7/30/2019 Transposição Do Rio São Francisco - Aziz Ab'Saber

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@UNU @A„\ÀAMQ

7/30/2019 Transposição Do Rio São Francisco - Aziz Ab'Saber

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lbkgmlnhmkyb |baqm inkáhnl` lfnhàynl` m gniqbfüonl` im }h

qnb smqmkm& p}m lq}u` l``ynko`| mh }h lmqyb yqmlgb im |m}

fbkob t`fm& î m||mkln`f s`q` p}`fp}mq ynsb im sf`kme`hmkyb+Kb| m|y}ib| aà|nlb| s`q` d}ki`hmky`ïìb im sqbemyb| s`q` b|

|mqyým| |mlb| ib Kbqim|ym& gà p}m lbk|nimq`q ybi`| `| ymqqn(

ybqn`fni`im| p}m m|yìb `b kbqym ib @q`qnsm& iby`i`| im qnb| nkymq(

hnymkym|& |`ubkàqnb|& mwbqqînlb|& `||nh lbhb ybi` ` àqm` |mqy`kme`

fbl`fnu`i` `b |}f i` lg`s`i` intn|bq`+

@fîh ib h}kib dè|nlb m mlbfüonlb& î a|bf}y`hmkym kmlm||àqnb

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m nimkynffl`q b| sqbafmh`| mkdqmky`ib| smf`| lbh}kni`im| qm|nimkym|

im ybib| b| |mqyým|+ Kb l`|b i` yq`k|sb|nïìb ib Qnb \ìb Dq`kln|lb s`q`

`fîh(@q`qnsm& ybqk`(|m nhsqm|lnkiètmf lbkgmlmq hmfgbq qmonìb |mhn(

àqni` i` p}`f |m sqmymkim ynq`q }h lmqyb tbf}hm im ào}` fi}tn`f+

Kb l`|b ib sqbemyb obtmqk`hmky`f bq` |ba sqm||ìb s`q`

yq`k|sbq ào}`| ib \ìb Dq`kln|lb& im nkèlnb |m dmu }h aq`klb kb yq`(

y`hmkyb i` qmonìb |mhn(àqni` |ìb(dq`kln|l`k`+ P}`kib |m smqlmam}

` oq`kinb|ni`im ib mqqb mh ymqhb| |bln`n| m sbfèynlb|& s`||b}(|m `

d`f`q& mkyqm b| h`nbqm| nkymqm||`ib| k` nhsf`ky`ïìb ib sqbemyb& mh

}h` qmtny`fnu`ïìb sqîtn` ib T`fm ib Qnb \ìb Dq`kln|lb+ Lbhb |m

m||` y`qmd` db||m d`lyètmf mh d`lm i` bqimh im oq`kimu` m|s`ln`f

ib t`fm m i` lbhsfmwni`im |blnbmlbkùhnl` ib| gbhmk| g`any`kym|+

Im dbqh` p}m s`f`tq` }ynfnu`i` msnimqhnl`hmkym ymtm smk`| }h

t`fbq imh`oüonlb+ Kb p}m y`kom b| |mqyým| s|m}i`hmkym qmlmsybqm|

ib| qml}q|b| gèiqnlb| |mqmh ynq`ib| ib \ìb Dq`kln|lb& im|im b nkèlnb

|m d`fb} mh ‖ào}`| s`q` ybib|‘& lbhb |m }h sqbemyb fnkm`q yntm||m

dbqï` s`q` `aq`komq `qmbf`qhmkym ybib| b| |mqyým| sbtb`ib| im

`fîh(@q`qnsm+ H`n| ib p}m n||b& sqbl}qb}(|m inumq p}m yq`k|sb|nïìb

o`q`kynqn` ào}`| s`q` amamq+ \mh fmhaq`q p}m }h lmqyb tbf}hm imào}`| sbf}èi`| hn|y}q`i`| lbh ào}`| |`fnknu`i`| im fo}k| oq`kim|

`ï}im| nhsminqn` b }|b nhmin`yb i`| ào}`| s`q` ffk| sbyàtmn|+ 

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QMTN\Y@ ]\S& \ìb S`}fb& k+?3& s+ 4(0<& e}kgb"`ob|yb 13347

Sqbs`ob}(|m im|im b nkèlnb }h` m|y`(

yè|ynl` `sqbwnh`i` inumkib p}m ` qmynq`i`

i`| ào}`| ib \ìb Dq`kln|lb |mqn` im smk`|

0- ib tbf}hm yby`f ib qnb+ ]h d`yb p}m&

|mo}kib b| inumqm| yîlknlb| fnhny`ib|& kìb

nqn` sqme}inl`q kmh b qnb& kmh y`hsb}lb

` sbs}f`ïìb qnamnqnkg` |ìb(dq`kln|l`k`+

\bhmkym kìb |m d`fb}& kmh |m p}n| d`f`q&

p}m ` h`nbq kmlm||ni`im im ào}`| s`q`

`fîh(@q`qnsm lbnklninqn` lbh ` m|y`ïìb

|ml` ib| hm`ib| ib kb mh p}m b Qnb \ìb

Dq`kln|lb smqh`kmln` lbh hmkbq tbf}hm

im ào}`+

Lbktîh fmhaq`q |mhsqm `b| yîlknlb|

h`f bqnmky`ib| |baqm ` gniqblfnh`ybfbon`

qmonbk`f ib| |mqyým| im `p}îh m `fîh(

@q`qnsm p}m |mqà h`n| kmlm||àqnb ymq ào}`|mw`y`hmkym p}`kib b Kbqim|ym |mhn(àqnib

im|nok`ib sbq Oq`kim \mqyìb Kbqym m|yntmq

h`n| p}mkym m |mlb lbh |m}| qnb| ‖lbqy`ib|‘&

s`q` }|`q im }h` s`f`tq` yq`inlnbk`f lqn`i`

smfb| |mqy`kmeb|+ Y`kyb b qma`nw`hmkyb m

lbqym i`| ào}`| ib| |mqyým| `fîh(@q`qnsm

p}`kyb `p}mfm| blbqqmkym| kb hîinb(a`nwb

T`fm ib \ìb Dq`kln|lb lbqqm|sbkimh `b

nktmqkb `|yqbkùhnlb: mkyqmy`kyb& imtnib

` }h lbke}kyb im d`ybqm| gniqblfnhàynlb|lbhsfmwb|& kb| |mqyým| im `fîh(@q`qnsm

blbqqm }h` |ml}q` sqbfbko`i` p}m d`u nk(

ymqhnyåkln` |`ubkàqn` ib| qnb| m p}m& sbq }h`

q`uìb sq`ohàynl` lbhsqmmk|ètmf& lbki}un}

`| sbs}f`ïým| qmonbk`n| d`f`qmh mh tmqìb+

D`yb p}m& `fnà|& kìb î õknlb kb h}kib& eà

p}m mwn|ymh b}yq`| àqm`| bkim& kb nktmqkb

`|yqbkùhnlb& blbqqmh lbkinïým| p}mkym| m

|ml`| p}m lbki}umh }h` nktmq|ìb ymqhn(

kbfüonl` qmonbk`f e}|ynfflàtmf+

B sqnhmnqb sbkyb ` im|y`l`q î p}m b

Qnb \ìb Dq`kln|lb lq}u` b| |mqyým| a`n`(

kb|& smqk`ha}l`kb|& sqb s`qym `f`ob`kb|

m |mqons`kb|& lbh `| ào}`| im |}`| l`am(

lmnq`| m }h` s`qym i`| lg}t`| |`ubkàqn`|

nhsbqy`kym| ib ibhèknb ib| lmqq`ib|+ K`

qm`fni`im& b \ìb Dq`kln|lb sb||}n p}`yqb

|mybqm| sqnklns`n| gniqblfnhàynlb| |}a(qm(

onbk`n| ` |mqmh lbk|nimq`ib| lbh `ymkïìb

s`q` p}`fp}mq ynsb im sqbemyb& lbhb m||m bq`

mh in|l}||ìb+ K`| |}`| l`amlmnq`|& im|im \mqq` i` L`k`|yq` `yî `fo}h`| lmkymk`| im

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f`ynt`hmkym amh in|yqna}èi`|& yby`fnu`kib

im 0+033 ` 0+933 hh `k}`n|+

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hmyqb| blbqqmh lfnh`| yqbsnl`n| õhnib|

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|mlb.& mwn|ynkib& sbqîh& }h yby`f im lg}t`|

`k}`n| p}m |m lqm|lmky` ã| ào}`| sqbtnki`|

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ymnq` im Hnk`| Omq`n| lbh ` A`gn`& blbqqm

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p}m b qnb yq`k|sým b |mhn(àqnib kb m|s`ïb

nkymqnbq im A`gn`& Smqk`ha}lb& @f`ob`| m

`ie`låkln`|+ Mh b}yq`| s`f`tq`|& |bhmkym b

\ìb Dq`kln|lb lbkynk}` smqmkm& sbqîh lbh

qma`nw`hmkyb ib tbf}hm i` ào}` lbqqmkym+

@ bm|ym i` A`gn`& b| qnb| |m lbhsbqy`h

lbhb |m db||mh yqbsnl`n| õhnib| ` i}`|m|y`ïým|& lbk|mo}nkib lgmo`q yî h`qomh

m|p}mqi` ib \ìb Dq`kln|lb mh ‖sfmkb nk(

tmqkb‘+ Kb mky`kyb& k}hmqb|b| smp}mkb|

`fi}mkym| i` qmonìb |mhn(àqni` lq}u`i` smfb

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|mo}kib b hbimfb h`n| `hsfb ibhnk`kym

kb |mhn(àqnib aq`|nfmnqb& b} |me`& lbhb

qnb| nkymqhnymkym|& |`ubkàqnb|& mwbqqînlb|+

@| lg}t`| ib |mhn(àqnib |ìb(dq`kln|l`kb

yby`fnu`h tbf}hm| im =33 433 hh k}`n|sbq bsb|nïìb `b| 0+=33(0+733 hh sqmib(

hnk`kym| kb ibhèknb ib| lmqq`ib|+

B p}`qyb lbke}kyb gniqblfnhàynlb ib

Qnb \ìb Dq`kln|lb lbqqm|sbkim ã lg`h`i`

Ubk` i` H`y` lb|ymnq`& bkim `| sqmlnsny`(

ïým|& k}h m|s`ïb qmf`ynt`hmkym fnhny`ib

'\mqonsm& @f`ob`|.& `ynkomh }h yby`f im

0+133 1+033 hh& sqbwnh`i`hmkym+ S`q`

|mq h`n| imy`fg`ib& lbktîh& mkyqmy`kyb&

qmon|yq`q `| dbqym| yq`k|nïým| sqboqm||nt`|

mwn|ymkym| mkyqm b| lfnh`| yqbsnl`n| õhnib|

i`| l`amlmnq`|& b| lfnh`| ib hîinb t`fm

hnkmnqb ib \ìb Dq`kln|lb& b lfnh` i` qm(

onìb |mhn(àqni` a`n`k` m& sbq ffh& b| lfnh`|

yqbsnl`n| õhnib| i` qmonìb lb|ymnq`+ Lbh

}h imy`fgm ` h`n|& mh qmf`ïìb ã yq`k|nïìb

qàsni` m lbhsfmw` mkyqm b lfnh` ib| |mqyým|

|mlb| ib \ìb Dq`kln|lb m `| d`nw`| õhni`|

i` Ubk` i` H`y`+ Gà h}nyb& b sqüsqnb sbtb

nimkynfflb} fbko` m nqqmo}f`q d`nw` im yq`k(

|nïìb mkyqm b h}nyb |mlb m b qmf`ynt`hmkymh}nyb õhnib |ba b kbhm im àqm` ib| oqm|(

ym|+ Im y`f dbqh` p}m m||` mwsqm||ìb ymh

t`fni`im y`kyb gniqblfnhàynl` m mlbfüonl`&

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QMTN\Y@ ]\S& \ìb S`}fb& k+?3& s+ 4(0<& e}kgb"`ob|yb 1334 >

`||nh lbhb im |}`| bdmqy`| s`q` yntni`im|

`oqàqn`|& t`fmkib lbhb }h` nimkynffl`ïìb

lnmkyèffl` nky}nynt` p}`|m smqdmny`+

Im ybi` m|y` `kàfn|m& ffl` amh s`ymkym

p}m b |mhn(àqnib kbqim|ynkb aq`|nfmnqb

sb||}n b hm|hb qnyhb |`ubkàqnb ib| sf`(

k`fyb| nkymqnbqm| ibhnk`ib| sbq lmqq`ib|&

mwn|ynkib& sbqîh& }h` indmqmkï` d`kyà|ynl`

im tbf}hm im sqmlnsny`ïým| `k}`n| mkyqm

b| mwymk|b| lmqq`ib| m b| oq`kim| |mqyým|+

Kb| sf`k`fyb| nkymqnbqm| qmlbamqyb| sbq

lmqq`ib| m qmlbqy`ib| sbq imk|`| fibqm|y`|

im o`fmqn`|& `| sqmlnsny`ïým| `k}`n| yby`n|

lgmo`h ` yqå| b} p}`yqb tmum| h`n| ib p}m

b| yby`n| im lg}t`| ybha`i`| k` hm|h`

îsbl` kb| |mqyým| p}mkym| m |mlb|& iby`ib|

im l``ynko`| gmqaàlm`|& `qa}|ynt`|& `fyb|‖smf`ib|‘ m l`lyàlm`| mh f`emib| im |bfb|

fèynlb| m nk|mfamqo|+

Lbktîh fmhaq`q p}m ` hmfgbq h`kmnq`

s`q` imfnhny`q b Sbfèobkb i`| \ml`|& mh

qmf`ïìb `b| ibhèknb| hbqdblfnhàynlb| m

ffybomboqàfflb| ib |m} mkybqkb& î b m|s`ïb

`yî bkim blbqqmh | l``ynko`| m àqm`| im qnb|

m qnbunkgb| nkymqhnymkym|& |`ubkàqnb|5 è m|yà

` lbqm(àqm` ib ibhèknb ib| |mqyým| kbqim|(

ynkb|+ Im y`f h`kmnq` p}m ffl` dàlnf s`q` b|lnmkyn|y`|& b| sf`kme`ibqm| m b| obtmqk`kym|

|`amqmh `fo}h` lbn|` ib m|s`ïb yby`f qm(

onbk`f& ibhnk`ib sbq q}|ynlni`im| m oq`kim|

sqbafmh`| s`q` b gbhmh g`any`kym+

]h d`yb `a|bf}y`hmkym imsfbqàtmf kb

sqbemyb im yq`k|sb|nïìb im ào}`| ib \ìb

Dq`kln|lb s`q` b |mybq `fîh(@q`qnsm ib

Kbqim|ym |mlb inu qm|smnyb ã yby`f `}|åk(

ln` im m|y}ib| aà|nlb| |baqm ` inkáhnl`

lfnhàynl` h`lqbqqmonbk`f+ Kìb î sb||ètmf

`ffqh`q& mh ymqhb| omkîqnlb|& p}m b sqbemyb

sqmtå ` qmynq`i` im `smk`| 0- ib tbf}hm

i`| ào}`| ib ‖Tmfgb Lgnlb‘ m p}m& sbq m||`

q`uìb hm|h`& kìb g`tmqà sqme}èub s`q` `|

d}kïým| smqh`kmkym| ib qnb mh qmf`ïìb ã|

gniqbmfîyqnl`| im S`}fb @dbk|b& Ny`s`qnl` m

Wnkoü+ Mh }h` lbhs`q`ïìb h}nyb sqüwnh`&

 eà |m |`am p}m b Knfb `yq`tm||` b im|mqyb&

mkp}`kyb b \ìb Dq`kln|lb lq}u` }h abh

yqmlgb im l``ynko` mh |m} a`nwb(hîinb

t`fm `yî ` A`gn`& Smqk`ha}lb m @f`ob`|+K` qm`fni`im& b \ìb Dq`kln|lb î imsmkimkym

i`| àqm`| õhni`| im |m} fyb t`fm lqm|lni`|

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QMTN\Y@ ]\S& \ìb S`}fb& k+?3& s+ 4(0<& e}kgb"`ob|yb 133403

tnkib| im àqm`| qmf`ynt`hmkym lg}tb|`|& b}

im qnb| m|s`ï`ib| ib ibhèknb im lmqq`ib|+

Yq`y`(|m& sbqy`kyb& im }h l}q|b i„ào}`

smqmkm im ynsb h`ql`i`hmkym `fülybkm+ B

E`o}`qnam& s`q` bkim |m sqmymkim yq`k|sbq

s`qym i`| |}`| ào}`|& mkp}`iq`(|m k` l`(

ymobqn` im qnb| nkymqhnymkym|& |`ubkàqnb| m

`amqyb| s`q` b h`q 'mwbqqînlb|.+ D`yb p}m

sqmln|` |mq qmsmynib h}ny`| tmum| s`q` b|

sf`kme`ibqm| iby`ib| im a`nw` nkymqin|lnsfn(

k`qni`im+ Lbktîh fmhaq`q y`haîh& km||m

|mkynib& p}m p}`|m 033- ib| qnb| aq`|nfmnqb|

nkymq m |}ayqbsnl`n| lgmo`h `b h`q smfb|

h`n| t`qn`ib| l`hnkgb|& mkp}`iq`kib(|m

k` l`ymobqn` im iqmk`omk| `amqy`| s`q` b

blm`kb 'ymlknl`hmkym inyb mwbqqînlb|.+ Kìb

mwn|ymh tmqi`imnq`| iqmk`omk| mkibqqînl`|

m `qqînl`| kb ymqqnyüqnb aq`|nfmnqb+ Yq`y`(|m

im }h` t`ky`omh kb||b d`tbq& qmf`lnbk`i`

`b d`yb im p}m ybib| b| |`n| hnkmq`n| qmyn(

q`ib| i`| qblg`| imlbhsb|y`| b} fymq`i`|

|ìb imemy`ib| s`q` b blm`kb im y`f hbib

p}m î }h` ninbynlm yby`f p}`kib `fo}îh

lbhmky` p}m b| sqbafmh`| ib Kbqim|ym

|mlb m|y`qn`h qmf`lnbk`ib| `b d`yb im p}m

ybi`| `| |}`| ào}`| m|lb`qn`h s`q` b h`q+

H`f |`amh mfm| p}m p}`fni`im qmf`ynt` ib||bfb| im ybib| b| |mqyým| m& |baqmy}ib& b|

ib Lm`qà m|yà qmf`lnbk`i` lbh ` inkáhnl`

lg`h`i` mwbqqmè|hb+ \mh lbkgmlmq m||m|

d`yb| `fo}îh eà lbhmkyb} s`q` e}|ynffl`q `

yq`k|sb|nïìb i`| ào}`| ib \ìb Dq`kln|lb

s`q` `fîh(@q`qnsm p}m5 ‖Eà p}m `| ào}`|

tìb s`q` b h`q p}m h`f mwn|ym lbh p}m mf`|

|me`h yq`k|sb|y`|2‘+ Y`n| q`lnblèknb| |ìb

h`n| yqn|ym| p}`kib |m |`am p}m `| oq`kim|

a`qq`omk| ib |mqyìb sqbtbl`h fbl`fhmkym

|`fnknu`ïìb& |baqmy}ib kb l`|b im Bqü|+

Sbq hmnb im||m| q`lnblèknb| |nkomfb| m

nklbk|mpömkym|& kìb |m sbim `t`fn`q p}m `|

ào}`| iblm| sbf}èi`| ib \ìb Dq`kln|lb& `b

|mqmh im|sme`i`| ib b}yqb f`ib ib @q`qnsm&

nqìb |m hn|y}q`q lbh `| ào}`| |mhn(|`fn(

knu`i`| im }h oq`kim `ï}im 'Bqü|.& b}

sqme}inl`q `| ào}`| iblm| qmyni`| `a`nwb

ib| |minhmkyb| qmkb|b|& ib| fmnyb| im qnb|

imsmkimkym|& i`| ào}`| im `fy` p}`fni`im

sqbtmknmkym| im lg}t`| ib| |mqyým| |mhn(àqn(ib| '‖im nktmqkb‘ kb inumq ib |mqy`kmeb.+

Imtm(|m fmhaq`q p}m `yî gbem kbqh`f(

hmkym `| ào}`| sb}s`i`| mkyqm |bfmnq`|

qblgb|`| p}m |mllnbk`h yq`k|tmq|`fhmkym

b| qnb| ib| |mqyým| kbqim|ynkb| lbk|yny}mh

b h`n| nhsbqy`kym h`k`kln`f s`q` baymkïìb

im ào}` sbyàtmf k`| àqm`| lbqy`i`| sbq qnb|

im fmnyb qmkb|b+ A`|y`qn` fmhaq`q b lmkàqnb

i`| lqn`kï`| |mqy`kme`| s}w`kib emo}m| lbh

snsbym| s`q` baymq ào}`| iblm| k`| smp}mk`|

l`t`| dmny`| kb fmnyb |}smqffln`fhmkym |mlb&

h`| iby`ib im ào}`| |}a|}smqffln`n| qmyni`|&

kìb(mt`sbq`i`|& ` }h b} ibn| hmyqb| im

sqbd}kini`im+

@b |m nknln`q ` niîn` i` yq`k|sb|nïìb im

ào}`| ib \ìb Dq`kln|lb s`q` b Lm`qà m Qnb

Oq`kim ib Kbqym& knko}îh |m sqmbl}sb}

lbh b| sqbafmh`| i` sqüsqn` qmonìb im bkim

|`nqn`h `| ào}`|+ Mq` }h` niîn` ffw` sbqyq`k|sbq& `sm|`q i`| ba|mqt`ïým| lbqqmy`|

dmny`| smfb mkyìb an|sb im A`qq` `b mkyìb

l`kini`yb ` sqm|nimkym m `fo}k| im |m}|

lbhs`kgmnqb|+ L`amqn` b |}lm||bq im ibh

Ny`h`q Tn`k “ F}nu Dfàtnb L`ssnb “ y`qmd`

gn|yüqnl` im }h sqbym|yb lbkyq` b |nhsfn|hb

m ` im|`ymkïìb ib| qm|sbk|àtmn| smfb sqb(

 emyb mh qmf`ïìb b| sqüsqnb| sqbafmh`| ib

|mybq |mhn(àqnib ib \ìb Dq`kln|lb+ Ynkg`

h}ny` q`uìb ibh L`ssnb b d`umq |}` oqmtmim dbhm mh L`aqbaü& mh dqmkym ã qmsqm|`

im \baq`inkgb+ B msn|üinb a`f`klmb} b|

áknhb| ib| `}ybqnyàqnb| m nklbhsmymkym|

hmkybqm| ib sqbemyb+ Ibh L`ssnb dbn nk(

i}unib ` `l`a`q lbh |m} gn|yüqnlb sqbym|yb

im qmsmql}||ìb k`lnbk`f+

\m} sqnklns`f qo}hmkyb mq` p}m d`nw`

im }ynfnu`ïìb `oqàqn`& kb |mybq |mqy`kmeb ib

\ìb Dq`kln|lb& mq` h}nyb qm|yqny`+ Km||m

|mkynib& ynkg` a`|y`kym q`uìb: hm|hb sbq(

p}m& lbhs`q`ib lbh b| |mqyým| ib Lm`qà&

bkim mwn|yn` omkym sbq ybi` ` s`qym& `| amn(

q`i`| ib ‖Tmfgb Lgnlb‘ mq`h h`n| qõ|ynl`|

m sbaqm| ib p}m `| lbfnk`| |mqy`kme`| im

`fîh(@q`qnsm+

M||m| `qo}hmkyb| ybqk`h(|m h`n|

tmqi`imnqb| p}`kib |m lbk|nimq` oq`kim

mwymk|ìb im i}k`| i` qmonìb im Wnp}m(Wn(

p}m& p}m mfnhnk` p}`fp}mq sb||nanfni`im

im }|b ib m|s`ïb k` h`qomh m|p}mqi`

ib qnb& dqmkym ã tmfg` lni`imunkg`+ @kìb(lbk|nimq`ïìb i` d`kyà|ynl` p}`kyni`im

im qmn`| ib s`fmbim|mqyb im Wnp}m(Wnp}m&

`fîh i` fnhny`ïìb s`q` }|b| yq`inlnbk`n|

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QMTN\Y@ ]\S& \ìb S`}fb& k+?3& s+ 4(0<& e}kgb"`ob|yb 1334 00

im |baqmtntåkln` i` sbs}f`ïìb qmonbk`f&

lbk|yny}n }h` àqm` h`yqnu im dbqkmlnhmkyb

imyqèynlb s`q` `||bqm`hmkyb ib qnb+ ]h

`ym|y`ib ` h`n| ib sb}lb lbkgmlnhmkyb

ib| hmkybqm| ib sqbemyb& p}m ymnh`h

mh i`q sqbsb|y`| |nhsfn|y`| s`q` b p}m

lg`h`h im qmtny`fnu`ïìb ib t`fm+ ]h`

y`qmd` s`q` ` p}`f kìb m|yìb sqms`q`ib|&

smfb sb}lb lbkgmlnhmkyb p}m sb||}mh mh

qmf`ïìb ` }h qnb p}m ymh 1+333 p}nfùhm(

yqb| im mwymk|ìb |}f(kbqym& im|im `| |}`|

l`amlmnq`| yqbsnl`n| õhni`| im sf`k`fyb& m

smf` qmonìb ib| lmqq`ib| yqbsnl`n| ` i}`|

m|y`ïým|& `yî lgmo`q `b a`nwb(hîinb t`fm&

bkim yq`tm||`h l``ynko`| k` lbkinïìb im

l}q|b i„ào}` `fülybkm+ Kìb lbk|nimq`kib

` oq`kim mwymk|ìb |}f(kbqym ib t`fm m |m}|indmqmkym| |mybqm| lfnhàynlb(gniqbfüonlb|&

`||nh lbhb ` intmq|ni`im im bl}s`ïìb

`kyqüsnl` kb| indmqmkym| |mybqm| ib t`fm&

î yby`fhmkym nhsb||ètmf `sfnl`q }h ymqhb

yìb omkîqnlb p}`kyb ‖'qm.tny`fnu`ïìb‘+

Mh d}kïìb im |m} fbkob yq`ï`ib |}f(

kbqym kb Aq`|nf yqbsnl`f lmkyqb(bqnmky`f& b

Qnb \ìb Dq`kln|lb `yq`tm||` p}`yqb |myb(

qm| im ibhèknb| i` k`y}qmu` ib ymqqnyüqnb

aq`|nfmnqb+ Im|im b `fynsf`kb lqn|y`fnkb i`\mqq` i` L`k`|yq` “ kbqim|ym ib Yqnáko}fb

Hnkmnqb “ yî b h`q& k` dqbkymnq` im @f`ob`|

lbh \mqonsm: imtmkib |mq fmhaq`ib p}m b

qnb yby`fnu` 1+0?3 p}nfùhmyqb| im mwymk|ìb+

@yq`tm||`kib |mybqm| im p}`yqb ibhèknb|

hbqdblfnhàynlb| m ffybomboqàfflb| nkymq(

yqbsnl`n| aq`|nfmnqb| “ mh }h mnwb h`nbq

knyni`hmkym fbkony}ink`f “& b ‖Tmfgb Lgnlb‘

smqlbqqm m|s`ïb| lfnhàynlb(gniqbfüonlb|

h}nyb indmqmkym| mkyqm |n5 lbhb eà mws}|m(

hb|& k`|lm mh }h fynsf`kb iby`ib im l`h(

sm|yqm| m h`ynkg`| anbintmq|`| im lnhmnq`&

s`||`kib fbob smqlbqqmq qmoným| yqbsnl`n|

õhni`| im sf`k`fyb& b}yqbq` qmlbamqy`| sbq

h`y`| anbintmq|`| im yq`k|nïìb& gbem ibhn(

k`i`| sbq yntni`im| oqàqn`| intmq|nffl`i`|+

Qmlmamkib sqmlnsny`ïým| k}`n| |}smqnbqm|

` 0+033 hh mh hîin`& amh in|yqna}èi`|& |

ymqq`| qmonbk`n| yåh lbkinïým| im sb||}nq

fmkïün| i„ào}` |}a|}smqffln`n| |}fflnmkym|

s`q` h`kymq ` smqmkni`im im ybib b @fybT fm ib \ìb Dq`kln|lb+ @sü| fo}h`| lmk(

ymk`| im p}nfùhmyqb| s`q` b kbqym& blbqqm

}h` qàsni` yq`k|nïìb s`q` ` tmomy`ïìb ib

lmqq`ib& lmqq`iým| m l`hsm|yqm| lq}u`ib|

sbq fibqm|y`|(o`fmqn`|+

@b| sb}lb|& s`||`h ibhnk`q lmqq`ib|

m lmqq`iým| imoq`i`ib| k` imsqm||ìb nkymq(

sf`kàfynl` ib hîinb t`fm |ìb(dq`kln|l`kb&

|ba }h lfnh` yqbsnl`f i}`| m|y`ïým|+ Dfb(

qm|y`|(o`fmqn`| m mtmky}`n| tmqmi`| h`ql`h

` qmf`ynt`hmkym m|yqmny` sf`kèlnm ib qnb+ @

fm|ym& s`qynq i`| hbky`kg`| ib p}`iqnfàymqb

`}qb(dmqqèdmqb& m|ymkim(|m ` ibq|`f i` \mqq`

ib M|snkg`ïb& m b| `fynsf`kb| i` Lg`s`i`

In`h`kynk`& bkim blbqqmh l`hsm|yqm| im

lnhmnq` m hnkn(qmfnlyb| im l`lyàlm`|+ @ bm|ym&

sqbk}kln`h(|m b| lg`s`iým| lqmyàlnlb| ib

kbqbm|ym i` A`gn`& lbh |}` qmim im l}q|b|

`fi}mkym|& bqnmky`ib| im |}ibm|ym s`q` kbq(

im|ym& h`ql`ib| sbq m|yqmny`| m `fbko`i`|fibqm|y`| lnfn`qm| ' fibqm|y o`f`qnm.5 }h lbk(

 e}kyb m|s`ln`f |}emnyb ã mws`k|ìb i` |be` m

ã h}fynsfnl`ïìb ib |n|ymh` im nqqno`ïìb sbq

 sntù|+ @| sqmlnsny`ïým| km||` àqm` ynkomh&

mh hîin`& sb}lb h`n| ib p}m 0+433 hh

`k}`n|& lbh }h` oq`kim sqmibhnkákln` im

lg}t`| im tmqìb m nktmqkb qmf`ynt`hmkym

|mlb+ ]h` yq`k|nïìb aq}|l` k`| lbkinïým|

lfnhàynl`| `lbkymlm kb| lbkffk| ib \ìb

Dq`kln|lb a`n`kb& |}qonkib aq}|l`hmkymindmqmkym| dàlnm| im l``ynko`|& mh ymqq`|

a`nw`|& mkl`qlmq`i`| mkyqm ` Lg`s`i`

In`h`kynk` m b| lg`s`iým| |minhmky`qm|

lqmyàlnlb| im bm|ym '`qm`ib.+

Î& oqb||b hbib& ` s`qynq i` dqbkymnq` im

Hnk`| Omq`n| lbh A`gn`& p}m b \ìb Dq`k(

ln|lb lbhmï` ` lq}u`q b |mybq qmonbk`f im

l``ynko`|+ @| sqmlnsny`ïým| a`nw`h oq`i}(

`fhmkym im 0+033 hh s`q` 433 b} 933 hh&

sqb||mo}nkib mh lbkinïým| |mhn(àqni`| sbq

ybib b hîinb(a`nwb t`fm `yî b lbybtmfb ib

qnb m b| |mqyým| im @f`ob`| m \mqonsm: m|(

ymkimkib l``ynko`| smf`| sqüsqn`| s`qmim|

ib láknbk im Wnkoü+

Sbq fbkob| m|s`ïb|& b \ìb Dq`kln|lb

lbhsbqy`(|m lbhb b õknlb l}q|b i„ào}`

smqmkm i` qmonìb& mh p}m& kb |m} lbke}kyb&

mdmynt`hmkym sqmibhnk` }h` iqmk`omh

nkymqhnymkym |`ubkàqn` mwbqqînl`& p}m î

nkl`s`u im h`kymq p}`fp}mq fmkïbf i„ào}`

|}a|}smqffln`f p}m o`q`ky` }h` smqmkni`imim ybib| b| lüqqmob|& qnb| m qnbunkgb| qm(

onbk`n|: eà p}m b sqbd}ki`hmkyb ib fmkïbf

dbqï` }h |n|ymh` gniqbfüonlb mh p}m b l`fbq

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QMTN\Y@ ]\S& \ìb S`}fb& k+?3& s+ 4(0<& e}kgb"`ob|yb 133401

m mt`sbq`ïìb baqno`h b| smp}mkb| l}q|b|

im ào}` ` `fnhmky`qmh b fmkïbf `a`nwb im

|m}| fmnyb| ymhsbq`qn`hmkym |mlb| sbq lnklb

` |mym hm|m| ib `kb+ Mw`y`hmkym p}`kib&

mh sfmkb nktmqkb |yqbkùhnlb& b mw`omq`ib

`p}mlnhmkyb sqbi}u }h` lbkinïìb lg`h`i`

im ‖tmqìb |mqy`kmeb‘+

]fyq`s`||`ib| b| ‖`fyb| |mqyým|‘ im Smq(

k`ha}lb m @f`ob`| m sqb s`qym \mqonsm& b

\ìb Dq`kln|lb lq}u` d`nw`| nqqmo}f`qm| im

`oqm|ym|+ M||` a`ki` fm|ym ib m|s`ïb sqnk(

lns`f ib| |mqyým| |mhn(àqnib| nklf}n b h`n|

t`qn`ib hb|`nlb im mlb||n|ymh`| kbqim|yn(

kb|& mktbftmkib l``ynko`| `qaüqm`|& h`yn(

kg`| q`f`| m& sbq ffh& k` smqndmqn` nkymqnbq i`

Ubk` i` H`y` lb|ymnq` yèsnl`& }h` fbko`i`

m |nk}b|` d`nw` im tmomy`ïìb im|nok`i` sbq‖h`y`| |ml`| anbintmq|`|‘+ Kb nkymqnbq im||m

lbke}kyb lbhsfmwb ib `oqm|ym& mh àqm`|

qma`nw`i`| im |bfb| q`ubàtmn|& lbkymlm }h

sqbyüynsb qmonbk`f im yntni`im| oqàqn`| p}m

lbhsbqy` lmql`|(tnt`| qmynl}f`i`|: bkim |m

|ms`q`h ymqqmkb| s`q` sf`ky`ïým| m ymqqmkb|

s`q` lqn`ïìb im o`ib+ M||m oqbmlb||n|ymh`

nkinl` |mhsqm lbkinïým| lfnhàynl`|& ffybomb(

oqàffl`| m mlbfüonl`| hbimq`i`| im oq`kim

ynsnlni`im m nhsbqyákln` |bln`f& qmlmamkibim ?=3 >=3 hh mh hîin` im sqmlnsny`ïìb

`k}`f+ \bhmkym `| lg`h`i`| h`y`| |ml`|

|m indmqmkln`h ib| `oqm|ym|& fbl`fnu`kib(

|m |mhsqm kb| lbkffk| i` h`y` `yfákynl`

|}afnybqákm`& bkim blbqqmh m|yqmny`| d`nw`|

im fibqm|y`| yqbsnl`n| õhni`| anbintmq|`|

mh lbfnk`| m y`a}fmnqb|& lbh tmqi`imnq`|

d`nw`| im fibqm|y`| yqbsnl`n| anbintmq|`|+

M|y` õfynh` î }h` àqm` p}m& `b fbkob im

lnklb |îl}fb| im bl}s`ïìb `oqàqn` a`|m`i`

|baqmy}ib k` sf`ky`ïìb im l`k` im `ïõl`q&

k` sqàynl` smqim} p}`|m ybib| b| |m}| mlb|(

|n|ymh`| k`y}q`n|+

Yìb nhsbqy`kym p}`kyb mkymkimq b yq`k(

|mlyb omq`f ib| m|s`ïb| lfnhàynlb(mlbfüon(

lb| ib T fm ib \ìb Dq`kln|lb& mh }h l}q|b

im h`n| im 1+033 p}nfùhmyqb| im mwymk|ìb&

î b mkymkinhmkyb im |}`| lbhsfmw`| àqm`|

im yq`k|nïìb m lbky`lyb& p}m h}ny`| tmum|

`sqm|mky`h hb|`nlb| im mlb||n|ymh`| in(

dmqmkln`ib| mh |}lm||nt`| àqm`|& im|im bmwyqmhb |}f yî àqm` mh p}m b qnb yq`k|sým

l``ynko`|+ @fîh i` sqm|mkï` im hnknanbh`|

qmfnly}`n|: qmi}yb| im h`y`| k` lnhmnq`

im hbqqb| m h`lnïb| `kynob|: a`nwnb| im

sî(im(|mqq`: anu`qqb| hbkym| làq|ynlb|:

t`u`kym| qnamnqnkg`| fbib|`|& mktbftmkib

`qonf`| m s`qyèl}f`| im l`flàqnb|: lbqsb| im

i}k`| im }h s`fmbim|mqyb qmkb|b 's|`hb(

anbh`.: `fîh im qnb| `fi}mkym| mhsm|y`ib|

sbq qm|èi}b| im imdmk|ntb| `oqèlbf`|: m }h

`fi}mkym im mwlmïìb k` h`qomh inqmny` ib

qnb& sqbtmknmkym im oq`kim| lni`im| m àqm`|

hnkmqb(|nimqõonl`|+ Im y`f dbqh` p}m b fyb

m hîinb T`fm ib Qnb i`| Tmfg`| sb||}n }h

lbhsfmwb hmy`abfn|hb }qa`kb(nki}|yqn`f

m dbqym sbf}nïìb gèiqnl`+

Kb m|s`ïb yby`f i` a`ln` gniqboqàffl`

ib Qnb \ìb Dq`kln|lb mwn|ym& sbqy`kyb& }h`

|mybqnu`ïìb lfnhàynlb(gniqbfüonl` qmonbk`f

p}m o`q`kym |}` smqmkni`im& sb||nanfny`kibb lq}u`hmkyb i`| l``ynko`| m s`fmbim|mqyb|

`qmkb|b|& blbqqmkym| kb hîinb t`fm nkdmqnbq

i` a`ln` gniqboqàffl` qmonbk`f+ Î nhsbq(

y`kym qmfmhaq`q p}m ` àqm` ib| lmqq`ib| ib

hîinb t`fm |ìb(dq`kln|l`kb ymh ` hm|h`

|`ubk`fni`im p}m b Sbfèobkb i`| \ml`|:

sbqîh& yby`fnu` im yqå| p}`yqb tmum| h`n| b

tbf}hm im lg}t`| im nktmqkb ib p}m b yby`f

i`| sqmlnsny`ïým| ib Kbqim|ym |mlb+ M|y`

õfynh` sbim |mq lbk|nimq`i` ` h`n| `hsf`&lbhsfmw` m |bln`fhmkym nhsbqy`kym d`nw`

im yq`k|nïìb im ybib b Kbqim|ym& sbq ybi`

` s`qym qmlbkgmlni` smfb ymqhb ‖`oqm|ym|‘

b} ‖ymqq`| `oqm|y`i`|‘+ K` lbkynk}ni`im

m|s`ln`f s`q` ` ubk` fnybqákm` m |}afnyb(

qákm` “ ubk` i` h`y` sqbsqn`hmkym iny`

 “ b| yby n| im sqmlnsny`ïým| `k}`n| |}emny`|

` lg}t`| im tmqìb m im nktmqkb `fl`kï`h

im 0+=33 1+033 hh `k}`n|& mh hîin`+ B

lbkgmlnhmkyb im y`n| d`yb|& s`q` p}`fp}mq

ynsb im sf`kme`hmkyb& î nkin|smk|àtmf& baqn(

o`kib b| üqoìb| im omqmkln`hmkyb qmonbk`f

` }h `sqbd}ki`hmkyb ib lbkgmlnhmkyb m

i` baymkïìb im i`ib| hmymbqbfüonlb| |baqm

b| h`n| intmq|b| m|s`ïb| ib |mqyìb+ \mkib

`a|bf}y`hmkym kmlm||àqnb nklbqsbq`q |mh(

sqm& ã| lbkinlnbk`kym| ib h}kib dè|nlb m

mlbfüonlb& b lbkgmlnhmkyb |blnb`hanmky`f

i`| lbh}kni`im| |mqy`kme`| qm|nimkym|&

|mhn(m|lq`tnu`i`| smf`| inffl}fi`im| p}`|m

nklbqqnoètmn| i` q`inl`f m|yq}y}q` oqàqn` tn(obq`kym k` qmonìb+ Sbq ffh& }h d`yb aà|nlb&

kmh |mhsqm fmt`ib mh lbk|nimq`ïìb sbq

sbfèynlb| m sf`kme`ibqm|5 î mw`y`hmkym kb

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QMTN\Y@ ]\S& \ìb S`}fb& k+?3& s+ 4(0<& e}kgb"`ob|yb 1334 0<

nktmqkb '`|yqbkùhnlb.& p}`kib | ào}`| ib

Qnb \ìb Dq`kln|lb ffl`h h`n| a`nw`|& p}m î

kmlm||àqnb h`nbq tbf}hm imf`| s`q` h`kymq

`| gniqmfîyqnl`| im S`}fb @dbk|b& Ny`s`qnl`

m Wnkoü+ Kb hm|hb smqèbib mh p}m |mqn`

kmlm||àqnb yq`k|sbq h`n| ào}`| s`q` `fîh(

@q`qnsm& bkim ybib| b| qnb| |mqy`kmeb| smq(

imh lbqqmkymu` sbq fbkob| hm|m|+

S`q` e}|ynffl`q b sqbemyb im yq`k|sb|nïìb

im ào}`| smq`kym bsnknìb sõafnl` k`lnbk`f&

d`fb}(|m mh ‖ào}`| s`q` ybib|‘ “ ybib| b|

kbqim|ynkb|& mtnimkymhmkym “ m& s`qynq i`è&

s`||b}(|m ` d`f`q p}m |mqn`h amkmffln`ib|

hnfgým| im |mqy`kmeb|+ M k}kl` |m hmklnb(

kb} s`q` p}m lf`||m| |bln`n| ` yq`k|sb|nïìb

nqn` nkymqm||`q+ B| sqbsqnmyàqnb| im ymqq`|

`a|mkymè|y`| ffl`q`h q`in`kym| sbqp}m& kym|p}m `| baq`| lbhmï`||mh& gb}tm t`fbqn(

u`ïìb im||`| ymqq`|+ B| t`umkymnqb|& p}m

l}fynt`t`h b fmnyb m d`un`h l}fy}q`| im lnlfb

l}qyb kb fmnyb mwsb|yb ib qnb sbq lnklb |mn|

hm|m|& ffl`q`h `s`tbq`ib| sbqp}m nqn`h

smqimq b õknlb m|s`ïb sb||ètmf im }ynfnu`ïìb

smfb| |mqy`kmeb| qblmnqb| |mh(ymqq`|+

B| hmkybqm| ib sqbemyb kmh hm|hb

sqmtnq`h }h |mkynib im sqnbqni`im s`q` p}m

b| t`umkymnqb| yntm||mh ` sb||nanfni`im im|m nkymoq`q sb||ètmn| sqbemyb| im nqqno`ïìb

k`| lbfnk`| i`| h`qomk| ib t`fm+ @ h`kmnq`

smf` p}`f b| yîlknlb| m d}klnbkàqnb| i`|

nk|yny}nïým| omqmkln`ibq`| ib| sqbemyb| im

nqqno`ïìb tåh yq`y`kib b| sbaqm| |mqy`kmeb|

p}m |m `||bln`q`h `b| sqbemyb| î h`n| ib

p}m nke}|y` m nklbhsqmmk|ètmf+

Snbq ib p}m n||b î ` im|`ymkïìb p}m b|

yîlknlb| yåh ynib s`q` lbh b| p}m sqbl}q`h

` inqmïìb ib| `ï}im| sbq bl`|nìb i`| oq`k(

im| |ml`|+ B `}ybqny`qn|hb m ` `}|åkln` im

|mk|nanfni`im |bln`f m g}h`k` ib| om|ybqm|

yåh |nib `abhnkàtmn| m in|lqnhnk`yüqnb|+

@fîh im }h` yby`f d`fy` im lqn`yntni`im m

m|sèqnyb im nkbt`ïým| yîlknl`|& |blnbmlbkù(

hnl`| m |blnbl}fy}q`n| mh qmf`ïìb b| aqnb|

l}fy}q`n| i` omkym |mqy`kme`+ \m y`f |ny}`ïìb

lbkynk}`q sqmt`fmlmkib& kìb |mqà sb||ètmf

`lqminy`q hnknh`hmkym kb| mdmnyb| |bln`n| m

s|nlb||bln`n| i` sqbs`f`i` yq`k|sb|nïìb+

Ynkg`& sbqy`kyb& h`n| ib p}m q`uìb

ibh F}nu Dfàtnb L`ssnb mh sqbym|y`q

lbkyq` b fnomnqn|hb m ` imfflnåkln` ib|

lbkgmlnhmkyb| ib| d`yb| `kyqüsnlb| kb|

sqbemyb| mf`abq`ib| ã| sqm||`| im yq`k|(

sb|nïìb i`| ào}`| ib \ìb Dq`kln|lb s`q`

b Lm`qà& Qnb Oq`kim ib Kbqym& m b| l`qnqn|

kbtb|& l`amlmnq`| ib Qnb S`q`èa` ib Kbq(

ym+ Lbktîh fmhaq`q p}m& mh }h sqbemyb

imhblqàynlb& nkymfnomkym m amh mf`abq`ib&

k}kl` |m sbimqà inumq `}ybqny`qn`hmkym

p}m ‖|m yq`y` im }h sqbemyb sbfèynlb ib

sqm|nimkym‘& hm|hb sbqp}m ybib sqbemyb

mwlf}|nt`hmkym sbfèynlb î& sbq sqnklèsnb&

}h` `}yb(`ffqh`ïìb |baqm b |m} l`qàymqimh`oüonlb m mfmnybqmnqb+ @b nktî| im||m

mk}kln`ib sqmdmqnhb| p}m |m ino` p}m |m

yq`y` im }h sqbemyb im obtmqkb hmybinl`(

hmkym amh mf`abq`ib& m im `sfnl`anfni`im

h`lqbqqmonbk f& nkymqin|lnsfnk`q& im oq`kim

nkymqm||m |bln`f+ Knko}îh |mqn` lbkyq` `

yq`k|sb|nïìb im ào}`| ib \ìb Dq`kln|lb |m

gb}tm||m sqbemyb| s`q`fmfb| |nhsfm| m amh

in|yqna}èib| sbq ybib| b| |mqyým| ` ffh im

d`umq |lmkimq |blnbmlbkùhnl` m |blnbl}f(y}q`fhmkym b| h`n| sbaqm| m im|tmky}q`ib|

g`any`kym| ib nkymqnbq aq`|nfmnqb+

Kb Kbqim|ym |mlb mwn|ym omkym sbq ybi`

` s`qym5 }h d`yb p}m yq`k|dbqhb} ` kb||`

qmonìb |mqy`kme` |bdqni` k` qmonìb |mhn(àqni`

h`n| sbtb`i` ib h}kib m im h`n| indèlnf

`ymkinhmkyb |bln`f mdmyntb |}` aq`t` omkym

'Em`k Iqm|lg.+ Y}ib fmt`kib lqmq p}m }h

sqbemyb lmqy`hmkym mfmnybqmnqb m im|mktbftn(

hmkyn|y` |bhmkym t`n ymkimq d`umkimnqb|

`a|mkymè|y`| i` amnq` `fy` im `fo}k| t`fm| m

` mhsqmnymnq`| im|m|smq`i`| sbq }h kbtb

lnlfb im f}lq`yntni`im|+

@| lbk|nimq`ïým| `p}n dmny`| |ìb }h`

gbhmk`omh ` F}nu Dfàtnb L`ssnb m `b |m}

`kymlm||bq Ny`h`q Tn`k& oq`kim| lbkgmlm(

ibqm| i`| qm`fni`im| dè|nl`|& |bln`n| m mlb(

kùhnl`| ib T`fm ib \ìb Dq`kln|lb+