Kraemer CCNA Exploration (Protocolos e Conceitos de Roteamento) Protocolos de Roteamento link-state.
Roteamento avançado
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DAU-??:9 Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab
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Lzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz UK_
Jbpu`gcq 5??3& Lzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz UK_
D|qbu
F|`y Jdufbz Fbedqb Fbeb al Mlal`ubz
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Qbabz bz a`ul`qbz ulzluxdabz& kb Eudz`f& pbuLzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz UK_
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D Lzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz ad Ulal Kdj`bkdf al Lkz`kb l _lzt|`zd #UK_) bluljlj|uzbz lm qljkbfbg`d ad `kbumdb l ad jbm|k`jdb pdud t|lm e|zjdbumdb lzzlkj`dfmlkql puq`jd+ Dz dq`x`adalz zb z`q|dlz-pubeflmdzlmlfcdkqlz z t|l zb lkjbkqudadz kd puq`jd ab pub`zz`bkdf al Q@+ Lzqdzdq`x`adalz ls`glm dkf`zl& zkqlzl l jbkzqu|b al c`pqlzlz pdud d z|pludb abpubeflmd+ D dpulka`ydglm qbukd-zl md`z llq`xd zl jbkqlsq|df`ydad uldf`adalpub`zz`bkdf+
Bz j|uzbz pubpbzqbz pbzz|lm :? #qu`kqd) cbudz al a|udb a`x`a`adz lm 4? #aly)zlzzlz al dpulka`ydglm+ Bz pduq`j`pdkqlz qudedfcdm lm gu|pb b| lm a|pfdz l
jdad |m pbal a`zpbu al z|d pupu`d lzqdb al qudedfcb+ B mdqlu`df al lkz`kb jbmpbzqb al dpbzq`fdz jbkqlkab zf`alz jbmlkqdabz l ubql`ub al dq`x`adalzpuq`jdz lm fdebudqu`b+
_u-ult|`z`qb
Mbalfb BZ@& lkaluldmlkqb @_& dut|`qlq|ud l pubqbjbfbz QJ_"@_& pubqbjbfbz alubqldmlkqb b| b J|uzb DAU-??49 Dut|`qlq|ud l pubqbjbfbz al ulalz QJ_-@_+
Beilq`xbz
Hbukljlu db df|kb ulj|uzbz t|l b cde`f`qlm d lkqlkalu l pubilqdu lzt|lmdzal ubqldmlkqb pdud ulalz al jbmp|qdabulz al a`xluzbz qdmdkcbz& `kqud l`kqlu z`zqlmdz d|qkbmbz& l pdud ulalz t|l ab z|pbuql d qulgb jbkzqdkql#|a`b l"b| xalb)+
Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab
Dpulzlkqdb
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Lzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz UK_
Db h`kdf ab j|uzb b df|kb qlu dpulka`ab
_ubilqdu lzt|lmdz al ubqldmlkqb pdud ulalz al a`xluzbz qdmdkcbz
Jbk`g|udu pubqbjbfbz al ubqldmlkqb9
_ubqbjbfbz `kqud DZ
_ubqbjbfbz `kqlu DZ
_ubqbjbfbz m|fq`jdzq
Jbk`g|udu pubqbjbfbz pdud ulalz al qulgb jbkzqdkql #|a`b l"b| xalb) jbm ls`gkj`d al TbZ
Ulzbf|b al pubeflmdz al jbk`g|udb
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Z|mu`b
Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 4
Jbkjl`qbz ez`jbz al ubqldmlkqb + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +7
Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 5
Jbk`g|udb al mzjdud al z|eulal + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +5 dzz`m& lfl pulj`zd dylu bmdpldmlkqb ab lkalulb @_ lm lkalulb z`jb& kbjdzb b lkalulb MDJ al |md ulal fbjdf Lqcluklq+
Dkqlz al lkx`du |md mlkzdglm DU_& d mzjdud alz|eulal jbkz|fqdad+ Z|pbkcdmbz& klzzl jdzb& t|ld mzjdud alqlum`kb| t|l bz kz lzqb kd mlzmd
z|eulal+
Jdmdad al z|eulal
Ulal fbjdf Lqcluklq
Daaulzz Ulzbf|q`bk _ubqbjbf #DU_)
Ulxluzl DU_ #UDU_)
Lkfdjl zludf
_b`kq qb _b`kq _ubqbjbf #___)
H`eud _djnlq Bxlu Zbklq #_BZ)
_du mlqf`jb X+51 " X+:< +++
B|qudz
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Ulal fbjdf qbnlk ukg
_ubqbjbfb DU_
Mdpl`d @_ Lqcluklq
Abmk`b al eubdajdzqkg
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Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 4
Lzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz UK_
B DU_ |zdab pdud ulzbfxlu b| mdpldu |m lkalulb @_ jbkclj`ab lm |mlkalulb MDJ& pdud plum`q`u d jbm|k`jdb lm |m ml`b jbmpduq`fcdab jbmb bal |md ulal Lqcluklq+
_u`ml`ub jbkz|fqdab |m jdjcl DU_ pdud bz lkalulbz ulzbfx`abz dkqlu`bumlkql+Zl b lkalulb lzq`xlu kb jdjcl& b @_ lkx`d a`ulqdmlkql b adqdgudmd @_lkjdpz|fdab kb t|daub Lqcluklq+
Zl kb lzq`xlu kb jdjcl& d ulzbf|b l`qd lkx`dkab |md mlkzdglmeubdajdzq`kgal ult|`z`b DU_ #DU_ ult|lzq)+ D mt|`kd t|l qlm b lkalulb @_jbkz|fqdab ulzpbkalu lkqb jbm |m DU_ ulpf+
_dud jbkz|fqdu b jdjcl DU_& kb mbab jbmdkab ab MZ-ABZ #idklfd ABZ)& a`g`ql bjbmdkab dup d+
Zl kb q`xlu z`ab lkx`dab klkc|m adqdgudmd d`kad& zbmlkql ls`zq`u |md lkqudadkd qdelfd DU_& jbkqlkab b lkalulb @_ l b lkalulb MDJ ab gdqlwdpdaub+ @zqbpbut|l b cbzqpulj`zdu lkx`du b adqdgudmd pdud b gdqlwdpdaub zl b lkalulbal alzq`kb bu al b|qud ulal+
Ad mlzmd bumd& jdzb jclg|lm adqdgudmdz @_ al b|qud ulal& lflz zlublkqulg|lz plfb gdqlwdpdaub& t|l |zdu b pubjlzzb alzju`qb dj`md+ @zqbz`gk``jd t|l b gdqlwdpdaub pbalu qdmem lkx`du mlkzdglkz DU_zeubdajdzq`kg+
\m jbki|kqb al mt|`kdz k|md ulal fbjdf qdf t|l qbadz uljledm mlkzdglkzDU_ eubdajdzq`kgal z|dz x`y`kcdz jcdmdab al abmk`b al eubdajdzq`kg+
A|dz jb`zdz `mpbuqdkqlz zbeul mlkzdglkz DU_ eubdajdzq`kg9
Bz c|ez l4+ zw`qjclz pubpdgdm dz mlkzdglkz DU_ eubdajdzq`kgpbu alhd|fq>
Bz ubqldabulz KB pubpdgdm dz mlkzdglkz DU_5+ eubdajdzq`kgpbu alhd|fq+
Dzz`m& zl dz mlkzdglkz DU_ eubdajdzq`kglzq`xlulm jbkglzq`bkdkab b qulgbad ulal fbjdf& d zbf|b a`x`a`u d ulal lm z|eulalz |zdkab ubqldabulz+ Kbql
t|l d zlgmlkqdb adz ulalz fbjd`z |zdkab zw`qjclz ulzbfxl b pubeflmd alabmk`b al jbf`zb& mdz kb b al abmk`b al eubdajdzq`kg+
Jdpq|ud al pdjbqlz @_
D idklfd pu`kj`pdf ab Lqcluldf jbkz`zql adz zlg|`kqlzpduqlz9
V Mlk| \zdab pdud `k`j`du dfg|mdz bpludlz>
Eduud al hluudmlkqdz pu`kj`pdf _ubxdjlzzb up`ab z bpludlz md`z |zdadz ab
mlk|>
Jdpq|ud al pdjbqlz @_
_ubgudmd Lqcluldf al jdpq|ud al pdjbqlz
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Jbkjl`qbz ez`jbz al ubqldmlkqb
V Eduud al hluudmlkqdz al h`fqub _lum`qlmdk`p|fdu a`ulqdmlkql b `fqub t|l lzq zlkab|zdab>
V F`zqd al pdjbqlz Mbzqud |m ulz|mb al jdad pdjbql jdpq|udab>
zlflj`bkdkab |m alqlum`kdab pdjbql bz adabz alqdfcdabz zlub mbzqudabzkbz t|daubz zlg|`kqlz>
V Alqdfclz abz pdjbqlz Mbzqud bz jdmpbz ab pdjbql zlflj`bkdab kbt|daub dkqlu`bu>
V Adabz abz pdjbqlz Mbzqud bz eqlz abz jdmpbz ab pdjbql zlflj`bkdabkd f`zqd al pdjbqlz> alzqdjd bz jdmpbz zlflj`bkdabz kb t|daub dkqlu`bu>
V Eduud al zqdq|z Mbzqud `kbumdlz alqdfcdadz zbeul b lzqdab abpubgudmd l bz adabz jdpq|udabz+
Eduud al hluudmlkqdz ab Lqcluldf
V @kqluhdjlz Deul d jd`sd al a`fbgb F`zqd al`kqludjlz al jdpq|ud& t|l mbzqud dz `kqludjlzal ulal a`zpbkxl`z pdud jdpq|ud al pdjbqlz>
V Bpq`bkz Deul d jd`sd al a`fbgb Bplz aljdpq|ud l plum`ql b `kj`b ad jdpq|ud al pdjbqlz>
V Zqduq @k`j`d d jdpq|ud al pdjbqlz al djbuabjbm dz bplz pulx`dmlkql al`k`adz>
V Zqbp @kqluubmpl b pubjlzzb jbuulkql #db x`xb)al jdpq|ud al pdjbqlz>
V Ulzqduq @kqluubmpl b pubjlzzb jbuulkql #db x`xb) al jdpq|ud al pdjbqlz l bul`k`j`d kbxdmlkql& pdud z|d jbkxlk`kj`d>
V Bplk Deul |md jd`sd al a`fbgb al deluq|ud al dut|`xb t|l plum`ql djdugd al |m dut|`xb al jdpq|ud pdud x`z|df`ydb l dkf`zl>
V Zdxl Dz _lum`ql gudxdu b dut|`xb al jdpq|ud jbuulkql bkal xbj alzlidu>deul d jd`sd al a`fbgb Zdxl jdpq|ul h`fl dz>
V Jfbzl Hljcd b dut|`xb al jdpq|ud jbuulkql> zl xbj kb gudxb| b dut|`xbd`kad& zlu zbf`j`qdab t|l b dd dkqlz>
V Ulfbda _lum`ql t|l zlid kbxdmlkql jduulgdab b dut|`xb al jdpq|udjbuulkql pdud x`z|df`ydb l dkf`zl>
V _u`kq _lum`ql d `mpulzzb al qbabz b| al pduql abz pdjbqlz ab dut|`xb aljdpq|ud> deul d jd`sd al a`fbgb @mpulzzb Lqcluldf>
V H`ka _djnlq Deul |md jd`sd al a`fbgb t|l plum`ql d fbjdf`ydb alpdjbqlz>
V Gb Edjn Xbfqd dquz kb c`zqu`jb al pdjbqlz>V Gb Hbuwdua Dxdkd kb c`zqu`jb al pdjbqlz>
Eduud al hluudmlkqdz ab Lqcluldf
@kqluhdjlz Mbzqud dz `kqluhdjlz al ulal a`zpbkxl`z pdud jdpq|ud>
Bpq`bkz Bplz al jdpq|ud> plum`ql b `kj`b ad jdpq|ud al pdjbqlz>
Zqduq @k`j`d d jdpq|ud al pdjbqlz jbm dz bplz pulx`dmlkql alh`k`adz>
Zqbp @kqluubmpl b pubjlzzb jbuulkql #db x`xb) al jdpq|ud al pdjbqlz>
Ulzqduq @kqluubmpl b pubjlzzb al jdpq|ud al pdjbqlz l b ul`k`j`d>
Bplk _lum`ql d jdugd al |m dut|`xb al jdpq|ud pdud dkf`zl>
Zdxl Dz _lum`ql gudxdu b dut|`xb al jdpq|ud jbuulkql>
Jfbzl
Hljcd b dut|`xb al jdpq|ud jbuulkql+
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Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 4
Lzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz UK_
Gb qb _djnlq Deul |md jd`sd al a`fbgb t|l plum`ql lzplj``jdu b kmlubal |m pdjbql lzplj`jb t|l zl alzlid x`z|df`ydu>
Gb Qb H`uzq _djnlq Xd` pdud b pu`ml`ub pdjbql ab dut|`xb al jdpq|ud>
Gb Qb Fdzq _djnlq Xd` pdud b fq`mb pdjbql ab dut|`xb al jdpq|ud>V Jbfbu`yl _lum`ql jbfbu`u #b| kb) d f`zqd al pdjbqlz>
V D|qb Zjubff `k F`xl Jdpq|ul Kd jdpq|ud al pdjbqlz& plum`ql ubfdu d f`zqdal pdjbqlz #b| kb) lkt|dkqb l`qd d jdpq|ud db x`xb>
V Ybbm @k Hdy b ybbm kbz adabz ab pdjbql #d|mlkqd b qdmdkcb ad bkql)>
V Ybbm B|q Hdy b ybbm kbz adabz ab pdjbql #a`m`k|` b qdmdkcb ad bkql)>
Kbumdf Z`yl Ulqbukd b kxlf al ybbm pdud 4??,>
V Ulz`yl Jbf|mkz Mba``jd d fdug|ud adz jbf|kdz al bumd t|l b jbkqlab
zlid x`z|df`ydab jbuulqdmlkql>
Jdpq|ul H`fqluz Deul |md jd`sd al a`fbgb t|l plum`ql ju`du l la`qdu `fqubzal jdpq|ud> xbj pbal adu kbmlz dbz `fqubz l gudx-fbz pdud |zb pbzqlu`bu>
V A`zpfd H`fqluz Deul |md jd`sd al a`fbgb t|l plum`ql ju`du l la`qdu `fqubzal x`z|df`ydb> xbj pbal adu kbmlz dbz `fqubz l gudx-fbz pdud |zbpbzqlu`bu>
V Jbfbu`kg U|flz Deul |md jd`sd al a`fbgb t|l plum`ql jbfbu`u pdjbqlz kbt|daub al f`zqd al pdjbqlz al djbuab jbm bz `fqubz lzjbfc`abz> pbal zlum|`qb q`f pdud alzqdjdu jluqbz q`pbz al pdjbqlz>
_ulhlulkjlz Deul |md jd`sd al a`fbgb t|l plum`ql jbk`g|udu pullukj`dzpdud m|`qbz pdumlqubz t|l jbkqubfdm b Lqcluldf> pbzzxlf zdfxdu lzzdzjbk`g|udlz pdud |z-fdz kd pus`md xly>
V Clfp Deul |md jd`sd al a`fbgb al di|ad+
A`u`id-zl d pgkd 5: l dd d dq`x`adal 5+Lzqd dq`x`adal alxl zlu lslj|qdad lm dq 4< m`k|qbz+
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Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 4Jbkjl`qbz ez`jbz al ubqldmlkqb
Ubql`ub al dq`x`adalz
Qp`jbz l jbkjl`qbz
Jbkjl`qb al ubqldmlkqb
Lkaluldmlkqb @_
Jfdzzlz al lkaluldmlkqb
Mzjdud al z|eulal
Ubqldmlkqb @_
Jdmdadz ad dut|`qlq|ud QJ_"@_
_ubqbjbfb DU_
Jbmplqkj`dz qjk`jdz alzlkxbfx`adz
_fdklidmlkqb ab lkaluldmlkqb adz z|eulalz
Al`k`b abz lkalulbz abz gdqlwdz pdaub
Jbk`g|udb abz m`jubz al jdad z|eulal
Qlzqlz al jbkq`k|`adal
Ulzbf|b al pubeflmdz
Qlmpb pulx`zqb pdud dz dq`x`adalz
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Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 4
Lzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz UK_
Dq`x`adal 4 Jbkh`g|udb al z|eulalz @_ Jfdzzl J
4+ D ulal Jfdzzl E 405+483+?+?"48 alxl zlu z|ea`x`a`ad lm z|eulalz
Jfdzzl J& al mbab t|l jdad z|eulal jbkqlkcd& kb ms`mb& 1 m`jubz&
jbm 4 df|kb pbu m`jub+
ulzpbkzde`f`adal abz df|kbz abz gu|pbz jbk`g|udulm jbuulqdmlkql zl|zm`jubz+ Bz df|kbz alxlm xlu``jdu d jbk`g|udb abz zl|z m`jubz jbm bjbmdkab9
`pjbkh`g
Dz jbk`g|udlz abz m`jubz abz df|kbz zlub l`qdz kb dme`lkql W`kabwz x`d_d`klf al Jbkqubfl Jbklslz al Ulal _ubpu`ladalz QJ_"@_+ Alxlub zlu
jbk`g|udabz9 lkalulb @_& mzjdud al z|eulal9 5
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Jbkjl`qbz ez`jbz al ubqldmlkqb
1+ Bz df|kbz alxlm lslj|qdu bz pubjla`mlkqbz d zlg|`u `ka`x`a|dfmlkql l
kd zltkj`d alqlum`kdad+
Kbqd9 Dkqlz al lslj|qdu
bz jbmdkabz d zlg|`u&alzdq`xdu b `ulwdff abW`kabwz+
Bezluxl t|l kb qlzql al jbkq`k|`adal lkqul z|eulalz b gdqlwdpdaub qlm t|l
lzqdu f`gdab l jduulgdab jbm b z`zqlmd F`k|s+
B jbmdkab qudjlub|ql alxl `ka`jdu b gdqlwdpdaub jbmb CB_ 4+
Uljbmlkadu dbz df|kbz t|l dkbqlm bz ulz|fqdabz al jdad dq`x`adal+
Qlzqdu d jbkq`k|`adal alkqub ad z|eulal4+
Jbmdkab p`kg pdud dz almd`z mt|`kdz ad z|eulal
Kbqd9 qbabz bz jbmdk-abz alxlm |kj`bkdu jbu-ulqdmlkql+ Zl kb& jbuu`-g`u b pubeflmd+
Qlzqdu d jbkq`k|`adal lkqul z|eulalz5+
Jbmdkab p`kg pdud |md mt|`kd al jdad z|eulal
Jbmdkab qudjlub|ql pdud |md mt|`kd al jdad z|eulal
Db `kdf alzqd dq`x`adal qbadz dz mt|`kdz alxlm jbkq`k|du jbm d jbk`g|udbdq|df& pbut|l xdmbz |z-fdz kbxdmlkql+
Dq`x`adal 5 Jdpq|ud al pdjbqlz @_
Bz df|kbz alxlm lslj|qdu bz zlg|`kqlz pubjla`mlkqbz `ka`x`a|dfmlkql l kdzltkj`d alqlum`kdad9
Kbqd9 qbabz bz jbmdk-abz alxlm |kj`bkdu jbu-ulqdmlkql+ Zl kb& jbuu`-g`u b pubeflmd+
@k`j`du b pubgudmd W`ulzcdun4+
@k`j`du d jdpq|ud kd `kqludjl al ulal fbjdf5+
Qlzqdu d jbkq`k|`adal lkqul z|eulalz:+
Jbmdkab p`kg pdud |md mt|`kd al jdad z|eulal
Jbmdkab qudjlub|ql pdud |md mt|`kd al jdad z|eulal
_dudu b pubgudmd W`ulzcdun1+
Dkdf`zdu b dut|`xb al jdpq|ud
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Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 4
Lzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz UK_
Zl kb dpduljlulm mlkzdglkz DU_ eubdajdzq`kg pbut|l d qdelfd DU_ lzqdq|df`ydad l b m`jub kb pulj`zb| dylu eubdajdzq`kgpdud alzjbeu`u b lkalulbMDJ ad lzqdb al alzq`kb+
Edzqd xlu``jdu lzzl dqb jbm b jbmdkab9
dup d
_dud budu b eubdajdzq`kg& edzqd dpdgdu dz lkqudadz ad qdelfd DU_ jbm bjbmdkab9
dup a
Dpz b qum`kb alzqd dq`x`adal& ulqbukdu dz mt|`kdz jbk`g|udb bu`g`kdf+
Md`z `khbumdlz9
Mdk|df ab Lqcluldf #quda|b pduj`df edzldad kb abj|mlkqb)9FDM_@KG& \f> ZCDU_L& U`jcdua+ Lqcluldfz \zlu G|`al& 43?50 bu Lqcluldf?+4?+41+
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Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 5Jbkh`g|udb al mzjdud al z|eulal
Z|mu`b ad zlzzb
Z|eulalz + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +58
Qdelfd al z|eulalz+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +57
Lslmpfb al z|eulal + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +53
@_ Z|eklq Jdfj|fdqbu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +50
XFZM l J@AU + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +:4
Lslmpfb al XFZM+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +:4
Ubql`ub al dq`x`adalz + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +::
Dq`x`adal 4 Jbk`g|udb al z|eulalz @_ Jfdzzl J+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +:1
Dq`x`adal 5 Lzq|ab al jdzb + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +:8
Dq`x`adal : Lzq|ab al jdzb + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +:7
Dq`x`adal 1 Lslujj`bz + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +:7
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Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 5
Lzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz UK_
Z|eulalz
B m|kab lsqlu`bu lkslugd kbzzd bugdk`ydb jbmb|md ulal k`jd& l klkc|md `kbumdb alqdfcdad
zbeul kbzzd lzqu|q|ud `kqlukd ult|lu`ad+
Zlm z|eulalz& d |q`f`ydb ab lzpdb allkaluldmlkqb m|`qb `kl`j`lkql> jbm m|`qbz cbzqzkd mlzmd ulal& d dam`k`zqudb qbukd-zljbmpf`jdad+ Jbm z|eulalz& d |q`f`ydb abzlkalulbz al ulal md`z l`j`lkql l ddam`k`zqudb md`z z`mpflz+
Kb lslmpfb dj`md& d ulal 4:4+4?3+?+? z|ea`x`a`ad b| t|leudad lm quz
z|eulalz9 4:4+4?3+4+?& 4:4+4?3+5+? l 4:4+4?3+:+?+
Lzzdz z|eulalz kb zlub lkslugdadz plfb m|kab lsqlu`bu+ kljlzzu`b |q`f`yduubqldabulz pdud llq|du b ubqldmlkqb lkqul lfdz+
Kd al`k`b adz z|eulalz b` |q`f`ydab b qlujl`ub bjqlqb& bu`g`kdfmlkql ala`jdab dcbzq& pdud `alkq``jdu dz z|eulalz+
Ab pbkqb al x`zqd al lkaluldmlkqb& z|eulalz zb|md lsqlkzb ab kmlub ad ulal+ Z|eulalz zb|zdadz pdud a`x`a`u |md ulal gudkal lm z|eulalz
mlkbulz+ Bz e`qz t|l alxlu`dm zlu |zdabzlsjf|z`xdmlkql pdud cbzqz #kb jdzb b qlujl`ubbjqlqb) zb |zdabz pdud `alkq``jdb adz z|eulalz+
B dam`k`zqudabu ad ulal alj`al b qdmdkcb adzz|eulalz+ B lt|`pdmlkqb ad ulal pulj`zd lkqlkaludz z|eulalz+ Zbmlkql bz ubqldabulz `kqlukbzjbkcljlm lzzd a`x`zb lm z|eulalz+
Alj`zlz al ubqldmlkqb zb pbuqdkqb edzldadz lm
kmlubz al ulal l z|eulal+
D ulal 4:4+4?3+?+?"48 b` z|ea`x`a`ad lm z|eulalz&|zdkab pdud `zzb b qlujl`ub bjqlqb #t|l zlu`d alcbzq)+
Flmeul-zl al t|l zbmlkql b lkalulb al ulal |zdab plfbz ubqldabulz pdud uldf`ydu d bpludb alubqldmlkqb l b dam`k`zqudabu al ulal kb pbal |zdubz bjqlqbz al ulal pdud z|eulalz& mdz pbal |zdujbmb t|`zlu bz bjqlqbz al cbzq& pb`z lzqlz zb al
dam`k`zqudb fbjdf+
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zlm z|eulalz
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#4:4+4?3+?+?"51)
Z|eulalz #5)
Z|eulalz #:)
4:4
5
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Jbkhg|udb al mzjdud al z|eulal
Qdelfd al z|eulalz
E`qz al z|eulalz alxlm zlu dfbjdabz d pduq`u abze`qz al bualm md`z dfqd #e`qz md`z z`gk``jdq`xbz) ab
jdmpb jbuulzpbkalkql dbz e`qz al cbzq+
B ubqldabu lsqud` b lkalulb al alzq`kb @_ al |mpdjbql l beqm d mzjdud al z|eulal+ B ubqldabulslj|qd |md bpludb fg`jd DKA pdud beqlu |mkmlub al ulal+ A|udkql |md bpludb fg`jd DKA&d pbub al cbzqab lkalulb al alzq`kb ulmbx`ad+
Dz alj`zlz al ubqldmlkqb zb lkqb edzldadz zbmlkql kb kmlub ad ulal+
_dud jdad ulal"z|eulal& b pu`ml`ub lkalulb ad d`sd al lkalulbz `alkq``jd dulal"z|eulal+ Lslmpfb9 b lkalulb 4:4+4?3+?+? b Klq@A #`alkq``jdb ad ulal)ad ulal 4:4+4?3+s+s+ B lkalulb 4:4+4?3+4+? b Z|eKlq@A #`alkq``jdb adz|eulal) ad z|eulal 4:4+4?3+4+s+
_dud jdad ulal"z|eulal& b fq`mb lkalulb ad d`sd al lkalulbz b lkalulbal eubdajdzq`kgad ulal"z|eulal+ Lslmpfb9 b lkalulb 4:4+4?3+5
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Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 5
Lzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz UK_
Lslmpfb al z|eulal
Jbkz`alul d ulal Jfdzzl J 5??+5
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Jbkhg|udb al mzjdud al z|eulal
D um|fd al jfj|fb abz lkalulbz a`zpbkxl`z al cbzqpbu z|eulal `jd dzz`m95k 5& bkal k = kmlub al e`qz |zdabz pdud cbzqz+
Al mdkl`ud dkfbgd& plualmbz d pu`ml`ud l d fq`md z|eulal& jbkbuml
almbkzqudab kb lslmpfb+
D um|fd al jfj|fb ad t|dkq`adal al z|eulalz `jd dzz`m95k 5& bkal k = kmlub al e`qz |zdabz pdud z|eulalz+
@_ Z|eklq Jdfj|fdqbu
Lzzlz mlzmbz jfj|fbz zb l`qbz d|qbmdq`jdmlkqlpbu |m pubgudmd jcdmdab @_ Z|eklq Jdfj|fdqbu& t|lpbal zlu beq`ab gudq|`qdmlkql kb z`ql9
cqqp9""www+w`fapdjnlqz+jbm"puba|jqz"`pz|eklqjdfj|fdqbu+
Ls`zqlm b|qubz pubgudmdz a`zpbkxl`z kd `kqluklq+Edzqd a`g`qdu kd idklfd @_ Daaulzz b lkalulb @_ lmt|lzqb #kb jdzb 5??+5
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Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 5
Lzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz UK_
Xlulmbz |m lslmpfb al jbk`g|udb |zdkab d ulal4:4+4?3+?+?+
Kd bpb Daaulzz @khb a`g`qdmbz b lkalulb ad ulal
Jfdzzl E #4:4+4?3+?+?) l dpluqdmbz 6Lkqlu;+
B pubgudmd mbzqud qbabz bz adabz pluq`klkqlz dlzqd ulal #qlfd 4)+
Kd bpb Z|eklq @khb lzjbfclmbz 3 e`qz pdudz|eulal l dpluqdmbz 6Lkqlu;+
B pubgudmd `kbumd bz e`qz ad mzjdud #51 e`qz)& dmzjdud #5
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Jbkhg|udb al mzjdud al z|eulal
XFZM l J@AU
D `a`d pbu quz al XFZM bluljlu md`bufls`e`f`adal kd a`x`zb al |md ulal lm z|eulalz& al
bumd d mdkqlu b kmlub dalt|dab al cbzqz lmjdad z|eulal+
Zlm XFZM& zbmlkql pbalmbz dpf`jdu |md mzjdudal z|eulal d qbadz dz z|eulalz ad ulal md`bu&beu`gdkab t|l qbadz dz z|eulalz qlkcdm b mlzmbf`m`ql al t|dkq`adal al cbzqz+ _bal zlu kljlzzu`bqlu z|eulalz jbm t|dkq`adalz a`lulkqlz al cbzqz+
_bu lslmpfb& z|pbkcd t|l xbj qlkcd |md Jfdzzl J 405+541+44+? l qlkcd t|l
a`x`a`-fd lm : z|eulalz& zlkab |md jbm 4?? cbzqz l dz b|qudz a|dz jbm
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Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 5
Lzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz UK_
Jbmb pbalmbz bezluxdu kd `g|ud dj`md& `jdmbz jbm : z|eulalz& ad zlg|`kqlbumd9
V 405+541+44+?& eubdajdzq405+541+44+457 l cbzqz 44+4 dq 44+458& jbm
mzjdud 5
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Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 5Jbkh`g|udb al mzjdud al z|eulal
Ubql`ub al dq`x`adalz
Qp`jbz l jbkjl`qbz
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Al`k`b abz lkalulbz abz gdqlwdz pdaub
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Qlzqlz al jbkq`k|`adal
Ulzbf|b al pubeflmdz
Qlmpb pulx`zqb pdud dz dq`x`adalz
1
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Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 5
Lzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz UK_
Dq`x`adal 4 Jbkh`g|udb al z|eulalz @_ Jfdzzl J
4+ D ulal Jfdzzl J 405+483+4??+?"51 alxl zlu z|ea`x`a`ad lm z|eulalz
Jfdzzl J& qd`z t|l jdad z|eulal jbkqlkcd& kb ms`mb& 1 m`jubz& jbm 4
df|kb pbu m`jub+
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Dz jbk`g|udlz abz m`jubz abz df|kbz zlub l`qdz kb dme`lkql W`kabwz x`d_d`klf al Jbkqubfl Jbklslz al Ulal _ubpu`ladalz QJ_"@_+ Alxlub zlujbk`g|udabz9 lkalulb @_& mzjdud al z|eulal l b gdqlwdpdaub+
5+ Kb ZZD t|l zlu b gdqlwdpdaub al qbadz dz z|eulalz& |zdkab bz`zqlmd bpludj`bkdf F`k|s& hdd dz jbkh`g|udlz jbkhbuml mbzqudab d
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B gdqlwdpdaub adz z|eulalz alxl zlu b ZZD #Zlux`abu al Zdfd al D|fd F`k|s)l qlm t|l lzqdu kd mlzmd ulal fbjdf abz m`jubz abz df|kbz+
Kbql t|l d pu`ml`ud `kqludjl al`k`ad #lqc?) d `kqludjl uldf+ Lfd pbal qlu
t|dft|lu lkalulb al ulal& pbut|l kb zlu |zdad klzqd dq`x`adal+ Mlfcbu al`sdujbmb lzq`xlu+
Djulzjlkql lkqb dz `kqludjlz x`uq|d`z lqc?94& lqc?95& lqc?9: lqj& |md pdud jdadz|eulal jbk`g|udad plfbz df|kbz+
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8 cbzqz pbu z|eulal #5: 5 = 8)+ Jbkz|fqdkab d qdelfd al e`qz kd f`kcd t|l qlm :e`qz al cbzqz& xlmbz t|l d mzjdud al z|eulal zlu9 5
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Lkalulbz @_ al jdad z|eulal #Z|eklq @A& Eubdajdzq@A& Cbzqz @A)>
Lkalulbz @_ adz `kqludjlz abz ubqldabulz+
Dq`x`adal 1 Lslujj`bz
Lzzlz lslujj`bz pbalm zlu uldf`ydabz a|udkql b| dpz b qum`kb alzqd zlzzb+
4+ Jbkz`aludkab b lkalulb 405+483+4?+15 k|md ulal t|l |zd 1 e`qz pdud
z|eulal& t|d`z zb bz lkalulbz al Z|eklq @A l Eubdajdzq@A&
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5+ T|df b lkalulb al eubdajdzqab lkalulb 475+48+00+00& mzjdud al
z|eulal 5
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Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 5
Lzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz UK_
1+ Jbkz`aludkab d ulal ded`sb& jbmpflql dz qdelfdz al ubqldmlkqb al jdad
ubqldabu+
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Alzq`kb @kq A`zq
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Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm :Jbkh`g|udb al ubqdz lzqq`jdz
Z|mu`b ad zlzzb
Qdelfd al ubqdz+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1?
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V
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Luub Alzq`kb `kdq`kgxlf # pbuq& cbzqb| ulal)& QQF= ? lm qukz`qb lqj+
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Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm :
Lzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz UK_
Jbmdkab qudjlub|ql
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Jbkhg|udb al ubqdz lzqq`jdz
H`kdfmlkql& bz : fq`mbz pdzzdm pbu qbabz bz cbpz pbut|l qm QQF=1 l jclgdmkb alzq`kb d`kad jbm QQF=4+ _bum& b pbuq\A_ al alzq`kb kb ls`zql kb cbzqalalzq`kb& ad b cbzqal alzq`kb glud |md mlkzdglm al luub @JM_ q`pb :+
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Mbk`qbudb al quhlgb kd ulal
QJ_A\M_
Bplud kb mbab qlsqb #JF@) lm dme`lkqlz \k`s lW`kabwz
Jdpq|ud pdjbqlz @_ kd kqluhdjl al ulal
_bal zlu beq`ab kb \UF9cqqp9""www+w`kpjdp+bug"w`ka|mp"alhd|fq+cqm
Lqcluldf
Bplud kb mbab guh`jb #G\@) lm dme`lkqlz \k`s lW`kabwz
Jdpq|ud pdjbqlz @_ kd kqluhdjl al ulal
_bal zlu beq`ab kb \UF9www+lqcluldf+jbm
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Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm :
Lzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz UK_
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Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm :Jbkh`g|udb al ubqdz lzqq`jdz
Ubql`ub al dq`x`adalz
Qp`jbz l jbkjl`qbz
Qdelfd al ubqdz
Ubqldmlkqb lzqq`jb l a`km`jb
_u`kj`pd`z jbmdkabz al jbk`g|udb al ubqdz
Jbmplqkj`dz qjk`jdz alzlkxbfx`adz
Alzlkcdu |md ulal jbm zbhqwdul al z`m|fdb @M\KLZ
_ubilqdu b lkaluldmlkqb adz z|eulalz
Jbk`g|udu bz lt|`pdmlkqbz adz z|eulalz
Jbk`g|udb ez`jd al ubqldabulz
Qlmpb pulx`zqb pdud dz dq`x`adalz
8?-0? m`k|qbz
Bezluxdb
Dfg|kz abz abj|mlkqbz mlkj`bkdabz lzqb a`zpbkxl`z kb JA-UBM ab j|uzb b|lm mt|`kd ab fdebudqu`b+
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475+48+5?+?> 475+48+:?+?+
Dpz a`g`qdu bz jbmdkabz kljlzzu`bz& qljfl Jquf-ypdud lkjluudu d jbk`g|udb+Xbfqd b pubmpqab mbab pu`x`flg`dab+
A`g`qdkab dgbud b jbmdkab zc `p ub|ql xlulmbz dz ubqdz dpulka`adz plfbub|qlu5+
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Dpluqdu b ebqb a`ul`qb ab mb|zl #mdkqlu dpluqdab)>
Zlflj`bkdu d bpb zclff w`kabw"e`k"zc+
Qlulmbz lkqb d qlfd t|l z`m|fd b jbkzbfl ab pj4+ Kbql t|l lzzlz jbkzbflz zbuld`z ab pbkqb al x`zqd ab Nluklf ab HullEZA& |md xly t|l lzqb |q`f`ydkab qbabzbz ulj|uzbz ab Nluklf+ pbzzxlf lm`q`u qbabz bz jbmdkabz zclffdjl`qbz plfb
Nluklf+
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Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm :
Lzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz UK_
44+ D h`g|ud d zlg|`u mbzqud b fq`mb adqdgudmd @JM_ #al kmlub 51)
ulzpbka`ab plfb cbzqal alzq`kb lm alqdfcl& bkal pbalmbz xlu t|l b
luub @JM_ ab q`pb : #Alzq`kdq`bk |kuldjcdefl) l ja`gb : #_buq
|kuldjcdefl)+ Kbql t|l kb adqdgudmd \A_ b pbuq al alzq`kb b al
kmlub ::118& t|l b cbzqal alzq`kb ulj|zd+
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Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 1_ubqbjbfb al ubqldmlkqb U@_
Z|mu`b ad zlzzb
Jbkjl`qb al Z`zqlmd D|qkbmb DZ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +85
Jfdzzflzz @kqluabmd`k Ub|q`kg+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +85
Jfdzz``jdb al pubqbjbfbz al ubqldmlkqb + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +8:
Ubqldmlkqb a`km`jb + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +8:
Dfgbu`qmb al ubqldmlkqb+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +81
Qdelfd al ubqldmlkqb Xlqbu-A`zqkj`d+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +8 pbuqdkqb& |m kmlub kd d`sd al 4 d 8
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_ubqbjbfb al ubqldmlkqb U@_
Jfdzz`h`jdb al pubqbjbfbz al ubqldmlkqb
Bz ubqldabulz kd `kqluklq zb bugdk`ydabzc`ludut|`jdmlkql+ Dfg|kz ubqldabulz zb |zdabz
pdud lkx`du `kbumdb dqudxz al |m gu|pbpduq`j|fdu al ulalz zbe |md mlzmd d|qbu`adaldam`k`zqudq`xd l al jbkqubfl #DZ)+ Ubqldabulz |zdabzpdud qubjd al `kbumdb kb `kqlu`bu abz DZz zbjcdmdabz ubqldabulz `kqlu`bulz #`kqlu`bu ub|qluz) l|zdm |md xdu`ladal al pubqbjbfbz jcdmdad @kqlu`buGdqlwd _ubqbjbfz #@G_z)+ Ubqldabulz |zdabz pdudqubjd al `kbumdb lkqul bz DZz zb jcdmdabzubqldabulz lsqlu`bulz #lsqlu`bu ub|qluz) l |zdm
pubqbjbfbz jcdmdabz Lsqlu`bu Gdqlwd _ubqbjbfz #LG_z)+
Bz pu`kj`pd`z pubqbjbfbz pdaubk`ydabz |zdabz dq|dfmlkql zb U@_& BZ_H l EG_-1+Ls`zqlm b|qubz pubqbjbfbz pubpu`lqu`bz al deu`jdkqlz& jbmb pbu lslmpfb b @GU_l b L@GU_ ad J`zjb+
uljbmlkaxlf |zdu zlmpul t|l pbzzxlf pubqbjbfbz pdaubk`ydabz+ Bz pdaulzpbalm zlu lkjbkqudabz kd f`zqdglm al UHJz a`zpbkxlf lm9
V cqqp9""www+uj-la`qbu+bug"uj-`kals5+cqmf
Ubqldmlkqb a`km`jb
Ubqldabulz |zdm |m pubqbjbfb lm jbm|m pdudqubjdu `kbumdlz al ubqldmlkqb+ Dq|df`ydlz al`kbumdlz al ubqldmlkqb zb mdkadadz t|dkab dqbpbfbg`d ad ulal m|ad b| lm `kqluxdfbz `sbz+ Dz`kbumdlz al ubqldmlkqb dq|df`ydadz jbkqm dzulalz djlzzxl`z djulzj`adz al |m xdfbu al mqu`jddzzbj`dab d jdad jdm`kcb pbzzxlf+
B mlfcbu jdm`kcb lkqul ulalz b| z|eulalz
alqlum`kdab pbu |md mqu`jd al ubqldmlkqb+ Dzmqu`jdz zb `mpbuqdkqlz pbut|l& dfm alalqlum`kdulm |md ubqd pdud b alzq`kb& bz ubqldabulz qm t|l alqlum`kdu dmlfcbu ubqd pdud jdad alzq`kb+ Kd `g|ud dj`md& pbu lslmpfb& kb jdm`kcb al Dpdud E lx`alkql t|l d ubqd t|l pdzzd pbu U4 md`z up`ad t|l d ubqd t|lpdzzd pbu U5+ Dzz`m& b ubqldabu U? alxl |zdu lzzd `kbumdb pdud lzjbfclu dmlfcbu ubqd+
Xdu`xl`z |zdadz pdud mqu`jdz `kjf|lm b zlg|`kql9
Jbkqdabu al cbpz #zdfqbz) B kmlub al pdudadz `kqlumla`u`dz t|l |m
pdjbql dy lm |m jdm`kcb pdud zl| alzq`kb+ _dzzdkab dqudxz al |mubqldabu"gdqlwdjbkqd-zl |m cbp+
Jfdzz`h`jdb al pubqbjbfbz al ubqldmlkqb
_ubqbjbfbz al ubqldmlkqb pbalm zlu9
@kqlu`bulz #@kqlubu Gdqlwdp _ubqbjbf @G_) \zdabzpdud jbm|k`jdb lkqul ubqldabulz al |m mlzmb DZ
Lslmpfbz 9 U@_ UHJ51
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Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 1
Lzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz UK_
Fdug|ud al edkad # Edkaw`aqc) D jdpdj`adal al qudkzpbuqdu adabz al |mml`b+ \z|dfmlkql mla`ab lm Mepz b| dfg|md udb alzzd mla`ad+
Dqudzb # alfd) D t|dkq`adal al qlmpb dzzbj`dab jbm b |zb al |m ml`b lmpduq`j|fdu+ \z|dfmlkql mla`ab lm mz #4?-: zlg)+
Jbk`de`f`adal \m xdfbu dzzbj`dab d jdad ml`b& `ka`jdkab d pubede`f`adalabz adabz zlulm lkqulg|lz+ \z|dfmlkql lspulzzb jbmb |m xdfbu udj`bku`b>dfg|m kmlub a`x`a`ab pbu 5
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Zl b:+:+5+ gdqlwdkb b mlzmb& kb dfqlud d ubqd jbkclj`ad&alzpulydkab d ubqd dk|kj`dad+
Qdelfd al ubqldmlkqb Xlqbu-A`zqkj`d
Jbkz`alul d ulal lslmpfb dj`md jbm : ubqldabulz l< z|eulalz+ Qbadz dz z|eulalz zb "51+
B mljdk`zmb al jfj|fb ad qdelfd al ubqdz dqudxzab dfgbu`qmb Xlqbu-A`zqkj`d #Elffmdk-Hbua) |kj`bkdjbkbuml lspf`jdab d zlg|`u+
Kd `k`j`df`ydb& dkqlz al qubjdu `kbumdlz jbmzl|z x`y`kcbz& jdad ubqldabu z jbkcljl dz
ulalz z t|d`z lzq a`ulqdmlkql jbkljqdab+
Lkqb dz ulzpljq`xdz qdelfdz& mbzqudadz kd`g|ud& z qm dz zlg|`kqlz ulalz a`ulqdmlkql jbkljqdadz9
V ub|qlu? ulalz 4? l 5?>
V ub|qlu4 ulalz 5?& :? l 1?>
V ub|qlu5 ulalz 1? l
V ub|qlu4 `kbumd db ub|qlu?l db ub|qlu5t|l qlmdjlzzb z ulalz 5?& :? l 1?>
V ub|qlu5`kbumd db ub|qlu4 t|l qlm djlzzb zulalz 1? l
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Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 1
Lzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz UK_
djulzjlkqdadz kd qdelfd jbm mqu`jd = 5& pbut|l lfdz pdzzdm plfb ub|qlu4&t|l `kbumb| lzzdz ubqdz jbm mqu`jd = 4>
V ub|qlu4 uljlel dz `kbumdlz ab ub|qlu?l ab ub|qlu5> t|dkqb db ub|qlu?&lfl `gkbud d ubqd ad ulal 5?& mdz dq|df`yd d ubqd ad ulal 4?& jbm mqu`jd =
5& t|l pdzzd plfb ub|qlu?> t|dkqb db ub|qlu5& lfl `gkbud d ubqd ad ulal 1?&mdz dq|df`yd d ubqd ad ulal
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_ubqbjbfb al ubqldmlkqb U@_
dam`k`zqudabu pbal al`k`u |md mqu`jd a`lulkql al 4& pdud |m alqlum`kdablkfdjl+ B U@_ mdkqm dplkdz d mlfcbu ubqd pdud jdad alzq`kb& zlm ubqdzdfqlukdq`xdz+ T|dkab jclgd kbxd `kbumdb zbeul ubqdz& d dkq`gd alzpulydad+Jdad ubqldabu& db plujlelu mba``jdlz kbz zl|z lkfdjlz& mdkad `kbumdb al
dq|df`ydb al ubqdz pdud bz b|qubz ubqldabulz l dzz`m pbu a`dkql& pubpdgdkab dzm|adkdz db fbkgb ad ulal+
Kd xluzb 4 #U@_x4) lzzd dq|df`ydb lud l`qd dqudxz al mlkzdglkz eubdajdzq+Kd xluzb 5 zb |zdadz mlkzdglkz m|fq`jdzqjbm lkalulb m|fq`jdzqpdaub9551+?+?+0+
Jbmb b|qubz pubqbjbfbz al ubqldmlkqb& b U@_ |zd jluqbz qlmpbu`ydabulz #q`mluz)pdud ulg|fdu z|d plubumdkjl+
Jdad ubqldabu lkx`du |md jp`d jbmpflqd al z|d qdelfd al ubqdz d zl|z x`y`kcbzd jdad :? zlg|kabz& dqudxz al |md mlkzdglm al ulzpbzqd kb zbf`j`qdad+ Cmd`z ab`z qlmpbu`ydabulz dzzbj`dabz d jdad ubqd9 q`mlb|q#qlmpb lsp`udab) lgduedgl jbffljq`bk #jbflqd al f`sb)+
B q`mlb|q& kbumdfmlkql jbk`g|udab pdud 43? zlg|kabz& alqlum`kd t|dkqb qlmpbpulj`zd aljbuulu zlm t|l |m ubqldabu uljled t|dft|lu `kbumdb zbeul |mdubqd dkqlz t|l d ubqd zlid aljfdudad `kxf`ad+ D ubqd qdmem pbal zlu aljfdudad`kxf`ad zl qlm mqu`jd = 48+
T|dkab |md ubqd aljfdudad `kxf`ad& lfd plumdkljl kd qdelfd pdud t|l bz
x`y`kcbz pbzzdm zlu kbq``jdabz ab dqb+ Lzqd kbq``jdb qlm t|l bjbuulu dkqlzab qum`kb ab qlmpbu`ydabu gduedgl-jbffljq`bk& kbumdfmlkql jbk`g|udab pdud45? zlg|kabz+ T|dkab lzql qlmpbu`ydabu lsp`ud& d ubqd ulmbx`ad ad qdelfd+
V Md`z `khbumdlz9cqqp9""www+j`zjb+jbm"|k`xluja"jj"qa"abj"j`z`kqwn"`qbRabj"up+pa
Jbm b daxlkqb abz pubqbjbfbz BZ_H l @Z-@Z& pdulj`dt|l b pubqbjbfb U@_ zl qbukdu`d bezbflqb+ Lmebud bzkbxbz pubqbjbfbz zlidm z|plu`bulz db U@_& lzql d`kad
qlm dfg|mdz xdkqdglkz `kqlulzzdkqlz+
Jbkz`aludkab dz plt|lkdz ulalz& b bxlucldaab U@_ m|`qb plt|lkb& qdkqb lm qlumbz ab |zb al fdug|udal edkad& jbmb lm qlumbz al z`mpf`j`adal aljbk`g|udb l `mpflmlkqdb+ Dfm a`zzb& ls`zqlmm|`qb md`z `mpflmlkqdlz al U@_ kdz ulalz dq|d`zab t|l kbz b|qubz ab`z pubqbjbfbz jbme`kdabz+
Jbmb alzxdkqdglkz& pbalmbz j`qdu b dqb al t|llfl f`m`qdab d 4< cbpz& qbukdkab-b `kx`xlf lm ulalz gudkalz+ _bu b|qub fdab&
jbm gudkal kmlub al ubqldabulz& qlulmbz m|`qdz mlkzdglkz al dkkj`b alubqdz+ Qdmem kb z|pbuqd ubqdz dfqlukdq`xdz& mdkqlkab dplkdz d mlfcbu ubqd
U@_x5 Jdudjqluzq jdz #5)
Xdkqdglkz
Z`mpflz al jbkh`g|udu
H|kj`bkd elm lm ulalz plt|lkdz
Ed`sb jbkz|mb al fdug|ud al edkad
Alzxdkqdglkz
F`m`qdab d 4< cbpz& zlkab kx`xlf lm ulalz gudkalz
Kb z|pbuqd ubqdz dfqlukdq`xdz
_ubeflmdz al lzqde`f`adalQlmpb al jbkxlugkj`d dfqb
Fbbpz
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Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 1
Lzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz UK_
pdud jdad alzq`kb kd qdelfd+ Lzzdz f`m`qdlz zb& kd uldf`adal& jbkzltkj`dz adjbkjlpb ab pubqbjbfb+
D`kad jbmb jbkzltkj`d ad jbkjlpb ab U@_& ls`zqlm pubeflmdz al
lzqde`f`adal l jbkxlugkj`d al qdelfdz al ubqdz+ D jbkxlugkj`d adz qdelfdz abza`xluzbz ubqldabulz flkqd& alx`ab db qlmpb al dq|df`ydb+ Al`k`mbz qlmpb aljbkxlugkj`d jbmb b qlmpb kljlzzu`b pdud t|l qbadz dz qdelfdz abz ubqldabulz`t|lm dq|df`ydadz& t|dkab c m|adkd al qbpbfbg`d+
T|dkqb dbz pubeflmdz al lzqde`f`adal& pbalmbz j`qdu d jbkqdglm db `kh`k`qb+Xlulmbz t|l lzzl pubeflmd pbal zlu m`k`m`ydab jbm dz qjk`jdz al cbu`ybkqla`x`a`ab& cbu`ybkql a`x`a`ab jbm `kxluzb lkxlklkdad l dq|df`ydlz `mla`dqdz+
Jbkqdglm db `kh`k`qb
B pubeflmd ad jbkqdglm db `k`k`qb #jb|kq qb`kh`k`q)pbal zlu almbkzqudab kd `g|ud dj`md+
B ub|qlu?lzq a`ulqdmlkql jbkljqdab z ulalz4? l 5?& l b ub|qlu4 z ulalz 5? l :?+ Jdad |mdk|kj`d z|d qdelfd pdud b b|qub+
T|dkab b ub|qlu?uljlel d qdelfd ab ub|qlu4& lfldq|df`yd z|d qdelfd `kjf|`kab d ulal :?& jbmmqu`jd = 5 x`d ub|qlu4+
T|dkab b ub|qlu4 uljlel d qdelfd ab ub|qlu?& lfldq|df`yd z|d qdelfd `kjf|`kab d ulal 4?& jbmmqu`jd = 5 x`d ub|qlu?+
Dz qdelfdz `jdm jbmb lzqb kd `g|ud+ @mdg`kl dgbud t|l b f`knab ub|qlu?pdud dulal 4? jd`| #ulpulzlkqdab plfb S)+ B ub|qlu?xlu``jd t|l b ub|qlu4 dk|kj`d t|lqlm ubqd pdud d ulal 4? jbm mqu`jd = 5+ B ub|qlu?lkqb dq|df`yd z|d qdelfdpdud d ulal 4? jbm mqu`jd = :& x`d ub|qlu4+
B t|l b ub|qlu?kb plujlel #l d lzq b pubeflmd) t|l d ubqd dk|kj`dad plfbub|qlu4 pdzzd pbu lfl mlzmb #ub|qlu?)& al`sdkab al zlu |md ubqd xf`ad+
B ub|qlu4 pbu z|d xly dq|df`yd z|d qdelfd jbfbjdkab mqu`jd = 1 pdud d ulal 4?+B ub|qlu?& edzldab kd `kbumdb ab ub|qlu4& dq|df`yd d z|d qdelfd pdud mqu`jd= < l dzz`m pbu a`dkql& dq dq`kg`u d mqu`jd = 48& t|l z`gk``jd ulal `kdq`kgxlf+
Jbkz`aludkab t|l dz dq|df`ydlz zb l`qdz d jdad :? zlg|kabz& xd` almbudum|`qb pdud dz qdelfdz jbkxlug`ulm+
Dfg|mdz `mpflmlkqdlz budm l`qdz kb U@_x5 pdud ulzbfxlu b| jbkqbukdu lzzlpubeflmd+
Jbkqdglm db `kh`k`qb
Qdelfd ubqdz ub|qlu? Qdelfd ubqdz ub|qlu4
Z|pbkcd t|l d ulal 4? lzqlid hbud #jd`| b f`kn)
ub|qlu?dk|kj`d t|l d ubqd qlm mqu`jd : #x`d ub|qlu4)
ub|qlu4dq|df`yd d mqu`jd pdud 1 #:.4) #x`d ub|qlu?)
ub|qlu?dq|df`yd d mqu`jd pdud < #1.4) #x`d ub|qlu4)
L dzz`m pbu a`dkql& dq dq`kg`u d mqu`jd 48
Alzq`kb Klsq Cbp Mqu`jdUlal 4? - 4Ulal 5? - 4Ulal :? ub|qlu4 5
Alzq`kb Klsq Cbp Mqu jdUlal 4? ub|qlu? 5Ulal 5? - 4Ulal :? - 4
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_ubqbjbfb al ubqldmlkqb U@_
@mpflmlkqdlz lzplj`d`z ab U@_x5
V Zpf`q cbu`ybk #cbu`ybkql a`x`a`ab)9 Jbm lzqdqjk`jd& b ubqldabu ulg`zqud d `kqludjl dqudxz ad
t|df uljlel| `kbumdlz zbeul |md ubqd& l kba`|kal `kbumdlz zbeul lzqd ubqd& dqudxzalzqd mlzmd `kqludjl+ Kb kbzzb lslmpfb& bub|qlu4 uljlelu`d `kbumdlz zbeul d ubqd pdudd ulal 4?& d pduq`u ab ub|qlu?& fbgb b ub|qlu4 kb`u`d lkx`du `kbumdlz zbeul ubqdz pdud d ulal4?& al xbfqd pdud b ub|qlu?+ Jbm `zzb i zlu`dlx`qdab b pubeflmd ab jb|kq qb `kh`k`q+ Lm b|qudzpdfdxudz& lzqd jdudjqluzq`jd pbal zlu ulz|m`addzz`m9 l| dpulka` |md ubqd pdud d ulal S dqudxz
al xbj& fbgb xbj kb pbal dpulkalu |md ubqdpdud d mlzmd ulal S dqudxz al m`kcdz`kbumdlz+
V Zpf`q cbu`ybk w`qc pb`zbk ulxluzl#`kxluzb lkxlklkdad)9 Klzqd qjk`jd&t|dkab |m ubqldabu dpulkal b jdm`kcb pdud |md alqlum`kdad ulal& lfldk|kj`d b zl| jdm`kcb al xbfqd pdud lzqd ulal& jbm |md mqu`jd = 48+ Kblslmpfb ad `g|ud dkqlu`bu& b ub|qlu4 uljlel d `kbumdb ab ub|qlu?t|l dulal 4? lzq d 4 cbp al a`zqkj`d+ B ub|qlu4 dk|kj`d pdud b ub|qlu?t|l dulal 4? lzq d 48 cbpz al a`zqkj`d+ Jbm `zzb& idmd`z b ub|qlu?xd` qlkqdudjcdu |m jdm`kcb pdud d ulal 4? dqudxz ab ub|qlu4& b t|l dy zlkq`ab& i
t|l b ub|qlu?lzq a`ulqdmlkql jbkljqdab ulal 4?+V Qu`gglula |padqlz #dq|df`ydlz kzqdkqkldz)9 Jbm lzqd qjk`jd bz
ubqldabulz pbalm dk|kj`du m|adkdz kd mqu`jd al |md ubqd `mla`dqdmlkql&zlm lzpludu b pus`mb plubab al dkkj`b+ Klzql jdzb& ulalz t|l zl qbuklm`ka`zpbkxl`z pbalm zlu dk|kj`dadz `mla`dqdmlkql jbm |m cbp al 48& b|zlid& `kdfjdkxlf+ Lzqd qjk`jd |q`f`ydad lm jbme`kdb jbm d qjk`jd al`kxluzb lkxlklkdad& pdud qlkqdu a`m`k|`u b qlmpb al jbkxlugkj`d ad ulal&lm z`q|dlz bkal cb|xl `ka`zpbk`e`f`adal al |m ubqldabu b| al |m f`kn+ Lzqdqjk`jd a`m`k|` b qlmpb kljlzzu`b pdud jbkxlugkj`d ad ulal& pbum gludmd`z qulgb kd ulal+
Dz `mpflmlkqdlz al U@_ qm t|l z|pbuqdu zpf`q cbu`ybk l zpf`q cbu`ybk w`qcpb`zbk ulxluzl& lmebud lzzd fq`md pbzzd zlu alzde`f`qdad plfb dam`k`zqudabu& zllfl b alzlidu+ Kbumdfmlkql `zzb l`qb pbu mbq`xb al qulgb+
_bu b|qub fdab& dz dq|df`ydlz `mla`dqdz gludm m|`qb qulgb& mdz d|mlkqdm dxlfbj`adal al jbkxlugkj`d+
@mpflmlkqdlz lzplj`d`z ab U@_x5
Zbf|b ab pubeflmd al jbkqdglm db `kh`k`qb
Cbu`ybkql a`x`a`ab #zpfq cbuybk)Kb ulqbukd khbumdlz al |md ubqd db ubqldabu ab t|dfdpulkal| lzzd ubqd
Cbu`ybkql a`x`a`ab jbm kxluzb lkxlklkdad #zpf qcbuybk wqc pb`zbk ulxluzl)
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Dq|df`ydlz mla`dqdz #qu gglula |padqlz)
@khbumd mla`dqdmlkql mba`h`jdlz al ubqd& zlmdg|duadu b pus`mb plubab al dkkj`b
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Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 1
Lzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz UK_
_djbql U@_
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Dqu`e|qb ad ubqd # ub|ql qdg) Alxl zlu |zdab pdud a`lulkj`du dz ubqdz U@_`kqlukdz ab abmk`b al b|qudz ubqdz dpulka`adz al b|qubz DZ& x`d EG_& b|d`kad al b|qubz pubqbjbfbz @G_ ab abmk`b jbmb& pbu lslmpfb& BZ_H>
Lkalulb @_ @alkq``jdb ad ulal pdud d t|df d ubqd lzq zlkab dk|kj`dad>
Mzjdud al z|eulal # z|eklq mdzn) Alxl zlu dpf`jdad db lkalulb @_ pdud
zlpdudu d pduql al lkalulb al ulal ad pduql al lkalulb al cbzq>_us`mb cbp #klsq cbp) Lkalulb @_ ab pus`mb cbp `mla`dqb pdud b t|df bzpdjbqlz alzq`kdabz ulal dk|kj`dad alxlm zlu lkjdm`kcdabz>
Mqu`jd Alxl jbkqlu |m xdfbu lkqul 4 l 4 b xdfbu al 48 `ka`jd alzq`kb`kdfjdkxlf+
Hdd dgbud dz dq`x`adalz 4 l 5+Jdad dq`x`adal alxl zlu lslj|qdad lm dq :? m`k|qbz+
_djbql U@_
U@_ |zd pubqbjbfb \A_ pbuqd
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Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 1_ubqbjbfb al ubqldmlkqb U@_
Ubql`ub al dq`x`adalz
Qp`jbz l jbkjl`qbz
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H|kj`bkdmlkqb ab pubqbjbfb U@_
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Lkqlkalu b |kj`bkdmlkqb ab pubqbjbfb U@_
Jdfj|fdu qdelfd al ubqdz U@_
Jbk`g|udu ubqldabulz jbm pubqbjbfb U@_
Qlmpb pulx`zqb pdud dz dq`x`adalz
8?-0? m`k|qbz
Bezluxdb
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Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 1
Lzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz UK_
Dq`x`adal 4 Jbkh`g|udb ab pubqbjbfb U@_
4+ Adu ebbqkb W`kabwz& `k`j`du b XMwdul _fdlu& mds`m`ydu d idklfd ab
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mds`m`ydu d idklfd& kb zlu pbzzxlf x`z|df`ydu d eduud al hluudmlkqdz
kd pduql `khlu`bu ad qlfd+
5+ Dpz `k`j`du b pubgudmd @M\KLZ& jduulgdu b dut|`xb al qbpbfbg`d
UlalQlzql4+`mk+ Zlflj`bkl kb mlk|d bpb Lsplu`mlkq"Lslj|qlpdud
lkqudu kb mbab al lslj|b+
:+ Dpbkql pdud b ub|qlu?& mdkqlkcd dpluqdab b ebqb a`ul`qb ab mb|zl l
zlflj`bkl d bpb Lqcluldf"zlu?#`kqluhdjl zlu?ab ubqldabu)+
1+ _dud `k`j`du |md jdpq|ud& zlflj`bkl b pu`ml`ub jbkl kb dfqb lzt|luad
kd eduud pu`kj`pdf #Zqduq d klw f`xl jdpq|ul+++) l jf`t|l klfl+
Z|ug`u d qlfd al bplz ab Lqcluldf #Lqcluldf9 jdpq|ul bpq`bkz)> zlflj`bkl BN+
Lm zlg|`ad& z|ug`u |md qlfd ls`e`kab b qbqdf al pdjbqlz pbu pubqbjbfb& mla`adt|l zb jdpq|udabz kd `kqludjl lqc?+ M`k`m`yl lzzdz idklfdz+
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_ubqbjbfb al ubqldmlkqb U@_
a`ulqdmlkql jbkljqdadz& z`gk``jd t|l cb|xl |m luub al `k`j`df`ydb t|dkab b`lslj|qdad d bpb Lsplu`mlkq"Lslj|ql kb `qlm 5+ D bpludb alxl zlu l`qdkbxdmlkql+
7+ _dud jbkh`g|udu dz ubqdz U@_& pulj`zdmbz lkqudu kb mbab al jbkh`g|udb
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B pubmpqm|ad& mbzqudkab t|l lzqdmbz kb mbab al jbk`g|udb gfbedf+
Lm zlg|`ad a`g`ql b jbmdkab9 ub|qlu u`p
Bezluxl d m|adkd ab pubmpq`ka`jdkab b mbab al jbk`g|udb al ubqdz+
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_bal pduljlu lzqudkcb a`g`qdu d `alkq``jdb ad ulal Jfdzzl E 475+48+?+?"48&mdz lzqd ulal b` a`x`a`ad lm z|eulalz Jfdzzl J9 475+48+4?+?"51&475+48+5?+?"51 lqj+ _dud b pubqbjbfb U@_ kb c kljlzz`adal al lzplj``jdujdad |md adz z|eulalz+ Lfl `u alzjbeu`u zby`kcb dz z|eulalz& dkdf`zdkab dzmzjdudz al z|eulal+
Dpz a`g`qdu lzzlz jbmdkabz& qljfl Jquf-ypdud lkjluudu d jbk`g|udb+ Xbfqd bpubmpqab mbab pu`x`flg`dab+
B jbmdkab zc `p u`p z alxl zlu a`g`qdab alpb`z t|l jbmpflqdu d jdpq|udabz pdjbqlz& jbkbuml bu`lkqdb ab `kzqu|qbu+
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Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 1
Lzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz UK_
3+ Hdylu d mlzmd jb`zd jbm bz almd`z ubqldabulz& jbkhbuml mbzqudm dz
h`g|udz d zlg|`u+
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plfb mlkbz 4? pdjbqlz& lkqul pdjbqlz U@_ l @GM_+ Flmeul-zl al t|l b
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ubqdz dk|kj`dadz plfb ub|qlu4 pdud b ub|qlu?l ab ub|qlu?pdud b ub|qlu4+
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7 pbuqdkqb& zl d ulal m|`qbgudkal& jdad mlkzdglm qlu al zlu z|ea`x`a`ad lm xu`bz pdjbqlz& a`m`k|`kabmd`z d`kad d xlfbj`adal al jbkxlugkj`d+ _bu z|d jbkjlpb& b BZ_H dalt|dab
d ulalz al ma`b l gudkal pbuql+
Jbmpdudb U@_ s BZ_H
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U@_x4 kb z|pbuqd XFZM& t|l |m ulj|uzb m|`qb q`f pdud b dpubxl`qdmlkqb al lkaluldmlkqb @_>b U@_x5 z|pbuqd XFZM& elm jbmb b BZ_H& t|ldy |m |zb `kqlf`glkql alzzl ulj|uzb>
V Eubdajdzqz plu`a`jbz ad qdelfd al ubqldmlkqbjbmpflqd jbkzbmlm gudkalz t|dkq`adalz alfdug|ud al edkad& lzplj`dfmlkql lm ulalzmd`bulz& l zb juq`jbz lm lkfdjlz zlu`d`z flkqbzl ulalz WDK> BZ_H z dy eubdajdzqt|dkab cdfqludb kd qdelfd al ubqldmlkqb>
U@_x4 kb z|pbuqd mlkzdglkz m|fq`jdzqal dq|df`ydb al qdelfdz& dplkdz bU@_x5& elm jbmb b BZ_H>
U@_ qlm |md jbkxlugkj`d md`z flkqd ab t|l b BZ_H& pbut|l bz ubqldabulzU@_ qlmpbu`ydm cbfa-abwk l gduedgl jbffljq`bk& l almbudm pdud plujlelu bq`mlb|qal `kbumdlz> b BZ_H pubpdgd `kzqdkqdkldmlkql dz `kbumdlz adqdelfd al ubqldmlkqb& l kb plu`ba`jdmlkql jbmb b U@_>
U@_ |zd zbmlkql d mqu`jd al kmlub al cbpz& zlm jbkz`aludu ulqduab abzlkfdjlz l j|zqbz adz ubqdz& t|l zb pdumlqubz `mpbuqdkqlz lm gudkalzulalz> f`knz jbm mlkbz cbpz zb zlmpul pullu`abz lm alqu`mlkqb al f`knz
jbm md`z cbpz& lmebud lzzlz fq`mbz pbzzdm zlu md`z xlfbylz>BZ_H jbkz`alud b j|zqb al jdad ubqd l dy |m mlfcbu edfdkjldmlkqb aljdugd jbkz`aludkab b |zb al ubqdz dfqlukdq`xdz> `zzb pbzzxlf pbut|l b BZ_Hqlm |m edkjb al adabz ad qbpbfbg`d ad ulal l kb dplkdz adabz al jdadubqd t|l lfl jbkcljl> lm jbkzltkj`d a`zzb& b BZ_H jdfj|fd ubqdz f`xulz alfbbpz>
Ulalz U@_ kb qm c`ludut|`d #zb a`qdz hfdq pfdkdz)& kb plum`q`kab dal`k`b al uldz> BZ_H plum`ql d a`x`zb ab abmk`b al ubqldmlkqb #DZ) lmxu`dz uldz& ula|y`kab d pubpdgdb al `kbumdlz al ubqldmlkqb>
U@_x4 kb d|qlkq`jd mlkzdglkz al dq|df`ydb al qdelfdz& dplkdz b U@_x5& elm jbmb b BZ_H>
Jbmpdudb U@_ s BZ_H
JDUDJQLUZQ@JD U@_ BZ_H
F`m`ql al cbpz 4< Kb
Z|pbuqd XFZM #Xdu`defl Flkgqc Z|eklq Mdzn) Z`m Z`m
Eubdajdzq`kgplu`a`jb ad qdelfd al ubqldmlkqb Z`m Kb
Eubdajdzq`kgzbmlkql t|dkab d q delfd dq|df `ydad Kb Z`m
Dq|df`ydb al q delfdz jbm mlkzdglkz @_ m|fq`jdzq Z`m Z`m
Jbkxlugkj`d adz qdelfdz al ubqldmlkqb Flkqd Up`ad
Alj`zb al ubqldmlkqb edzldad zbmlkql kbz cbpz Z`m Kb
Alj`zb al ubqldmlkqb edzldad lm xu `dz mqu `jdz Kb Z`m
Ubqdz dfqlukdq`xdz pdud b mlzmb alzq`kb Kb Z`mC`ludut|`d al ubqldmlkqb #a`x`zb lm uldz) Kb Z`m
D|qlkq`jdb adz mlkzdglkz al dq|df`ydb al ubqdz Z`m Z`m
Jbm|k`jdb jbm pub qbjb fbz ls qlu `b ulz db D Z Kb Z`m
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Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm b BZ_H plum`ql d `kquba|b al ubqdz lsqlukdz bu`|kadzab EG_+
Jbkjl`qb al Lzqdab ab Lkfdjl
_balmbz jbkz`aludu |m lkfdjl #f`kn) jbmb |md`kqludjl ab ubqldabu+ B lzqdab ab lkfdjl #f`kn zqdql) |md alzju`b ad `kqludjl l al zl|ulfdj`bkdmlkqb jbm bz zl|z ubqldabulz x`y`kcbz+
\md alzju`b ad `kqludjl pbal `kjf|`u& pbulslmpfb& b lkalulb @_ ad `kqludjl& d mzjdud alz|eulal& b q`pb al ulal d t|df lzq jbkljqdad& bz
ubqldabulz jbkljqdabz t|lfd ulal l dzz`m pbua`dkql+
B jbki|kqb al qbabz bz lzqdabz al lkfdjl bumd |m edkjb al adabz al lzqdabal lkfdjl+
Lzql pubqbjbfb jbm debuadglm a`km`jd |m abz md`z pbp|fdulz dfgbu`qmbzlmpulgdabz lm ulalz mbalukdz& z|ezq`q|`kab b pubqbjbfb Xlqbu-A`zqkj`d plfdzxdkqdglkz dpulzlkqdadz kd jbmpdudb U@_ s BZ_H+
B pubqbjbfb zl edzl`d kbz j`kjb pbkqbz ulfdj`bkdabz ded`sb9
Alzjbeu`u zl|z x`y`kcbz l zl|z lkalulbz al ulal
Jdfj|fdu b ulqduab b| j|zqb pdud jdad |m abz x`y`kcbz
Jbkzqu|`u |m pdjbql `kbumdkab q|ab t|l dpulkal|
_ubpdgdu b pdjbql pdud qbabz bz ubqldabulz
Jdfj|fdu b mlkbu jdm`kcb pdud qbabz bz ubqldabulz
Dfgbu`qmb Z_H A`inzqud
B ubqldmlkqb plfb jdm`kcb md`z j|uqb zl edzl`d kbdfgbu`qmb al A`inzqud& j|ibz pdzzbz lzqbulpulzlkqdabz dj`md+
Edz`jdmlkql jbkz`zql lm jbkzqu|`u |m gudb adulal& bkal jdad k ulpulzlkqd |m ubqldabu& l b dujbt|l `kqluf`gd |m pdu al kz ulpulzlkqd |md f`kcd aljbm|k`jdb #f`kn)+
_dud lzjbfclu |md ubqd lkqul |m adab pdu al
ubqldabulz& b dfgbu`qmb pulj`zd dplkdz alqlum`kdu b
Jbkjl`qb al Lzqdab ab Lkfdjl
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F`kn Zqdql Ub|qkg _ubqbjbf
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Jdudjqluzq`jdz
Alzjbeu`u zl|z x`y`kcbz l zl|z lkalulbz al ulal
Jdfj|fdu b ulqduab b| j|zqb pdud jdad |m abz x`y`kcbz
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_ubpdgdu b pdjbql pdud qbabz bz ubqldabulz
Jdfj|fdu b mlkbu jdm`kcb pdud qbabz bz ubqldabulz
Dfgbu qmb Z_H A`inzqud #4)
Jdad k lq`t|lqdab jbm d a`zqkj`d alzal b khbkql& db fbkgb ab mlfcbu jdm`kcb jbkclj`ab+@k`j`dfmlkql qbabz bz kz zb lq`t|lqdabz jbm + mla`ad t|l b dfgbu`qmb xd` jdfj|fdkab bz jdm`kcbzmd`z j|uqbz& dz lq`t|lqdz xb m|adkab+\md lq`t|lqd pbal zlu lsplu`mlkqdf b| plumdklkql+@k`j`dfmlkql qbadz dz lq`t|lqdz zb lsplu`mlkqd`z+T|dkab |md lq`t|lqd ulpulzlkqd b mlkbu jdm`kcbpbzzxlf lkqul d hbkql l b k lzpljh`jb& lfd zl qbukdplumdklkql l kb zlu md`z dfqludad+
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_ubqbjbfb al ubqldmlkqb BZ_H _duql 4
jdm`kcb md`z j|uqb lkqul bz ubqldabulz kb gudb+ _dud `zzb& pbal zl edzldu lma`lulkqlz mqu`jdz9
Kmlub al cbpz lkqul bkql l alzq`kb>
A`zqkj`d z`jd #glbgu`jd)>
H`fd ma`d l dqudzb al qudkzm`zzb dzzbj`dab d jdad f`kcd al jbm|k`jdb kbjdm`kcb+
B dam`k`zqudabu pbal al`k`u |m xdfbu k`jb t|l ulpulzlkqd d pbkaludb alzzlzdqbulz l t|l zl jcdmd j|zqb ad ubqd+
B jdm`kcb md`z j|uqb zlu b jdm`kcb md`z up`ab& kb kljlzzdu`dmlkql b almlkbu kmlub al cbpz b| al t|`fmlqubz+
Dfgbu qmb Z_H A`inzqud #5)
Lslmpfb al h|kj`bkdmlkqb ab dfgbu`qmb Z_H
Bz kmlubz ulpulzlkqdm b j|zqb adz ubqdz
Alzlidmbz alqlum`kdu b mlkbu jdm`kcb al D dq A
4+ K D mdujdab jbmb k plumdklkql #juj|fb jclb)>
5+ K D jcdmdab k al qudedfcb>
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A#&-)L#&-) H#&-)
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Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm
7+ Dpz qbabz bz kz daidjlkqlz db k al qudedfcb qlulm z`ablsdm`kdabz& b k jbm b mlkbu xdfbu zl qbukd plumdklkql l
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G#
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04
_ubqbjbfb al ubqldmlkqb BZ_H _duql 4
Dfgbu`qmb Z_H A`inzqud Ulz|mbD `g|ud dj`md ulz|ml bz pdzzbz lspf`jdabzdkqlu`bumlkql+
V _dzzb 49 B k D b k al qudedfcb #juj|fbdy|f jcl`b)> d lq`t|lqd qbukd-zl plumdklkql l bzkz daidjlkqlz d lfl zb lsdm`kdabz pdudalqlum`kdu d a`zqkj`d alfl dq b k lm lsdml>bz kz E l G gdkcdm lq`t|lqdz& mdz dplkdz b kE plumdklkql& pbut|l qlm b mlkbu xdfbu>
qbadz dz lq`t|lqdz zb mdujdadz jbm d`alkq``jdb ab k d pduq`u ab t|df b jfj|fb b`l`qb& pdud plum`q`u d uljbkzqu|b ab jdm`kcb>
V _dzzb 59 Jbmb b k E al mlkbu xdfbu& lfl pdzzd d zlu b kbxb k alqudedfcb> d pduq`u alfl zb jdfj|fdadz dz a`zqkj`dz ulfdq`xdz dbz kz J l L> bk L qbukdab plumdklkql pbut|l qlm b mlkbu xdfbu>
V _dzzb :9 B k L b kbxb k al qudedfcb> d pduq`u alfl zb jdfj|fdadz dza`zqkj`dz ulfdq`xdz dbz kz G l H> kbql t|l b k G qlm zl| xdfbu ulal`k`ab>lud #8&D) l `jb| # b k G qbukdab plumdklkql pbut|l qlm b mlkbu xdfbu>
V _dzzb 19 B k G b kbxb k al qudedfcb> d pduq`u alfl jdfj|fdad da`zqkj`d ulfdq`xd db k C> b k H qbukdab plumdklkql pbut|l qlm b mlkbuxdfbu>
V _dzzb d pduq`u alfl zb jdfj|fdadz dza`zqkj`dz ulfdq`xdz dbz kz J l C> b k C qbukdab plumdklkql pbut|l qlmb mlkbu xdfbu> z|d a`zqkj`d b` uljdfj|fdad pbut|l b` lkjbkqudab |mjdm`kcb mlkbu> b k J plumdkljl jbm b mlzmb xdfbu& pb`z dz a|dz ubqdzjdfj|fdadz zb `g|d`z>
V _dzzb 89 B k C b kbxb k al qudedfcb> d pduq`u alfl jdfj|fdad d
a`zqkj`d ulfdq`xd db k A #4?&C)+
Dfgbu qmb Z_H A`inzqud #7)
45+ D pduq`u ab kbxb k al qudedfcb #k H)& jdad |m abz kzdaidjlkqlz lsdm`kdab>
4:+ Dpz qbabz bz kz daidjlkqlz db k al qudedfcb qlulmz`ab lsdm`kdabz& b k jbm b mlkbu xdfbu zl qbukdplumdklkql l pdzzd d zlu b kbxb k al qudedfcb #k C)>
41+ D pduq`u ab k C& alqlum`kd-zl b k A #4?&C)+
D
E#5&D) J#0&E)
A#4?&C)L#1&E) H#8&L)
G#
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Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm
Alpb`z t|l jdad ubqldabu jbmpflqd b zl| edkjb al adabz& lfl jdfj|fd duxbul al qudilqu`dz md`z j|uqd #Zcbuqlzq _dqc Qull) pdud qbabz bz alzq`kbz+ Bubqldabu |zd b dfgbu`qmb al A`inzqud pdud dylu lzzl jfj|fb+ Bz alzq`kbz& bzl| ulzpljq`xb j|zqb dzzbj`dab l b pus`mb cbp pdud dq`kg`u dt|lfl alzq`kbbumdm d qdelfd al ubqldmlkqb @_+
Zl klkc|md dfqludb kd ulal BZ_H bjbuulu& jbmb& pbu lslmpfb& b j|zqb al|m f`knb| kbxdz ulalz da`j`bkdadz b| lsjf|adz& BZ_H plumdkljlu lm
z`fkj`b+ T|d`zt|lu m|adkdz t|l bjbuudm zlub `kbumdadz x`d pdjbqlz allzqdab al lkfdjl l b dfgbu`qmb al A`inzqud uljdfj|fdab pdud lkjbkqudu bjdm`kcb md`z j|uqb+
H|kj`bkdmlkqb ab pubqbjbfb BZ_H
Bz pdzzbz ab dfgbu`qmb ab lzqdab al lkfdjl9
4+ B ubqldabu glud |m dkkj`b al lzqdab al lkfdjl>
5+ Bz ubqldabulz qubjdm `khbumdlz lkqul z` |zdkab bpubqbjbfb hfbba`kg#`k|kadb)>
:+ Dpz jbmpflqdu b edkjb al adabz& jdad ubqldabujdfj|fd b jdm`kcb md`z j|uqb pdud bz almd`z>
1+ Zl klkc|md dfqludb al qbpbfbg`d bjbuulu& klkc|md`khbumdb zlu qubjdad lkqul bz ubqldabulz> zlbjbuulu m|adkd& b jdm`kcb md`z j|uqb zluuljdfj|fdab+
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zlflj`bkl BN+ Lmzlg|`ad& z|ug`u |md qlfd bkal mbzqudab b qbqdf al pdjbqlz pbu pubqbjbfb& mla`ad t|l zb jdpq|udabz kd `kqludjl zlu?+ M`k`m`yl lzzdz idklfdz+
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Jquf-Y #pdud lkjluudu d jbk`g|udb)>
Jbmb xlulmbz md`z da`dkql& b pubqbjbfb BZ_H c`luut|`jb& plum`q`kab d a`x`zbad ulal lm uldz& zlkab d uld ? b edjnebkl+
Lzzlz jbmdkabz lzqb mbzqudabz kd `g|ud d zlg|`u+
7+ D mlzmd jb`zd alxl zlu hl`qd kbz jbkzbflz abz ubqldabulz ub|qlu4 l
ub|qlu5+
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Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm
Gfbzzub
F`kn
Ub|qlu @A
Fbbpedjn kqluhdjl
Kl`gcebuz
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_ubqbjbfb al ubqldmlkqb BZ_H _duql 5
V Daidjlkj \md daidjkj`d |md ulfdb lkqulab`z ubqldabulz BZ_H t|l plum`ql d qubjd a`ulqdal dq|df`ydlz al ubqdz+ B BZ_H zbmlkql qubjddq|df`ydlz al ubqdz lkqul x`y`kcbz t|l qlkcdm
lzqdelflj`ab daidjkj`dz+ Klm qbabz bzubqldabulz x`y`kcbz zlub daidjlkqlz> xd`alplkalu ab q`pb al ulal l ad jbk`g|udb abzubqldabulz>
V Clffb pubqbjbf B pubqbjbfb al Clffb #Df)plum`ql d alzjbeluqd a`km`jd al x`y`kcbz l dmdk|qlkb al ulfdlz al x`y`kcdkd+ _djbqlzal Clffb l F`kn Zqdql Daxluq`zlmlkq#FZD) zb|zdabz pdud jbkzqu|`u l mdkqlu dq|df`ydab bedkjb al adabz al qbpbfbg`d ad ulal+ Bz
pdjbqlz al Clffb zb lkaluldabz pdud blkalulb @_ m|fq`jdzq551+?+?+
V Hfbba`kg D pduql ab pubqbjbfb BZ_H t|l a`zqu`e|` l z`kjubk`yd b edkjb aladabz al lzqdab al lkfdjl lkqul ubqldabulz BZ_H>
V Kl`gcebuzc`p adqdedzl B edkjb al adabz al x`y`kcdkd |md f`zqd alqbabz bz ubqldabulz BZ_H abz t|d`z budm uljle`abz pdjbqlz al Clffb+A`xluzdz `kbumdlz& jbmb d U@A l b lzqdab al lkfdjl& zb dumdylkdadz kbedkjb al adabz al x`y`kcdkd al jdad ubqldabu>
V Qbpbfbg adqdedzl B edkjb al adabz al qbpbfbg`d jbkqm `kbumdlz al
qbabz bz pdjbqlz al Dkkj`b al Lzqdab al Lkfdjl #F`kn Zqdql Daxluq`zlmlkqFZD) t|l budm uljle`abz al |md uld BZ_H+ B ubqldabu |zd lzqd `kbumdbjbmb lkqudad pdud b dfgbu`qmb al A`inzqud t|l jdfj|fd d ubqd md`z j|uqd#Zcbuqlzq _dqc H`uzq Z_H) pdud jdad ulal>
V F`kn Zqdql Daxluq`zlmlkq \m Dkkj`b al Lzqdab al Lkfdjl #FZD) |mpdjbql al adabz BZ_H jbkqlkab `kbumdlz al lzqdab al lkfdjl l alubqldmlkqb t|l zb jbmpduq`fcdadz zbmlkql lkqul bz ubqldabulz BZ_H t|lqlkcdm lzqdelflj`ab daidjkj`dz>
V Alz`gkdqla ub|qlu \m ubqldabu alz`gkdab #AU) lfl`qb zlmpul t|l
ubqldabulz BZ_H zb jbkljqdabz mlzmd ulal m|fq`-djlzzb+ D J`zjb jcdmdlzzdz ulalz al ulalz eubdajdzqjbmb& pbu lslmpfb& |md ulal fbjdf Lqcluklq+_dud ula|y`u d t|dkq`adal al daidjkj`dz ju`dadz& |m AU lzjbfc`ab pduduljlelu l a`x|fgdu `kbumdlz al ubqldmlkqb abz almd`z ubqldabulz& jbm d`kdf`adal al gdudkq`u t|l dz qdelfdz al qbpbfbg`d lzqlidm z`kjubk`ydadz+Qbabz bz ubqldabulz kd ulal m|fq`-djlzzb lzqdelfljlub daidjkj`dz jbm bAU l zl| edjn|p #EAU)+ Lzqd lfl`b gdkcd plfb ubqldabu jbm d md`z dfqdpu`bu`adal b|& jdzb ls`zqdm ab`z jbm d mlzmd pu`bu`adal& jbm b al U@Amd`bu>
V Edjn|p alz`gkdqla ub|qlu B edjn|p ab ubqldabu alz`gkdab #EAU) |m cbq
zqdkaeab AU+ B EAU uljlel qbadz dz `kbumdlz al dq|df`ydb al ubqdzabz ubqldabulz BZ_H daidjlkqlz& mdz kb dz pubpdgd>
Gfbzzub #jbkq+)
Daidjlkj
Clffb pubqbjbf
Hfbba`kg
Klgcebuzc`p adqdedzl
Qbpbfbg adqdedzl
F`kn Zqdql Daxluq`zlmlkq
Alz`gkdqla ub|qlu
Edjn|p alz`gkdqla ub|qlu
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Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 8
Lzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz UK_
V BZ_H duldz uldz BZ_H zb |m dgu|pdmlkqbal ubqldabulz l ulalz jbkqg|dz+ Qbabz bzubqldabulz kd mlzmd uld jbmpduq`fcdm |mdDuld @A#@alkq``jdb al uld) jbm|m+ Jbmb |m
ubqldabu pbal zlu mlmeub al md`z al |md ulddb mlzmb qlmpb& d Duld @A dzzbj`dad d`kqludjlz lzplj`jdz ab ubqldabu+ @zqb plum`qlt|l& pbu lslmpfb& |md `kqludjl pluqlkd uld4 l b|qud uld ? #edjnebkl)+ Qbabz bzubqldabulz alkqub ad mlzmd uld qm d mlzmdqdelfd al qbpbfbg`d+ uldz BZ_H plum`qlmlzqdelfljlu |md c`ludut|`d kd ulal l d|mlkqdu dlzjdfde`f`adal ab BZ_H>
V Zq|e duldz BZ_H plum`ql t|l jluqdz uldz zlidm jbk`g|udadz jbmb zq|eduldz+ Lzzdz uldz qm dz zlg|`kqlz ulzqu`lz9 4+ Ubqdz lsqlukdz&`kbumdadz d pduq`u al b|qubz pubqbjbfbz& kb pbalm zlu pubpdgdadz klfdz#hfbbala)> 5+ B ubqldmlkqb alzzdz uldz pdud b m|kab lsqlu`bu edzldab lmubqdz pdaub> :+ Kb pbalm zlu uldz al qukz`qb pdud lkfdjlz x`uq|d`z klmpbalm zlu b edjnebkl> 1+ Kb pbalm jbkqlu |m DZEU+ Qbabz bz ubqldabulzklzzdz uldz zb jbk`g|udabz jbmb zq|e ub|qluz> lm |kb adz ulzqu`lz&lflz qlub |m edkjb al adabz al qbpbfbg`d ula|y`ab l mlkbu jbkz|mb almlmu`d> qbadz dz `kqludjlz t|l pluqlkjlm d lzzdz uldz qubjdm pdjbqlzal Clffb jbm |m hfdg`ka`jdkab t|l lzqd `kqludjl zq|e #e`qL)> qbabz bzubqldabulz ad uld alxlm jbkjbuadu t|dkqb db |zb ab hfdgpdud pbalulm zlu
x`y`kcbz>V Eubdajdzq#m|fq`-djjlzz) Ulalz eubdajdzqal djlzzb mfq`pfb #m|fq`-djjlzz)&
qd`z jbmb dz ulalz fbjd`z Lqcluklq& plum`qlm t|l mfq`pfbz a`zpbz`q`xbz zljbkljqlm #b| djlzzlm) mlzmd ulal& elm jbmb qdmem plum`qlm ddj`f`adal al eubdajdzq`kg& bkal |m k`jb pdjbql pbal zlu lkqulg|l d qbabzbz kz ad ulal+ \m AU l |m EAU qm t|l zlu lfl`qbz pdud jdad ulaleubdajdzq#m|fq`-djjlzz)>
V Kbk-eubdajdzq #m|fq`-djjlzz) Ulalz kbk-eubdajdzq#m|fq`-djjlzz) #KEMD)&qd`z jbmb dz ulalz Hudml Ulfd& S+5< #Ulkpdj) l Dzkjcubkb|z QudkzhluMbal #DQM) kb qm dj`f`adal al eubdajdzq`kgjbmb d ulal fbjdf Lqcluklq&
mdz plum`qlm djlzzb mfq`pfb+ Dzz`m& dz ulalz KEMD ult|lulm jbk`g|udblzplj`df ab BZ_H l dz ulfdlz al x`y`kcdkd pulj`zdm zlu al`k`adz>
V _b`kq-qb-pb`kq _bkqb-d-pbkqb |m q`pb al qbpbfbg`d al ulal kd t|df ls`zql|md jbklsb a`ulqd lkqul ab`z ubqldabulz bumdkab |m k`jb lkfdjl aljbm|k`jdb+ D jbklsb pbkqb-d-pbkqb pbal zlu z`jd& jbmb k|m lkfdjlzlu`df& b| fg`jd& jbmb k|m j`uj|`qb Hudml Ulfd+ Lm dmebz bz jdzbz& lzqlq`pb al jbk`g|udb lf`m`kd d kljlzz`adal al AUz b| EAUz& mdz bz x`y`kcbzzb alzjbeluqbz d|qbmdq`jdmlkql>
V _b`kq-qb-m|fq`pb`kq |m q`pb al qbpbfbg`d al ulal kd t|df ls`zql |md zu`l
al jbklslz lkqul |md k`jd `kqludjl al |m ubqldabu l mfq`pfbz ubqldabulzal alzq`kb+ Qbadz dz `kqludjlz al qbabz bz ubqldabulz t|l jbmpduq`fcdm d
Gfbzzub #jbkq+)
BZ_H duldz
Zq|e duldz
Eubdajdzq #m|fq`-djjlzz)
Kbk-eubdajdzq #m|fq`-djjlzz)
_b`kq-qb-pb`kq
_b`kq-qb-m|fq`pb`kq
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4? lslj|qddplkdz |md k`jd jp`d ab dfgbu`qmb alubqldmlkqb+
V D|qbkbmb|z Zzqlm #DZ) Ebualu Ub|qlu \mubqldabu t|l qubjd `kbumdlz al ubqldmlkqbjbm ubqldabulz pluqlkjlkqlz d b|qubz z`zqlmdzd|qkbmbz+
_djbqlz al Lzqdab al Lkfdjl
Bz a`lulkqlz q`pbz al pdjbqlz al lzqdab al lkfdjlmd`z jbm|kz lzqb `f|zqudabz kd `g|ud dj`md+ Zblflz9
V Ub|qlu f`knz Alzjulxlm b lzqdab l b j|zqb abzlkfdjlz ab ubqldabu #`kqludjlz) pdud d uld #`kqud-uld)>
V Klqwbun f`knz Bu`g`kdabz pbu |m Alz`gkdqlaUb|qlu#AU) pdud zlgmlkqbz m|fq`-djlzzb jbmmd`z al |m ubqldabu jbkljqdab+ Alzjulxl qbabz
bz ubqldabulz jbkljqdabz db zlgmlkqblzplj`jb>
BZ_H Ubqldabulz al ebuad l uld #5)
_djbqlz al Lzqdab al Lkfdjl
Ub|qlu F`knz
Klqwbun F`knz
Z|mmdup F`knz
Lsqlukdf F`knz
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_ubqbjbfb al ubqldmlkqb BZ_H _duql 5
V Z|mmdu f`knz Bu`g`kdabz zbmlkql pbu DEUz #Duld Ebualu Ub|qluz)+Alzjulxlm dz ulalz kb DZ bud al |md uld #`kqlu-uld)+ Qdmem alzjulxlmd fbjdf`ydb ab D|qbkbmb|z Zzqlm Ebualu Ub|qlu#DZEU)>
V Lsqlukdf f`knz Bu`g`kdabz pbu |m DZEU+ Alzjulxl bz alzq`kbz lsqlukbz db
DZ b| |md ubqd pdaub pdud bud ab DZ+
Jbmb mbzqudab dj`md& bz pdjbqlz ub|qlu f`knz zb |md `ka`jdb ab lzqdab adz`kqludjlz al |m ubqldabu t|l pluqlkjl d |md jluqd uld+ Jdad ubqldabu glud |mub|qlu f`knpdud qbadz dz z|dz `kqludjlz+
_djbqlz z|mmdu f`knz zb gludabz pbu DEUz+ Lzqd d mdkl`ud jbmb d`kbumdb al ubqdz adz ulalz a`zzlm`kdad lkqul uldz+ Kbumdfmlkql& qbad d`kbumdb lkx`dad pdud b edjnebkl #uld ?) l& pbu z|d xly& b edjnebkl dpubpdgd pdud dz b|qudz uldz+ DEUz qdmem qm d qduld al pubpdgdu d ubqd pdud
b DZEU+ Lzqd d mdkl`ud jbmb bz ubqldabulz jbkcljlm dz ubqdz lsqlukdz pdudb|qubz DZz+
_djbqlz klqwbun f`knz zb gludabz pbu |m AU k|m zlgmlkqb al ulal+ Lzqd`kbumdb |md `ka`jdb al qbabz bz ubqldabulz jbkljqdabz d |m pduq`j|fduzlgmlkqb m|fq`-djlzzb& qdf jbmb ulalz fbjd`z Lqcluklq& Qbnlk u`kg l HAA@& dfmal ulalz KEMD+
_djbqlz lsqlukdf f`knz zb |md `ka`jdb al ulalz bud ab DZ+ Lzzdz ulalz zb`kbumdadz db BZ_H x`d ula`zqu`e|`b+ B DZEU qlm d qduld al `kbumdu lzzdzubqdz pdud b DZ+
BZ_H Ulz|mb al h|kj`bkdmlkqb
\md jp`d `kalplkalkql ab dfgbu`qmb al ubqldmlkqbez`jb ab BZ_H ubad lm jdad uld+ Ubqldabulz t|lqm `kqludjlz pdud mfq`pfdz uldz ubadm mfq`pfdzjp`dz ab dfgbu`qmb+ D zlg|`u |m ulz|mb ab|kj`bkdmlkqb ab dfgbu`qmb al ubqldmlkqb+
T|dkab |m ubqldabu f`gdab& lfl pu`ml`ub `k`j`df`yd
dz lzqu|q|udz al adabz ab pubqbjbfb al ubqldmlkqb+B ubqldabu lkqb dg|duad d `ka`jdb abz pubqbjbfbzal jdmdadz `klu`bulz #lkfdjl al adabz l z`jd) alt|l z|dz `kqludjlz lzqb |kj`bkd`z+
B ubqldabu |zd b pubqbjbfb Clffb pdud jbkcljlu zl|z x`y`kcbz+ B ubqldabu lkx`dpdjbqlz al Clffb pdud zl|z x`y`kcbz l& lm qubjd& uljlel alflz pdjbqlz al Clffb+Lm ulalz pbkqb-d-pbkqb l eubdajdzq& b ubqldabu alqljqd a`kdm`jdmlkql zl|zx`y`kcbz lkx`dkab pdjbqlz al Clffb pdud b lkalulb m|fq`jdzq551+?+?+
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Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 8
Lzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz UK_
V Duld-`a _dud ab`z ubqldabulz kb mlzmb zlgmlkqb& z|dz `kqludjlz qm t|lpluqlkjlu mlzmd uld kb zlgmlkqb>
V D|qclkq`jdq`bk BZ_H plum`ql d jbk`g|udb al |md zlkcd pdud d uldlzplj`jd+ Ubqldabulz t|l t|lulm zlu x`y`kcbz qm t|l qlu d mlzmd zlkcd
k|m zlgmlkqb lm pduq`j|fdu>
V Clffb dka Alda @kqluxdfz BZ_H qubjd pdjbqlz Clffb lm jdad zlgmlkqb> `zqb |md bumd al nllp df`xl |zdad plfbz ubqldabulz pdud jbkcljlu d ls`zqkj`dalflz k|m zlgmlkqb l qdmem pdud lfl`b al |m AU+
B `kqluxdfb al Clffb lzplj``jd b qlmpb& lm zlg|kabz& lkqul bz pdjbqlz Clffb t|l|m ubqldabu lkx`d k|md `kqludjl BZ_H+ B `kqluxdfb jcdmdab alda `kqluxdflzplj``jd b qlmpb #lm zlg|kabz) t|l bz pdjbqlz Clffb pbalm al`sdu al zlulkx`dabz dkqlz t|l |m ubqldabu zlid aljfdudab `kdq`xb #abwk)+ BZ_H ls`gl t|l
lzzlz ab`z `kqluxdfbz zlidm lsdqdmlkql `g|d`z lkqul ab`z x`y`kcbz+ Zl kb& bzubqldabulz kb zl qbukdub x`y`kcbz+
V Zq|e duld hfdg Ab`z ubqldabulz qdmem qm t|l jbkjbuadu jbm b zq|e duldhfdg#jdzb pluqlkdm dmebz d |md zq|e duld) kbz pdjbqlz Clffb& pdud t|lpbzzdm zlu x`y`kcbz+
B ubqldabu qlkqdu ju`du daidjkj`dz jbm dfg|kz al zl|z kbxbz x`y`kcbzjbkclj`abz+ Bz edkjbz al adabz al lzqdab al lkfdjl zb z`kjubk`ydabz lkqulpdulz al ubqldabulz daidjlkqlz+ Lm ulalz eubdajdzql KEMD& b AU alqlum`kdt|l bz ubqldabulz zl qbukdub daidjlkqlz+ Daidjkj`dz jbkqubfdm d a`zqu`e|`bal `kbumdb al ubqldmlkqb+ Dq|df`ydlz al ubqdz zb lkx`dadz l uljle`adz
zbmlkql lkqul ubqldabulz daidjlkqlz+
\m ubqldabu plu`ba`jdmlkql dk|kj`d zl| lzqdab& qdmem jcdmdab al lzqdab allkfdjl+ B lzqdab al lkfdjl qdmem dk|kj`dab t|dkab b lzqdab al |m ubqldabum|ad+ Dz daidjkj`dz al |m ubqldabu lzqb alzju`qdz kb jbkqlab abz FZDz+Lzql ulfdj`bkdmlkqb lkqul daidjkj`dz l lzqdab al lkfdjl plum`ql t|l bpubqbjbfb alqljql ubqdz `kdq`xdz al qlmpbz lm qlmpbz+
FZDz zb pubpdgdadz kd uld pbu hfbba`kg#`k|kadb)+ B dfgbu`qmb al hfbba`kgjbk`xlf& gdudkq`kab t|l qbabz bz ubqldabulz k|md uld qlkcdm lsdqdmlkql b
mlzmb edkjb al adabz al lzqdab al lkfdjl+ Lzql adqdedzl jbkz`zql al |mjbki|kqb al FZDz bu`g`kdabz al jdad ubqldabu pluqlkjlkql uld+
D pduq`u alzql edkjb al adabz& jdad ubqldabu jdfj|fd bz jdm`kcbz md`z j|uqbz#zcbuqlzq-pdqc qull)& zlkab lfl mlzmb d ud`y+ Lzqlz jdm`kcbz md`z j|uqbzplum`qlm d mbkqdglm ad qdelfd al ubqldmlkqb ab pubqbjbfb BZ_H+
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_ubqbjbfb al ubqldmlkqb BZ_H _duql 5
D|qlkq`jdb BZ_H
pbzzxlf d|qlkq`jdu bz pdjbqlz BZ_H al bumd t|lbz ubqldabulz pbzzdm pduq`j`pdu ab ubqldmlkqb
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Ls`zqlm ab`z mqbabz al d|qlkq`jdb9 Z`mpflpdzzwbual Mlzzdgl A`glzq#MA-
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Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 8
Lzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz UK_
zlm `kqluu|pb lkqul jcdxlz+ @zqb m|`qb q`f pdud dam`k`zqudabulz t|l alzlidmqubjdu d zlkcd BZ_H zlm `kqluubmplu b |kj`bkdmlkqb ad ulal+ Zl |md `kqludjlbu jbk`g|udad jbm |md kbxd jcdxl& b ubqldabu lkx`du mfq`pfdz jp`dz abmlzmb pdjbql& jdad |md jbm |md jcdxl al d|qlkq`jdb a`lulkql+ B ubqldabu
`u pdudu al lkx`du pdjbqlz a|pf`jdabz dzz`m t|l lfl alqljqdu t|l qbabz bz zl|zx`y`kcbz i dabqdudm d kbxd jcdxl+
_dud cde`f`qdu d|qlkq`jdb jbm mlzzdgl a`glzq|zl bz zlg|`kqlz jbmdkabz9
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Lslmpfb9
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_ubqbjbfb al ubqldmlkqb BZ_H _duql 5
Ubqdz bu`g`kdadz al b|qudz uldz zb jcdmdadz `kqlu-duld ub|qlz b| z|mmduub|qlz l zb ulpulzlkqdadz pbu B @D kd qdelfd al ubqldmlkqb @_+
Ubqdz bu`g`kdadz al b|qubz pubqbjbfbz al ubqldmlkqb #b| al a`lulkqlz pubjlzzbz
BZ_H) l t|l zb pubpdgdadz pdud b BZ_H dqudxz al ula`zqu`e|`b zbjcdmdadz lsqlukdf ub|qlz l zb ulpulzlkqdadz pbu B L5 b| B L4 kd qdelfd alubqldmlkqb @_+
Zl ls`zq`ulm mfq`pfdz ubqdz pdud b mlzmb alzq`kb& d bualm al pullukj`d dzlg|`kql9 `kqud-duld& `kqlu-duld& lsqlukdf L4& lsqlukdf L5+
Kbqd9 lkfdjlz x`uq|d`z #x`uq|df f`knz) zb |zdabz pdud jbkljqdu uldz t|l kb qmjbklsb z`jd jbm b edjnebkl+ B lkfdjl x`uq|df qlm t|l pdzzdu pbu b|qud uldt|l z`uxd al pbkql lkqul d uld lm t|lzqb l b edjnebkl+ Qdmem pbalm zlu
|zdabz pdud pduq`j`bkdmlkqb ab edjnebkl+
Ubqdz lsqlukdz ab q`pb 5 zb dt|lfdz kdz t|d`z b j|zqb zlmpul b j|zqb lsqlukb&`kalplkalkql ab j|zqb `kqlukb pdud dt|lfd ubqd+
Ubqdz lsqlukdz ab q`pb 4 zb dt|lfdz kdz t|d`z b j|zqb d zbmd ab j|zqblsqlukb jbm b j|zqb `kqlukb pdud dt|lfd ubqd+ \md ubqd ab q`pb 4 qlm zlmpulpullukj`d zbeul |md ubqd ab q`pb 5 pdud b mlzmb alzq`kb+
Fdb|qabz pdjbqlz BZ_H
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Bz jdmpbz ab jdeldfcb zb bz zlg|`kqlz9
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V Ub|qlu @A @alkq``jdb ab ubqldabu t|l bu`g`kb| b pdjbql>
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Alz`gkdqlaUb|qlu
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Kl`gcebu++++
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Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 8
Lzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz UK_
md`bu`d dqudxlzzd |m k`jb cbp zbmlkql+ _djbqlz t|l dqudxlzzdm |m lkfdjlx`uq|df zb `alkq``jdabz jbm ?+?+?+?& t|l d `alkq``jdb ad uld abedjnebkl #edjnebkl Duld @A)>
V Jcljnz|m Zbmd al xlu``jdb pdaub ab @_ d pduq`u ab `kj`b ab jdeldfcb
ab pdjbql BZ_H& lsjf|z`xl b jdmpb al d|qlkq`jdb al 81 e`qz+ D zbmdxlu``jdabud jbkz`aludad pduql ab pubjlzzb al d|qlkq`jdb ab pdjbql>
V D|Qpl @alkq``jd b pubjla`mlkqb al d|qlkq`jdb d zlu dpf`jdab db pdjbqlBZ_H>
V D|qclkq`jdq`bk Jdmpb al 81 e`qz pdud |zb ab lzt|lmd al d|qlkq`jdb+
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|zdm lkalulb m|fq`jdzqkdz ulalz t|l qm jdpdj`adal m|fq`jdzq"eubdajdzq&plum`q`kab d alzjbeluqd a`km`jd al ubqldabulz x`y`kcbz+
Qbabz bz ubqldabulz jbkljqdabz k|md mlzmd ulal qm t|l klgbj`du jluqbzpdumlqubz #Klqwbun mdzn& Clffb@kqluxdfl Ub|qluAlda@kqluxdf)+ Lzzlz pdumlqubzzb `kjf|abz kbz pdjbqlz Clffb& pdud t|l lxlkq|d`z a`lulkdz kb pbzzdm`mpla`u d bumdb al ulfdj`bkdmlkqbz al x`y`kcdkd+
Bz jdmpbz ab pdjbql Clffb zb bz zlg|`kqlz9
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V Bpq`bkz Bplz z|pbuqdadz plfb ubqldabu>
V Uqu _u` _u`bu`adal alzql ubqldabu+ \zdab kd lfl`b al AU l EAU> zl`k`j`df`ydad jbm ? #ylub)& lzql ubqldabu zlu `klflgxlf pdud AU b| EAU>
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@_ ad z|d `kqludjl klzqd ulal+ Zl bu ?+?+?+?& kb ls`zql AU>V Edjn|p Alz`gkdqla Ub|qlu @alkq``jdb ab EAU alzqd ulal& ab pbkqb al
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_ubqbjbfb al ubqldmlkqb BZ_H _duql 5
_djbqlz al alzju`b ab edkjb al adabz zbpdjbqlz BZ_H q`pb 5+ Lzzlz pdjbqlz zb qubjdabzt|dkab |md daidjkj`d lzq zlkab `k`j`df`ydad+ Lflzalzjulxlm b jbkqlab ab edkjb al adabz al
lzqdab al lkfdjl+ B pubjla`mlkqb ab q`pb mdzqluzfdxl& bkal b ubqldabu alz`gkdab jbmb mdzqlulkx`dbz pdjbqlz l b b|qub #zfdxl) uljlel l lkx`duljbkclj`mlkqbz jbmb ulzpbzqd> dz ulzpbzqdz zbulfdj`bkdadz dbz pdjbqlz lkx`dabz x`d AA zlt|lkjlk|melu+
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Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 8
Lzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz UK_
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V FZ zlt|lkjl k|melu K|mlud bz FZDz pdud alqljqdu bz md`z dkq`gbz b|a|pf`jdabz>
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alzju`b al edkjb al adabz jbm |m ubqldabux`y`kcb& b ubqldabu pbal djcdu t|l pduqlz ab zl|edkjb al adabz al lzqdab al lkfdjl lzqbalzdq|df`ydadz+ \m b| md`z pdjbqlz al _la`ab alLzqdab al Lkfdjl zb |zdabz pdud zbf`j`qdu dz pduqlzab edkjb al adabz ab x`y`kcb t|l lzqlidm md`zdq|df`ydadz+
B ubqldabu t|l zbf`j`qd lzzdz pduqlz zdellsdqdmlkql ab t|l lzq pulj`zdkab+ Jdad pduql `alkq``jdad plfbz jdmpbz FZ zlt|lkjl k|melu& FZjcljnz|m l FZ dgl+
Jdad pla`ab lkx`dab `alkq``jdab plfbz jdmpbz FZ qpl& F`kn Zqdql @AlDaxluq`z`kg Ub|qlu& t|l `alkq``jd b FZD& mdz kb d z|d `kzqkj`d+ Bz pdjbqlz F`knZqdql Ult|lzqzb lkqlka`abz jbmb pla`abz ad `kzqkj`d md`z uljlkql #zlid lfdt|df bu)+
Bz jdmpbz alzql pdjbql i budm alzju`qbz dkqlu`bumlkql+
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V F`kn Zqdql Djnkbwflaglmlkq#Uljbkclj`mlkqb al Lzqdab al Lkfdjl) _djbqlz BZ_H q`pb
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Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 8_ubqbjbfb al ubqldmlkqb BZ_H _duql 5
Ubql`ub al dq`x`adalz
Qp`jbz l jbkjl`qbz
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Dpulzlkqdu jdudjqluzq`jdz dxdkdadz ab pubqbjbfb BZ_H
Jbk`g|udu ubqldabulz jbm pubqbjbfb BZ_H
Jbkz`aludlz puq`jdz zbeul jbk`g|udb ab pubqbjbfb BZ_H
Qlmpb pulx`zqb pdud dz dq`x`adalz
1
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Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 8
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_ubqbjbfb al ubqldmlkqb BZ_H _duql 5
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440
_ubqbjbfb al ubqldmlkqb BZ_H _duql 5
0+ Dpz d jbkh`g|udb al qbabz bz ubqldabulz& cbud al xlu`h`jdumbz b
h|kj`bkdmlkqb abz mlzmbz+ _dud `zzb& pbalmbz |zdu ab`z jbmdkabz9
zc `p ub|ql #mbzqud qbadz dz ubqdz @_ dpulka`adz plfb ubqldabu)>
zc `p bzph #mbzqud bz adabz ab pubqbjbfb BZ_H)+
Dz qlfdz d zlg|`u mbzqudm& pdud jdad ubqldabu& dmebz bz jbmdkabz+
Bezluxl t|l dz ubqdz BZ_H dpduljlm jbm a`zqkj`d dam`k`zqudq`xd 44? #alhd|fqBZ_H) l j|zqb pubpbuj`bkdf db pluj|uzb pdud dq`kg`u d ulal lm t|lzqb+ Dpduljlmqdmem b Klsq Cbp l d `kqludjl al zdad+
Klzqd qlfd pbalmbz xlu``jdu t|l b ub|qlu?dpulkal| dz ubqdz pdud qbadz dzulalz+
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7/23/2019 Roteamento avanado
120/242
45?
Ubqldmlkqb dxdkdab Zlzzb al dpulka`ydglm 8
Lzjbfd Z|plu`bu al Ulalz
