santos de cemitério em Manaus

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Dmhelhrmgem jf cfnezårel2 Deszórem Slcema f Enmheiírel rfaehelsl ims

cmiliemèöfs plpvamrfs fn Nmimvs) Pvoaecmjl im _fweszm fafzrúiecm Ls

Vromiezms! $Sãl Pmval% ! w) 6! ?004)

Gmoemif Weifizf jls Smizls

Pfs}vesmjlrm jl Eiszezvzl jf Pfs}vesm Afúiejms f Nmrem Jfmif! Jlvzlrmijm jf Mizrlplalhem

Slcema jm Viewfrsejmjf Fszmjvma jf Cmnpeims – PPHMS,Viecmnp! olaseszm _D.Plshrmj jm

Gvijmèãl jf Mnpmrl à Pfs}vesm jl Mnmlims – GMPFMN)

F.nmea2 weifizf@hnmea)cln

Bfmi _ecmrjl _mnls Nmem

Nfszrmijl fn Mizrlplalhem Slcema jm Viewfrsejmjf Fszmjvma jf Cmnpeims –

PPHMS,Viecmnp

bfmi)nmem@hnmea)cln

Dmhelhrmgem jf cfnezårel2 Enmheiírel rfaehelsl f Deszórem Slcema ims cmiliemèöfs

plpvamrfs fn Nmimvs

_fsvnl

L gfiúnfil jl cvazl mls cdmnmjls ‑smizls jf cfnezårel„! jfwlèãl jerfcelimjm m eijewîjvls à

rfwfaem jl clisfizenfizl glrnma jm Ehrfbm Cmzóaecm! å rfclrrfizf fn wírems cejmjfs il Ormsea

$f fn lvzrls pmîsfs jf nmelrem cmzóaecm%) M jfspfezl jm mvsâicem jf vnm seszfnízecm jf cvazl

lv jl rfclidfcenfizl jm Ehrfbm! cliszezve.sf ivnm jms nmes pvihfizfs nmiegfszmèöfs jf

rfaehelsejmjf plpvamr) Fszf mrzehl gm rfgfrâicem à eiwfszehmèãl jm jfwlèãl plpvamr fn zlril

jf }vmzrl pfrslimhfis fizfrrmjls il cfnezårel Sãl Blãl Omzeszm $Nmimvs! Mnmlims%!

clisejfrmjls ‑smizls„ pfam plpvamèãl alcma2 Jfanl Pfrferm! Fzfaweim! m nfieim Zfrfsm

Creszeim f l rmoeil Sdmali Nvuma) L ladmr slorf ms deszórems pfsslmes jls eijewîjvls lobfzl jf

wfifrmèãl rfnfzf.ils m pfrîljls fspfcîgecls jm deszórem alcma! maån jf rfwfamrfn wmalrfs

slcemes f glrnms jl enmheiírel f jl neszecesnl plpvamr il ïnoezl vromil)

Pmamwrms.cdmwf2 smizls jf cfnezårel; enmheiírel plpvamr; deszórem slcema

Moszrmcz

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Zdf pdfilnfili lg zdf sl.cmaafj /smeizs lg hrmwfumrj/ cvazs! m keij lg jfwlzeli zmrhfzfj zl

pfrslis! xezdlvz zdf glrnma clisfiz lg zdf Cmzdlaec Cdvrcd! es rfcvrreih ei nmiu Ormeaemi

cezefs $mij masl ei lzdfr clvizrefs xezd Cmzdlaec nmblrezu%) Jfspezf zdf mosficf lg suszfnmzec

rfclhiezeli ou zdf lggecema Cdvrcd! ez es lif lg zdf nlsz dmrrlxeih ftprfsselis lg plpvamr

rfaehelsezu) Zdes mrzecaf rfgfrs zl m rfsfmrcd molvz glvr pflpaf xdl xfrf ovrefj ei zdf cfnfzfru

Sz) Bldi Ompzesz $Nmimvs! Mnmlims%! mij mgzfrxmrjs xfrf clisejfrfj /smeizs/ ou zdf alcmas2

Jfanl Pfrferm! Fzfaweim! zdf aezzaf hera Zfrfsm Creszeim mij _mooe Sdmali Nvuma) Zmkeih m

cmrfgva allk mz zdf szlrefs lg zdfsf wfifrmzfj cdmrmczfrs dfaps vs zl oreih molvz ifx

pfrspfczewfs li zdf alcma deszlru! mij zl rfwfma pmrzecvamr slcema wmavfs! xezd m spfcema glcvs li

plpvamr enmheimzeli mij nuszecesn ei vromi mrfms)

Kfu.xlrjs2 smeizs lg hrmwfumrj! plpvamr enmheimzeli; slcema deszlru

Vn pmssfel fizrf ls nlrzls2 l cfnezårel il Jem jf Geimjls

Å 0? jf ilwfnorl! ‑Jem jf Geimjls„ fn Nmimvs) Clnl mclizfcf zljls ls mils ifszm jmzm

fn nvezms cejmjfs ormseaferms! jfsjf ls jems mizfrelrfs wfijfjlrfs mnovamizfs zlnmn clizm

jm cmaèmjm jl nmelr cfnezårel jm cejmjf! l Sãl Blãl Omzeszm! lgfrfcfijl mls pmssmizfs vnm

eigeiejmjf jf prljvzls clnl ‑smizeidls„! wfams! clnejm! galrfs f mjlrils pmrm ls zònvals)

Plvcl m plvcl! ms rvms f }vmjrms jl cfnezårel mclnljmn vnm nvazejãl }vf! ml alihl jl jem!

sfrí cliszmizf! zrmisezmijl fizrf ms aípejfs! m}vfcfijl vnm eizfism rfjf jf clnårcel f

sfrweèls – clnl l jls wfijfjlrfs jf clnejm! jf íhvm! jls aenpmjlrfs jf zònval! pmhls plr

mahvnms gmnîaems ifssms lcmseöfs pmrm amwmr lv nfsnl fgfzvmr pf}vfils rfpmrls clnl

peizvrm! cmpeimhfn f rfszmvrl ims sfpvazvrms! fizrf lvzrls)

M ejåem jf }vf m nlrzf ehvmam m zljls pmrfcf jfszlmizf ifssf }vmjrl vnm wf }vf! mssen

clnl å plssîwfa wfr sfpvazvrms aenpms! sfrweijl jf plizl jf ficlizrl pmrm gmnîaems }vf aí sf

rfòifn pmrm afnormr sfvs fizfs }vfrejls! å clnvn zmnoån ficlizrmr lvzrms clnpafzmnfizf

momijlimjms f sfn ejfizegecmèãl! }vmsf cligvijejms cln l cdãl omrrfizl jl cfnezårel) Ls

nlrzls! mssen clnl ls wewls! plssvfn vnm fteszâicem slcema! mzewmjm pfam nfnórem jls wewls

f jfpfijfijl jfszfs pmrm svm ‑fteszâicem„) L fs}vfcenfizl jl nlrzl rfprfsfizm vnm sfhvijm

nlrzf! clizrm m }vma ls wewls avzmn jf nmiferm fspfcema il jem jf geimjls) Jmî l sehiegecmjl

prlgvijl jfssm jmzm! smcrmaemjm clnl gfremjl imcelima f cfaformjm zmnoån fn lvzrls pmîsfs

$nfsnl }vf fn jmzms jegfrfizfs%)

]vmizl ml cfnezårel! l Sãl Blãl Omzeszm gle gvijmjl fn =45=! il Olvafwmrj Íawmrl Nmem!írfm im åplcm pfrzficfizf ml omerrl jl Nlcó f mgmszmjm jl cfizrl jm cejmjf jf Nmimvs) Cln

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sfvs hrmijfs plrzöfs jf gfrrl mrzeszecmnfizf famolrmjls! cliszezve.sf ivnm jms dfrmièms jl

pfrîljl jf ftpmisãl jl cmpezma ftzrmzeweszm jl geima jl såcval TET! rfsplisíwfa plr vnm

rfglrnm vromim }vf nljegeclv prlgvijmnfizf m pmesmhfn vromim jf Nmimvs; gle cliszrvîjl

jf mclrjl cln m clicfpèãl nljfrim jf cfnezårel jm åplcm! cln amrhms rvms f clibvizl

mr}vezfzúiecl ifl.caíssecl) L cfnezårel lreheima! Sãl Blså! gvijmjl meijm il zfnpl jm

gvijmèãl jm Nmimvs mizehm! sezvmwm.sf il alcma }vf dlbf jí avhmr à Prmèm jm Smvjmjf il

cfizrl jm cejmjf! }vf plr svm wf zfrem sejl! sfhvijl m zrmjeèãl alcma! vn cfnezårel eijîhfim

mizfrelr à gvijmèãl jl Glrzf jm Omrrm }vf zfrem jmjl lrehfn à cejmjf il såcval TWEE) Ls

zònvals jl Sãl Blså glrmn zrmisgfrejls pmrm l ilwl cfnezårel mpós svm eimvhvrmèãl!

bvizmnfizf cln sfv lssvírel! }vf dlbf sf ficlizrm zmnoån il Sãl Blãl Omzeszm)

Mils mpós m gvijmèãl jl Sãl Blãl Omzeszm $SBO%! gle cliszrvîjl vn miftl rfsfrwmjl à

clnviejmjf bvjmecm! cdmnmjl Cfnezårel Esrmfaezm! fnolrm sf alcmaef fn írfm clizîhvm à jl

SBO) M nmelrem jls zònvals jf bvjfvs fizfrrmjls il cfnezårel mizehl mizfrelrnfizf ml

zrmisamjl pmrm l Sãl Blãl pfrnmifcfrmn ifszf! fn nfel mls zònvals creszãls! meijm dlbf)

Cln l crfscenfizl jm nmadm vromim il òazenl såcval! l cfnezårel gle ‑zrmejl„ pmrm jfizrl

jm cejmjf! bí }vf dlbf l Olvafwmrj å clisejfrmjl írfm cfizrma! f sfv mcfssl å gmceaezmjl)

Cln m lcvpmèãl zlzma jl zfrrfil jl SBO! l iònfrl jf fizfrrls gle rfjvejl) Mzvmanfizf m

nmelrem jls }vf lclrrfn sãl jf pfsslms }vf clizmn cln bmehls f sfpvazvrms gmneaemrfs

mizehms) Lvzrls cfnezårels glrmn cliszrvîjls fn jåcmjms nmes rfcfizfs fn írfms mgmszmjms

pmrm svprer m jfnmijm clnl l cfnezårel jf Smizm Avem f l Pmr}vf Zmrvnã! maån jf mahvis

cfnezårels pmrzecvamrfs) L SBO clizeivm! plrån! clnl m preicepma rfgfrâicem pmrm m plpvamèãl

jf Nmimvs! rfcfofijl l nmelr gavtl jf pfsslms fn jmzms clnl l Jem jls Geimjls! Jem jms

Nãfs $sfhvijl jlneihl jl nâs jf nmel il Ormsea% f Jem jls Pmes $sfhvijl jlneihl jf

mhlszl il Ormsea%! jmzms fn }vf m grf}ñâicem jf wesezmizfs mvnfizm clisejfrmwfanfizf ils

cfnezårels jf nljl hfrma)

Fn nfel à mhezmèãl }vf cmrmczfrem l Jem jf geimjls! fizrf sfpvazvrms jf miúienls!

plaîzecls! mrzeszms f lvzrms gehvrms clidfcejms im cejmjf! mahvis zònvals rfcfofn mzfièãl

fspfcema! cln ms pfsslms jespvzmijl mwejmnfizf fspmèl fn wlazm jf jvms sfpvazvrms fn

pmrzecvamr2 m jf Fzfaweim J―Maficmr f jm nfieim Zfrfsm Creszeim) L hrmijf iònfrl jf wfams

mcfsms! galrfs f lvzrls lobfzls! dlnfimhfn jls jfwlzls! rfwfamn m rfwfrâicem m fszfs

pfrslimhfis)

M rfwfrâicem zmnoån sf fszfijf m lvzrls pfrslimhfis }vf! nfsnl iãl clizmijl cln

hrmijf clnlèãl il Jem jf geimjls! mzrmfn dlnfimhfis fn lvzrms lcmseöfs! clnl å l cmsl jlzònval jf vn rmoeil! clofrzl jf pamcms jf mhrmjfcenfizl plr hrmèms rfcfoejms }vf mpmrfcfn

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mil mpós mil! f jl zònval pfrzficfizf m vn blwfn mcvsmjl jf mssmsseimzl }vf rfcfof

dlnfimhfn im glrnm jf cmjfrils f aewrls fsclamrfs }vf sãl clalcmjls clnl glrnm jf ft.

wlzl= plr fszvjmizfs }vf crâfn sfr m}vfaf sfv prlzfzlr f rfsplisíwfa pfam mprlwmèãl fsclamr)

Grfizf à zmnmidm jewfrsejmjf jfnliszrmjm pfals }vmzrl pfrslimhfis! å eifwezíwfa }vf ils

pfrhvizfnls slorf ls sehiegecmjls fiwlawejls ifssms jfwlèöfs) Clnl clnprffijfr fizfijfr

m prízecm jf cvazl fn zlril jf pfrslimhfis zãl jegfrficemjls il ïnoezl jf vn cfnezårel< L

}vf fszms jfwlèöfs pljfn ils jefr slorf m rfaehelsejmjf! enmheiírel wmalrfs! }vfszöfs

slcemes f deszórecms jf vnm cejmjf clnl Nmimvs<

Mpfsmr jl zfnm jls smizls cmiliemjls pfam plpvamèãl zfr sejl ftpalrmjl plr mahvis

mvzlrfs slo wírels figl}vfs clnl l jl glacalrf $Cmscvjl! ?00?%! jm clnviecmèãl $Ofibmnei!

?003% lv jm mizrlplalhem jm rfaeheãl $Grfezms! ?00=; ?007%! m prljvèãl slorf l zfnm meijm

cmrmczfrem.sf pfam msseszfnmzemèãl jf clicfezls f ilèöfs) Vn clisfisl! clizvjl!

fszmofafcf.sf fizrf ls mvzlrfs }vf molrjmrmn l mssvizl2 l cvazl fn zlril jf zmes

pfrslimaejmjfs cmrmczfrem.sf clnl vn fspmèl jf clnviecmoeaejmjf plpvamr f m fafeèãl jf

jfzfrneimjm pfrslimaejmjf clnl ‑smizl„ eisfrf.sf ivn clnpaftl prlcfssl jf cliszrvèãl jl

enmheiírel slcema! lijf cercvamn ms rfprfsfizmèöfs plpvamrfs slorf smizejmjf f werzvjf }vf!

cliglrnf wfrfnls! ifn sfnprf cleicejfn cln ms famolrmèöfs glrnmanfizf mcfezms pfams

eiszezveèöfs slcemes rfamcelimjms! clnl ms ehrfbms)

L cvazl m pfsslms nlrzms! cdmnmjls ‑smizls jf cfnezårel„ $Nmvås! ?00:%! ‑manms

neamhrlsms„ lv meijm ‑nlrzls neamhrlsls„ $Grfezms! ?007%! fizrf lvzrls zfrnls! å clidfcejl

fn wírems cejmjfs jl nvijl f cmrmczfrem.sf plr mahvis zrmèls cliszmizfs2 m mzreoveèãl jf

pljfrfs fspfcemes jf eizfrsfèãl im wejm jls nlrzmes sfrem l nmes ilzórel! ofn clnl l

fszmofafcenfizl jf imrrmzewms nîzecms? fn zlril jm wejm jl pfrslimhfn! jl prlzmhliesnl jls

eijewîjvls jfwlzls – f iãl jms eiszezveèöfs rfaehelsms – il jfsfiwlawenfizl jf prízecms jf

cvazl! f m prlgvijm rfamèãl jms jfwlèöfs ml fspmèl jl cfnezårel f! preicepmanfizf! ml zònval

lijf fszãl fizfrrmjls – }vf å zrmisglrnmjl im preicepma rfgfrâicem nîszecm) Grfezms cdmnm m

= Ft.wlzl å! fn hfrma! vn lobfzl rfamcelimjl à ‑hrmèm„ macmièmjm! pljfijl sfr mahl jl vsl pfsslma jl jfwlzl – clnl vnm nvafzm! vn cmjfril! vnm pfèm jf rlvpm! mahl mjmpzmjl pmrm ftfrcfr m gvièãl! clnl vnm olifcm pmrmrfprfsfizmr l jfsfbl mzfijejl jf vnm hrmwejf! lv mahl fspfcemanfizf gmorecmjl pmrm fssf gen! clnl il cmsl jlsnfnorls jf cfrm! omrrl lv nmjferm! rfprfsfizmijl pmrzfs jl clrpl dvnmil) Senolaecmnfizf! l ft.wlzl å vn pljfrlsl fafnfizl jf zfszfnvidl fizrf l jfwlzl f l sfv eizfrnfjemjlr fsperezvma! m}vfaf }vf! iãl pfrzficfijlnmes ml nvijl gîsecl! macmièlv plseèãl fspfcema bvizl à Jfvs f }vf pljf eizfrwer im wejm jls nlrzmes) L ft.wlzl pljf sfr fi}vmjrmjl cln moslavzm prfcesãl im cmzfhlrem jf ‑sînolal„! }vf! pmrm Pezzm! å l fafnfizl clicrfzl }vffwlcm! plr vnm rfamèãl imzvrma! mahl mvsfizf lv enplssîwfa jf sfr pfrcfoejl)

? M ftprfssãl ‑imrrmzewms nîzecms„ å vzeaemjm m}ve fn rfgfrâicem ml clicfezl jf ‑nezl„ ftpalrmjl plr Pezzm

$?006%! pmrm }vfn nezl å vn seszfnm jeiïnecl jf sînolals! mr}våzepls f scdänfs }vf zfijf m sf clnplr fnrfamzl! lv sfbm! }vf sf mprfsfizm slo glrnm jf deszórem)

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mzfièãl pmrm vn lvzrl mspfczl jm }vfszãl2 jegfrfizf jls nlrzls ‑clnvis„ }vf jl nfsnl

nljl rfcfofn wesezms f dlnfimhfis jf svm gmnîaem! ls smizls jf cfnezårel sãl jf jlnîiel

pòoaecl! ‑nlrzls pòoaecls„! fn clizrmplseèãl mls ‑nlrzls prewmjls„2

L nlrzl prewmjl! }vf rfcfof slnfizf m wesezm jf svm próprem gmnîaem f

mnehls nmes cdfhmjls! zmnoån rfcfof wfams! }vf å m lgfrfijm

rfaehelsm plr ftcfaâicem! cmrrfhmjm jf sehiegecmjls! nms iãl rfcfof

ft.wlzls; pljf rfcfofr vnm cmrzeidm mnlrlsm! jfplsezmjm

senolaecmnfizf slorf m sfpvazvrm bvizl m galrfs! nms iãl rfcfofrí

wmseadms jf íhvm) Fssf nlrzl prewmjl zmnoån rfcfof ms lrmèöfs jf

sfvs gmneaemrfs! ls wlzls jf }vf jfscmisf fn pm f mzå pfjejls pmrm

}vf faf pfals sfvs jl Maån) Nms iãl rfcfof prlnfssms $Grfezms!

?0072 46%)

Zmnoån pmrfcf ilzórel }vf l gfiúnfil jls smizls jf cfnezårel sfr próprel jl fspmèl

vromil! iãl ifcfssmremnfizf jf hrmijfs cejmjfs! clrrfizfs fn cfnezårels jf írfms vromims!

lijf ficlizrmn glrnms próprems jf rfprljvèãl slcema f jf clizeivejmjf)

Vnm lvzrm lrjfn jf }vfszöfs }vf hlszmrîmnls jf afwmizmr å jf }vf ‑zepl jf smizls„

fszmnls gmamijl2 ls ‑smizls jf cfnezårel„! jegfrficemn.sf jm}vfafs pfrslimhfis zmnoån

clisejfrmjls smizls pfam plpvamèãl nms }vf bí clizmn cln mahvnm glrnm jf

eiszezvcelimaemèãl lv m}vfafs fn zlril jl }vma bí gle nlizmjm vnm fszrvzvrm im ovscm jfszm!

clnl l cmsl jms pfrslimaejmjfs }vf bí clizmn cln prlcfssls mofrzls pmrm m ofmzegecmèãl!

cmsl jf mahvis rfaehelsls clnl Grfe Jmneãl il Ilrjfszf ormseaferl) Ms jegfrfièms

fszmofafcejms! plrån! iãl mwmièmn nvezl nmes maån jfszms! ples jf nljl hfrma ficlizrmnls

fn zmes cvazls ls nfsnls fafnfizls nmzfremes f cligfsselimes jl cvazl m smizls cmzóaecls

clnl m famolrmèãl jf prlnfssms3 f ls ft.wlzls)

Vn jf ilssls glcls m}ve sfrí m eiwfszehmèãl mcfrcm jls fafnfizls jl enmheiírel }vf

cliszezvfn ms jfwlèöfs fn }vfszãl lv meijm! l zrmbfzl mizrlplaóhecl: }vf svszfizm m rfamèãl

fizrf enmheiírel rfaehelsl f ls cvazls }vf! mpfsmr jf iãl clizmrfn cln ifidvnm glrnm jf

rfspmajl lgecema jm Ehrfbm! svoseszfn dí wírems jåcmjms) Clnl rfgfrficema zfórecl! vzeaemnls

3 M prlnfssm å l preicepma amèl prlnlzlr jf clnprlnessl fizrf l crfizf f l smizl! m nfjejm }vf fam fszmofafcfvnm rfprfsfizmèãl jm zrlcm jf vn gmwlr! jl smizl! plr vnm lgfrfijm – l smcregîcel jl gefa)

: Zrmbfzl Mizrlplaóhecl $Pezzm! ?0062 ?=% å m glrnm clnl cmjm cvazvrm wme fszmofafcfr m rfamèãl fteszfizf fizrfsvm sfiseoeaejmjf $pvasöfs svobfzewms% f l nfel fn }vf wewf)

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fafnfizls jl pmrmjehnm jl enmheiírel $Jvrmij! =555; Ampamizeif ' Zreijmjf! =554; Pezzm!

?006% }vf omaelv ms miíaesfs famolrmjms jf jmjls lozejls pfam losfrwmèãl pmrzecepmizf il

cfnezårel SBO fn jems clnvis f il jem jls geimjls jls mils jf ?00:! ?006 f ?007 f jf

fizrfweszms cln gmneaemrfs jls pfrslimhfis! jfwlzls f gviceliírels jl cfnezårel)

Smizls jf cfnezårel f enmheiírel

M prlaegfrmèãl jms enmhfis pfals nfels jf clnviecmèãl nmssegecmjls å vnm cmrmczfrîszecm

jm ceweaemèãl lcejfizma nljfrim) Plr lvzrl amjl! gle bvszmnfizf il Lcejfizf }vf l

pfismnfizl cefizîgecl gle clalcmjl fn clizrmplseèãl à enmheimèãl! zejm clnl eavsórem)

Jvrmij $=554% afnorm }vf ms ceweaemèöfs iãl.lcejfizmes ivicm sfpmrmrmn ms eiglrnmèöfs

glrifcejms pfam enmhfn jm}vfams glrifcejms pfals seszfnms jm fscrezm) Gle il Lcejfizf }vf l

nåzljl jf lozfièãl jm wfrjmjf gle fszmofafcejl slorf vnm aóhecm slcrízecm oeiírem $gmasl lv

wfrjmjferl%! cln ftcavsãl jl zfrcferl! }vf sfrwev clnl omsf pmrm l fnperesnl . gvijmnfizl

jm ceâicem lcejfizma) M omzmadm sfcvamr clizrm ms enmhfis f l enmheiírel! clizvjl! iãl alhrlv

l jfsmpmrfcenfizl jms òazenms) Fams pfrnmifcfn clnl gvijmnfizmes ims crfièms plpvamrfs!

im aezfrmzvrm gmizíszecm f mzå nfsnl im enmheimèãl cefizîgecm! clnl afnormn Ampamizeif f

Zreijmjf $=558%! f preicepmanfizf il enmheiírel rfaehelsl)

M enmhfn å zejm iãl clnl l lobfzl rfma! nms clnl m eizfrprfzmèãl jfszf! famolrmjm pfal

losfrwmjlr) Zma prlcfssl nfizma jf rfprfsfizmèãl jl lobfzl å jfsweicvamjl jf vnm

lorehmzlrefjmjf fn fnprffijfr vnm jfscreèãl jl lobfzl2 ml clizrírel! faf å zrmisglrnmjl!

mazfrmjl f rffamolrmjl) M enmhfn å! plrzmizl! vnm cliszrvèãl }vf rfcligehvrm m rfmaejmjf jf

mclrjl cln l plizl jf weszm jl mhfizf)

Sf clisejfrmrnls l cvazl mls smizls clnl ftprfssãl rfaehelsm! zfnls jvms cmrmczfrîszecms

jfsfidmjms2 vnm å m jm rfaeheãl clnl gfiúnfil jm slcefjmjf! fizfijejm clnl rfgaftl f,lv

prljvzlrm jls fafnfizls deszórecls f sócel.plaîzecls) M lvzrm je rfspfezl à rfaeheãl clnl

ftpfreâicem nîszecm! pmrzecvamr f òiecm) Ls jles mspfczls fszãl fizrfamèmjls f jegeceanfizf vn

fszvjl slorf l zfnm pljf neienemr m enplrzïicem jf vn jfafs) Ovscmnls ftpalrmr m mnols!

im miíaesf jf vnm jenfisãl jms ftprfssöfs jf rfaehelsejmjf plpvamr }vf! fnolrm fszfbmn

sezvmjms jfizrl jl nmrcl rfgfrficema jl cmzlaecesnl! ficlizrmn.sf à nmrhfn jfszf! glrm jf

svm eiszezvcelimaejmjf! fi}vmizl vn zepl jf cvazl iãl mprlwmjl pfam Ehrfbm f pfal cmzlaecesnl

frvjezl $Ormijãl! =548% 6)

L enmheiírel rfaehelsl sfrem l clibvizl jfssms rfprfsfizmèöfs! eiscrezl ils jescvrsls! ims

prízecms f ils fafnfizls senoóaecls fiwlawejls im jfwlèãl mls smizls) Ils rfamzls clafzmjls!clnl zljm dmhelhrmgem plpvamr! nezl f gmzl fszãl fizrfamèmjls! olrrmijl ms grlizferms fizrf

7



wfrjmjf f eiwfièãl) Fn sfv fszvjl slorf ms dmhelhrmgems plpvamrfs! Cfrzfmv $?0072?75%

plijfrm }vf ls rfamzls slorf m wejm jls smizls sãl sfnprf fewmjls pfams rfprfsfizmèöfs jf

jfzfrneimjl hrvpl f rfgafzfn m lrjfn slcema jl nlnfizl! mssvneijl mspfczls jm mvzl.

rfprfsfizmèãl jfszf fn rfamèãl ml sfv pmssmjl f mls jfnmes hrvpls) L nmrzîrel! plr ftfnpal!

prfjlneilv fn clnviejmjfs nmrheimes! mnfmèmjms pfam eiszmoeaejmjf! fi}vmizl }vf m

werzvjf mprfsfizmrem vnm Ehrfbm – f vn hrvpl – fszmofafcejls slcemanfizf) Zma jescvssãl pljf

sfr òzea pmrm favcejmr m rfamèãl fizrf l svrhenfizl jls }vmzrl pfrslimhfis lobfzl jf cvazl il

cfnezårel Sãl Blãl Omzeszm f l clizftzl deszórecl il }vma fszmwmn eisfrejls)

Smizl2 nljl$s% jf gmfr

M jfgeieèãl jl }vf sfrem vn ‑smizl„ pmrm l Creszemiesnl fiwlawf vn fsglrèl jf

clnprffisãl fzilaóhecm f clicfezvma pmrm l }vma iãl zfnls fspmèl m}ve! nms å enplssîwfa

iãl fszmofafcfr mahvis pmrïnfzrls deszórecls! nfsnl }vf jf glrnm svpfrgecema) Cligemrfnls

ils ‑clidfcenfizls rfaehelsls„ jls afezlrfs }vmijl iãl dlvwfr clnl glrifcfr ftpaecmèöfs

nmes jfzmadmjms)

M pmamwrm smizl! }vf wfn jl hrfhl dmhels f jl amzen smiczvs! sehiegecmijl ‑pfsslm smizm„!

frm vzeaemjm pmrm jfilneimr wírels zepls jf pfsslms – enpfrmjlrfs! jfvsfs lv dfróes im

Mizehvejmjf Lcejfizma) L vsl jl zfrnl fizrf m clnviejmjf creszã prenezewm jfv.sf

eiecemanfizf jf glrnm clafzewm2 vsmjl il pavrma! pmrm jfsehimr ls nírzerfs }vf nlrremn

jfgfijfijl m gå grfizf à pfrsfhveèãl rlnmim }vf cmrmczfrelv m wejm jfssfs hrvpls ils

prenferls såcvals) Nmes zmrjf! cln m clislaejmèãl jm Ehrfbm il Lcejfizf! f clisf}vfizfnfizf

cln m jeneiveèãl jls nírzerfs! l zfrnl pmsslv m sfr vzeaemjl pmrm gmfr rfgfrâicem mls }vf sf

jfjecmwmn ml zrmomadl cln ms clesms jm Ehrfbm – ls caårehls) Mpfsmr jl fnprfhl eiecemanfizf

sfr clafzewl! pmrm Kefckfgfr $=544%! m jfwlèãl mls smizls cliszezve.sf ivnm prenferm glrnm jf

rfegecmèãl jl eijewejvma) M ilèãl jf eijewîjvl! clnvnfizf rfamcelimjm à _fimscfièm! zfrem

svms rmîfs im ilèãl creszã jf pfrslimaejmjf! im prfssvplseèãl jl aewrf.mroîzrel f il pmpfa jl

svbfezl eijewejvma im svm próprem smawmèãl)

M hrlssl nljl! il enmheiírel rfamcelimjl ml cmzlaecesnl l zfrnl ‑smizl„ å vsmjl fn zrâs

sfizejls jegfrfizfs2 pmrm jfsehimr clafzewmnfizf ls nlrzls }vf! jf mclrjl cln wfrfjezl jl

Bvîl Geima! macmièmrãl l pmrmîsl; pmrm jfsehimr ms manms }vf! eijfpfijfizf jm mcfezmèãl jl

smcregîcel pmscma jf Bfsvs Creszl! macmièmrmn l Cåv6 f pmrm jfsehimr mahvån cvbm fteszâicem

6 L ‑Jem jf Zljls ls Smizls„! afnorm Kefckfgfr! sfrem cfaformjl fn gvièãl jfssm lrjfn jf smizls! imscejls

mizfs jf Bfsvs Creszl! nms meijm mssen mhrmcemjls pfam haórem jeweim jm smawmèãl clnl ls prlgfzms jl mizehlzfszmnfizf! plr ftfnpal)

8



dfróecm lv slgrejm adf glrifcfv vnm sezvmèãl fspfcema jf werzvjf f smawmèãl) Ifszm òazenm sf

fi}vmjrmremn ls nlrzls neamhrlsls) Pmrm m Ehrfbm! glrnmanfizf! m clijeèãl jf smizl só sfrem

lozejm mzrmwås jf vn alihl prlcfssl! }vf jfscrfwfrfnls rmpejmnfizf m sfhver)

Sfhvijl Nlie}vf Mvhrms $?006%! l fszmofafcenfizl jf vn smizl ‑lgecema„ pfrclrrf vn

alihl prlcfssl im Clihrfhmèãl jm Cmvsm jls Smizls! fizejmjf jl Wmzecmil jfszeimjm m cvejmr

jls prlcfssls }vf plssvfn wírels fszíhels! jls }vmes l prenferl sfrem m mzreoveèãl jl zîzval jf

sfrwl jf Jfvs! l }vf sehiegecm }vf lrmèöfs adfs pljfn sfr jerehejms) L sfhvijl sfrem l jf

wfifríwfa ! }vf zmnoån mormihf m cmzfhlrem jf nírzer f l zfrcferl fszíhel sfrem l jf ofmzl $}vf

ftehf clnl crezårel m clnprlwmèãl jf vn neamhrf jl cmijejmzl% f geimanfizf m cmiliemèãl

$pmrm m }vma sãl ifcfssírels! fizrf lvzrms clesms! jles neamhrfs clnprlwmjls%)

M prlprefjmjf jf fszmofafcfr ls smizls! plrån! ifn sfnprf gle ftcavsewejmjf jm Ehrfbm)

Cïnmrm Cmscvjl $?00?%! }vf sf jfjeclv prlgvijmnfizf ml gfiúnfil! afnorm }vf m

eiszezveèãl jf smizls pfal plwl frm prízecm clnvn jvrmizf nvezls såcvals jfples jm

eiszezveèãl jm rfaeheãl) Sfrem ftfnpal jessl l cmsl jl grmjf Pefr Pfzzeimel! cmiliemjl fn

=3?4 pfal sfimjl jf Sefim clnl Sãl Pfjrl Pfzzeimhilaal) Ifszf cmsl! vnm eiszezveèãl

zfnplrma zlnmwm pmrm se m mzreoveèãl jf lgecemaemr vn smizl! nms im nmelrem jms wffs ls

smizls jls prenórjels jl creszemiesnl frmn cremjls prenferl jl enmheiírel plpvamr! glssf m

pmrzer jf afijms lv deszórems cvbm lrehfn å jf jegîcea jfzfrneimèãl lv nfsnl jf jfvsfs

pmhãls! nmes zmrjf mprlpremjls lv rffamolrmjls pfal cmzlaecesnl $Mzdefim! =556%)

Slnfizf il såcval T! mpós m geimaemèãl jm lorm fwmihfaîszecm im Fvrlpm! cln m

cliwfrsãl jls plwls fscmijeimwls! å }vf m Ehrfbm pmssm m eiszezvcelimaemr mahvnms mzewejmjfs

clnl m prfrrlhmzewm jf mplizmr ls smizls) Nvezls sînolals jf crfièms pmhãs clnl å l cmsl jm

gfszm jl jfvs Nezrm rfmaemjm il geima jf jffnorl f zrmjvejm pfam Ehrfbm clnl l Imzma!

glrmn rfmprlpremjls pfam Ehrfbm cmzóaecm pmrm prlnlwfr ls fiseimnfizls creszãls f pmssmrmn m

sfrwer jf fszrmzåhem pmrm fwmihfaemèãl) Nmes rfcfizfnfizf! l prlcfssl jf rlnmiemèãl7

mhvjelv l clnomzf ml }vf frm clisejfrmjl rfs}vîcel jf crfièms dfrfhfs f glrzmafcfv l pljfr

jm fcafsema! jeneiveijl m eizfrwfièãl jm plpvamèãl il fszmofafcenfizl jf glrnms próprems jf

rfaehelsejmjf)

Afijms f gmzls sf cligvijemn! plr ftfnpal! il cmsl jf smizls cåaforfs clnl Sãl Blrhf!

rfamcelimjl m pfrslimhfis nezlaóhecls jm mizehvejmjf hrfcl.rlnmim clnl Pfrsfv) Pfrcfof.sf

}vf dí ifszf prlcfssl m cliszrvèãl jf vnm enmhfn! }vf sf slorfpöf às jewfrsms cliszrvèöfs7 _lnmiemèãl å l zfrnl }vf jfsehim m rfglrnm fcafseíszecm lclrrejm fn geis jl såcval TET im Ehrfbm cmzóaecm}vf fszmofafcfv l cmzlaecesnl vazrmnlizmil f }vf rfpfrcvzev il glrzmafcenfizl jms mvzlrejmjfs fcafsemes f im

zfizmzewm jf ftpvrhmr jm ehrfbm }vma}vfr zepl jf eizfrgfrâicem plpvamr) Il Ormsea! ms preicepmes clisf}ñâicems jmrlnmiemèãl gle l clnomzf às ernmijmjfs rfaehelsms plpvamrfs f mls ofmzls) M cmnpmidm neaezmr fnprffijejm pfal Fszmjl clizrm Cmivjls il sfrzãl ilrjfszeil clizlv cln hrmijf mplel jm Ehrfbm $Hmfzm! =558%)

4



famolrmjms fn zlril jf prflcvpmèöfs mgeis – clnl m ifcfssejmjf jm clrmhfn pmrm figrfizmr

ls jfsmgels – jl }vma Sãl Blrhf! nlizmjl fn sfv cmwmal ormicl clnomzfijl vn jrmhãl

pmrfcf sfr vnm rfprfsfizmèãl ejfma)

Fnolrm m Ehrfbm! mpós m rlnmiemèãl! zfidm sf fsglrèmjl pmrm rfwfr cmsls fn }vf iãl

fteszm clnprlwmèãl jlcvnfizma jm fteszâicem rfma jms pfrslimaejmjfs smizegecmjms! l cvazl mls

smizls jf cfnezårel jfnliszrm }vf m glrèm jms prízecms rfaehelsms plpvamrfs slorfwewf às

glrnmaejmjfs jms eiszezveèöfs rfaehelsms) M jeclzlnem rfprfsfizmjm pfals smizls jf cfnezårel f

pfals smizls cmiúiecls! mpmrfizfnfizf errfcliceaeíwfa cln ls pmjröfs fcafseíszecls mzvmes! gle

cliszrvîjm nvezl rfcfizfnfizf! im ejmjf nljfrim) Zma jewesãl å mrzegecemanfizf fszmofafcejm! f

ls smizls jf cfnezårel! alihf jf rfprfsfizmrfn vnm rvpzvrm! sãl im wfrjmjf zrmèl jf vnm

clizeivejmjf fizrf glrnvamèöfs rfaehelsms sfpmrmjms pfal zfnpl! mprfsfizmijl.sf mssen clnl

vnm glrnm jf rfseszâicem jl enmheiírel rfaehelsl eoårecl)

M jfwlèãl

M jfwlèãl mls smizls jf cfnezårel mssvnf omsecmnfizf jvms glrnms2 m prenferm å m jm

wesezmèãl rfmaemjm! il cmsl jf Fzfaweim f Zfrfsm! preicepmanfizf il jem jls geimjls) Ims

wesezms sãl mcfsms wfams f clalcmjms galrfs! gfezms lrmèöfs f prlnfssms) M sfhvijm! }vf sfrem m

próprem prlnfssm! enpaecm il fszmofafcenfizl jf clnprlnessl cln l smizl! il }vma vn

ofifgîcel å pfjejl fn zrlcm jf vnm jíjewm }vf pljf sfr vnm ofigfezlrem il próprel zònval

jl smizl – clnl! plr ftfnpal! l slfrhvenfizl jf vnm ilwm aípejf lv m cliszrvèãl jf vn

bmehl! l pmhmnfizl jf miòicels ils blrimes jewvahmijl m hrmèm . prízecm zmnoån nvezl

clnvn pmrm pmhmr prlnfssms jf smizls ‑lgecemes„ clnl l gmnlsl Smizl Ftpfjezl! vn ft.wlzl

rfamcelimjl à hrmèm rfcfoejm lv mzå nfsnl vn smcregîcel gîsecl! clnl sf prewmr jf mahl

prmfrlsl jvrmizf jfzfrneimjl pfrîljl jf zfnpl)

Jegfrfizf jls smizls cmiúiecls! m }vfn ms dlnfimhfis clnl ilwfims f cîrels

prfsceijfn jl fszmofafcenfizl jf prlnfssms! fnolrm plssmn fszmr m fams aehmjms! ls smizls

jf cfnezårel rmrmnfizf sãl afnormjls glrm jl clizftzl jms prlnfssms) Fszms sf cliszezvfn

ivn fafnfizl enplrzmizf jf aehmèãl cln l smizl! ml amjl jl zònval! }vf mpmrfcf! clnl bí

jezl! ifszfs cmsls zrmisgehvrmjl clnl svm rfgfrâicem nmzfrema preicepma) Iãl sf wâfn! il cmsl

jls smizls jl SBO! glzls lv enmhfis rfprfsfizmijl ifidvn jls pfrslimhfis cezmjls!

}vma}vfr zepl jf eclilhrmgem lv nfsnl jf vn clidfcenfizl nmes prlgvijl slorf m wejm jl

‑smizl„ f jms cmvsms }vf afwmrmn l plwl m fafhâ.ams smizms) M enmhfn jfafs fszí prfsfizf im

nfizf jl plwl jf lvzrms glrnms2 mzrmwås jms werzvjfs }vf rfprfsfizmn $clrmhfn!

5



hfifrlsejmjf! ftfnpal jf slgrenfizl% lv jl sfv cmrízfr jf nfjemjlr ‑nmes prótenl„ jls

jfwlzls! pmrzeadmijl jf svms zreszfms f jegecvajmjfs)

Plr lvzrl amjl! m rfamèãl fizrf smizl f jfwlzl sfn m nfjemèãl jm eiszezveèãl rfaehelsm

zlrim m rfamèãl jf prltenejmjf cln l smizl jl plwl nvezl nmes fszrfezm f jerfzm) Fizrf ms

pfsslms lvwejms jvrmizf ms eicvrsöfs m cmnpl! pfrcfofnls clnl cmrízfr nmrcmizf jls cvazls

m mvsâicem jms glrnmaejmjfs jms lrhmiemèöfs rfaehelsms f vnm prltenejmjf }vf pfrnezf

nmelr gafteoeaejmjf jfszms rfamèöfs! lijf m mhâicem eijewejvma jl jfwlzl nmiegfszm.sf jf

jewfrsms glrnms! fspfcemanfizf il cmneidl pmrm l smizl! lijf ml eiwås jm Ehrfbm ilzm.sf m

mzvmèãl jms eiglrnmèöfs glrifcejms plr gmneaemrfs prótenls! cúibvhf f jf pfsslms jf sfv

cîrcval slcema) Wírels glrmn ls }vf jefn zfr prlcvrmjl m mbvjm jls smizls plr zfrfn

clidfcejls }vf macmièmrmn hrmèms lv glrmn fszenvamjls plr pmrfizfs m wfifrmr ls smizls)

Ficlizrmnls dlnfis f nvadfrfs wesezmijl! prfszmijl dlnfimhfis lv pmhmijl prlnfssms ils

zònvals jls smizls! nms }vmijl ei}verejls slorf mzrmwås jf }vfn zeidmn lozejl

clidfcenfizl slorf ls pfrslimhfis! eiwmremwfawfnfizf m rfsplszm rfnfzem.sf m vnm nvadfr

$nãf! zem! prenm! fsplsm! mwó%) L gmzl jf ejfizegecmrnls nvadfrfs clnl fafnfizls enplrzmizfs

im glrnmèãl rfaehelsm gmneaemr ifssf clizftzl morf }vfszöfs }vf iãl zfrfnls clnl ftmneimr

ifszf nlnfizl! nms }vf ils jí peszms slorf l cmrízfr jf pfrfiejmjf jls cvazls plpvamrfs

clnl l }vf zfizmnls mimaesmr m}ve)

Ormijãl $=548%! ml jescvzer ls nmrcmjlrfs }vf cmrmczfremn ls preicepmes seszfnms

rfaehelsls il Ormsea! prlpöf mahvis plizls m sfrfn clisejfrmjls im jegfrficemèãl jms

rfaeheöfs2 m sezvmèãl jls nlrzls fn rfamèãl mls wewls! lrehfn jl ofn f jl nma f glrnms jf

cvrm rfaehelsms lv níhecms) Pmrm l mvzlr! il cmzlaecesnl plpvamr l nlrzl clizeivm zfijl

eigavficem im wejm jls wewls! fi}vmizl }vf il cmzlaecesnl lgecema! iãl8)

Il }vf sf rfgfrf mls smizls! il cmzlaecesnl lgecema mpfims sãl clisejfrmjls clnl zmes

mpós svm mscfisãl m vn plszl nmes mazl jf hrmèm im defrmr}vem cfafszf) Zma mscfisãl å vnm

prfrrlhmzewm jm próprem Ehrfbm }vf! omsfmjm im pmssmhfn oîoaecm }vf mgernm }vf ‑zvjl }vf glr

aehmjl im Zfrrm! sfrí aehmjl il cåv„! zfrem m cmpmcejmjf jf maèmr eijewîjvls m fszf szmzvs

jegfrficemjl! mpós l prlcfssl jf cmiliemèãl! bí jfscrezl mizfrelrnfizf) Il cmsl jls smizls

jf cfnezårel! fszf zrmbfzl sfrem morfwemjl nfjemizf cercviszïicems fspfcemes jm wejm jl nlrzl!

}vf ls gm! plr jfzfrneimjm aeidm jf pfismnfizl! prfsceijer jm Ehrfbm clnl mhâicem

eizfrnfjemjlrm – fszm sfrem svoszezvîjm pfal cmrízfr jl smizl }vf! sleidl! mzrmwås jf sfv

8 M jeszeièãl fizrf cmzlaecesnl frvjezl $CF% lv glrnma f cmzlaecesnl plpvamr $CP% å gfezm plr Ormijãl $=548% pmrm jeszeihver! jfizrl jl cmzlaecesnl fi}vmizl seszfnm rfaehelsl! glrnvamèöfs jewfrsms slorf jlhnms f prízecmseiszezvîjms)

=0



smcregîcel! nmrzîrel lv wejm rfzm! f jl rfclidfcenfizl jls crfizfs! zfrem m cmpmcejmjf jf

macmièmr m hrmèm il cåv f! jfszm glrnm! eizfrwer il nvijl jls wewls! gmfijl l ofn)

L prlzmhliesnl plpvamr im fafwmèãl jf eijewîjvls à cmzfhlrem jf smizls fn hfrma hrmwezm

fn zlril jf mahvis mspfczls clnvis) Clavccel $=55:% famolrlv vnm camssegecmèãl cln omsf

ils cmsls clafzmjls plr faf im Mrhfizeim f clnplszm plr jvms camssfs2 M prenferm f}vewmaf

mls cdmnmjls ‑eavneimjls„! cliszezvîjm plr pfsslms }vf sf jfjecmrmn às mzewejmjfs jf

cmrejmjf f glrmn clisejfrmjms werzvlsms; mahvnms zewfrmn m oelhrmgem lrimjm plr

mclizfcenfizls ftzrmlrjeiírels! jf lrehfn neamhrlsm! f }vf mpós m nlrzf zewfrmn m svm

eizfrcfssãl eiwlcmjm pmrm mvteaemr im rfslavèãl jf prloafnms jls wewls; ifszm camssf pljfnls

sezvmr ls rfaehelsls) Fszm å m camssf nmes gmceanfizf pfrnfíwfa à eiszezvcelimaemèãl! sfijl m

}vf nmes glrifcf cmijejmzls m smizls f ofmzls pmrm m Ehrfbm)

M sfhvijm camssf clrrfsplijf m jms wîzenms jf nlrzf welafizm lv eibvszm) Fszm camssf sf

jewejf fn zrâs hrvpls2 ls ‑mibls„! cremièms }vf gmafcfrmn meijm im prenferm eigïicem! wîzenms

jf momijlil! nmvs.zrmzls lv jf lvzrms glrnms jf jfsmsseszâicem; lvzrl hrvpl å cliszezvîjl

pfams wîzenms jf welaâicem ftzrfnm – fspmicmnfizls! zlrzvrm! fszvprls f mssmsseimzls; sfijl

fafwmjl ifszf hrvpl l iònfrl jf nvadfrfs! f geimanfizf l hrvpl jms pfsslms jf ‑ní wejm„ –

omijejls f prlszezvzms! cvbls jfwlzls mcrfjezmn }vf zewfrmn lplrzviejmjf jf mrrfpfijfr.sf f

lozfr pfrjãl jls pfcmjls im dlrm jm nlrzf }vmsf sfnprf jlalrlsm) Ifszf òazenl hrvpl ls

omijejls nlrzls il _el Hrmijf jl Ilrzf clidfcejls clnl Bmrmrmcm f Omrmcdl sãl ftfnpals

ilzórels! lobfzl jf fszvjl jm zfsf jf Zïiem Grfezms $?00=%! lv m prlszezvzm Bmijerm! mssmsseimjm

f cvazvmjm fn Cmnpeims $Ampamizeif ' Zreijmjf! =558%)

Pmssfnls mhlrm m vnm orfwf sònvam jms imrrmzewms nezlaóhecms cliszrvîjms fn zlril jls

}vmzrl smizls jl Sãl Blãl Omzeszm! nlizmjms fn zlril jls rfamzls zlnmjls jf wesezmizfs

zrmomadmjlrfs jl cfnezårel! jfwlzls f gmneaemrfs jls smizls) Å enplrzmizf afnormr }vf iãl gle

ilssm eizfièãl famolrmr oelhrmgems jls pfrslimhfis; l ‑rfma„ }vf å lobfzl jf ilssl zrmomadl å

l rfma enmheiírel! f m pmrzer jfssf plizl jf weszm ms eiglrnmèöfs }vf clnpmrzeadmnls m sfhver

zmnoån sf cliszezvfn ivnm glrnm jf gecèãl à nfjejm }vf! grfizf mls wírels clizfòjls }vf

ficlizrmnls ils rfamzls – iãl ifcfssmremnfizf clisfisvmes! famolrmnls vnm sfafèãl jls

mspfczls }vf clisejfrmnls enplrzmizfs pmrm fszf enmheiírel)

Smizls jl Cfnezårel Sãl Blãl Omzeszm

Fzfaweim J―Maficmr2 " Olm Weszm jl Ecó2 =44: , † Nmimvs2 =50=

M nmes cåaforf pfrslimaejmjf fizfrrmjm il Sãl Blãl Omzeszm! sfn jòwejm! å FzfaweimJ―Maficmr! lv ‑Smizm Fzfaweim„! nvezl clidfcejm il Mnmlims f fn lvzrls fszmjls! zfijl

==



sejl cezmjm plr Cïnmrm Cmscvjl $?00?% fn sfv afwmizmnfizl jf Smizls jl plwl il Ormsea)

Nvezls sãl ls rfamzls jf neamhrfs macmièmjls hrmèms à eizfrsfèãl jf Fzfaweim! }vf frm nehrmizf

ilrjfszeim! clnl nvezls }vf nlrmwmn fn Nmimvs il såcval TET! jvrmizf l prenferl

pfrîljl jf ftpmisãl jm olrrmcdm4)

Imzvrma jf Ecó! il _el Hrmijf jl Ilrzf! zfrem sejl mssmsseimjm plr vn neaezmr $mahvnms

wfrsöfs jefn }vf l dlnfn frm sfv zel% ml rfmher m vnm zfizmzewm jf fszvprl) Sfv clrpl gle

ficlizrmjl im Claúiem Cmnpls Smafs! vnm írfm im åplcm jeszmizf jm cejmjf! f svm nlrzf zfrem

pmssmjl jfspfrcfoejm! sf iãl glssf l gmzl jl clrpl zfr sejl jfsfizfrrmjl mils jfples f

ficlizrmjl fn pfrgfezl fszmjl) M zrmjeèãl plpvamr gmam }vf jm sfpvazvrm lijf glrm fizfrrmjm

ftmamwm glrzf cdferl jf rlsms)

Fnolrm m jfwlèãl zfidm sf rfzrmîjl ils òazenls mils! meijm å clnvn ficlizrmr il zònval

jf Fzfaweim ft.wlzls jf wírels zepls clnl2 wfszejls jf ilewm! råpaecms jf nfnorls jl clrpl

dvnmil fscvapejms fn cfrm! nm}vfzfs jf cmsms! cmrzms f oeadfzfs! maån jf nfismhfis fscrezms

cln wfams jf mhrmjfcenfizl pfam hrmèm macmièmjm ims wejrmèms f ims pmrfjfs jf sfv bmehl)

Il Jem jf geimjls sfv zònval å l }vf nmes rfcfof mzfièãl! rfvieijl cfizfims jf pfsslms }vf

sf mazfrimn jvrmizf zljm m sfnmim }vf mizfcfjf ml Jem jf Geimjl f il próprel jem)

Fzfaweim zfn vnm rfpvzmèãl zãl glrzf im cejmjf }vf omzelv vn jf sfvs omerrls nmes

zrmjecelimes2 l omerrl jf Smizm Fzfaweim! cvbm pmró}vem – mprlwfezm l jem jf geimjls pmrm

nlizmr vn zînejl plszl jf mihmremèãl jf lgfrzms ml amjl jl zònval jm blwfn! nlszrmijl l

}vmizl ms grlizferms fizrf l eiszezvcelima f l plpvamr sãl olrrmjms il }vf sf rfgfrf mls smizls

jf cfnezårel)

$Glzl) =2 Jfwlzls jf Smizm Fzfaweim fn zlril jf sfv zònval il Cfnezårel

Sãl Blãl Omzeszm il Jem jls geimjls $0? jf ilwfnorl jf ?007%) M mrfem å

blhmjm plr nfnorls jm orehmjm jl Clrpl jf olnoferls jvrmizf zljl l jem

jf geimjls! m gen jf fwezmr eicâijel cmvsmjl pfams cfizfims jf wfams mcfsms

clizeivmnfizf ml rfjlr jl bmehl,Glzl2 Bfmi Nmem%

4 Fizrf nfmjls jl såcval TET f eiîcel jl såcval TT! m rfheãl Mnmúiecm slgrfv vn svrzl jf jfsfiwlawenfizlhrmèms à ftplrzmèãl jm olrrmcdm $ftzrmîjm jl zrlicl jm Dfwfm ormseaefises% }vf prlplrcelilv! fizrf lvzrmsclesms! }vf cejmjfs clnl Nmimvs rfcfofssfn fafwmjl iònfrl jf nehrmizfs! fnprffijfssfn mnpams rfglrnmsvromiîszecms f }vf pmrzf jf svm plpvamèãl zewfssf mcfssl à nfrcmjlrems enplrzmjms) Pmrm m hrmijf nmelrem jf

jfsgmwlrfcejls! clizvjl! l pfrîljl jm olrrmcdm sf cliszezvev jm eavsãl jl fire}vfcenfizl rípejl }vformjm pfamrfmaejmjf crvfa jls sfreihmes f jms jlfièms zrlpecmes }vf afwmrmn nvezls à nlrzf lv à nesårem moslavzm)

=?



Sdmali Fnmivfa Nvuma2 † Nmimvs2 =5=0

Sf Smizm Fzfaweim å m nmes gmnlsm! plr lvzrl amjl m jescreèãl jm jfwlèãl fn zlril jf

Sdmali Nvuma iãl gle fnpfceadl pmrm }vf ls neamhrfs jl rmoeil hmidmssfn prlplrèöfs

filrnfs ils òazenls mils) M deszórem jl ‑_moeil Smizl„ mpmrfcfv fn jlcvnfizírels f fn

wírems rfplrzmhfis blrimaîszecms fn zljl l nvijl) Wírels sãl ls nlzewls! jls }vmes l

preicepma pmrfcf sfr m eiclfrâicem jf sf clisejfrmr vn rmoeil clnl smizl $m plizl jf m faf

sfrfn jfjecmjms fn hrmijf prlgvsãl pamcms wlzewms plr hrmèms macmièmjms! }vf fszãl jesplszms

plr zljm m svm sfpvazvrm%)

L rmoeil nmrrl}veil zfrem sejl fiwemjl jf Smaå pmrm mbvjmr m glrzmafcfr m gå jm

clnviejmjf bvjmecm }vf dmoezmwm fn Nmimvs il eiîcel jl såcval TT! zfijl cdfhmjl m

Nmimvs fn =504 $plrzmizl il pfrîljl geima jl cecal jm olrrmcdm% f nlrrejl mpfims jles mils

jfples! fn =? jf nmrèl jf =5=0! prlwmwfanfizf jf vnm jms wírems jlfièms zrlpecmes }vf

mclnfzemn ls nlrmjlrfs alcmes clnl gforf mnmrfam! cóafrm lv nmaírem)

L prenferl ‑neamhrf„ jl _moeil zfrem mclizfcejl plvcl jfples jf svm nlrzf! plr

eizfrnåjel jf vnm sfidlrm jm clnviejmjf bvjmecm jf Nmimvs }vf dmwem cvejmjl jfaf jvrmizf

m jlfièm }vf l afwlv à nlrzf) Fam zfrem clisfhvejl cvrmr mpfims vsmijl ms nãls vnm zfrcferm

pfsslm jf vn hrmwf prloafnm óssfl f mzreovev l gmzl à eigavficem jl rmoeil! jf }vfn dmwem

zrmzmjl mizfs) Vn sfhvijl neamhrf gle jfscrezl ivn rfamzl pvoaecmjl im rfweszm Nlrmsdí! plr

Jmwej Smahmjl $?007%2

=3



[)))^ Lvzrm sezvmèãl nvezl clidfcejm im clnviejmjf nmimvmrm å m jf

vn sfidlr . meijm nf afnorl ofn jfaf im}vfaf fszmjl . cln vn

prloafnm sårel il pfsclèl }vf l enpfjem jf mijmr cln m cmofèm im

plseèãl wfrzecma; fszm sfnprf pfijem pmrm l amjl) Jfples jf zfr

clisvazmjl nåjecls fn ovscm jf vnm slavèãl pmrm l prloafnm! sfn

ifidvn rfsvazmjl smzesgmzórel! m nãf jl rmpm zlnlv enplrzmizf

jfcesãl) Mormèmjm fn svm gå il Fzfril! J(vs jf Esrmfa! jerehev.sf

cfrzm nmidã à zvnom jf _eoe Nvuma! lijf gf vn pfjejl fspfcema

pmrm }vf sfv geadl zewfssf pafil rfszmofafcenfizl)

L zònval jf Sdmali gle vn jls }vf! fnolrm pfrzficfizf m vn bvjfv! lreheimanfizf

sezvmwm.sf il cfnezårel mizehl! gle zrmisamjmjl pmrm l SBO mizfs jm gvijmèãl jl Cfnezårel

Esrmfaezm f! plrzmizl! ficlizrm.sf dlbf fizrf ls zònvals creszãls) Mpfsmr jl cfnezårel Esrmfaezm

zfr sejl cliszrvîjl dí mahvnms jåcmjms! zònvals clnl ls jf Nvuma iãl glrmn zrmisamjmjls!

pfrnmifcfijl fn nfel às sfpvazvrms creszãs) L nfsnl mclizfcf cln bmehls jf gmnîaems

nvaèvnmims f teizlîszms! }vf fszãl jesplszls fn wírels plizls jl cfnezårel)

Ms dlnfimhfis ml _moeil Nvuma sãl gfezms mzrmwås jf vnm bí cezmjm hrmijf

}vmizejmjf jf pamcms jf mhrmjfcenfizl eicrvszmjms ims pmrfjfs jf sfv bmehl! jms pfjrms

jfplsezmjms slo l zònval $jfgfrâicem bvjmecm mls nlrzls% neszvrmjms às galrfs f wfams

$rfgfrâicems creszãs%! }vf mzfszmn m jewfrsejmjf jf lrehfis rfaehelsms jf sfvs geåes) Nvuma å

meijm dlbf afnormjl pfam clnviejmjf bvjmecm alcma clnl dlnfn jf hrmijf werzvjf

$Oficdenla! =5542 7:%)

Glzl ?2 Jfzmadf jms pamcms jf mhrmjfcenfizl jf hrmèms rfcfoejms fn

vnm jms pmrfjfs ftzfrims jl zònval jl _moeil Sdmali Nvuma! il

cfnezårel Sãl Blãl Omzeszm! fn Nmimvs),Glzl2 Bfmi _) Nmem

=:



Jfanl Pfrferm2 " Nmimvs2 =533, † Nmimvs2 =56?

Ls gmzls }vf fiwlawfn m mscfièãl jf Jfanl à clijeèãl jf smizl sãl clnpaftls f

ficlizrmnls wfrsöfs jegfrficemjms) Mprfsfizmnls m}ve vnm glrnvamèãl }vf! fnolrm

rlcmnolafscm! clisejfrmnls smzesgmzórem pmrm ilssls lobfzewls2 Blwfn rfofajf! sfhvijl

mahvnms wfrsöfs! wecemjl fn jrlhms! Jfanl zfrem zfizmjl mssmazmr vn mrnmån $mahvnms

wfrsöfs jefn }vf l nfsnl frm jf prlprefjmjf jf sfv pme% f zfrem mzermjl il wehem }vf zfizmrm

enpfjer l rlvol) Cln nfjl jf sfr eicreneimjl! mssmsseilv m zerls vn zmteszm – òiecm

zfszfnvidm jl gmzl $mahvnms wfrsöfs jefn }vf l zmteszm glrm clizrmzmjl plr faf pmrm afwí.al

mzå l alcma jl mssmazl%) L wehem! plrån! slorfwewfv à zfizmzewm jf mssmsseimzl f eicreneilv

Jfanl) Nmimvs im jåcmjm jf 60 wewem vnm jf svms nmelrfs cresfs fcliúnecms 5! l }vf pljf

mbvjmr m fizfijfr l }vf sf jfv m sfhver) Ls zmteszms jf Nmimvs! rfwlazmjls! fnprffijfrmn

vnm wfrjmjferm crvmjm pfam cejmjf mzå ficlizrí.al fsclijejl fn vn sîzel jf prlprefjmjf jm

gmnîaem! plrån iãl l fizrfhmrmn às mvzlrejmjfs2 fspmicmrmn.il f zlrzvrmrmn.il! mrrmicmijl

eiecemanfizf vidms! jfjls! nfnorls f geimanfizf jfsgeamrmn cln l cmjíwfr mnmrrmjl im

zrmsferm jf vn zíte pfams rvms jm cejmjf! fn cmrrfmzm! ivn fwfizl }vf mzå dlbf å afnormjl cln

msslnorl pfam plpvamèãl alcma) Fszf å! maeís! vn jls òiecls plizls jf clisfisl fizrf ms

imrrmzewms lvwejms2 l fwfizl jm nlrzf gle zãl nmrcmizf }vf pfrnmifcf sfijl zrmisnezejm fizrf

wírems hfrmèöfs jf nlrmjlrfs jm cejmjf)

Å ilzórel }vf Jfanl sfbm clisejfrmjl plr sfvs jfwlzls clnl ‑Pmjrlferl jls fszvjmizfs„

f sfv zònval fszfbm sfnprf lrimjl cln cmjfrils fsclamrfs! ft.wlzls jf prlnfssms pmrm

mprlwmèãl fsclamr! l }vf pmrfcf zfr sejl maenfizmjl pfam próprem gmnîaem ivn prenferl

nlnfizl! pfal }vf sf jfjv jm eiscreèãl hrmwmjm im aípejf jf sfv zònval ‑Jfanl Pfrferm!

nírzer fszvjmizf„)

Zfrfsm Creszeim2 " Ezmclmzemrm2 =57: , † Nmimvs2 =58=

5 Jvrmizf m Sfhvijm Hvfrrm Nvijema! ls Fszmjls Viejls! enplsseoeaezmjls jf clnprmr m olrrmcdm omrmzm jmNmaísem! wlazmrmn svm mzfièãl pmrm m olrrmcdm jm Mnmúiem! prlnlwfijl vn sfhvijl svrzl jf ftpmisãl jl

ftzrmzewesnl) Geijm m hvfrrm! m rfheãl! sfn lvzrms mazfrimzewms }vf nlwenfizmssfn m fclilnem alcma! svcvnoev àjfprfssãl fcliúnecm)

=6



M nfieim Zfrfsm! geadm jf pme nvèvanmil f nãf cmzóaecm! jfsjf nvezl cfjl nlszrmwm

prfjeafèãl pfams clesms smhrmjms! jfnliszrmijl mnlr à lrmèãl f às clesms smizms) Gmafcfv

jvrmizf vn mcejfizf mårfl! prótenl m Nmimvs! pmrm lijf wlazmwm cln svm nãf! zfijl

nlrrejl fn hrmijf mhliem pfams cdmnms mpfsmr jls fsglrèls jf svm nãf! }vf slorfwewfv! fn

smawmr.adf m wejm) Ls gmzls }vf fiwlawfn svm zrmisgehvrmèãl fn pfrslimhfn smhrmjl sãl

omszmizf jfzmadmjls plr}vf sfijl fam l cmsl nmes rfcfizf! gle plssîwfa fszmofacfr clizmzl cln

cln gmneaemrfs f mnehls jm gmnîaem }vf sf rfòifn mivmanfizf fn grfizf ml zònval!

neszvrmijl.sf mls jfwlzls }vf jfplsezmn preicepmanfizf orei}vfjls f galrfs il bmehl)

Svm zrmisglrnmèãl fn smizm å nmrcmjm plr vn gmzl eivsezmjl2 svm nãf! }vf nmizeidm

pfisãl il cfizrl jf Nmimvs! lijf zmnoån nlrmwm! cfrzl jem rfcfofv m wesezm jf vn dlnfn

}vf! nfsnl sfn jeidferl f sfn adf clidfcfr! adf pfjev morehl! zfijl sejl mpfsmr jessl mcfezl

pfam jlim jm pfisãl) Jems jfples jm cdfhmjm jl ilwl dóspfjf! vn nehrmizf! fszf fizrlv im

írfm rfsfrwmjm à rfsejâicem jm prlprefzírem! m gen jf mcfrzmr jfzmadfs jm dlspfjmhfn! f

jfpmrlv.sf cln m glzl jf Zfrfsm) Faf fizãl zfrem pfrhvizmjl }vfn sfrem m}vfam cremièm f ml

lvwer jm nãf }vf frm svm geadm! rfwfalv }vf glrm m}vfam nfieim }vf! jems mizfs! l zrlvtfrm mzå

mae! ml }vf m nãf rfsplijfv }vf m}veal frm enplssîwfa! ples fam bí fszmwm nlrzm dí pfal nfils

sfes nfsfs) Mizf m eiseszâicem jl dlnfn! m nãf eizfrfsslv.sf fn smofr ms cercviszmicems jl

ficlizrl f l dóspfjf rfwfalv }vf ficlizrmrm m hmrlzm oreicmijl im rvm jm mizehm cmsm jm

gmnîaem! bvszmnfizf il avhmr fn }vf nãf f geadm nlrmwmn mizfs jl mcejfizf) M fszórem sf

fspmadm mzå }vf vn lvzrl dóspfjf! mclnfzejl jf vnm hrmwf jlfièm ils ladls }vf clnfèmwm m

zermr.adf m wesãl! mpfalv fn lrmèãl pmrm m eizfrsfèãl jf Zfrfsm pmrm svm cvrm! sfijl mzfijejl f

jmijl eiîcel à jfwlèãl! dlbf sfhvejm plr wírems pfsslms) M nmelrem jls grf}ñfizmjlrfs jl

zònval sãl mjlafscfizfs f cremièms! afwmjls plr sfvs pmes pmrm wesezmrfn l alcma)

Clicavsöfs

Il cmzlaecesnl plpvamr! jegfrfizf jl prlhrfsseszm! fn }vf zljls ls nmafs zfn lrehfn

im jegfrfièm }vfszöfs slcemes! prfsfrwm.sf m wesãl jf }vf zljl l nma imscf f å prljvejl plr

mhfizfs slorfimzvrmes $nmaågecls%! plr pfcmjls jl gefa lv níhecm f }vf m cvrm pmrm eszl sf jí

preicepmanfizf pfam lrmèãl! lv plr eizfrwfièãl níhecm $ofièãl! mhfizf nfjeòiecl%) Il cmsl

jms prízecms eiszezvîjms fn zlril jls smizls jf cfnezårel! plrån! fssf nma iãl zfn m glrnm jl

jfnúiel lv jf fspîrezls! nms plssvfn glrnms }vf fszãl prlgvijmnfizf rfamcelimjms mls

prloafnms jm wejm clzejemim jls jfwlzls2 å m gmazm jf fnprfhl! m gmazm jf vnm cmsm próprem!

vnm jlfièm – próprem lv jf vn fizf }vfrejl! ms ilzms ometms }vf enpfjfn l fszvjmizf jf‑pmssmr jf mil„! m jegecvajmjf jf ficlizrmr vn nmrejl) Im nmelrem jms wffs sãl pfjejls

=7



senpafs2 il cmsl jf Fzfaweim! Zfrfsm Creszeim f Jfanl Pfrferm! å clnvn ficlizrmr ft.wlzls

jf cmjfrils lv pfjejls fscrezls cln pmrmgeim ims wejrmèms jls bmehls pfjeijl m mprlwmèãl

fsclamr il geima jls oenfszrfs afzewls) Plr seima! fszf pmrfcf sfr l preicepma pfjejl jls blwfis

fszvjmizfs }vf grf}ñfizmn l cfnezårel iãl mpfims il Jem jf geimjls)

L gfiúnfil jls smizls jf cfnezårel pmrfcf mssen mrzecvamr zrâs jenfisöfs enplrzmizfs

jm rfaehelsejmjf2 m prenferm å svm ilzórem ejfizejmjf cln ls mr}våzepls iãl ifcfssmremnfizf

mcfezls pfam nlrma eiszezvîjm) Vnm ejåem prfcelsm }vf svszfizm m eiwfszehmèãl å m jf Wmi

Hfiifp! cezmjl plr Necdfa Cmrzfmv $=55? [?007^%! pmrm }vfn frm plssîwfa ficlizrmr zrmèls

fszrvzvrmes ils cliszrvzls rfaehelsls clnvis m wírems slcefjmjfs2

Wmi Hfiifp rfwfam ils glacalrfs rfaehelsls ls sehils jf mr}våzepls

eicliscefizfs f jf fszrvzvrms mizrlplaóhecms pfrnmifizfs) Mzrmwås jf

vnm nîszecm sfnprf mnfmèmjm lv jf vn glacalrf! l rfaehelsl mssvnf

m enmhfn jl nmrheima f jl mzfnplrma! ifaf! vnm imzvrfm prlgvijm!

fszrmidm à deszórem! sf clnoeim cln m}veal }vf vnm slcefjmjf rfbfezm

pmrm svms grlizferms $Cfrzfmv! ?0072 p) 36%)

L fafnfizl rfprfsfizmzewl losfrwmjl ils cåaforfs zrmomadls jf Bvih $l avhmr jl

eicliscefizf clafzewl! fspåcef jf nfnórem! rfheszrl jm ftpfreâicem jm dvnmiejmjf% mplizm

pmrm vn mspfczl mzfnplrma! zmnoån molrjmjl plr Jvrmij! }vf pfrnezf fn vazenm miíaesf l

rfzlril jf rfprfsfizmèöfs! díoezls f clszvnfs prfsfizfs il fzdls jm ceweaemèãl lcejfizma jf

rezls f zrmjeèöfs ifn sfnprf cliscefizfnfizf pfrcfoejms pfals }vf ms plszvamn)

Vn sfhvijl mspfczl nmiepvamjl ifszf prlcfssl å l jm jeszeièãl jf vnm rfaehelsejmjf

plpvamr }vf! ml nfsnl zfnpl fn }vf pmrzeadm mahvis fafnfizls cln lvzrms ftprfssöfs

rfaehelsms $clnl l fsperezesnl lv l cmzlaecesnl lgecema%! jegfrficem.sf jfszms plr cligehvrmr m

clizeivmèãl jf vnm zrmjeèãl plpvamr }vf rfnlizm às lrehfis jl cmzlaecesnl! }vmijl m Ehrfbm

fszmwm nmes mofrzm à eizfrgfrâicem jms crfièms plpvamrfs! rfnfzfijl.sf m vnm glrnm jf

rfaehelsejmjf wewejm eizfismnfizf pfal plwl }vf! eijfpfijfizf jf nfjemjlrfs lgecemes!

rfmrzecvam clicfpèöfs nîszecms jf glrnm mvzúilnm! rfcremijl mzå nfsnl m defrmr}vem cfafszf f

eiszezveijl ‑mzmadls„ mzrmwås jm jlr f jl slgrenfizl! svprfnm ftpfreâicem dvnmim f clrplrma)

L zfrcferl mspfczl }vf }vfrfnls cdmnmr m mzfièãl å }vf! mpfsmr jm plsseoeaejmjf jf sezví.

als im fsgfrm fszrvzvrma jl eicliscefizf! ls smizls jf cfnezårels fszãl rfamcelimjls mls

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