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General term used in applying electronic or computer-based systems towards automatically

controlling a manufacturing process.www.adcusa.com/knowbase/glossary.html

Automation (ancient Greek: = self dictated) or Industrial Automation is the use of computers

to control industrial machinery and processes, replacing human operators. It is a stepbeyond mechanization, where human operators are provided with machinery to help them

in their jobs. The most visible part of automation can be said to be industrial robotics. Someadvantages are repeatability, tighter quality control, waste reduction, integration withbusiness systems, increased productivity and reduen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_automation

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

0. Logical 0. Used to indicate an open ("OFF") Digital Input circuit. Used to indicate a de-energized ("OFF") Digital Output signal.

1. Logical 1. Used to indicate an closed ("ON") Digital Input circuit. Used to indicate aenergized ("ON") Digital Output signal.

ALU. An Arithmetic Logic Unit is designed to handle all logical and basic arithmeticfunctions. It is usually in control of a microcomputer or is imbedded in a Microcomputer

chip.

Asynchronous. The transmission of computerized information by individual frames having

start and stop signals. Data is transmitted in irregular spurts, where the time interval variesbetween successive transmitted frames.

A/D. Analog to Digital Conversion is the process of converting an analog value into adigital value that could be used by a computer. Analog signals, from field instruments, are

either unipolar or bipolar, and are further classified as a voltage or current type signal.

Baud. Baud rate is the number of signal changes per second on a communication line.

Baud rate is frequently, and incorrectly, used as being synonymous to bits per second. Note:

A single signal change can represent more than one bit of information.

Buss. A method of transferring information between various devices. All busses contain"wires" to transmit and receive data, control, and in some cases arbitration.

Control Output. Relay control either non-secure or secure. See digital output.

CPU. A Central Processor Unit is the "heart" of all processor, MPU, microcomputers, and

micro-processors. It makes up the logic that fetches and decodes instructions, maintains

pointers, counters, arithmetic-logic functions, and handles interrupts. In a more general usethe word could refer to the complete Computer device such as a IBM PC excluding the I/O

devices. See Microcomputer.
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Data Terminal Equipment. Term given to distinguish the computing instrument apart

from any device used to perform the analog transmission and reception of data. Examples

of DTE devices include computers, video display terminals, RTUs, and PLCs.

Data Communications Equipment. The communications device that adapts digital signals

from a connected "DTE" device, to the physical communications media implemented in asystem. Examples of DCE devices include modems and radios.

Digital to Analog Conversion. "D/A" is the process of converting a digital value generatedby a computer into a corresponding analog output (eg, volts or milliamps) for output to an

analog control device. See analog output, setpoint control.

Digital to Analog Converter. A "DAC" is a device which receives digital input from some

processor device and converts the digital value to a corresponding analog output to drive ananalog control device.

EPROM. Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory is a nonvolatile memory componentwhich can be read but not written by a computer but can be erased and reprogrammed by a

"PROM" programmer device.

EEPROM. Electrical Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory is a nonvolatile memory

component which can be read and written to by a computer device. Typically used to store

unit configuration data, which is modifiable by the end-user.

Firmware. Computer instructions that are embedded in the hardware, stored in PROM,EPROM or EEPROM devices, and is generally not modifiable by the end-user.

Frame. Pertaining to a communication device, a frame is the total sum of all the signalchanges that make up one "character" that can be passed to the computer device, to include

timing required to achieve synchronization. For example, during asynchronouscommunication, a frame is all the signal changes between the start bit and stop bit.

Hertz. A unit of frequency equal to 1 cycle per second.

Integrated Circuit. A tiny complex of electronic components and their connection

produced on a slice of material such as silicon.

Indication input. Input from some field device that is either in an ON (1) or OFF (0) state.Also known as Status Input or Field Status.

Industrial Automation. General term used in applying electronic or computer-based

systems towards automatically controlling a manufacturing process.

Input/Outputis a process of passing data from an external device to a computer or ofpassing data from a computer to an external device.


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IOC. Input/Output Controller. An electronic device used to control and monitor

Input/Output points, within a overall system, and to communicate the derived data to a

master station or other "host" unit.

LED. Light Emitting Diode. A diode that emits light when current passes through it.

Master. The "head-end" computer in a SCADA system.

Microcomputer. A computer based on a particular microprocessor. The architecture is best

suited to a real-time environment because of its interrupt structure. This device is given anassorted number of names; MPU, CPU and Microprocessor to name a few.

Microprocessor. Subsystem circuit of a microcomputer that performs the sequential

manipulation of data. See Microcomputer.

Modem. A MOdulator/DEModulator is a communications device providing an interface

point to a communication line. It converts digital data to analog for transmission and analogdata to digital for reception.

MPU. MicroProcessor Unit. See microcomputer.

Preventive Maintenance. "PM" is the scheduled downtime for equipment during which

equipment that is in marginal working condition is identified and remedied. PM includesroutine mechanical maintenance and adjustments.

Process. The collective external function performed by the control equipment, involving

process variables and setpoint controls.

Process variable. A system parameter(ie, an analog signal) that is monitored and

controlled (eg by an associated setpoint control signal, generated by the control unit) by acontroller.

PROM. Programmable Read Only Memory is a memory component which can be read by,

but not written by, a computer. The memory contents of this device can be set only once by

using special programming device.

Protocol. Set of rules governing message exchange between two communications

processes.

RAM. Random Access (Read/Write) Memory is a volatile memory component which can

be both written and read by a computer. A computer's main memory is RAM.

Refresh. In the computer memory, dynamic RAM, in order to maintain the storedinformation, must have each of its memory locations addressed periodically. This process is

called memory refresh.


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Remote. A computer, typically with I/O, located in a remote site away from the Master

(Control Center).

Restart. When a unit or device initializes itself due to power failure, error conditions, orcommanded by a computer. There are generally two types of Restarts, 1) Cold Start and 2)

Warm Start. Warm start occurs when conditions are such that only resetting some of theunit's parameters and logic is necessary, where Cold start occurs when everything must be"restarted" in order to maintain operating order.

ROM. Read Only Memory is a memory component which can be read, not written, by a

computer. The memory contents are set by the manufacturer.

RS-232. RS-232 interface specification defines the number of wires that are used to

connect a modem ("DCE") to a computer or terminal ("DTE"), the electrical signals that aresent along these wires, and the signal levels that are used. Frequently, the RS-232 interface

is used to connect a terminal to a computer without intervening modem equipment. RS-485

and RS-422 are similar interfaces for interconnecting DTE devices.

RTD. Resistance Temperature Detector. An small assembly of special metals and alloysused for deriving process temperatures. The electrical resistance of the device changes over

a temperature range, and generally in a non-linear manner. See Thermocouple.

RTU. Remote Terminal Unit. An electronic device used to control and monitorInput/Output points, within a overall system, and to communicate the derived data to a

master station or other "host" unit.

Rx. Receive. Usually in reference to some communication interface.

Scan. The process of requesting information and receiving it. When applied to RTU

communications, it is the whole process of requesting input signal data (eg status, analogs,

and accumulators) from a RTU and receiving a reply.

Setpoint. The desired value for a given process variable. Sometimes refers to analog

outputs from an IOC or RTU.

Synchronous. Fixed-rate transmission of bits of data, synchronized by a common clocksignal, for both the sender and the receiver.

Thermocouple. A sensor, similar in functionality to a RTD, used for obtaining process

temperatures.

Trigger. A trigger is either a hardware or software qualification set to monitors a condition

that when it occurs, some action is either started or stopped.

Tx. Transmit. Usually in reference to some communication interface.


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UART. Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter is an integrated circuit that performs

peripheral interfacing functions with serial devices. The functions typically include:

Serialization of data on output

Deserialization of data on input

Baud rate generation Asynchronous start/stop and parity bit detection/generation

UCS. Universal Configuration System is a DOS executable program used to configure and

operate various IOC/RTU units provided by the Company. End-users use this software toconfigure and calibrate station-level units for proper operation with an overall control

system.

USART. Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter is an integrated

circuit that performs peripheral interfacing functions with serial devices. The functions arethe same as a UART but also include:

Synchronous detection, insertion of preamble character

Supplying of external sync clocks for both Transmit/Receive

SCADA is an acronym for:

Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition

SCADA is used by utilities and other process-oriented operations to collect data from

machinery, which may be located over a very large geographic area. A basic SCADA

system consists of two types of computers 1) "Master" and 2) "Remote." The Master(orhost) resides at a centrally-manned location (eg a control center) while the Remotes are

generally placed at un-manned locations.

An example is an electric utility, where the master is located at the control center(where

system operators monitor and control the entire system) and remotes are substations where

distribution power lines are interconnected. Remote computers, usually a Remote Terminal

Unit "RTU" or a Programmable Logic Controller "PLC" will respond to inquiries from theMaster(ie status of equipment) and will accept commands from the Master(open circuit

breaker B3) for controlling equipment.

Communications between a Master and a number of remotes can be via telephone-likecircuits, radio channels, or via fiber-optic communications media.

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www.adcusa.com/knowbase/glossary.html

Automation

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

(Redirected fromIndustrial automation)

Automation (ancient Greek: =self dictated) orindustrial automation is the use ofcomputers to control industrial machinery and processes, replacing human operators. It isa step beyond mechanization, where human operators are provided with machinery tohelp them in their jobs. The most visible part of automation can be said to beindustrialrobotics. Some advantages are repeatability, tighter quality control, waste reduction,integration with business systems, increased productivity and reduction of labour. Somedisadvantages are high initial costs and increased dependence on maintenance.

By the middle of the 20th century, automation had existed for many years on a small scale,

using mechanical devices to automate the production of simply shaped items. However the

concept only became truly practical with the addition of the computer, whose flexibilityallowed it to drive almost any sort of task. Computers with the required combination of

power, price, and size first started to appear in the 1960s, and since then have taken over

the vast majority ofassembly line tasks (some food production/inspection being a notableexception).

In most cases specialised hardened computers referred to as PLCs (programmable logiccontrollers) are used to synchronize the flow of inputs from sensors and events with the

flow of outputs to actuators and events. This leads to precisely controlled actions thatpermit a tight control of the process or machine.

Human-machine interfaces (HMI) are usually employed to communicate to PLCs. e.g.:To enter and monitor temperatures or pressures to be maintained.

Another form of automation that involves computers is called test automation, wherecomputers are programmed to mimic what human testers do when manually testing

software applications. This is accomplished by using test automation tools to producespecial scripts (written as computer programs) that tell the computer exactly what to do inorder to run the same manual tests.

Contents

[hide]

1 Social issues of automation

2 Current social effects of automation
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machinery, they stopped focusing on increasing productivity, because it was putting people

out of work. They also switched, because with a low supply of people to manage the new

equipment it became too costly of a procedure.

Automation is now applied to increase quality to the manufacturing process, where

automation can increase quality substantially. For instance, pistons used to be installed intoengines manually. Currently, they are in transition to being installed by machines. This isbecause the error rate for manual installment was around 1-1.5%, and now it is 0.00001%

with automation. They are also implementing automation to operations that may be

hazardous to employees, such as casting.

The other major shift in automation is to increase flexibility and convertibility to themanufacturing process. As stated above, automation was previously used to increase

productivity and cost efficiency directly to the manufacturing process. Now, manufacturers

are trying instead to increase flexibility (for example, the ability to switch from making

Product A to making Product B on the same machines on the same production lines).

[edit]

See also

Retraining

[edit]

Useful Journals and Books on Automation

International Journal of Automation and Control

Automation Network Selection

The Consumer Guide to Fieldbus Network Equipment for Process Control

Wireless Networks for Industrial Automation 2nd Edition Jeremy Rifkin: The End of Work: The Decline of the Global Labor Force and the

Dawn of the Post-Market Era

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation "

Categories:Industry|Production and manufacturing

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