Solos do Brasil
Transcript of Solos do Brasil
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Solos do Brasil Solos do Brasil CaracteristicasCaracteristicas GeraisGerais
Pablo Pablo VidalVidal--TorradoTorradoESALQESALQ--USPUSP
Solos do BrasilSolos do BrasilSolos do Brasil
Pablo Vidal Torrado
ESALQ-USP
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ToposseqToposseqüüênciaência da Depressão Central do RSda Depressão Central do RS
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ComposiComposiçção mão méédia de um Solo dia de um Solo (Horizonte Ap)(Horizonte Ap)
minerais: 50 a 65% do volumeminerais: 50 a 65% do volume
Poros: 30 a 45% ocupados por Poros: 30 a 45% ocupados por áágua e/ou ar gua e/ou ar
MatMatééria orgânica: 2 a 5% ria orgânica: 2 a 5%
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AreiaAreiagrossagrossa
AreiaAreia
SilteSilte ArgilaArgila
InvisInvisíível vel nesta escalanesta escala
col
col óó
ides
ides
Partícula Diâmetro
Cascalho 2-20 mm
Areia Grossa 200-2000 μm
Areia Fina 20-200 μm
Silte 2-20 μm
Argila 0.2-2 μm
Argila Fina <0.2 μmTerra FinaTerra Fina
Argila Argila –– 1 mm = cabe1 mm = cabeçça de alfinetea de alfinete
SilteSilte -- 25 mm = bola de 25 mm = bola de gudegude
Areia muito fina Areia muito fina –– 50 mm = bola de bilhar 50 mm = bola de bilhar
Areia mAreia méédia dia –– 250 mm = bola de futebol250 mm = bola de futebol
Areia grossa Areia grossa –– 500 mm = esferas de meio metro de diâmetro500 mm = esferas de meio metro de diâmetro
A fase sA fase sóólida do sololida do solo
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Teor de argilaTeor de argila
SilteSilte Baixo em solos muito Baixo em solos muito intemperizadosintemperizados
Textura: avaliar % de argilaTextura: avaliar % de argila
atatéé 14% 14% arenosaarenosa15 a 34% 15 a 34% mméédiadia
35 a 59% 35 a 59% argilosaargilosa>60% >60% muito argilosamuito argilosa
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Argilas 1:1 e 2:1Argilas 1:1 e 2:1
Caulinita: Mineral dos solos com argilas de baixa atividade
Esmectitas, Vermiculitas, Ilitas: Argilas de atividade alta
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ÓÓxidosxidos
GibbsitaGibbsita: : óóxido de Alxido de Al
Presente na maioria dos solos brasileiros Presente na maioria dos solos brasileiros (juntamente com a (juntamente com a caulinitacaulinita))
Hematita e Hematita e GoethitaGoethita: : óóxidos de xidos de FeFe
Solos de rochas bSolos de rochas báásicas: > 15% Fesicas: > 15% Fe22OO33
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Alguns Atributos DiagnAlguns Atributos Diagnóósticossticos
Atividade de argilasAtividade de argilasT= CTC T= CTC cmolcmolcc.Kg.Kg--11 de argila de argila
T T ≥≥ 27 27 TaTaT < 27 T < 27 TbTb
SaturaSaturaçção por basesão por basesV% V% ≥≥ 50 50 eutreutróóficoficoV% < 50 V% < 50 distrdistróóficofico
Caráter Ácrico
RC ≥≥ 1,5 1,5 cmolcmolcc.Kg.Kg--11
pH pH KClKCl ≥≥ 5,05,0
∆∆pH + ou nulopH + ou nulo
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LatossolosLatossolos
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LatossolosLatossolos: solos profundos, bem drenados : solos profundos, bem drenados e relevo suavee relevo suave
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LatossolosLatossolos
Principal classe de solos no Brasil
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Porosidade de empilhamento
microagregados
Até 60% do volume em poros interconectados
Latossolo Vermelho com 65% de argila
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LatossolosLatossolos FFéérricosrricos
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LatossolosLatossolos
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NeossolosNeossolos QuartzarênicosQuartzarênicos
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Neossolo Quartzarênico Neossolo Quartzarênico ÓÓrtico trtico tíípico.pico.
A
C1
C2
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ArgissolosArgissolos
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Argissolo Vermelho Argissolo Vermelho DistrDistróóficofico
EE
AA
BtBt
AA
EE
BtBt
AA
BtBt
Típico Arênico Espessarênico
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0
50
100
150
200
250
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
% de ArgilaPr
ofun
dida
de (c
m)
Neossolo Quartzarênico Argissolo Latossolo
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Porosidade em Porosidade em BtBt
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NitossolosNitossolos
Argilosos e de argila de baixa atividade
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NeossolosNeossolos LitLitóólicoslicos
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Neossolo LitNeossolo Litóólico Eutrlico Eutróófico tfico tíípicopico
AA
BB
RR
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Neossolo Neossolo LitLitóólicolico HHúúmico tmico tíípicopico
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CambissolosCambissolos
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CambissolosCambissolos
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Cambissolo Cambissolo HHááplicoplico
AA
BiBi
CC
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LuvissolosLuvissolos
Semiárido: maior ocorrência de solos Ta no Brasil
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Luvissolos: Bt, argila de atividade alta eutróficos
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ChernossoloChernossolo ArgilArgilúúvicovico FFéérrico trrico tíípicopico
ChernossolosChernossolos: alta CTC e MO: alta CTC e MO
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OrganossolosOrganossolos: as turfas: as turfas
Material orgânico: C% >8 + (0,067 x % argila)
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Solos Solos HidromHidromóórficosrficos
Gleissolo Melânico: médio a alto conteúdo de MO
Gleissolo Háplico: maioria dos nossos hidromórficos
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Vertissolo Ebânico Vertissolo Ebânico ÓÓrtico trtico tíípicopico
AA
CC
BvBv
Vertissolos
Textura argilosa e minerais 2:1
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LatossolosLatossolos
3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0
pH H2O
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Freq
uenc
y
Mean = 4,307Std. Dev. = 0,6836N = 366
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LatossolosLatossolos
0 20 40 60 80
Argila <0.002mm
0
10
20
30Fr
eque
ncy
Mean = 31,7Std. Dev. = 18,859N = 349
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LatossolosLatossolos
0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0
C %
0
20
40
60
80
100
Freq
uenc
y
Mean = 1,928Std. Dev. = 1,3633N = 363
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ArgissolosArgissolos
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Argila <0.002mm
0
50
100
150
200
250
Freq
uenc
y
Mean = 19,91Std. Dev. = 12,178N = 1.749
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ArgissolosArgissolos
2,00 4,00 6,00 8,00
pH H2O
0
50
100
150
200
Freq
uenc
y
Mean = 4,964Std. Dev. = 0,98883N = 1.727
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ArgissolosArgissolos
0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0
C %
0
100
200
300
400
500
Freq
uenc
y
Mean = 1,82Std. Dev. = 1,6033N = 1.740
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ResumoResumoSolos brasileiros são predominantemente bem drenados, profundos Solos brasileiros são predominantemente bem drenados, profundos e de e de baixa atividade de argila (baixa atividade de argila (caulinitacaulinita + + óóxidos).xidos).
HHáá regiões onde ocorrem regiões onde ocorrem ááreas significativas de solos com mineralogia 2:1 reas significativas de solos com mineralogia 2:1 ((semisemiááridorido, sul) e outras com solos , sul) e outras com solos oxoxíídicosdicos (superf(superfíícies de planaltos cies de planaltos antigos).antigos).
HHáá variavariaçção no conteão no conteúúdo de MO, mas domina o A moderado com do de MO, mas domina o A moderado com ocorrências importantes de solos com A ocorrências importantes de solos com A proemproem. e A . e A hhúúmicomico (sul).(sul).
O teor de O teor de óóxidos de xidos de FeFe varia de 2 a 45%.varia de 2 a 45%.
ÁÁreas industrializadas no Brasil solos reas industrializadas no Brasil solos antrantróópicospicos (tipo de terreno): o que (tipo de terreno): o que importa importa éé a natureza do material.a natureza do material.
RegionalizarRegionalizar: Por Estado : Por Estado OUOU Sudeste + Brasil Central (I), Sul (II), Nordeste Sudeste + Brasil Central (I), Sul (II), Nordeste (III) Amazônia (IV) e Pantanal (V).(III) Amazônia (IV) e Pantanal (V).
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Obrigado!Obrigado!
Pablo Vidal TorradoPablo Vidal TorradoDepto de Solos ESALQDepto de Solos ESALQ--USPUSPee--mail: [email protected]: [email protected]