TCP/IP Layers
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Transcript of TCP/IP Layers
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Treinamento RedeCASD
TCP/IP Layers
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A Era Ponto-a-Ponto
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• Processos já rodavam em
distintas máquinas há tempos!
• Quando duas máquinas
precisavam se comunicar, se
ligavam as duas por serial,
problema resolvido… e para
trocar a conexão? Troca o cabo
de lugar! (SUGA!)
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A Era HUB
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Entra em cena:
MAC ADDRESS!
00:1C:FF:D3:47:99
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• Comunicação ingênua: mando o
pacote para todo mundo, só quem vai
ouvir é o destinatário (Yeah… sure!)
• N pessoas na rede, mandando N-1
pacotes para cada comunicação…
N^2! (Flooooooooding)
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Token Ring!
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A Era Switch
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• O Switch já é mais safo: ele faz uma
tabela virtual associando MAC e
porta e só manda para a porta certa!
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E se eu não souber qual porta? Floooood nelas! (mas depois eu lembro)
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Topologias mistas!
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21/03/2013
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• Agora todos se ligam com todos, é só
guardar na tabelinha…
MAS • Tabela tem limite de tamanho!
• Para montar a tabela continuamos
com problema quadrático…
Deve ter um jeito melhor…
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A Era Roteador
(InterNET)
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INTERligar
diferentes
NETworks…
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Entra em cena:
IP ADDRESS!
192.168.0.1
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IP / Mask IP: 192.168.74.45: 11000000.10101000.01001010.00101101
Mask: 255.255.248.0: 111111111.111111111.11111000.00000000
“&&”, “^”, “e”
Rede: 192.168.72.0: 11000000.10101000.01001000.00000000
Notação resumida: 192.168.72.0/21
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E o MAC?
ESQUECIDO?
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De jeito nenhum! Ainda
usado para navegar na
intranet!
Tradução IP -> MAC
ARP
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ARP Mais detalhes:
http://www.watchguard.com/infocenter/editorial/135250.asp
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Routing Alghorithms
Mais detalhes: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing
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TraceRoute
(win: tracert)
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Pirate Bay na coréia??? http://tecnoblog.net/125904/the-pirate-bay-coreia-
do-norte/
MADNESS: https://rdns.im/the-pirate-bay-north-korean-hosting-no-its-fake-p2
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Aplicação
Transporte
Redes
Enlace
Física
Camadas TCP/IP
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Física
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• Camada física: conversão de informação em sinais… Cabo de cobre, luz, wi-fi…
• Limitação de cabos de cobre: 100 metros!
• Dois protocolos legais para pesquisar:
100BASE-TX (Fast Ethernet), 1000BASE-T
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Enlace
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Aqui moram:
MAC - não o Book (:
Switch + Tabela virtual
INTRAnet
ARP
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Redes
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Aqui moram:
IP / Mask
Roteador + Todo Wireless?
Matrix!
NAT
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Transporte
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Orientado a conexão:
3-way Handshake
Syn->
<-Ack+Syn
->Ack
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Fire and Forget!
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Certeza
Sync
Lento? Rápido?
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OVERHEAD
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SCTP
Mais detalhes: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_Control_Trans
mission_Protocol
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Aplicação
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HTTP
SSH
VPN
DNS “Layer7” (OSI)
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Juntando tudo
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Acessando um PC
LOCAL
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Aplicação
Meu comp: Ei, DNS, quem é Blow.Rede? DNS: Ah, é o 192.168.75.123
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Transporte
Meu comp: Ok, sei quem é. Manda um pacote para o destino FINAL 192.168.75.123 na porta 139 pelo protocolo TCP (smb:\\)
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Redes
Meu comp: Anh… o IP dele é 192.168.75.123, o meu é 192.168.74.230… minha máscara de rede é /21, joga isso no meu ip… 192.168.72.X! Ele também! Bizu, intranet, vou mandar pra ele mesmo.
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Enlace
Meu comp: If(IP 192.168.75.123 na tabela ARP){ Coloca o endereço MAC no header do enlace } else{ FLOOD ARP! Who-has 192.168.75.123? Achei, bizu, tabela e coloca ele no header }
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Física
Meu comp: (Placa de rede é fast ethernet, twister-pair) Uso o protocolo 100BASE-TX para encodar essas informações em “sinal”, transmito nos pinos 1,2,3 e 6, full-duplex…
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Física
Um Switch: Chegou o sinal do jeito que eu estava esperando na porta tal
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Enlace
Um Switch: If(MAC do Blow na tabela){ Joga para a porta onde está indicado } else{ Flood! Todas portas, onde está esse MAC? }
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Física
Um Switch: Reenviando…
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Física
PC do BLOW: Chegou o sinal do jeito que eu estava esperando na minha porta…
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Enlace
PC do BLOW: If(MAC no header layer2 é meu?){ É pra mim! Continua desenpacotando! } //Nesse caso não vai cair no else else{ “Caguei” (… a não ser “promíscuo”) }
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Redes
PC do BLOW: O IP é pra o meu mesmo, não tão querendo que eu roteie não
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Transporte
PC do BLOW: Opa, TCP na minha porta 139, melhor seguir a etiqueta do TCP, enviar um ACK para a porta de origem do cubo e também passar isso para a aplicação que gerencia smb:\\
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Aplicação
Comp do Blow (SMB): opa, chegou um payload de dados pra mim! Tão fácil, tão simples, parece mágica!
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Acessando um PC
REMOTO
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ernativa