SF Ingles TEO EXE Aline Andrade Aula 03

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CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 1 AULA 03 Olá pessoal, Nesta terceira aula veremos uma matéria importante para a correta interpretação dos textos de inglês das provas de concursos: os pronomes. Após a breve exposição acerca dos tipos de pronomes e de que forma são usados, vou mostrar como as bancas examinadoras têm abordado a matéria. Forte abraço e bons estudos.

Transcript of SF Ingles TEO EXE Aline Andrade Aula 03

Page 1: SF Ingles TEO EXE Aline Andrade Aula 03

CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO

AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE

www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 1

AULA 03

Olá pessoal,

Nesta terceira aula veremos uma matéria importante para a

correta interpretação dos textos de inglês das provas de concursos: os

pronomes. Após a breve exposição acerca dos tipos de pronomes e de

que forma são usados, vou mostrar como as bancas examinadoras têm

abordado a matéria.

Forte abraço e bons estudos.

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CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO

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Pronomes

O pronome é a classe de palavras que acompanha ou substitui

um substantivo ou um outro pronome, indicando sua posição em relação

às pessoas do discurso ou mesmo situando-o no espaço e no tempo. Os

pronomes nos ajudam a evitar repetições desnecessárias na fala e na

escrita.

As questões de prova não cobram isoladamente esta matéria, mas

não há como interpretar corretamente os textos e até mesmo as

questões das provas de inglês da ESAF se você não souber um pouco dos

pronomes. O candidato muitas vezes deverá saber a que se referem os

pronomes.

Os principais tipos de pronomes e os recorrentes em provas da

ESAF são: pessoais (reto e oblíquo), possessivos, reflexivos, indefinidos,

relativos e demonstrativos. Vejamos da maneira mais objetiva possível o

que você deve saber sobre cada um desses grupos:

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Pronomes pessoais

Os pronomes pessoais (caso reto) são os ‘Subject pronouns’ ,

têm a função de sujeito na oração e, em português, correspondem à:

I – eu

You – tu, você

He – ele

She – ela

It – ele, ela (usado para coisas e animais)

We – nós

You – vós, vocês

They – eles, elas

Os pronomes pessoais (caso obliquo) são os ‘Object pronouns’ e

tem assumem na oração a função de objeto direto ou indireto:

me – me, mim

you – te, ti, o, a, lhe

him – o, lhe

her – a, lhe

it – o, a

us – nos

you - vos, os, as, lhes

them – os, as, lhes

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Pronomes possessivos

Os pronomes possessivos são usados para substituir a os adjetivos

possessivos e os substantivos que os acompanham. Os adjetivos

possessivos são:

my – meu, minha, meus, minhas

your – teu, tua, teus, tuas, seu, sua, seus, suas

his – dele, seu, sua, seus, suas

her – dela, seu, sua, seus, suas

its – dele, dela, seu, sua, seus, suas (coisas ou animais)

our – nosso, nossa, nossos, nossas

their – deles, delas, seu, sua, seus, suas (pessoas, animais, coisas)

Os pronomes possessivos são:

mine – meu, minha, meus, minhas

yours – teu, tua, teus, tuas, seu, sua , seus, suas

his – seu, sua, seus, suas, dele

hers – seu, sua, seus, suas, dela

ours – nosso, nossa, nossos, nossas

theirs – seu, sua, seus, suas deles, delas

Agora veja como acontece a substituição:

Ex.: They are my books = They are mine.

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Pronomes reflexivos

Como o próprio nome já diz, os pronomes reflexivos em inglês são

usados quando desejamos nos referir a nós mesmos, quando o sujeito

faz e sofre a ação.

Myself – Me, mesmo(a), próprio(a), (a) mim mesmo(a)

Yourself – Te, si, mesmo(a), próprio(a), ti mesmo(a), você mesmo(a)

Himself – Se, si, mesmo, próprio, a ele mesmo, a si mesmo

Herself – Se, si, mesma, própria, a ela mesma, a si mesma

Itself – Se, si, mesmo, próprio, a ele mesmo, a si mesmo

Ourselves – nós, nós mesmos, a nós mesmos

Yourselves – vós, mesmos, a vós mesmos

Themselves – Se, si, mesmo(a), próprio(a), (a) eles/elas mesmo(a)s

Ex.: I saw myself in the mirror. (Eu me vi no espelho.)

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Pronomes indefinidos

Os pronomes indefinidos em inglês são: some e any

SOME- usado em frase afirmativas ou interrogativas quando a resposta

esperada é afirmativa.

some - algum; alguma; um pouco de

somebody/someone – alguém

something - algo, alguma coisa

Ex.: I have some doubts. Tenho algumas dúvidas.

Would you like some more wine? (Gostaria de um pouco mais de vinho?)

ANY- usado em frases interrogativas e negativas

any - algum, alguma (frases interrogativas); qualquer (frases

afirmativas); nenhum, nenhuma (frases negativas)

anyone/anybody – alguém; ninguém

anything - alguma coisa; qualquer coisa; nada

Ex.: Do you any money on you? (Você tem algum dinheiro com você?),

Are you waiting for anybody? (Está esperando por alguém

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Pronomes relativos

Os pronomes relativos são aqueles usados para adicionar

informações à um objeto/sujeito de uma primeira oração. Os pronomes

relativos em inglês são: who (quem, que); which (que, o qual, a qual);

whose (de quem, cujo); e that (que). Veja as situações em que cada

um é usado:

Who – usado para o sujeito ou pronomes pessoais. Ex.: I told you about

who lives here (Eu contei a você sobre quem vive aqui.), The man who

leads the group (O homem que lidera o grupo).

Which – usado para sujeito ou pronomes para animais ou coisas. Ex.:

My dog, which is brown, is sleeping. (meu cachorro, que é marrom,

está dormindo)

Whose – têm o significado de “cujo”. Ex.: Do you know the boy whose

father is dead? (você conhece o garoto cujo pai está morto?)

That – usado para sujeito, pessoas, animais, coisas, nos casos onde

“define” alguma coisa. Ex.: I do not like the car that is parked there (Eu

não gosto do carro que está estacionado ali)

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Pronomes demonstrativos

Os pronomes demonstrativos servem para indicar/mostrar algo,

algum lugar, pessoa ou objeto. São eles:

This – usado no singular, significa: este, esta, isto.

That – usado no singular, significa: aquele, aquela, esse, essa.

These – plural de this, significa: estes, estas.

Those – plural de that, significa: aqueles, aquelas.

Tendo esses grupos de pronomes em mente, vejamos como são as

questões de prova.

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Translation: getting it right

For non-linguists, buying in translation is often a source of

frustration. The suggestions in this brochure are aimed at

reducing stress.

Think international from the start. Avoid culture-bound

clichés. References to your national sport may well fall flat. Ditto

literary/cultural metaphors. Tread carefully with references to parts

of the human body, viewed differently by different cultures.

For written documents, don’t box yourself in by linking your

pitch to visuals that may not carry the same meaning outside your

native country – forcing translators to resort to cumbersome

wordplay and workarounds. In January 1998 PM Tony Blair told a

group of Japanese businessmen that his government intended to

go “the full monty” in putting the UK economy on a sound footing.

Blank faces: the film had not yet been released in Japan.

Keep some local flavour if you like, but check with your

foreign-text team to make sure that adaptation is possible. For

written documents, be sure to include international calling codes

for telephone and fax…

How important is style? Some translations are no-hopers

from the start. Often these are raw machine translation, or the

work of non-native speakers struggling away with a grammar book

in one hand and a dictionary in the other. They are good for a

laugh. Other translations are technically accurate, yet the

sentences do not flow as smoothly as they might; word order or

choice of vocabulary may be unduly influenced by the original

language. They are not particularly effective for selling, but may be

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good enough for readers who know the subject and can – or have

time to – read between the lines.

(adapted from http://www.fit-ift.org/download/getright2-en.pdf)

1. (FGV/SENADO/2008) The function of this text is to

(A) offer apologies.

(B) sell devices.

(C) spread gossip.

(D) give advice.

(E) create networks.

Comentários:

A questão quer saber a função do texto. Vejamos o que diz o

enunciado do texto:

“(…) The suggestions in this brochure are aimed at reducing

stress.”

A frase diz que as sugestões deste (this – pronome demonstrativo)

folheto objetivam reduzir o stress.”

Vejamos as alternativas de resposta:

(A) offer apologies. = oferecer desculpas

(B) sell devices. = vender estratégias

(C) spread gossip. = espalhar fofocas

(D) give advice. = dar conselhos

(E) create networks. = criar redes

No enunciado do texto já encontramos a palavra suggestion que é

sinônimo de advice, sendo esta a alternativa correta.

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VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE

suggestion: sugestão

this: este, esta

brochure: folheto

be aimed: ter objetivo

offer apologies: oferecer desculpas

sell devices: vender estratégias

spread gossip: espalhar fofocas

give advice: dar conselhos

create networks: criar redes

Logo, a resposta para esta questão é a letra D.

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CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO

AULA 03 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE

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2. (FGV/SENADO/2008) When the suggestions “are aimed at reducing

stress” (lines 4-5), this means they intend to

(A) cut it out.

(B) cut it down.

(C) cut it up.

(D) cut it off.

(E) cut is loose.

Comentários:

A questão diz que:

Quando as sugestões “objetivam reduzir o stress” (linhas 4-5),

isto significa que elas pretendem (intend to):

CUIDADO! FALSO COGNATO:

Pretend: fingir

Intend: pretender

Vejamos as alternativas de resposta. Observem que todas estão

usando o “it”, pronome objetivo que está sendo usado em substituição à

palavra “stress”.

(A) cut it out. = planejar

(B) cut it down. = reduzir

(C) cut it up. = criticar

(D) cut it off. = remover, recortar

(E) cut is loose. = separar

Nas alternativas de resposta apenas ‘cut it down’ tem o mesmo

significado de ‘reduce’.

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VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE

reduce: reduzir

intend: pretender

cut it out: planejar

cut it down: reduzir

cut it up: criticar

cut it off: remover, recortar

cut is loose: separar

Logo, a resposta para esta questão é a letra B.

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3. (FGV/SENADO/2008) When you “avoid culture-bound clichés”

(lines 6-7) you

(A) indulge in them.

(B) try to use them.

(C) challenge them.

(D) misunderstand them.

(E) keep away from them.

Comentários:

A questão diz que:

Quando você “evita clichês ligados à cultura”, você:

Vejamos as alternativas. Observe que todas elas usam o ‘them –

pronome objetivo’ em substituição da palavra ‘clichés’.

(A) indulge = ceder

(B) try to use = tentar usar

(C) challenge = desafiar

(D) misunderstand = confundir

(E) keep away from = manter distância

Avoid e keep away são sinônimos neste caso.

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VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE

avoid: evitar

indulge: ceder

try to use: tentar usar

challenge: desafiar

misunderstand: confundir

keep away from: manter distância

Logo, a resposta para esta questão é a letra E.

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4. (FGV/SENADO/2008) When the text states that translators

“resort to cumbersome wordplay and workaround” (lines 13-14), it

implies that translators ultimately

(A) get rid of them.

(B) make use of them.

(C) look down on them.

(D) get tired of them.

(E) run out of them.

Comentários

Quando o texto afirma que tradutores “recorrem (resort) a

trocadilhos complexos” (linhas 13-14), isto implica que os tradutores....

‘Them’ nas alternativas de resposta está no lugar das palavras em inglês

para trocadilhos: wordplay and workaround.

(A) get rid = livrar-se

(B) make use = usar

(C) look down on = desprezar

(D) get tired = cansar-se

(E) run out of = esgotar-se

A alternativa que trouxe uma palavra com a idéia de recorrer

(resort) foi a ‘B’, com o verbo make use.

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VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE

resort: recorrer

wordplay and workaround: trocadilhos

get rid: livrar-se

make use: usar

look down on: desprezar

get tired: cansar-se

run out of: esgotar-se

Logo, a resposta para esta questão é a letra B.

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While there is no shortage of studies into the reasons why

software projects fail (Ewusi-Mensah, 1997), the major risks of

software development (Jones, 1994), or even the factors affecting

project success (Cooke-Davies, 2002), the field of software

engineering lacks a general model with which to investigate such

failures. To date, studies have tended to be surveys of the factors 4

thought to play some part in a failure.

(…)

Jon McBride. A model for investigating software accident. In:

Journal of Research and Practice in Information Technology,

vol. 40, n.º 1, Feb. 2008 (adapted)

5. (CESPE/TCU-TI/2009) “which”, in “lacks a general model with

which to investigate such failures” (R.3), refers to “investigate”.

Comentários:

Nesta questão, a Banca Examinadora cobrou o conhecimento do

candidato acerca dos pronomes.

Raras são as questões de prova que cobram isoladamente esta

matéria. No caso em tela, você precisava saber os pronomes relativos.

Como vimos, o pronome Which é usado para sujeito ou pronomes para

animais ou coisas. Ex.: My dog, which is brown, is sleeping. (meu

cachorro, que é marrom, está dormindo)

Na frase da questão, ‘which’ não poderia estar se referindo a

‘investigate’, que é um verbo.

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“lacks a general model with which to investigate such failures”

‘Which’ está se referindo à palavra ‘model’.

Logo, a resposta para esta questão é ERRADO.

Information is a cornerstone of political education and

socialization. The ability to find out about issues of public

importance, and the capacity to inform oneself about the workings

of government and its policies are examples of how information can

be essential to the education of the informed and responsible

citizen. Yet in this era of information overload, the subtle but vital

difference between information and knowledge needs to be drawn

in order to create virtual places that promote political education in

the broadest sense. It is not, in fact, information per se which is

useful but knowledge, information which has been distilled and

contextualized so that it can impart meaning.

The Internet is the ultimate reference library, chock-full

of data supplied by individuals and institutions from around the

world, usually for the free use of all comers. The danger of the

Internet is that it threatens to overwhelm us with so much

information that, instead of democratizing and enriching our

political lives, it is actually drowning us in irrelevancies.

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Internet users know well that the abundance of

informational riches can have a paralytic effect, rendering the

viewer helpless to find anything. The huge quantity of information

available creates an inverse relationship between speaking and

listening, between information and understanding. The more

people speak, the fewer people will actually be heard. In fact, the

deluge of data ensures that we cannot find anything. It has also

the effect of making us even more dependent than in the days

before the flood on unaccountable, commercialized search tools

and information filters to sort information and make it meaningful.

Although these editors are machines, they are not neutral. The

values and choices are embedded deep within the code and often

not obvious to the user.

Beth Simone Noveck. Paradoxical partners: electronic communication and

electronic democracy. In: Peter Ferdinand (Ed.).

The Internet, democracy, and democratization.

London: Frank Cass/Routledge, 2000, p. 23-4 (with adaptations).

Based on the text above, judge the following items.

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6. (CESPE/TCU-TI/2010) The expression “chock-full” (R.13) means

completely full or full to the limit.

Comentários:

A questão trata do significado da expressão “chock-full”,

afirmando que significa completamente cheio ou cheio até o limite.

Vejamos a frase em que a expressão aparece no texto:

“The Internet is the ultimate reference library, chock-full of data

supplied by individuals and institutions from around the world,

usually for the free use of all comers.”

Veja as palavras-chave da frase e observe que muitas (em negrito)

têm origem do latim e se aproximam do português:

Internet

is = verbo be, ser/estar, conjugado.

PRESENTE SIMPLES (VERBO BE)

I am (I am at work)

He

She is

It

You

We are

They

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ultimate reference

library

chock-full = completamente cheio, abarrotado, repleto

data = informação

supplied = passado do verbo supply, que significa fornecer

PASSADO VERBOS REGULARES

SUPPLY (FORNECER)

I supplied

He

She supplied

It

You

We supplied

They

individuals and institutions

from around the world = de todo o mundo

usually

free use = uso livre, gratuito

comers = usuários

A tradução para a frase seria:

"A internet é a biblioteca de referência final, cheia de dados

fornecidos por pessoas e instituições de todo o mundo, geralmente para

o uso livre de todos.”

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VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE

ultimate: final

reference: referência

library: biblioteca

chock-full: completamente cheio

data: informações

supplied: fornecido, forneceu

individuals: indivíduos

institutions: instituições

around: em volta

world: mundo

usually: usualmente, geralmente

free use: uso livre, gratuito

comers: usuários

Logo, a resposta para esta questão é CERTO.

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7. (CESPE/TCU-TI/2010) In the text, the expressions “comers” (R.15)

and “Internet users” (R.19) refer to the same kind of people: those who

access the Internet for information.

Comentários:

Como vimos nos comentários da questão anterior, “comers”

significa usuários, ou seja, é sinônimo de “Internet users”. Logo, a

questão está correta ao afirmar que as duas expressões se referem

ao mesmo tipo (the same kind) de pessoas: aquelas que (who)

acessam a internet em busca de informação.

No enunciado da questão vejam que a palavra “who” está

empregada como um pronome relativo, se referindo à palavra

“people”.

VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE

expressions: expressões

internet users: usuários da internet

refer: referir

same: mesmo

kind of people: tipo de pessoas

those: aqueles/aquelas

who: quem, que

access: acessar

Logo, a resposta para esta questão é CERTO

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8. (CESPE/TCU-TI/2010) In “it is actually drowning us in

irrelevancies” (R.18), “it” refers to “The danger of the Internet” (R.15-

16).

Comentários:

A questão se refere à frase “it is actually drowning us in

irrelevancies”, afirmando que “it” se refere a “The danger of the

Internet”.

Vejamos o parágrafo a que se refere a questão:

“The Internet is the ultimate reference library, chock-full of data

supplied by individuals and institutions from around the world,

usually for the free use of all comers. The danger of the Internet

is that it threatens to overwhelm us with so much information

that, instead of democratizing and enriching our political lives, it is

actually drowning us in irrelevancies.”

O texto fala da internet, certo?

The danger of the Internet is that it threatens

it is

“It” é pronome pessoal objetivo, ou seja, pronome pessoal do caso

reto. “It” está substituindo o sujeito da oração e de todo parágrafo que é

“Internet”. Traduzindo, temos que: O perigo da internet é que ela

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ameaça (it threatens), ela está na verdade nos direcionando para

irrelevâncias (it is actually drowning us in irrelevancies).

VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE

actually: realmente, efetivamente, de fato

drowning: mergulhando

us: nos

irrelevancies: irrelevâncias

refer: referir

danger: perigo

Logo, a resposta para esta questão é ERRADO.

Currently = atualmente

CUIDADO! FALSO COGNATO!

x

actually = realmente, efetivamente

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Sharks in the water

In the last year, Somalia’s pirates have attacked 120

vessels in the Gulf of Aden, choking commerce in a critical

shipping lane (the transit route for 20 percent of the world’s oil),

blocking aid supplies and driving up transport costs.

The last few weeks have shown how hard it will be to

defeat the pirates on the high seas, which seems like the

international community’s approach. When British Marines tried to

board a captured fishing dhow on Nov. 11, they had to go in with

guns blazing and killed one possible hostage in the process. A

week later, an Indian warship opened fire on what it thought was

a pirate mother ship. But the target turned out to be a Thai

fishing vessel. When pirates seized their most valuable prize ever

on Nov. 15 — the Sirius Star supertanker holding 2 million barrels

of Saudi crude — everyone kept their distance.

As this suggests, Somalia’s seaborne bandits are

making a mockery of all efforts to stop them. Pirates have only

increased their efforts, ranging across an area bigger than the

Mediterranean. The Sirius Star was taken 450 nautical miles

southeast of Kenya, and with it, the Somalis now hold 300

hostages and 15 ships.

The Somalia’s internationally recognized transitional

government has invited foreign navies to do what’s necessary to

stop the pirates, even attacking them ashore if need be. The

Security Council has affirmed that option. Moreover, nearly all of

Somalia’s pirates come from one region (Puntland), live in a single

town (Boosaaso) and stash captured vessels in one of three ports

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(Eyl, Hobyo or Haradhere) — making interdiction that much

easier. Andrew Linington of Nautilus UK, a seaman’s union that

has had many of its members taken hostage, says the

international community “knows where the pirates are, they know

the ports they use, they know the mother ships. Stopping them

could be done,” he says. But that would be expensive at a time

when U.S. resources are tied up in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Rod Nordlant. Sharks in the water. Internet: <www.newsweek.com> (adapted).

According to the text, it is correct to affirm that

9. (CESPE/ ANTAQ/2009) The efforts to stop the attacks have

forced the pirates to shrink the area of their activities.

Comentários:

As palavras-chave aqui são: efforts, stop, attacks, forced,

shrink, area, activities.

No texto, temos que:

“Pirates have only increased their efforts, ranging across an area

bigger than the Mediterranean.”

ITEM TEXTO

efforts to stop the attacks pirates

have forced the pirates have increased their efforts

to shrink the area area bigger

Enquanto a questão fala que os esforços para impedir (stop) os

ataques forçaram (forced) os piratas a reduzir (shrink) a sua área de

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atuação, o texto fala que os piratas aumentaram (increased) seus

esforços, agindo em uma área maior (bigger) que o Mediterrâneo.

PRONOMES PESSOAIS

CASO RETO SUJEITO

POSSESSIVO

I (eu) my (meu)

you (tu, você) your (seu, sua)

He (ele) his (dele)

she (ela) her (dela)

It (ele, ela [neutro]) Its (dele, dela)

We (nós) Our (nosso, nossa)

you (vocês, vós) Your (seus, suas)

they (eles, elas) Their (deles, delas)

The efforts (…) have forced the pirates to shrink the area of their activities.

Pirates have only increased their efforts, ranging across (…)

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VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE

efforts: esforços

stop: parar

attacks: ataques

forced: forçou

shrink: reduzir

area: area

activities: atividade

increased: aumentou

bigger: maior

Logo, a resposta para esta questão é ERRADO.

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IMPORTANTE: Lembre-se que no

primeiro momento você não deverá

ler os textos. Vá direto para as

questões e utilize o texto apenas para

fins de consulta.

A world of connections

Source: www.economist.com (Adapted)

Jan 28th, 2010

To sceptics all this talk of twittering, yammering and

chattering smacks of another internet bubble in the making. They

argue that even a huge social network such as Facebook will

struggle to make money because fickle networkers will not stay in

one place for long, pointing to the example of MySpace, which was

once all the rage but has now become a shadow of its former self.

Last year the site, which is owned by News Corp, installed a new

boss and fired 45% of its staff as part of a plan to revive its

fortunes.

Within companies there is plenty of doubt about the

benefits of online social networking in the office. A survey of 1,400

chief information officers conducted last year by Robert Half

Technology, a recruitment firm, found that only one-tenth of them

gave employees full access to such networks during the day, and

that many were blocking Facebook and Twitter altogether. The

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executives’ biggest concern was that social networking would lead

to social networking, with employees using the sites to chat with

friends instead of doing their jobs. Some bosses also fretted that

the sites would be used to leak sensitive corporate information.

10. (ESAF/SUSEP/2010) According to paragraph 1, the site MySpace

a) has turned into the most popular social network.

b) attracts more networkers than Facebook.

c) played a minor role as a social-networking site.

d) convinced sceptics of its outstanding value.

e) laid off almost half of its staff.

Comentários:

De acordo com o parágrafo 1, o site MySpace….

Vejamos no parágrafo o que é falado sobre o site MySpace:

“(…)MySpace, which was once all the rage but has now

become a shadow of its former self. Last year the site, which

is owned by News Corp, installed a new boss and fired 45% of

its staff as part of a plan to revive its fortunes.”

Aqui a ESAF cobrou o conhecimento do pronome relativo which.

Veja no quadro abaixo a que se refere o pronome:

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WHICH – QUE, O QUE, O QUAL

MySpace, which was once all the rage… (MySpace, que já foi moda…)

Last year the site, which is owned by… (o site, que era propriedade

da...)

a) has turned into the most popular social network.

A opção A está incorreta. O texto não diz que o site MySpace se

tornou (has turned) na mais popular rede social. Afirma que o MySpace,

que já foi (was once) moda (all the rage) agora se tornou (has now

become) uma sombra do que foi no passado (former self).

LEMBRE-SE DO SUPERLATIVO (AULA 02)

BIG ……………………….. THE BIGGEST (-EST para adjetivos

pequenos)

POPULAR……………….. THE MOST POPULAR ( MOST – para

adjetivos grandes)

GOOD…………………….. THE BEST (irregulares)

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PRESENT PERFECT

MySpace has turned into the most popular social network. (se tornou)

AÇÃO PASSADA FINALIZADA EM MOMENTO INDETERMINADO NO

PASSADO.

b) attracts more networkers than Facebook.

A opção B está incorreta. Como vimos, o texto diz que MySpace,

que já foi (was once) moda (all the rage) agora se tornou (has now

become) uma sombra do que foi no passado (former self). Logo, está

incorreto dizer que o site atrai mais networkers (seguidores) do que

Facebook.

c) played a minor role as a social-networking site.

A opção C está incorreta. De acordo com o texto, o MySpace já foi

moda (MySpace, which was once all the rage). Logo, a alternativa

está errada ao afirmar que o site desempenhou papel pequeno como um

site de rede social.

d) convinced sceptics of its outstanding value.

A opção D está incorreta. O texto não diz que o site convenceu

(convinced) céticos de seu (its – aqui está o adjetivo possessivo do

pronome pessoal it) extraordinário (outstanding) valor.

e) laid off almost half of its staff.

A opção E está correta. A alternativa afirma que o site demitiu

(laid off) quase metade (almost half) dos seus funcionários (staff),

HAVE/HAS+ VERBO NO PASSADO (TURNED)

(BECOME)

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que é o mesmo que dizer que ele “fired 45% of its staff”, já que 45%

é quase a metade (50%) de algo. Fired é sinônimo de laid off.

VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE

has turned: se tornou

the most popular: o mais popular

social network: rede social

attract: atrair

more networkers than: mais networkers que

played a minor role: desempenhou papel inferior, pequeno

social-networking site: site de redes sociais

convinced: convenceu

skeptics: céticos

outstanding: extraordinário, excelente

value: valor

laid off: desmitiu

almost half: quase metade

staff: funcionários

which: que

was: era, estava, passado do verbo be

once: uma vez, já

all the rage: na moda

become: tornar-se

shadow: sombra

former: antigo, anterior

last year: ano passado

owned: possuia, propriedade

installed: instalou, contratou

new boss: novo chefe, patrão

fired: demitiu

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plan: plano

revive: reviver

fortunes: fortunas

Logo, a resposta para esta questão é a letra E.

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The long climb Source: www.economist.com

st Oct, 2009 (Adapted)

1. The world economy is fitfully getting back to normal,

but it will be a “new normal”. This phrase has caught on, even if

people disagree about what it means. In the new normal, as

defined by Pimco´s CEO, Mohamed El-Erian, growth will be

subdued and unemployment will remain high. “The banking system

will be a shadow of its former self,” and the securitization markets,

which buy and sell marketable bundles of debt, will presumably be

a shadow of a shadow. Finance will be costlier and investment

weak, so the stock of physical capital, on which prosperity

depends, will erode.

2. The crisis invited a forceful government entry into

several of capitalism´s inner sanctums, such as banking, American

carmaking and the commercial-paper market. Mr El-Erian worries

that the state may overstay its welcome. In addition, national

exchequers may start to feel some measure of the fiscal strain now

hobbling California. America´s Treasury, in particular, must

demonstrate that it is still a “responsible shepherd of other

countries´ savings.”

11. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) In paragraph 2, the author mentions “the

fiscal strain now hobbling California”. In other words, the fiscal

a) policies which have been favouring California´s growth.

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b) pressure currently preventing California´s development.

c) programmes successfully spoused by California.

d) measures which have steadily gained acceptance.

e) incentives recently promoted by the Californian government.

Comentários:

O enunciado se refere à frase “the fiscal strain now hobbling

California”. Nessa frase aparecem duas palavras difíceis. Não se

preocupe, se é difícil para você, será, certamente, para a grande maioria

dos candidatos. São raras as questões desse tipo, em que você terá que

usar o parágrafo inteiro para conseguir responder. Vamos identificar no

parágrafo as palavras chaves que conhecemos:

“The crisis invited a forceful government entry into several of

capitalism´s inner sanctums, such as banking, American carmaking

and the commercial-paper market. Mr El-Erian worries that the

state may overstay its welcome. In addition, national exchequers

may start to feel some measure of the fiscal strain now hobbling

California.”

Só com as palavras-chave é possível concluir que o texto trata de

crise (crisis), governo forte (forceful government), preocupações

(worries) e medidas fiscais (fiscal measures).

Vamos tentar resolver a questão sem saber o significado das

palavras-chave da frase “the fiscal strain now hobbling California”.

Afinal, na hora da prova haverá palavras que você não saberá o

significado. Você deve estar treinado para diminuir suas chances de erro.

Com as palavras que identificamos no parágrafo, foi possível

concluir que a situação não é positiva, o texto fala de crise,

preocupações, medidas fiscais e governo forte. Sendo assim, vamos

tentar identificar as alternativas com idéias positivas demais:

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a) policies which have been favouring California´s growth.

(++) Nesta frase, o pronome relativo which está se referindo a policies

(políticas).

b) pressure currently preventing California´s development. (- -)

c) programmes successfully spoused by California. (++)

d) measures which have steadily gained acceptance. (++)

Aqui, o pronome relativo which está se referindo a measures (medidas).

e) incentives recently promoted by the Californian government.

(++)

Apenas a alternativa “b” trata de pressão (pressure) que podemos

relacionar com governo forte, rigoroso (forcefull government). A

palavra preventing (impedindo) também tem idéia negativa.

VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE

fiscal strain: pressão fiscal

hobbling: atrasar, impedir

policies: políticas

favouring: favorecendo

growth: crescimento

pressure: pressão

currently: atualmente

preventing: impedindo

development: desenvolvimento

programmes: programas

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successfully: com êxito

spoused: aceito, recebido

measures: medidas

steadily: firmemente, regularmente

gained: ganharam

acceptance: aceitação

incentives: incentivos

recently: recentemente

promoted: promoveram

Agora, diante das definições, perceba que a opção B ‘the fiscal

pressure currently preventing California´s Development’ (a pressão

fiscal atualmente impede o desenvolvimento da Califórnia) é a apenas

uma reescritura de ‘the fiscal strain now hobbling California (a pressão

fiscal agora impedindo o progresso (hobbling) da Califórnia).

Logo, a resposta para esta questão é a letra B.

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While Rome burns Source: www.economist.co.uk

Sep 25th, 2008 (Adapted)

1. American plans to buy up assets that are clogging the

financial system lack detail but no one doubts that a massive

government intervention is coming. In Europe jittery investors

have no such reassurance. European governments have yet to

respond publicly to calls from Hank Paulson, the treasury secretary,

to follow his lead. They look set to keep faith with the approach

that they have used to handle the crisis so far – staving off liquidity

worries by allowing banks to use facilities at central banks to swap

their assets in exchange for ready cash.

2. That makes many watchers nervous. The crisis in

America has dramatically grown from one of liquidity to one of

solvency as well. Lehman Brothers had access to the Federal

Reserve´s discount window, after all, but still went under. The

burning question now is whether banks have enough capital. On

some measures, European banks look pretty well capitalized. The

average tier-one ratio, which measures capital based on the

riskiness of bank assets, stood at 8% in the first half of the year.

That looks solid enough, if you assume that banks have a good

handle on risk.

12. (ESAF/ STN/2008) The author refers to “assets that are clogging

the financial system”, which means they

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a) could have affected it.

b) are blocking it.

c) will surely affect it.

d) are perfecting it.

e) were redesigning it.

Comentários:

Novamente, sem saber o significado de “clogging”, vamos analisar

a frase citada no enunciado e as alternativas, tentando identificar a que

se referem os pronomes ‘which’ e ‘it’, que aparecem no enunciado da

questão e nas alternativas de resposta.

O enunciado diz que: The author refers to “assets that are clogging the

financial system”, which means they…

Which está se referindo à frase retirada do texto para o enunciado: O

autor se refere a “assets that are clogging the financial system”, que

significa que eles (they aparece substituindo assets)...

Nas alternativas de resposta aparece o pronome pessoal do caso oblíquo

it. As alternativas de resposta se referem à frase:

“assets that are clogging the financial system”

They (sujeito) it (objeto)

(recursos que estão interferindo no sistema financeiro”

“assets that are clogging the financial system” : o tempo verbal aqui é

o presente continuo (algo que está acontecendo agora)

Observe que as alternativas de respostas

estão em tempos verbais diferentes.

Quando isso acontecer, você já poderá

eliminar as alternativas que não estiverem

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no mesmo tempo verbal da frase

correspondente no texto.

Ao analisar as alternativas, mesmo sem saber o vocabulário,

podemos concluir que apenas as alternativas “b” e “d” podem ser a

resposta para a questão, já que as demais estão em tempos diferentes

(passado e futuro).

a) could have affected it. – poderiam ter afetado

b) are blocking it.

c) will surely affect it. – afetarão

d) are perfecting it.

e) were redesigning it. – foram redesenhadas

Vejam que das duas alternativas que estão no presente, uma tem

idéia positiva e outra negativa:

b) are blocking it. (bloqueando)

d) are perfecting it. (aperfeiçoando)

Agora temos que saber qual assunto o texto trata para decidirmos

entre as duas. Procure palavras conhecidas: sim, crise (crisis). Se o

texto está falando de crise, a probabilidade de a resposta ser a letra “b”

é bem maior, certo? E não deu outra.

VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE

assets : recursos, ativos, bens

clogging: impedindo, interferindo

financial system: sistema financeiro

mean: significar

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affected: afetado

blocking: afetando

surely: certamente

perfecting: aperfeiçoando

redesigning: reprojetar, refazer, redesenhar

Logo, a resposta para esta questão é a letra B.

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13. (ESAF/ STN/2008) As regards investors in Europe at the moment,

they are feeling

a) nervous and upset.

b) confident and optimistic.

c) reassured, but cautious.

d) slightly afraid.

e) tense, but optimistic.

Comentários:

No enunciado aparece o pronome they. Tente identificar a que ele

se refere. Lembre-se que they é pronome pessoal do caso reto, ou

seja, está substituindo o sujeito da frase.

As regards investors in Europe at the moment, they are feeling..

Veja que as alternativas só trazem adjetivos. O enunciado diz:

quanto aos (as regards) investidores (investors), como estão se

sentindo.

Há duas frases no texto com palavras-chave que aparecem

também em duas das alternativas:

“In Europe jittery investors have no such reassurance.”

Nesta frase aparece a palavra reassurance, que significa resseguro,

confiante. Na alternativa “e” está sendo afirmado que os investidores

estão confiantes, mas cuidadosos. Contudo, o texto está negando que os

investidores tenham tal confiança, segurança (veja que o texto diz: have

no).

“That makes many watchers nervous.”

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Aqui não aparece a palavra investors, mas a palavra watchers,

que significa observadores em geral (o que inclui, portanto, os

investidores)

a) nervous and upset. (nervosos e preocupados)

b) confident and optimistic. (confiantes e otimistas)

c) reassured, but cautious. (confiantes, mas cautelosos)

d) slightly afraid. (levemente temerosos)

e) tense, but optimistic. (tensos, mas otimistas)

VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE

assets : recursos, ativos, bens

clogging: impedindo, interferindo

financial system: sistema financeiro

mean: significar

affected: afetado

blocking: afetando

surely: certamente

perfecting: aperfeiçoando

redesigning: reprojetar, refazer, redesenhar

Logo, a resposta para esta questão é a letra A.

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14. (ESAF/ STN/2008) The author reminds the readers that banks are

assumed to have a good handle on risk. In other words, they

a) do not take it.

b) eliminate it.

c) do not accept it.

d) hardly ever face it.

e) understand it well.

Comentários:

No enunciado da questão parecem os pronomes that e they.

Vejamos a que se referem:

The author reminds the readers that banks are assumed to have a good

handle on risk. In other words, they

O that não está em sua função de pronome nesta frase, tendo sido

usado aqui apenas como conector de duas orações. O they está se

referindo a Banks, sujeito segunda oração da frase. Atenção: they não

poderia substituir readers, já que readers é objeto da primeira oração e

they é pronome pessoal do caso reto, só podendo substituir sujeito.

A questão quer saber o que significa a expressão good handle na frase:

“…banks are assumed to have a good handle on risk.”

Mesmo sem saber o significado da expressão, sabemos o

significado de banks (bancos) e de risk (risco). Vejamos as alternativas:

a) do not take it. (não correm risco) -

b) eliminate it. (eliminam o risco) -

c) do not accept it. (não aceitam o risco) -

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d) hardly ever face it. (dificilmente enfrentam o risco) -

e) understand it well. (entendem o risco) +

Você não sabe a definição de good handle, ok. Mas a palavra

“good” você sabe que significa bom, algo positivo, certo? A resposta

então só pode ser a letra “e”.

VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE

good handle: saber lidar

remind: lembrar

assumed: aceito, compreendido

risk: risco

take risks: assumir ricos

eliminate: eliminar

accept: aceitar

hardly ever: dificilmente

face: encarar, enfrentar

understand: entender

well: bem

Logo, a resposta para esta questão é a letra E.

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Time to Toss the Textbook Source: Newsweek

July 4th 2005 (Adapted)

Do we know how much the world economy affects the

United States and vice versa?

Economics textbooks once described the U.S. economy

as mainly self-contained. Americans sold to each other; Americans’

savings were invested mostly in American investments (stocks,

bonds, bank deposits). Trade was small. Globalization has

shattered this model. More industries face foreign competition or

depend on foreign markets. In 1960, exports and imports together

totaled 9.5 percent of gross domestic product; in 2004, they were

25 percent of GDP. Savings and investments have also gone global.

In 2003, Americans – mainly through pension funds, banks and

other big investors – owned $3.1 trillion of foreign stocks and

bonds, while foreigners owned more than $4.1 trillion of U.S.

securities, says the International Monetary Fund. (Note: the $4.1

trillion excluded China.) All these factors modify the U.S. economy.

15. (ESAF/ MPOG/2005) According to the author, globalization has

shattered the previous model. In other words, globalization has

a) destroyed it.

b) regulated it.

c) reinforced it.

d) deepened it.

e) strengthened it.

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Comentários:

O pronome que aparece em todas as alternativas de resposta é o

it, o qual, no caso em tela, está exercendo a função de pronome pessoal

do caso oblíquo (substituindo o objeto da ação). Na frase “...globalization

has shattered the previous model..” o sujeito é globalização e o objeto é

o modelo anterior (previous model).

Essa questão é puramente de vocabulário. O enunciado diz que “de

acordo com o autor, globalização has shattered o modelo anterior.”

Você terá que encontrar a palavra que mais se aproxima da idéia de

shattered. Vamos tentar resolver a questão sem saber a definição desta

palavra.

a) destroyed it. (destruiu)

b) regulated it. (regulou)

c) reinforced it. (reforçou)

d) deepened it. (aprofundou)

e) strengthened it. (fortaleceu)

A opção A está correta. Das alternativas de resposta, apenas a

primeira traz um significado negativo. A globalização destruiu o modelo

anterior. Logo, shattered está relacionado com destruir, acabar.

Logo, a resposta para esta questão é a letra A.

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External Audit

Source: http://ec.europa.eu/budget

Jan 16th, 2008 (Adapted)

1. The European Union’s (EU) annual accounts and resource

management are overseen by its external auditor, the European

Court of Auditors, which draws up an annual report for the Council

and the European Parliament. The Court’s main task is to conduct

an external, independent audit of the European Communities’

annual accounts. As part of its activities, the Court of Auditors

produces:

. an annual report on the activities financed from the general

budget, detailing its observations on the annual accounts and

underlying transactions;

. an opinion, based on its audits and given in the annual report in

the form of a statement of assurance, on (i) the reliability of the

accounts and (ii) the legality and regularity of the underlying

transactions involving both revenue collected from taxable persons

and payments to final beneficiaries;

. special reports giving the findings of audits covering specific areas

of management.

2. The Court of Auditors is entitled to access all

documents required during the course of its audit.

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16. (ESAF/CGU/2008) The closing line of the text reports that the

Court of Auditors is entitled to access all the documents in case.

Therefore, it

a) holds the legal right to access them.

b) must obtain approval to look into them.

c) has to seek legal permission from the EU.

d) is the provider of all the papers in question.

e) is held accountable for their safety.

Comentários:

Nesta questão aparecem os pronomes it, them e their. O

pronome it aparece logo no enunciado, vejamos:

O enunciado da questão diz: “A última linha do texto afirma que o

Tribunal de Contas está autorizado/habilitado (entitled) a acessar todos

os documentos necessários durante o andamento de suas auditorias.

Therefore, it .... Portanto, ele....”

É importante perceber que o pronome “it” está se referindo ao

sujeito da frase anterior, o Tribunal de Contas.

A questão remete o leitor à closing line (linha final, frase final) do

texto, que é a seguinte:

“The Court of Auditors is entitled to access all documents required

during the course of its audit.”

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PALAVRAS-CHAVE

to be entitled: ter o direito, ser autorizado

access: acesso

documents: documentos

required: requeridos, exigidos, necessários

course: andamento, curso

audit: auditoria

therefore: portanto, então

hold: deter, possuir, considerar

legal right: direito

obtain: obter

seek: buscar

legal permission: permissão legal

approval: autorização

provider: provedor

papers: documentos

accountable: responsável

held: considerado (passado verbo hold)

safety: segurança

Agora, as opções de resposta:

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a) holds the legal right to access them.

A opção A está correta. A alternativa afirma que o Tribunal de

Contas possui o direito de acessar them (documentos necessários).

Them é pronome pessoal do caso oblíquo, ou, pronome objetivo.

Aparece aqui substituindo o objeto da frase que é “documentos

necessários”. Veja o quadro explicativo a seguir.

IMPORTANTE

PRONOMES PESSOAIS

CASO RETO SUJEITO

CASO OBLÍQUO OBJETO

I (eu) me (me, mim)

you (tu, você) you (lhe, o, a, te, ti, a você)

He (ele) him (lhe, o, a ele)

she (ela) her (lhe, a, a ela)

it (ele, ela [neutro]) it (lhe, o, a)

We (nós) us (nos)

you (vocês, vós) you (vos, lhes, a vocês)

they (eles, elas) them (lhes, os, as)

É indispensável que você saiba claramente a diferença entre sujeito e

objeto. Veja a frase do enunciado se completando com a opção (a):

“(…)the Court of Auditors is entitled to access all the documents in case.

SUJEITO OBJETO

Therefore, it (a) holds the legal right to access them.”

PRONOME/SUJEITO PRONOME/OBJETO

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It Court of Auditor

Them documents

b) must obtain approval to look into them.

A opção B está incorreta. O texto não diz que o Tribunal de Contas

deva (must) obter autorização para analisar documentos.

c) has to seek legal permission from the EU.

A opção E está incorreta. O Tribunal de Contas não tem que

buscar (seek) permissão legal (legal permission) da União Européia

para acessar them (documentos necessários).

d) is the provider of all the papers in question.

A opção E está incorreta. O Tribunal de Contas não é o provedor

(provider) de toda documentação em questão. Observe que a

documentação da qual o texto trata é aquela necessária no curso de uma

auditoria.

e) is held accountable for their safety.

A opção E está incorreta. A última linha do texto afirma que o

Tribunal de Contas está autorizado/habilitado a acessar todos os

documentos necessários durante o andamento de suas auditorias. Já a

alternativa diz que o Tribunal de Contas é considerado responsável pela

segurança dos documentos (their – pronome possessivo deles/delas).

Logo, a resposta para esta questão é a letra A.

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Não é preciso entender o texto todo

para se sair bem na prova de inglês

da ESAF. A banca só usa algumas

frases para elaborar as questões.

Nesse texto que acabamos de ver,

apenas a primeira e a última frase

foram usadas para desenvolver as

questões.

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REVISÃO DO VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE

A partir deste momento vamos revisar a aula por meio do quadro

do vocabulário-chave.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

suggestion: sugestão

this: este, esta

brochure: folheto

be aimed: ter objetivo

offer apologies: oferecer desculpas

sell devices: vender estratégias

spread gossip: espalhar fofocas

give advice: dar conselhos

create networks: criar redes

reduce: reduzir

intend: pretender

cut it out: planejar

cut it down: reduzir

cut it up: criticar

cut it off: remover, recortar

cut is loose: separar

avoid: evitar

indulge: ceder

try to use: tentar usar

challenge: desafiar

misunderstand: confundir

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keep away from: manter distância resort: recorrer

wordplay and workaround: trocadilhos

get rid: livrar-se

make use: usar

look down on: desprezar

get tired: cansar-se

run out of: esgotar-se

ultimate: final

reference: referência

library: biblioteca

chock-full: completamente cheio

data: informações

supplied: fornecido, forneceu

individuals: indivíduos

institutions: instituições

around: em volta

world: mundo

usually: usualmente, geralmente

free use: uso livre, gratuito

comers: usuários expressions: expressões

internet users: usuários da internet

refer: referir

same: mesmo

kind of people: tipo de pessoas

those: aqueles/aquelas

who: quem, que

access: acessar actually: realmente, efetivamente, de fato

drowning: mergulhando

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us: nos

irrelevancies: irrelevâncias

refer: referir

danger: perigo efforts: esforços

stop: parar

attacks: ataques

forced: forçou

shrink: reduzir

area: area

activities: atividade

increased: aumentou

bigger: maior has turned: se tornou

the most popular: o mais popular

social network: rede social

attract: atrair

more networkers than: mais networkers que

played a minor role: desempenhou papel inferior, pequeno

social-networking site: site de redes sociais

convinced: convenceu

skeptics: céticos

outstanding: extraordinário, excelente

value: valor

laid off: desmitiu

almost half: quase metade

staff: funcionários

which: que

was: era, estava, passado do verbo be

once: uma vez, já

all the rage: na moda

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become: tornar-se

shadow: sombra

former: antigo, anterior

last year: ano passado

owned: possuia, propriedade

installed: instalou, contratou

new boss: novo chefe, patrão

fired: demitiu

plan: plano

revive: reviver

fortunes: fortunas fiscal strain: pressão fiscal

hobbling: atrasar, impedir

policies: políticas

favouring: favorecendo

growth: crescimento

pressure: pressão

currently: atualmente

preventing: impedindo

development: desenvolvimento

programmes: programas

successfully: com êxito

spoused: aceito, recebido

measures: medidas

steadily: firmemente, regularmente

gained: ganharam

acceptance: aceitação

incentives: incentivos

recently: recentemente

promoted: promoveram assets : recursos, ativos, bens

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clogging: impedindo, interferindo

financial system: sistema financeiro

mean: significar

affected: afetado

blocking: afetando

surely: certamente

perfecting: aperfeiçoando

redesigning: reprojetar, refazer, redesenhar assets : recursos, ativos, bens

clogging: impedindo, interferindo

financial system: sistema financeiro

mean: significar

affected: afetado

blocking: afetando

surely: certamente

perfecting: aperfeiçoando

redesigning: reprojetar, refazer, redesenhar good handle: saber lidar

remind: lembrar

assumed: aceito, compreendido

risk: risco

take risks: assumir ricos

eliminate: eliminar

accept: aceitar

hardly ever: dificilmente

face: encarar, enfrentar

understand: entender

well: bem

to be entitled: ter o direito, ser autorizado

access: acesso

documents: documentos

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required: requeridos, exigidos, necessários

course: andamento, curso

audit: auditoria

therefore: portanto, então

hold: deter, possuir, considerar

legal right: direito

obtain: obter

seek: buscar

legal permission: permissão legal

approval: autorização

provider: provedor

papers: documentos

accountable: responsável

held: considerado (passado verbo hold)

safety: segurança

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QUESTÕES DA AULA

Translation: getting it right

For non-linguists, buying in translation is often a source of

frustration. The suggestions in this brochure are aimed at

reducing stress.

Think international from the start. Avoid culture-bound

clichés. References to your national sport may well fall flat. Ditto

literary/cultural metaphors. Tread carefully with references to

parts of the human body, viewed differently by different cultures.

For written documents, don’t box yourself in by linking your

pitch to visuals that may not carry the same meaning outside your

native country – forcing translators to resort to cumbersome

wordplay and workarounds. In January 1998 PM Tony Blair told a

group of Japanese businessmen that his government intended to

go “the full monty” in putting the UK economy on a sound footing.

Blank faces: the film had not yet been released in Japan.

Keep some local flavour if you like, but check with your

foreign-text team to make sure that adaptation is possible. For

written documents, be sure to include international calling codes

for telephone and fax…

How important is style? Some translations are no-hopers

from the start. Often these are raw machine translation, or the

work of non-native speakers struggling away with a grammar

book in one hand and a dictionary in the other. They are good for

a laugh. Other translations are technically accurate, yet the

sentences do not flow as smoothly as they might; word order or

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choice of vocabulary may be unduly influenced by the original

language. They are not particularly effective for selling, but may

be good enough for readers who know the subject and can – or

have time to – read between the lines.

(adapted from http://www.fit-ift.org/download/getright2-en.pdf)

1. (FGV/SENADO/2008) The function of this text is to

(A) offer apologies.

(B) sell devices.

(C) spread gossip.

(D) give advice.

(E) create networks.

2. (FGV/SENADO/2008) When the suggestions “are aimed at

reducing stress” (lines 4-5), this means they intend to

(A) cut it out.

(B) cut it down.

(C) cut it up.

(D) cut it off.

(E) cut is loose.

3. (FGV/SENADO/2008) When you “avoid culture-bound clichés”

(lines 6-7) you

(A) indulge in them.

(B) try to use them.

(C) challenge them.

(D) misunderstand them.

(E) keep away from them.

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4. (FGV/SENADO/2008) When the text states that translators

“resort to cumbersome wordplay and workaround” (lines 13-14), it

implies that translators ultimately

(A) get rid of them.

(B) make use of them.

(C) look down on them.

(D) get tired of them.

(E) run out of them.

While there is no shortage of studies into the reasons why

software projects fail (Ewusi-Mensah, 1997), the major risks of

software development (Jones, 1994), or even the factors affecting

project success (Cooke-Davies, 2002), the field of software

engineering lacks a general model with which to investigate such

failures. To date, studies have tended to be surveys of the factors

4 thought to play some part in a failure.

(…)

Jon McBride. A model for investigating software accident.

In: Journal of Research and Practice in Information

Technology, vol. 40, n.º 1, Feb. 2008 (adapted)

5. (CESPE/TCU-TI/2009) “which”, in “lacks a general model with

which to investigate such failures” (R.3), refers to “investigate”.

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Information is a cornerstone of political education and

socialization. The ability to find out about issues of public

importance, and the capacity to inform oneself about the workings

of government and its policies are examples of how information

can be essential to the education of the informed and responsible

citizen. Yet in this era of information overload, the subtle but vital

difference between information and knowledge needs to be drawn

in order to create virtual places that promote political education in

the broadest sense. It is not, in fact, information per se which is

useful but knowledge, information which has been distilled and

contextualized so that it can impart meaning.

The Internet is the ultimate reference library, chock-

full of data supplied by individuals and institutions from around

the world, usually for the free use of all comers. The danger of the

Internet is that it threatens to overwhelm us with so much

information that, instead of democratizing and enriching our

political lives, it is actually drowning us in irrelevancies.

Internet users know well that the abundance of

informational riches can have a paralytic effect, rendering the

viewer helpless to find anything. The huge quantity of information

available creates an inverse relationship between speaking and

listening, between information and understanding. The more

people speak, the fewer people will actually be heard. In fact, the

deluge of data ensures that we cannot find anything. It has also

the effect of making us even more dependent than in the days

before the flood on unaccountable, commercialized search tools

and information filters to sort information and make it meaningful.

Although these editors are machines, they are not neutral. The

values and choices are embedded deep within the code and often

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not obvious to the user.

Beth Simone Noveck. Paradoxical partners: electronic communication

and electronic democracy. In: Peter Ferdinand (Ed.).

The Internet, democracy, and democratization.

London: Frank Cass/Routledge, 2000, p. 23-4 (with adaptations).

Based on the text above, judge the following items.

6. (CESPE/TCU-TI/2010) The expression “chock-full” (R.13) means

completely full or full to the limit.

7. (CESPE/TCU-TI/2010) In the text, the expressions “comers”

(R.15) and “Internet users” (R.19) refer to the same kind of people:

those who access the Internet for information.

8. (CESPE/TCU-TI/2010) In “it is actually drowning us in

irrelevancies” (R.18), “it” refers to “The danger of the Internet” (R.15-

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16).

Sharks in the water

In the last year, Somalia’s pirates have attacked 120

vessels in the Gulf of Aden, choking commerce in a critical

shipping lane (the transit route for 20 percent of the world’s oil),

blocking aid supplies and driving up transport costs.

The last few weeks have shown how hard it will be to

defeat the pirates on the high seas, which seems like the

international community’s approach. When British Marines tried

to board a captured fishing dhow on Nov. 11, they had to go in

with guns blazing and killed one possible hostage in the process.

A week later, an Indian warship opened fire on what it thought

was a pirate mother ship. But the target turned out to be a Thai

fishing vessel. When pirates seized their most valuable prize ever

on Nov. 15 — the Sirius Star supertanker holding 2 million

barrels of Saudi crude — everyone kept their distance.

As this suggests, Somalia’s seaborne bandits are

making a mockery of all efforts to stop them. Pirates have only

increased their efforts, ranging across an area bigger than the

Mediterranean. The Sirius Star was taken 450 nautical miles

southeast of Kenya, and with it, the Somalis now hold 300

hostages and 15 ships.

The Somalia’s internationally recognized transitional

government has invited foreign navies to do what’s necessary to

stop the pirates, even attacking them ashore if need be. The

Security Council has affirmed that option. Moreover, nearly all of

Somalia’s pirates come from one region (Puntland), live in a

single town (Boosaaso) and stash captured vessels in one of

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three ports (Eyl, Hobyo or Haradhere) — making interdiction that

much easier. Andrew Linington of Nautilus UK, a seaman’s union

that has had many of its members taken hostage, says the

international community “knows where the pirates are, they

know the ports they use, they know the mother ships. Stopping

them could be done,” he says. But that would be expensive at a

time when U.S. resources are tied up in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Rod Nordlant. Sharks in the water. Internet: <www.newsweek.com> (adapted).

According to the text, it is correct to affirm that

9. (CESPE/ ANTAQ/2009) The efforts to stop the attacks have

forced the pirates to shrink the area of their activities.

A world of connections

Source: www.economist.com (Adapted)

Jan 28th, 2010

To sceptics all this talk of twittering, yammering and

chattering smacks of another internet bubble in the making. They

argue that even a huge social network such as Facebook will

struggle to make money because fickle networkers will not stay in

one place for long, pointing to the example of MySpace, which was

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once all the rage but has now become a shadow of its former self.

Last year the site, which is owned by News Corp, installed a new

boss and fired 45% of its staff as part of a plan to revive its

fortunes.

Within companies there is plenty of doubt about the

benefits of online social networking in the office. A survey of 1,400

chief information officers conducted last year by Robert Half

Technology, a recruitment firm, found that only one-tenth of them

gave employees full access to such networks during the day, and

that many were blocking Facebook and Twitter altogether. The

executives’ biggest concern was that social networking would lead

to social networking, with employees using the sites to chat with

friends instead of doing their jobs. Some bosses also fretted that

the sites would be used to leak sensitive corporate information.

10. (ESAF/SUSEP/2010) According to paragraph 1, the site MySpace

a) has turned into the most popular social network.

b) attracts more networkers than Facebook.

c) played a minor role as a social-networking site.

d) convinced sceptics of its outstanding value.

e) laid off almost half of its staff.

The long climb Source: www.economist.com

st Oct, 2009 (Adapted)

1. The world economy is fitfully getting back to normal,

but it will be a “new normal”. This phrase has caught on, even if

people disagree about what it means. In the new normal, as

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defined by Pimco´s CEO, Mohamed El-Erian, growth will be

subdued and unemployment will remain high. “The banking

system will be a shadow of its former self,” and the securitization

markets, which buy and sell marketable bundles of debt, will

presumably be a shadow of a shadow. Finance will be costlier and

investment weak, so the stock of physical capital, on which

prosperity depends, will erode.

2. The crisis invited a forceful government entry into

several of capitalism´s inner sanctums, such as banking, American

carmaking and the commercial-paper market. Mr El-Erian worries

that the state may overstay its welcome. In addition, national

exchequers may start to feel some measure of the fiscal strain

now hobbling California. America´s Treasury, in particular, must

demonstrate that it is still a “responsible shepherd of other

countries´ savings.”

11. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) In paragraph 2, the author mentions “the

fiscal strain now hobbling California”. In other words, the fiscal

a) policies which have been favouring California´s growth.

b) pressure currently preventing California´s development.

c) programmes successfully spoused by California.

d) measures which have steadily gained acceptance.

e) incentives recently promoted by the Californian government.

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While Rome burns Source: www.economist.co.uk

Sep 25th, 2008 (Adapted)

1. American plans to buy up assets that are clogging the

financial system lack detail but no one doubts that a massive

government intervention is coming. In Europe jittery investors

have no such reassurance. European governments have yet to

respond publicly to calls from Hank Paulson, the treasury

secretary, to follow his lead. They look set to keep faith with the

approach that they have used to handle the crisis so far – staving

off liquidity worries by allowing banks to use facilities at central

banks to swap their assets in exchange for ready cash.

2. That makes many watchers nervous. The crisis in

America has dramatically grown from one of liquidity to one of

solvency as well. Lehman Brothers had access to the Federal

Reserve´s discount window, after all, but still went under. The

burning question now is whether banks have enough capital. On

some measures, European banks look pretty well capitalized. The

average tier-one ratio, which measures capital based on the

riskiness of bank assets, stood at 8% in the first half of the year.

That looks solid enough, if you assume that banks have a good

handle on risk.

12. (ESAF/ STN/2008) The author refers to “assets that are clogging

the financial system”, which means they

a) could have affected it.

b) are blocking it.

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c) will surely affect it.

d) are perfecting it.

e) were redesigning it.

13. (ESAF/ STN/2008) As regards investors in Europe at the

moment, they are feeling

a) nervous and upset.

b) confident and optimistic.

c) reassured, but cautious.

d) slightly afraid.

e) tense, but optimistic.

14. (ESAF/ STN/2008) The author reminds the readers that banks

are assumed to have a good handle on risk. In other words, they

a) do not take it.

b) eliminate it.

c) do not accept it.

d) hardly ever face it.

e) understand it well.

Time to Toss the Textbook Source: Newsweek

July 4th 2005 (Adapted)

Do we know how much the world economy affects the

United States and vice versa?

Economics textbooks once described the U.S. economy

as mainly self-contained. Americans sold to each other;

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Americans’ savings were invested mostly in American investments

(stocks, bonds, bank deposits). Trade was small. Globalization has

shattered this model. More industries face foreign competition or

depend on foreign markets. In 1960, exports and imports together

totaled 9.5 percent of gross domestic product; in 2004, they were

25 percent of GDP. Savings and investments have also gone

global. In 2003, Americans – mainly through pension funds, banks

and other big investors – owned $3.1 trillion of foreign stocks and

bonds, while foreigners owned more than $4.1 trillion of U.S.

securities, says the International Monetary Fund. (Note: the $4.1

trillion excluded China.) All these factors modify the U.S.

economy.

15. (ESAF/ MPOG/2005) According to the author, globalization has

shattered the previous model. In other words, globalization has

a) destroyed it.

b) regulated it.

c) reinforced it.

d) deepened it.

e) strengthened it.

External Audit

Source: http://ec.europa.eu/budget

Jan 16th, 2008 (Adapted)

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1. The European Union’s (EU) annual accounts and resource

management are overseen by its external auditor, the European

Court of Auditors, which draws up an annual report for the Council

and the European Parliament. The Court’s main task is to conduct

an external, independent audit of the European Communities’

annual accounts. As part of its activities, the Court of Auditors

produces:

. an annual report on the activities financed from the general

budget, detailing its observations on the annual accounts and

underlying transactions;

. an opinion, based on its audits and given in the annual report in

the form of a statement of assurance, on (i) the reliability of the

accounts and (ii) the legality and regularity of the underlying

transactions involving both revenue collected from taxable persons

and payments to final beneficiaries;

. special reports giving the findings of audits covering specific

areas of management.

2. The Court of Auditors is entitled to access all

documents required during the course of its audit.

16. (ESAF/CGU/2008) The closing line of the text reports that the

Court of Auditors is entitled to access all the documents in case.

Therefore, it

a) holds the legal right to access them.

b) must obtain approval to look into them.

c) has to seek legal permission from the EU.

d) is the provider of all the papers in question.

e) is held accountable for their safety.

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GABARITO

1-D 2-B 3-E 4-B 5-E 6-C 7-C 8-E

9-E 10-E 11-B 12-B 13-A 14-E 15-A 16-A