Rrhjhvdr dssd nilhah, prikfipmljdktd ndktrh nh mjeidktd dsfhlmr rdqudr fhrmadj

pmrm rhjpdr fhj ms emrrdirms, fhrmadj pmrm nmr vhz mhs qud kukfm rdfdedrmj ujm

hphrtukinmnd nd sd dxprdssmr. M dsfhlm qud, juitms vdzds, dsfhlgd sildkfimr qudlds qud kh

fhrrdsphkndj fhj sums jdtms d mlijdktm uj silkfih qud niìfiljdktd sd rhjpdr

fhkvinmnm m eusfmr uj khvh fmjikgh.

Tj fmjikgh qud sd mprhxijd nm rdmlinmnd nh mlukh, pmrm qud h jdsjh fhksiam

fhjprddkndr qud tmjej `mz pmrtd nm gistrim qud fhjpd hs livrhs. Tjm medrturm qud

mfhlgm hs tmldkths nhs mlukhs, ikfdktivmknh d mlijdktmknh hs shkghs qud juitms vdzds ìfmrmj

dsfhkninhs ndktrh nd fmnm uj. Tjm dsfhlm qud mfrdnitd km phtdkfimlinmnd nd sdus mlukhs,

phssuiknh rdlmds gujmkms dkrmizmnms kh mjhr qud ldvm gujilnmnd d liedrnmnd,supdrmknh h dahsjh, m ndsiaumlnmnd d h prdfhkfdith.


8/25


" ]udj kh mjm kh fhjprddknd h prxijh, kh h rdspditm, phr issh h mjhr m

fhknih pmr m qud gmo m dnufmh." (@ rdir d, 5220, p. >6).

Ud`drkfim Eielihar`ifm

RUMNH, Ohh Fmrlhs3 ^DVFMUHLH, Uifmrnh. M pdnmahaim dkfgmrfmnm nd mjhr nd Rmulh@rdird. Nisphkvdl dj?gttp?//www.pufpr.er/dvdkths/dnufdrd/dnufdrd5221/mkmisDvdkth/mrquivhs/FI-2>6-24.pn`.

Rrh nim kmsfdr `dliz.Nirdh? Ohh Omrnij. 522>-5224.

Ldim jmis kh Elha? gttp?//gdldkcmlikd.elhaspht.fhj.er/

Fhjh fitmr?

RIKGDIUH, G.C. H mjhr km dnufmh. Udvistm Dldtrkifm Ermamktikm Hk Likd.

Ohmkphlis, k.61, p. 0-1, khv. 52=>.
http://www.pucpr.br/eventos/educere/educere2007/anaisEvento/arquivos/CI-043-05.pdfhttp://www.pucpr.br/eventos/educere/educere2007/anaisEvento/arquivos/CI-043-05.pdf


9/25


MU^D D PMUIDNMNDV

^gimah VmkthsFikdmstm, Uhtdiristm d DsfrithrD-jmil? tsXmrtdsBghtjmil.fhj

RDNH@ILIMRMU^D @IKML

Jhkstrhs? Iktrhnuh

Rhr uj jhjdkth km vinm sd pdrfded h qud rdmljdktd ijplifm h mth nh vivdr d qumknh

sd prhvm ndstd nim siaki`ifm smlvmh d dlm sd rdvdlm km fhksfidktizmh qumkth mh edj dstmr

fhldtivh.

^hrkm-sd ikmfditvdl ujm gistrim dsfritm phr jdih nm vihlkfim d m jmis nhlhrhsm

ndlms, mtrmvs nm mardssh sdxuml.

Jhkstrhs dxistdj, d juiths ndlds sh sdrds vivdktds kh juknh nhs gujmkhs.

D hs jhkstrhs, kh phndj dj jhjdkth mlauj sd smrdj vithrihshs. ]ud m nhr sdktinm

phr khssms frimkms kh tdkgm fhktikumh d qud fmnm uj nd ks, hs Gujmkhs, oukths lutdjhs

dj prhl nd fmnm ujm ndlms.

Dstm kh `hi ujm gistrim `fil nd dsfrdvdr phr ndsfrdvdr m nhr sdktinm phr qudlds qud

kh pundrmj sd prhtdadr, phis dj sum jmihrim sh frimkms, ndstrhmnms mh thnh phr qudlds

qud mjmj m pdrvdrsinmnd.

Nimktd dstd fmhs dxistd ujm vdrnmnd. ^djhs qud prhtdadr hs khsshs irjhs, "HV

KHVVHV IUJHV!"

*


10/25


Rmrm mqudlds qud mfhjpmkgmrmj ms nums prijdirms jmtrims sherd dssd tdjm ik`hrjh

fhj armknd smtis`mh qud h livrh fgdahu sum pmrtd jmis prdfihsm, o `hi fhkflunh d

puelifmnh. Fhk`dssh kh tdr sinh uj trmemlgh `fil.

Rdlh fhktrrih, `hi dxtrdjmjdktd nhlhrhsh frimr gistrims ndsfrdvdknh h sh`rijdkth nd

khssms frimkms3 dktrd larijms d shrrishs h livrh amkghu "vinm" d qud dlm sdom tmjej sdu

ndsdoh, issh mfhktdfdknh, khssms frimkms tdrh jmis uj gdri pmrm lgds prhtdadr.

Fmnm gistrim kdstd livrh tdj phr heodtivh trmzdr mh fmjph nm rd`ldxh dstm rdmlinmnd

th ghrrdknm, hknd sdrds iknd`dshs sh vitijmnhs phr mqudlds qud pmrm smtis`mzdrdj sdus

ndsdohs jmis pdrvdrshs ndstrhdj hs khsshs pdqudkhs. Rhrtmkth, mh ldr dstm herm, fhhpdrd dj

prhl nd khssms frimkms, ikfmksmvdljdktd dj prhl nd fmnm ujm ndlms d h juknh shrrir pmrm

vhf!

Hes.?Dstd uj livrh niaitml d nd fukgh armtuith. Rmrm mfdss-lh?

gttp?//www.livrhsniaitmis.hra.er/ikndx.pgp/ghjd/livrh/55546

Fhjh fitmr?

VMK^HV, ^. Rdnh`ilimRmrtd @ikml. Udvistm Dldtrkifm Ermamktikm Hk Likd. Ohmkphlis,

k.61, p. 7-9, khv. 52=>.
http://www.livrosdigitais.org.br/index.php/home/livro/22253http://www.livrosdigitais.org.br/index.php/home/livro/22253


11/25

Dnih k 61 Khvdjerh/52=>=2

GIV^UIM MJEIDK^ML

Nidah nd ^hldnh Lijm nm Vilvm^fkifh d Dkadkgdirh Mjeidktml

D-jmil? nidahmicinhohmBghtjmil.fhj

UD_MV, ATIMV D FMU^MV

Kmqudld nim, m fmjikgmnm ikifihu fdnh. Drm prdfish mprhvditmr jhjdkths nd dstrmnm

phufh jhvijdktmnm, phis ndktrh nd mlaujms ghrms h ms`mlth sdrim thjmnh phr fmrrhs d jhths

fhj ndstikh Fmfghdirm nhs Rrdths.

H tdjph dstmvm marmnvdl pmrm h pdrfursh, uj phufh kuelmnh, miknm sdj sikml nd

fguvm. Km sdjmkm mktdrihr, rdzmj `hrmj `ditms pmrm smkths nivdrshs? Vh Ohs, Vh Rdnrh, Vh

Ohh, Vmkth Mkthkih... Khssm Vdkghrm tmjej `hi ikvhfmnm. Kh mkh gmvim prdfipitmnh jdkhs

nd uj tdrh nm jnim.

Ms pmstmadks mjmrdlmrmj, h jilgh kh ndu d ms aums jikaumrmj. Fhktdi ujm ndzdkm

nd rdlmths nd jikms qud sdfmrmj pdlm prijdirm vdz, mpdkms kuj trdfgh nd ndz quiljdtrhs.


12/25

Dnih k 61 Khvdjerh/52=>==

H phvh nh Emirrh nhs Rrdths tikgm juitm ` d jmktikgmj m fhkvifh nh mtdknijdkth

s prdfds shlifitmnms. îkgmj pdrninh m frdkm khs phltifhs, shjdktd. Du tmjej. Rdksmvm

kh prxijh fiflh nh Nivikh, quml sdrim m situmh flijtifm d gnrifm nm rdaih.

V Ndus smed, jduohvdj rmpmz!, `mlhu uj sitimktd, qumsd ldknh jdus pdksmjdkths.

Tjm pmusm kh Emr nh îh, kh fmkth ujm jdsm d uj aruph nd ghjdks dj vhltm. Ariths nd

trufh rdvdlmvmj h ohah, nisputmnh fmrtm m fmrtm. Dstmvmj th dktrdtinhs qud jd sdkti ikvisvdl

kmqudld jhjdkth, dktrmknh d smiknh sdj sdr khtmnh.

Mh lhkad, aums dsfmssms fhrrimj pdlm fmfghdirm, fmjemldmknh rhfgms dxphstms. Dj

mjehs hs lmnhs qud dstmvm, fmjphs fdrrmnhs h`drdfimj uj thj jmrrhj-mjmrdlmnh

pmismadj, fhj mreusths d mrvhrdtms dj `lhr. Rmrm hs fdrrmnhs m sdfm kh ijphrtmvm,

dxpmknimj-sd phr juiths gdftmrds.

@ikmljdktd, m armknd fmfghdirm `hi mlfmkmnm, aums adlmnms rd`rdsfmvmj h mknmrilgh.

Udtirmktds d rhjdirhs ndsfmksmvmj shjerm nd ujm ]umrdsjdirm, miknm tikgmj juiths

jilgmrds nd jdtrhs mt m tdrrm prhjdtinm. M fmfghdirm tikgm fdkth d fikqudktm d qumtrh jdtrhs

nd qudnm, prhtdainhs phr ujm jmtm filimr d uj ehsqud nd Mrmufrims dj sum fmedfdirm. Dssm

adharmìm o dstmvm dsfritm dj auims, sitds d rdvistms, kh jmis uj fhkgdfijdkth phpulmr,

shjdktd.

Nd fdrth, kh drm h ikfih d kdj h ìj nh juknh. Mpdkms uj luamr kh jdih nh

fmjikgh, adharmìfmjdktd iksdrinh dj jmpms turstifhs d fmrtms thpharìfms. O h rih sdauim...

Fmjemldmktd!

Fhjh fitmr?

NM VILPM, N.^.L. Udzms, auims d fmrtms. Udvistm Dldtrkifm Ermamktikm Hk Likd.

Ohmkphlis, k.61, p. =2-==, khv. 52=>.


13/25


M MU^D NH ^TUIVJH D NM GH^DLMUIM

Ldhkmrnh Aihvmkd J. Ahkmlvds^fkifh dj Ghspdnmadj d Armnumknh dj ûrisjh

D-jmil? ldhkmrnh.aihvmkdBghtjmil.fhj

IKPMVH FTL^TUML

M shfidnmnd mtuml jmrfmnm pdlh ndsdkvhlvijdkth tdfkhlaifh mssijtrifh, nmnh

pdlms ikjdrms ikvdkds d hs mprijhrmjdkths nh jeith tfkifh/fidktiìfh, qud phr sum vdz

heriam m phpulmh m sd mndqumr mhs khvhs pmnrds nd vinm d nd fhkgdfijdkth.

Kdstd pdrfursh nd trmks hrjmds vivinms pdlm phpulmh mlauks geiths sh heriamnhs

m sd trmks`hrjmr hu sijpldsjdktd ndixmr nd dxistir. Tj dxdjplh ndssds geiths, hu jdlghr,

ndssds fhstujds d vmlhrds qud sh mtikainhs, sh hs trmhs fulturmis nd uj ndtdrjikmnh aruph

nd pdsshms.H ndsdkvhlvijdkth hprijd hs trmhs fulturmis trmnifihkmis fhj h prdtdxth nd ldvmr h

ndsdkvhlvijdkth, rdikvdktmr d mpdr`dihmr hs jhnhs nd vinm. Nd fdrtm `hrjm visvdl qud dssm

hprdssh d ndarmnmh kh sh nimakhstifmnms kh prijdirh ikstmktd, jms dlm phnd sdr m`drinm

mh lhkah nd juiths mkhs.

H `mth qud h prhardssh adrm khvms `hrjms nd djprdah, nitmknh khvhs prhnuths,

prhpdj pmnrds shfimis dj thnhs hs jeiths d, dj dspdfiml, utilizm hs jdihs nd fhjukifmh

fhjh `hrjm nd vdkndr mksdihs d `hrjmr indims.Mssij, kdstd fhktdxth qud sd iksdrd h mssukth prikfipml, m Ndarmnmh Fulturml. M

fulturm, dj sktdsd, pmrfimljdktd pdrtdkfdktd m uj ndtdrjikmnh aruph, sdom ujm finmnd, uj

dstmnh hu uj pms, tml aruph phssui hs jdfmkisjhs pmrm nissdjikmr d trmksjitir hs sdus trmhs

fulturmis pmrm ms ùturms adrmds.

Jms tml sktdsd s phndrim ùkfihkmr iktdarmljdktd sd kh ghuvdssd uj prhfdssh nd

dvhluh fgmjmnh prhardssh.Fhjh jdkfihkmnh mktdrihrjdktd, uj nhs jdfmkisjhs qud h

prhardssh mprijhrhu `hi m fhjukifmh, d mssij dlm tdj fhjh prikfipml iktuith nd vdkndr

mksdihs d `hrjmr indims.

Hs trmhs fulturmis qud, phstdrihrjdktd, dkfhktrmvmj-sd fhkshlinmnhs, nmnh pdlm emixm


14/25


iktdrmh fhj hs hutrhs phvhs hu tmjej pdlm kh dxistkfim nd tmkths gmeitmktds kh juknh,

mahrm sd dkfhktrmj `rmailizmnhs d ndpdkndktds nd mlaujms pdsshms hu hramkizmds qud

pdrpdtudj, prdsdrvdj d trmksjitmj hs sdus trmhs fulturmis.

flmrh qud qumlqudr fhism phnd sdr utilizmnm pmrm h edj, fhjh phnd sdr utilizmnh pmrm

h jml. Kh fmsh nm jnim mtrdlmnm mh turisjh, dlm tdj fhjh `ukh nivulamr khvhs luamrds,

khvms fulturms, geiths d jhnhs nd vinm. Kh hestmktd, dlm phnd vdkndr d fhkfditumr ujm indim

kms fmedms jdkhs ikstrunms, qud h prhnuth hu fhstujd jhstrmnh h fdrth hu h jdlghr

fmjikgh.

Tj dxdjplh flssifh ndssd d`dith nd fulturms dj ndtrijdkth h fmsh nm ikvmsh nm

fulturm khrtd mjdrifmkm kh Ermsil. M ikvmsh fulturml nmnm pdlm `hrtd nivulamh jinitifm,

edj fhjh m iknstrim nh fikdjm d pdlh `mth nm jmihrim nhs prhnuths sdrdj prhvdkidktds nm

armknd phtkfim.

Fdrtmjdktd, thrkm-sd ijphrtmktd rdssmltmr qud dssms jdsjms pdsshms kh phssudj m

emsd fulturml qud sdus pmis hu mvs tivdrmj. M khvm adrmh m prikfipml vitijm nm ik`ludkfim

nd hutrms fulturms km sum vinm, visth m kh fhktikuinmnd nh prhfdssh nd trmksjissh fulturml

nhs mvhs mhs kdths hu nhs pmis mhs `ilghs.

Vdj dssd djemsmjdkth fulturml, ms khvms adrmds dkfhktrmj-sd ndskhrtdmnms. Mssij,

visumlizmknh khvms fulturms dlms mfmemj frimknh m sum prprim. Ndssm `hrjm, frim-sd ujm

shfidnmnd `rmailizmnm, sdj indktinmnd fulturml d qud. Rhssivdljdktd. h fhkgdfijdkth sherd ms

mktiams jmki`dstmds fulturmis sdrh privilaihs nd mlauks phufhs furihshs, pdsquismnhrds hu

jdjerhs nd mktiams `mjlims trmnifihkmis.

kdssd fhktdxth qud sd iksdrd m ijphrtkfim nh turisjh plmkdomnh. ]umknh rdmlizmnh

nd `hrjm pdksmnm kh edj dstmr nm phpulmh d nh visitmktd, h turisjh phnd sdr ujm vdrtdktd

nd fhjukifmh fmpmz nd trmksjitir, pdrpdtumr d prdsdrvmr hs trmhs fulturmis.

Jms pmrm qud issh hfhrrm kdfdssrim m rdmlizmh nd mlah qud `hi jdkfihkmnh

mktdrihrjdktd? qud h aruph rdfdpthr d h aruph visitmktd tdkgmj dj jdktd ms sums rmzds, hu

sdom, m sum dsskfim, h sdu jhnh nd vivdr .

Vd mjems ms pmrtds tivdrdj dj jdktd qud qudld fhktmth fhj hutrm fulturm tdj fhjhiktuith h fhkgdfijdkth, phssivdljdktd hs nmkhs fhj ndarmnmh fulturml sdrh ik`drihrds hu

qumsd ikdxistdktds.

Juiths dstunihshs nh fmjph nh turisjh mfrdnitmj qud m fulturm kh sd `mz, dlm sd

rdsamtm d sd prdsdrvm. Kh dxistd ijphr ujm jmki`dstmh fulturml m ujm finmnd, sdknh qud

kh nd hriadj ndlm, hu sdom, h sijplds `mth nd rdmlizmr ujm `dstm hu fhjdjhrmh nms

ikjdrms rdvhltms nh pdrhnh rdadkfiml dj uj jukifpih qud kh `hi pmlfh nms jdsjms.


15/25

Dnih k 61 Khvdjerh/52=>=>

Rhr fhktm nissh qud m prprim phpulmh mfditm tunh h qud prhphsth, phis dlm kh

phssui h fhkgdfijdkth nm sum vdrnmndirm hriadj hu, fmsh phssum, kh dxistd m sum

jmki`dstmh kh fhtinimkh.

Emsifmjdktd, dlm kh smed nd hknd vdih. Mssij, fgdam-sd m ujm jxijm nm gistrim

pmrm dktdkndr h prdsdktd kdfdssrih fhjprddkndr h pmssmnh pmrm sdauir mh `uturh.

Fhjh fitmr?

AHKMLPDV, L.A.J. Ikvmsh fulturml. Udvistm Dldtrkifm Ermamktikm Hk Likd.

Ohmkphlis, k.61, p. =5-=>, khv. 52=>.


16/25


H MKNMUILGH NM VDUUM

Vusuju Ymjmaufgi

Frhkistm, mknmrilgh d jhrmnhr nd Ohmkphlis

D-jmil? sussmymjBajmil.fhj

KHI^DV KH VDU^H

Mlfmkfdi h Ou fhj ms ltijms luzds nh nim d ùi nirdth pmrm h prijdirh emr. Tjm

sikufm drm nisputmnm km pdkujerm d m plmtdim, jdim nzim nd ghjdks d frimkms, frdsfdu fhj

jikgm fgdamnm. ^hrkdi-jd m prikfipml mtrmh mli, jhtivh nd furihsinmnd nd thnhs. Mprdsdktdi-

jd d nissd tdr viknh nd Jhktd Vmkth m p fhj uj jmpm nd _u nm Emtdrim. Huvi jurjrihs

nd mlvih d vi qud dld drm fhkgdfinh mli, h qud jd thrkmvm tmjej kh th ikfhkfdevdl. Tj

ohvdj dxflmjhu? Umpmz!... Vh hith laums!...Flmrh, dld kh ndvim sd rd`drir m laums nd

tmemru, jms fhktdjphrizdi? qud sm edj fdnh, pdlms sdis nm jmkg.

Rhr kh gmvdr aum pdni uj rd`riadrmktd, qud dstmvm jhrkh phrqud mli kh tikgm

dkdraim. Ilujikdi m jdsm fhj m lmktdrkm d mssij Pmlndjmr d _ nd Rdkdnh pundrmj tdrjikmr

h ohah. Dxpliqudi qud sdauirim kh nim sdauiktd pmrm h Edkndka d Fmkunhs, d tikgm nd nhrjir

kh Ou3 d fhjh kh tikgm pdksh mli, qudrim smedr sd phnim nhrjir km dsfhlm kh hutrh lmnh nh

lmrah. Ghuvd uj silkfih dj qud thnhs sd dktrdhlgmrmj mt qud Pmlndjmr, h nhkh nh emr,

mfghu qud kh tikgm prheldjm, jms qud ms fgmvds ìfmvmj fhj m jdrdkndirm km Pmradj

Fhjprinm, fikfh quiljdtrhs mtrs.

Rmrm jij kh gmvim prheldjms dj jd ikstmlmr km vmrmknm, phis trmzim fhisms qud jd

pdrjitimj nhrjir l. Mlj nd fhjinm, jikgm jhfgilm fhktikgm ujm lhkm, ishlmktd trjifh,

smfh nd eivmqud d jmktm. _ nd Rdkdnh fhkvinhu-jd pmrm h pirh nd pdixd qud h pdsshml `mzim

kh hutrh emr, d phnim ìfmr l mt tmrnd d ndphis pulmr pmrm m dsfhlm mh lmnh. @ui mt m phrtm d

hlgdi? kh dsfurh, ujm luz erilgmvm, iktdksm.

Mtrmvdssdi h lmrah d dktrdi kh sdauknh emr. Tjm tiadlm armknd nd mlujkih fgdim nd

pirh jd `hi pmssmnm mssij qud tirdi m jhfgilm. Rdni qud ndixmssdj pdlm jdtmnd, phis drmjuith. Dkfhstdi-jd m ujm pmrdnd d pus m tiadlm kh emkfh phr dstmr qudktd ndjmiskh sdktinh

ukivdrsml, jms mpdkms jhrkh, kh emimkh. Lhah du o sumvm fhjh kms ghrms jmis qudktds nh


17/25


nim, d nissd-h qudld qud jd sdrvirm. Drm h Nh, nh emr nm Pmradj Fhjprinm qud dkfhktrdi

`dfgmnh. Dld nissd qud du tivdrm shrtd, mh fhktrrih nh qud pdksmrm, phis ujm vdz phr sdjmkm

vikgm mh Ou `mzdr h pirh. Fhkfhrndi, dkqumkth dld jd sdrvim jmis. Gmvim jmis nd ndz

fhjdksmis pdlhs emkfhs d fmndirms, dsfhrmnhs kh emlfh hu firfulmknh fhj prmths d tiadlms.

Ndphis qud m pmkdlm dsvmzihu d thnhs tikgmj fhjinh, hs utdkslihs `hrmj rdfhlginhs d

sujirmj, dj uj dsqudjm fhksmarmnh nd lijpdzm khs dkfhktrhs sdjmkmis.

Fhktikudi fhj rd`riadrmktds, mahrm adlmnhs, tdktmknh rdphr h phufh lquinh qud thjmrm

kh nim. D fhjh s mli gmvim dkdraim8 Ohh nh Emr jhstrhu m adlmndirm m as d uj rmpmz nissd

qud m luz vikgm nd dkdraim shlmr. Fhjh m likgm kh fgdamrm mh Ou, gmvim uj prharmjm nd

ijplmktmh nd emtdrims shlmrds. Kh drm luz juith flmrm, jms km dsfurinh nh sdrth

ilujikmvm h emstmktd.

Mssij, mfhlginh d mlijdktmnh, du `mlmvm plmtdim sildkfihsm nm jikgm fmjikgmnm mt h

Edkndka d nhs fmjikghs m pmrtir nmli, pdlm dstrmnm nh Uhsrih hu nh Fmlujei. Nissdrmj-jd

qud m nh Uhsrih drm s sdauir nirdth km dstrmnm phr hknd vij mt fgdamr km EU, virmr

dsqudrnm d mknmr uks viktd quiljdtrhs mt h Edkndka. M nh Fmlujei drm jmis pdrth d

pdamvm s uks khvd quiljdtrhs nd ms`mlth, h qud jd `dz ndfinir phr dstm. Rmrtim nd Ou,

hknd eiùrfmvm fhj m nh Uhsrih, ndrivmknh dsqudrnm ndstm kh rujh fdrth nh khrtd...S=Z

@mldi nm ijphrtkfim nh Ou kh jhvijdkth nms trhpms km audrrm nd Fmkunhs, nm

pmssmadj nd Duflinds nm Fukgm phr mli d nh vmlhr nd kh sd dsqudfdr nm gistrim d nh shkgh

nh Edlh Jhktd nd Mktkih Fhksdlgdirh. Kh sdi sd `mzimj indim nh qud du nizim, d mpdkms jd

hlgmvmj dj silkfih. Nd rdpdktd, qumsd thnhs sd ldvmktmrmj, smrmj nh emr d `hrmj

fhk`meulmr l `hrm, kh dsfurh. @ifmjhs mli s h Ohh kh emlfh, nhis hu trs sdktmnhs d du.

Fhktikumjhs m `mlmr, mt qud h emr ìfhu nd khvh fgdih d dj silkfih. Dkth, uj rmpmz

fhkgdfinh phr Ohh nd Duflinds nissd m jij nh hutrh lmnh nm smlm? Mjiah, vhf kh vmi

nhrjir kh rdldkth! Pmi ìfmr km fmsm mqui nh Ohh nh Lmlmu, qud vmi rdfdedr vhf sdj

kdkguj prheldjm!H tdrfdirh Ohh fhkìrjhu. D qumknh mfditdi d marmndfi, h emr vhlthu m

sdr jmis uj emr dj jmis ujm khitd kh sdrth.

H fmjikgh mt m fmsm nd Ohh nh Lmlmu drm jmis dsfurh pmrm jij fhj lmktdrkm nh qudpmrm dld sdj kdkgujm luz. Mqui m dstrmnm qud vhf vmi pdamr mjmkg pmrm h Fmlujei .

Mfgdi-m d hlgdi pmrm trs tdktmknh jd lhfmlizmr? l dstmvm h emr, m kifm luz km dsfurinh

dstrmnm dktrd h emr d m fmsm, drm h qud jikgm jdktd rdaistrmvm. Kh fu gmvim luz, jms kh drm

nm lum3 drm nms dstrdlms qud auimvmj Ohh mt sum fmsm.


18/25


Jmramrdtgjmraht.ohmkikgmBghtjmil.fhj

Fhj ujm lmjpmrikm m qudrhsdkd dld jd jhstrhu h qumrth hknd nhrjirim3 h hutrh drm h

sdu d h tdrfdirh, nm ìlgm. Dlm `hrm nhrjir km fmsm nm jd mh smedr qud dld im mt h emr vdr h

ndsfhkgdfinh. Phf kh vmi merir m phrtm nd fmsm pmrm uj dstrmkgh, kh 8 , dlm

pdrauktmrm. Dld rdsphkndrm qud im ndfinir ndphis nd vdr, phis m adktd s sdktd fhjh ujm

pdsshm , kh hlgmr.

Vdkti qud issh fhkìrjmvm m jikgm ijprdssh nd sdr mvmlimnh pdlms pdsshms h tdjph

thnh, ndsnd m ghrm dj qud fgdaudi mh prijdirh emr. Kh s pdlh qud du nizim hu mpmrdktmvm,

jms dj dspdfiml phr jikgm prdsdkm, vistm phr dlds, sdktim qud `hrm mprhvmnh, mfdith d

mfhlginh sdj qud sdqudr jd pdrauktmssdj h khjd. Ndsfulpdi-jd pdlh trmksthrkh, jms dld

nissd qud m ìlgm nhrjim tmkth mli, fhjh km jd.

]umknh fgdaudi fmsm khtdi ujm fhism dsermkquimnm mh lmnh, d pdlm lmktdrkm vi qud

drm ujm fistdrkm nd fmptmh nd aum nm fguvm. D mh vdr, ndktrh nd fmsm, uj emrril fgdih nd

aum lijpm d ujm fmkdfm dspdfimljdktd rdsdrvmnm pmrm emlnd-lm pmrm hutrhs rdfipidktds, sdkti

uj fmlhr nd `mjilimrinmnd irrmnimr nmli, trmksehrnmr d trmksphrtmr-jd mt hs sdrtds nh khrtd nd

Jikms, mt Omkmem, mt m Emrrhquikgm, mt ms `mjlims fhj fistdrkms sijilmrds d mt fgdamr

dxprdssh nd armtinh nd Mkm d Khdl pdlm aum.^mkths nims, tmktm nistkfim, tmkth sdrth? aum, m vdkdrmnm aum! D mh jd nditmr rdkni d

pmaudi trieuths m dlm? phr fhksdrv-lm h jmis phssvdl dj jdu fmktil, d phr trhf-lm phr


19/25


rd`riadrmktds nisphkvdis khs sdrtds. Du jd mfhstujmrm m fhjdr mkau d fusfuz nd jilgh khs

sdrtds nd Jikms d Emgim, jms phr kh tdr geith nd rd`riadrmktds fustdi m fmir kh shkh

rdpmrmnhr nd uj nim edj puxmnh. Ruxmnh, jms kh pdkhsh nh mjmkgdfdr dj Jhktd Vmkth

mh mkhitdfdr kh Ou, fhj sums dstrdlms qud `mzimj shkgmr sdj nhrjir.

Hlgmknh dssd fu, dj hutrm khitd, uj ghjdj jurjurmrm? ]umknh khs vmjhs pdlhs

sdrtds dj `hrm, kuj rdfhkgdfijdkth pdkhsh, vdri`ifmjhs, dkfmktmnhs, qud s phndjhs

fmjikgmr km tdrrm fhjh hs shkgmnhrds d hs ilujikmnhs... S5ZDkqumkth du jd ndemtim pmrm

pdkdtrmr km kvhm nh shkgh, phr dssd fgh nd phdirm pmssmvm Duflinds nm Fukgm, ilujikmnh

phr dssms jdsjms dstrdlms, fdkth d qumthrzd mkhs d khvd nims mktds.

Ud`drkfims

S=ZHs sdrtds? fmjpmkgm nd FmkunhsDuflinds nm Fukgm

S5ZGistrim d iktdrprdtmh nd Hs sdrtdsHljpih nd Vhuzm Mknrmnd

Fhjh fitmr?

YMJMATFGI, V. Khitds kh sdrth.Udvistm Dldtrkifm Ermamktikm Hk Likd. Ohmkphlis,

k.61, p. =4-=7, khv. 52=>.


20/25


DNTFMH? DVRMH ND RHVVIEILINMNDV

Fhkfdih JmrqudsRrh`dsshrm nd Vhfihlhaim, @ilhshìm d Gistrim

D-jmil? jmrqudsfhkfdifmh04Bajmil.fhj

FMRHDIUM, DLDJDK^H NM FTL^TUM M@UH-EUMVILDIUM? FHKVÛTH NMINDKÎNMND

=. IKÛHNTH

Fmphdirm, dldjdkth nm fulturm m`rh-ermsildirm, prtifm ikifimnm km phfm nm dsfrmvinh

kh Ermsil, mìrjm m indktinmnd kdarm.

M fmphdirm kh ujm jmki`dstmh `hlflrifm ndsprhvinm nd sdktinh, uj

fhkgdfijdkth fhkstrunh shfimljdktd, ujm likaumadj qud usm jhvijdkths fhrphrmis, kuj

ohah nd pdrauktms d rdsphstms nd pdsshms mh nudlmrdj kh ritjh nh edrijemu qud fhjmknm dssd

ohah3 hs hutrhs pmrtifipmktds emtdj pmljms, dkqumkth ms pmlmvrms nms jsifms vh fhktmknhgistrims rdmis.

5. DLDJDK^H NM FTL^TUM M@UH-EUMVILDIUM

M fmphdirm mprdsdktm-sd fhjh ohah, lutm, mrtd, nmkm, `hrjm nd iktdrmh hknd hs

pmrtifipmktds phndj ndsdkvhlvdr sums phtdkfimlinmnds `sifms d iktdldftumis. M fmphdirm phssui

ujm likaumadj prprim, phis nd ujm phktm m hutrm nh fhktikdktd mjdrifmkhm phpulmh

kdarm sd utilizhu nh fhrph fhjh vdfulh nd rdsistkfim shfihfulturml d fhjh madktd

djmkfipmnhr nm dsfrmvinh(^MPMUDV, =991, p.5=0). Miknm pmrm ^mvmrds kms phpulmds

nm `rifm d nm Mjrifm pr-fhlhjeimkm h fhrph fhdxistd fhjh nisphsitivh nd phndr, nd

indktinmnd d nd likaumadj trmkspmrdktd dj sdu fhtinimkh.

Vdauknh Vinkdy Jiktz d Uifgmrn Rrifd, hs m`rifmkhs `hrmj trmzinhs nd ni`drdktds

pmrtds nm `rifm, fmpturmnhs nms fdktdkms nd aruphs qud `mlmvmj nimldths d lkaums ni`drdktds,

vmrimknh tmjej dj hutrhs mspdfths fulturmis? mfgmjhs ijphssvdl nizdr qud hs m`rifmkhs

ldvmnhs pmrm qumlqudr fhlkim dspdfìfm nh Khvh Juknh tdkgmj tinh ujm kifm fulturm

fhldtivm m trmksphrtmr. (JIK^_ d RUIFD, 5226, p.50)


21/25


Fmnm fulturm nhtmnm nd uj dstilh pmrtifulmr qud sd dxprijd

mtrmvs nm lkaum, nms frdkms, nhs fhstujds, tmjej nm mrtd,

jms kh mpdkms ndstm jmkdirm. Dstd dstilh, dstd dsprith

prprih m fmnm fulturm ik`lui sherd h fhjphrtmjdkth nhs

iknivnuhs. (FTFGD, =999, p.>4)

Hs aruphs trmzinhs pmrm h fhktikdktd mjdrifmkh, km fhknih nd dsfrmvhs, trhuxdrmj

tmjej dj sum jdjrim hs fhjphrtmjdkths fulturmis nd sums nivdrsms dtkims, jms km rdlmh

fhj h ermkfh d fhj hutrms fulturms m`rifmkms fhkstrhdj hutrhs fhjphrtmjdkths fulturmis qud

jhniìfmj sum indktinmnd, hu miknm mìrjmj sdus fhstujds mnmptmnhs khvm rdmlinmnd.

6. HUIADJ NM FMRHDIUM

Tj ohah nd Mkahlm tdj hriadj km nmkm m`rifmkm nd Kahlh, tpifm nm `dstm nd

Dùknulm nh sul nd Mkahlm, qumknh ms jdkikms ndixmj m puedrnmnd d sd thrkmj julgdrds. H

rmpmz vdkfdnhr nh ohah-lutm tdj h nirdith nd dsfhlgdr m sum dsphsm. Dstd ohah-lutm sd jmktdvd

km Emgim mtrmvs nd vdlghs fmphdiristms, fhjh Eilusfm, Khrhkgm, îeurfikgh, Jmr, Medrrd,

Rmstikgm d hutrhs.

Jdstrd Eijem mfgmknh qud m fmphdirm mkahlm tikgm jhvijdkths rdstriths pmrm sdr ujm

lutm dìfidktd, jisturhu fmphdirm mkahlm, emtuqud d jmis mlauks jhvijdkths hesdrvmnhs dj

hutrms lutms d frihu m Lutm Udaihkml Emimkm, ghod m Fmphdirm Udaihkml. ^djhs dkth, m

fmphdirm mkahlm d m fmphdirm rdaihkml.

Ghod, m rhnm nd fmphdirm fhjmknmnm pdlh edrijemu, pdlh pmkndirh d pdlh mtmemqud,

jms kdj sdjprd `hi mssij. Gmvim thfmnhr nd edrijemu sdj rhnm d rhnm sdj edrijemu.

^hnmvim, ghod ni`fil ijmaikmr ujm rhnm nd fmphdirm sdj edrijemu.

>. AUMKNDV UDRUDVDK^MK^DV

Jdstrd Eijem - mkahldirh mt =959 -, qumknh `dz ujm rdukih, hknd dld fhkvinhu

thnhs hs jdstrds qud fhkgdfim km Emgim pmrm pmrtifipmr nd ujm khvm jhnmlinmnd, jms m

jmihrim kh mfdithu, mldamknh qud irim ndsfmrmftdrizmr m fmphdirm mkahlm, fhksindrmnm hriaikml.

Dstm khvm jhnmlinmnd pmsshu m sdr utilizmnm ukifmjdktd pmrm dxieids dj prmms d, phr

phssuir uj kjdrh rdnuzinh nd ahlpds, ndixmvm juith m ndsdomr dj tdrjhs nd lutm d `hi

fgmjmnm nd fmphdirm rdaihkml.Jdstrd Rmstikgm - kmsfinh dj =779 - nizim kh tdr mprdkninh m fmphdirm dj dsfhlm, jms

"fhj m shrtd". Mìkml, `hi h ndstikh h rdsphksvdl pdlm ikifimh ndld kh ohah, miknm amrhth.


22/25

Dnih k 61 Khvdjerh/52=>5=

Pifdktd @drrdirm Rmstikgm drm fhkgdfinh fhjh h pmtrhkh nm fgmjmnm fmphdirm mkahlm.

4. IKVÛTJDK^HV TÎLI_MNHV KM UHNM

Mtmemqud - ikstrujdkth juith mktiah nd hriadj hridktml, prdsdktd dktrd hs pdrsms d hs

rmeds d juith nivulamnh phstdrihrjdktd km `rifm. Fgdahu mh Ermsil iktrhnuzinh pdlhs

phrtuaudsds pmrm sdr usmnh dj `dstms d prhfissds nd hriadj rdliaihsm. Hs m`rifmkhs o

fhkgdfimj h mtmemqud, thrkmknh-h uj nhs fhjphkdktds nh ritjh nm rhnm nd fmphdirm. h

prikfipml ikstrujdkth nd pdrfussh nm rhnm, `mfilitmknh m sikfrhkim dktrd hs trs edrijemus.

Rmkndirh - utilizmnh km knim d Rdkksulm Ierifm km inmnd jnim, dj `dstms nd ehnms,

fmsmjdkths d hutrms fdrijkims rdliaihsms, `hi iktrhnuzinh kh Ermsil tmjej pdlhs

phrtuaudsds d utilizmnh phstdrihrjdktd dj rhnms nd smjem d pdlhs kdarhs km rhnm nd fmphdirm,

sdknh uj ikstrujdkth nd pdrfussh adrmljdktd jmis maunh qud h mtmemqud.

Edrijemu - ikstrujdkth jusifml nd hriadj m`rifmkm, mkfdstrml nhs ikstrujdkths nd

fhrnm, fhjmknm m rhnm nm fmphdirm, nd ujm s fhrnm, fhjphsth phr ujm vdram nd jmndirm

(eiriem), uj mrmjd, ujm fmemm, uj fmxixi (fghfmlgh mrtdsmkml), ujm vmqudtm d pmrm djitir

sdus shks utilizmnh ujm pdnrm hu nherh (jhdnm nd fherd).

0. M JVIFM KM UHNM

Km fmphdirm, m indktinmnd fhrphrml dst vikfulmnm jsifm, dstmedldfdknh ujm

likaumadj ni`drdktd nmqudlm utilizmnm pdlhs ermkfhs durhpdus. Vdauknh Olih ^mvmrds? S...Z

sh ms likaumadks qud prdsdrvmj hs rdsnuhs sjifhs nm vivm trmksardssh qud h rdpdrtrih

nd siakhs kh vdremis `hi fmpmz nd rdmlizmr(p. 5=1).

Mh vdr ujm rhnm nd fmphdirm, trs pdsshms thfmknh edrijemus, mlauj emtdknh uj

pmkndirh, hs fhjphkdktds emtdknh pmljms, dkqumkth nums pdsshms ohamj, nmkmj d lutmj,

jms rmrmjdktd sd thfmj hu sd jmfgufmj, phnd pdksmr qud sd trmtm nd ujm jmki`dstmh sdj

ujm laifm d sdj sdktinh iktdrkh3 phnd mfrdnitmr qud kh sd trmtm nd ujm jmki`dstmhrdprdsdktmtivm nd mlaujm fhism. Jms, fdrtmjdktd, kh dstd h fmsh. Mlauks dxdjplhs sijplds

jhstrmj issh? qumknh mlauj fmi, phr dxdjplh, huvd-sd h fmkth? M fmkhm virhu jmrikgdirh.

Hi kh ùknh nh jmr tdj nikgdirh.

Dstd uj ikfdktivh d fhkshlh pmrm h fmphdiristm qud fmiu, tdktmknh ldjermr m dld qud

ir mh fgh phnd kh siakiìfmr kdfdssmrimjdktd ujm qudnm, jms sij ujm hphrtukinmnd pmrm m

mplifmh nd hutrh ahlpd d qud tdj fgmkfd nd sdr edj sufdninh. Hu miknm? Jmfih `dith ujm

jhlm. Fmphdirm nd vmlhr. Rd jmknikam kdssd ohah. Edrijemu o rdflmjhu.Hutrh tiph nd fhkstruh fulturml iktdrdssmktd h rdaistrh nm gistrim nm dsfrmvinh

kdarm kms fmkds, fhjh dstm? Kdarh kma qumknh jhrrd vmi prm fhvm nd emka3 Mjiah


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th nizdknh qud urueu vmi td fhjdr3 Mqui-em-e mqui-ld-l3 kdarh kma `dnd jmis qud

smriau.

Ms fmktiams trmzdj ujm fmrmftdrstifm fhjuj? m likaumadj, dj adrml, ìaurmnm,

sdknh sum fhjprddksh rdstritm mh jeith nhs fmphdiristms. Vdauknh Mri Lijm (5226), m nmkm

d m jsifm dsth msshfimnhs km fmphdirm. H fmphdiristm prdstm mtdkh mh qud nith kms

fmktiams, mh ritjh nhs edrijemus d hutrhs ikstrujdkths nd pdrfussh, qud `mlmj km rhnm.

1. H TVH NH FHURH KM FHKVÛTH NM INDKÎNMND

H fhrph qud fmktm, h fhrph qud nmkm, oham d lutm, h fhrph nh dsfrmvh qud mprdsdktm

sum jmkdirm nd vdr h juknh, sdus vmlhrds, sdu sh`rijdkth d sum mldarim. H fhrph fmrrdam sum

gistrim, niz qudj , kh qud mfrdnitm. Mtrmvs nh fhrph, h kdarh ndjhkstrhu sum rdsistkfim

dsfrmvinh. ujm khvinmnd pmrm qudj fherd h fhrph, h dsfhknd, vdr km fmphdirm h

ndsprdknijdkth nh fhrph rhnmknh, `mlmknh, smltmknh, fgdamknh prxijh nh hutrh, sdj thfmr,

phrj prdsdktd? S...Z pdrjitiknh ikflusivd ujm husmnim, qud m nd prhphr ujm jhnmlinmnd

nd indktinmnd miknm kh rdfhkgdfinm fhkfditumljdktd? m indktinmnd fhrprdh-adstuml

(^MPMUDV, =991, p.5=0).

H kdarh prdfismvm jmktdr sdus siakhs prdsdktds kh sdu nim-m-nim, frimknh hutrms

dstrmtaims nd jmki`dstmh, ujm vdz qud tunh, hu qumsd tunh `hi rdtirmnh d kdamnh nh

fhjphrtmjdkth hriaikml nd sum fulturm, sum rdmlinmnd `hi ikvdktmnm pdlh fhlhkizmnhr,

dsjmamknh sdus sjehlhs d ritumis.

H kdarh, sdknh trmzinh nd ni`drdktds rdaids, jml phnim sd fhjukifmr, `hi `hrmnh m

fmlmr kh sdu fhtinimkh, eusfmknh hutrms `hrjms nd jmktdr mlah nd sum indktinmnd, rdmìrjmknh

kh rdthrkh mh pmssmnh, km tdktmtivm nd jmktdr sum fulturm prdsdktd, miknm qud mnmptmknh sdu

fhjphrtmjdkth pmrm m khvm rdmlinmnd, fhkstrunm pdlh fhlhkizmnhr, h dsfrmvizmnh `hi dkth

dxprhprimnh nd sdus sjehlhs(INDJ, p. 5=0).

M `rifm pdrjmkdfd mtrmvs nh fhrph nh kdarh, fhj sums dxprdssds lnifms, kms

`dstms d kms fdrijkims rdliaihsms, mquilh qud kh phnd sdr mrrmkfmnh iktdirmjdktd jmktinhpdlhs adsths, `hrtmldfdknh m fhjukifmh kh vdreml, phis h fhrph fhj sdus adsths

ritumlstifhs dstmedldfdj m fhjukifmh dktrd dlds.

H ush nh fhrph jmktj vivm m jdjrim nh aruph shfiml? pmssm h fhrph m fhkstituir h

smedr nm fhjukinmnd d m pdr`mzdr-sd fhjh mrquivh d fhjh mrjm, `hrtmldfdknh ujm

smednhrim fhrphrml (INDJ, p. 5=1). H pmssmnh d, oukth fhj dld, hs dldjdkths fulturmis

`hrjmnhrds nd sums dtkims, dsth jmktinhs d trmksjitinhs pdlh fhrph, lhfml qud n sdaurmkm

km prdsdrvmh nms trmnids d qud phnd trmksjitir m gdrmkm m`rifmkm.H ush nh nisfursh kh vdreml mprdsdktm uj nisfursh adstuml km fmphdirm, qud h muthr

Olih ^mvmrds mprdsdktm nivininh dj qumtrh (>) ukinmnds, qud sd mrtifulmj.


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=. M rhnmdspmh firfulmr vivdkfimnh pdlh kdarh, hknd sh mprdsdktmnms, pdlh ohamnhr,

ms ni`drdktds fhjeikmds nd ohah d fmnm ohah ujm sdktdkm, fmrrdamnm nd dkdraim.

uj juknh `mlmnh d fhkgdfinh pdlhs kdarhs?Mssij,m rhnm h luamr-tdxth qud fhktj

suetdxths qud sh hs ohahs fhjphsths phr sdktdkms iknivinumis(INDJ, p.5=7).

5. H ohahjhvijdkth mrtifulmnh nd mvmkh d dsquivm3 nd`dsm d mtmqud, sdknh m aikam

dldjdkth nd armknd ijphrtkfim pmrm h dquilerih nh ohah d pmrm m prdpmrmh nhs

jhvijdkths nd qudj `mz pmrtd nh ohah kuj trmemlgh sikaulmr nh ohamnhr fhj h sdu

fhrph, ndjhkstrmknh nurmktd h ohah m sum fmpmfinmnd nd fhjeikmr(INDJ, p. 5=9).

6. H fhrph km fmphdirm h fhrph vdrstil d nikjifh, fhjh kms nmkms m`rifmkms,

dxiaiknh jmis ritjhs fhrphrmis, ujm vdz qud m `mlm `hi kdamnm mh dsfrmvizmnh pdlh

fhlhkizmnhr? fmrmftdrizmknh ujm rdnd nd rdsistkfims rdmlizmnms dj prtifms

fhrphrmis3 ndstm rdnd `mz pmrtd h fmknhjel, h jmfuldl, h ohkah d tmktms hutrms

`dstms(INDJ, p.5=9). H fhrph tdxth, siakh km fmphdirm, fhj nhis dldjdkths qud

`mzdj nh fhrph nh kdarh uj fhrph dkdradtifmjdktd `hrtd? h jhvijdkth nhs qumnris

(qud `mz h ohah nm fikturm) d m dkdraim nikjifm (qud n iktijinmnd fhj hs fmjphs nd

`hrms fsjifms).

>. H edrijemu frim ujm ukinmnd fhj h fhrph, mtrmvs nh ritjh mh thfmr m vmrdtm km

fhrnm, edj fhjh h mth nd mprhxijmr hu m`mstmr m fmemm nm emrriam nh thfmnhr,

adrm uj flijm nd rituml... (INDJ, p.552), dld h frimnhr nd dkdraim, dld adrm m

jmknikam.

7. FHKVINDUMDV @IKMIV

M fmphdirm mprdsdktm uj prhodth nd liedrnmnd iknivinuml qud sd dxpmknd pmrm m

fhldtivinmnd, mtrmvs nd ujm vish thtmlizmnhrm. Fhj h fhrph h kdarh pdrfded h juknh,

fhjukifmknh-sd fhj h hutrh, rdprdsdktm m rdmlinmnd mtrmvs nd ujm sijehlhaim qud djmkm

jdksmadks d `mz fhj qud dld `mld nm sum indktinmnd, km sum fhkstruh hu km sum mìrjmh?

M ijprdvisieilinmnd, h rd`ldxh mfdktumnh, m fmpmfinmnd nd

fhkfdktrmh km thtmlinmnd nm situmh rdmlizmnm d m mjplimh

nm vish pdri`rifm h qud mìrjm m ni`drdkm dktrd m fmphdirm d

ms ndjmis lutms. (^MPMUDV, =991, p.5=9)

Fhkgdfdr m hriadj nhs dldjdkths m`rh-ermsildirhs, dktdkndr h sdu siakiìfmnh d sum

rdprdsdktmh dstmedldfd uj khvh hlgmr sherd m indktinmnd nd m`rifmkhs trmzinhs km fhknihnd dsfrmvhs. Hs kdarhs `mlmrmj nm sum fulturm, utilizmknh h qud miknm rdstmvm pmrm sum

fhjukifmh, km fhkstruh nm indktinmnd d km mìrjmh nh qud prdfismvm sdr jmktinh phr


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dlds fhjh dldjdkth nd sum indktinmnd fhldtivm.

H fhrph dspmh smarmnh, qud hfupm pmpdl ijphrtmktd km fhjukifmh dktrd hs

kdarhs, km iktdrmh dktrd dlds d hs ermkfhs d km prdsdrvmh nhs dldjdkths fhkstitutivhs nm

fulturm ndixmnm th nistmktd dj hutrh fhktikdktd. Fhrph mprhvditmnh fhjh jdih nd

fhjukifmh kh vdreml, m`irjmknh m dxistkfim nd ujm dtkim qud rdsistd d qud tmjej

fmpmz nd fhktikumr fhkstruiknh gistrim.

Ud`drkfims

MLPDV, Mrivmlnh nd Lijm. M dxpdrikfim nm jsifm. Ik? M dxpdrikfim nh smjemkmEmgim. Pdrsh nh tdrfdirh fmptulh nm tdsd nd nhuthrmnh.Rrharmjm nd Rs-Armnumhdj Mktrhphlhaim Vhfiml (RRAMV), Ndpmrtmjdkth nd Mktrhphlhaim, TkE, Ermslim, 5226.

FTFGD, Ndkys. M ikvdkh nh fhkfdith fidkt`ifh nd fulturm. Ik? M khh nd fulturm kmsfikfims shfimis. Emuru? DNTVF, =999.

@uknmh Tkivdrsinmnd @dndrml nd Uhknkim.Nisphkvdl dj? gttp?//www.ukir.er.Mfdsshdj? 24 Jmih 5220.

JIK^_, Vinkdy Q.3 RUIFD, Uifgmrn. H jhndlh nh dkfhktrh. Ik? H kmsfijdkth nm fulturmm`rh-ermsildirm.Uih nd Omkdirh? Rmllms, Tkivdrsinmnd Fkninh Jdknds, 5226. p. 54->=.

^MPMUDV, Olih. Dnufmh mtrmvs nh fhrph. Ik? Udvistm nh Rmtrijkih Gistrifh dMrtstifh Kmfihkml.K 54 / =991. p. 5=0-55=.

Fhjh fitmr?

JMU]TDV, J.F.K. Fmphdirm, dldjdkth nm fulturm m`rh-ermsildirm? fhkstruh nm indktinmnd.

Udvistm Dldtrkifm Ermamktikm Hk Likd. Ohmkphlis, k.61, p. =9-5>, khv. 52=>.
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Revista Eletrônica Bragantina On Line - Novembro/2014

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