Uma Arquitetura de Cloud Storage para Backup de Arquivos

8/10/2019 Uma Arquitetura de Cloud Storage para Backup de Arquivos

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[ahnjd Inohr l Uhbvn

\ON NW^\H[L[\WN KL EBD\K U[DWNJL ]NWN GNE@\] KL

NW^\HVDU

Khsslrtnd kl Olstrnkd

\chvlrshknkl Flklrnb kl ]lrcnogued

pdsjrnkunendMehc.ufpl.gr

www.ehc.ufpl.gr/~pdsjrnkunend

WLEHFL

NJD/7=>;
http://www.cin.ufpe.br/~posgraduacaohttp://www.cin.ufpe.br/~posgraduacao


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\chvlrshknkl Flklrnb kl ]lrcnogued

Elctrd kl Hcfdrothen

]s-jrnkund lo Ehcehn kn Edoputnd

[ahnjd Inohr l Uhbvn

\ON NW^\H[L[\WN KL EBD\K U[DWNJL ]NWN GNE@\] KL

NW^\HVDU

[rngnbad nprlslctnkd nd ]rdjrnon kl ]s-jrnkund lo

Ehcehn kn Edoputnd kd Elctrd kl Hcfdrothen kn \chvlr-

shknkl Flklrnb kl ]lrcnogued edod rlquhshtd pnrehnb pnrn

dgtlcd kd jrnu kl Olstrl lo Ehcehn kn Edoputnd.

Drhlctnkdr9Uhbvhd Wdolrd kl Blods Olhrn

Ed-Drhlctnkdr9Wdkrhjd Lbhn Nssnk

WLEHFL

NJD/7=>;


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Klkhed lstl trngnbad ohcan fnobhn l olus nohjds. ]dhs

slo lbls, lstl trngnbad cd slrhn pdssvlb.


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Njrnkleholctds

Nctls kl onhs cnkn, jdstnrhn kl njrnklelr tdkn ohcan fnobhn pdr tdkd d npdhd.

]rhcehpnbolctl ohcan lspdsn, Lkunrkn, pdr tlr nerlkhtnkd cn ohcan enpnehknkl, qunckd lu

olsod kuvhklh. Olus pnhs, l olu hrod plbd npdhd edcstnctl, l plbds lxlopbds qul ol

klhxnrno pnrn sljuhr.

Nds olus nohjds euid npdhd fdh fucknolctnb pnrn d trohcd klstl trngnbad. Fhen nquh d olu

dgrhjnkd n tdkds.

Nds prdflssdrls ]rdflssdrls Uhbvhd Olhrn (drhlctnkdr), Wdkrhjd Nssnk (ed drhlctnkdr) l Vhcehus

Jnrehn, plbn dpdrtuchknkl knkn, plbns trdens kl hkhn, plbn edgrncn l plbds enohcads qul fdrno

hckhenkds.Nd prdflssdr Eelrd Jnrrdzh, pdr sl khspdchghbhznr n fnzlr pnrtl kn gncen klstl trngnbad.

Nd Elctrd kl Hcfdrothen kn \F]L l tdkds qul d fnzlo, plbd lcshcd l supdrtl knkd pnrn qul

lstl pdssn tlr edcebukd.

Nds edbljns kd NUULW[ Bng pdr tdkds ds fllkgne`s knkds kurnctl n lvdbud klssl prdiltd.

[lcad elrtlzn qul lssns khseussls fdrno prdvlhtdsns pnrn tdkds cs.

N tdkds ds edbljns kn \stdrl, plbn pnehcehn l edbngdrnd kl tdkds , qul pnrn oho, uon

sljuckn ensn.

Fhcnbolctl, jdstnrhn kl njrnklelr n tdkds qul edctrhgurno khrltnolctl l hckhrltnolctl rlnbhznd kl onhs ltnpn cn ohcan vhkn.

Dgrhjnkd n tdkds!


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Wlsuod

Cds bthods ncds, d vdbuol kl knkds jlrnkds pdr hckhvkuds l drjnchznls tlo erlsehkd

lxpdclcehnbolctl. Lsthon-sl qul jbdgnbolctl lxhsthn 7.: zltngytlslo 7=>7 l lssl colrd tlo

kdgrnkd n enkn kdhs ncds. Nbo khssd, edo n pdpubnrhznd kl khspdshthvds ovlhs edcletnkds,

erlselu-sl n clelsshknkl kl qul usurhds tlcano nelssd n nrquhvds kl fdron ugqun. Ns

sdbuls trnkhehdcnhs kl gneùp l nronzlcnolctd kl nrquhvds dcbhcl i cd edcsljulo suprhr ns

clelsshknkls ntunhs kds usurhds.

N uthbhznd klEbduk Utdrnjlpnrn gneùp l shcerdchznd kl nrquhvds vlo n slr uon flrrnolctn

kl jrnckl vnbhn pnrn lssl thpd kl prdgblon. ]dro, hopblolctnr uo shstlon klstl thpd vlo n slr

uo klsnd tlecdbjhed rlblvnctl.Clssl slcthkd, lstl trngnbad sl prdpl n rlsdbvlr d prdgblon kl nronzlcnolctd kl nrquhvds,

prdpdckd uon nrquhtlturn klEbduk Utdrnjlpnrn nronzlcnolctd kl nrquhvds.

Nd bdcjd trngnbad, flhtn uon ncbhsl kds prhcehpnhs khrlehdcnkdrls kl cljehd pnrn Ebduk

Utdrnjll nronzlcnolctd kl nrquhvds, blvnctnckd hcsuods pnrn sl prdiltnr uon nrquhtlturn. [nb

nrquhtlturn klserhtn lo cvlb kl kltnbal pnrn qul sl pdssn slr hopblolctnkn.

Fhcnbolctl, d trngnbad vnbhknkd ntrnvs kl uon nvnbhnd kl nrquhtlturn euin oltdkdbdjhn fdh

nknptnkn kl nedrkd edo ns enrnetlrsthens kn lquhpl kl nvnbhnd.

]nbnvrns-eanvl9 Nrquhtlturn kl sdftwnrl, Ebduk edoputhcj, Ebduk stdrnjl, Gneùp, Uhc-

erdchznd.


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Ngstrnet

Hc tal bnst ylnrs, tal noduct df kntn jlclrntlk gy hckhvhkunbs nck drjnchznthdcs ans

jrdwc lxpdclcthnbby. Ht hs lsthontlk tant talrl wlrl 7.: zlttngytls df jbdgnb kntn hc 7=>7, nck

tahs cuoglr ans kdugblk lnea twd ylnrs. Hc nkkhthdc td tahs, whta tal pdpubnrhznthdc df odghbl

edccletlk klvhels, tal uslrs cllk td anvl ughqudus neelss ans jrdwc. [rnkhthdcnb sdbuthdcs fdr

gneùp nck dcbhcl bl stdrnjl enc cd bdcjlr ollt tal eurrlct cllks.

[al usl df ebduk stdrnjl fdr gneùp nck bl syceardchznthdc gledols n tddb df jrlnt vnbul td

tahs `hck df prdgblo. Adwlvlr, hopblolcthcj suea n systlo gledols n shjchenct tleacdbdjhenb

eanbblcjl.

[aus, tahs wdr`s prdpdsls td sdbvl tal prdgblo df stdrhcj bls, klshjchcj n Ebduk Utdrnjlnreahtleturl fdr stdrhcj nreahvls.

[ardujadut wdr`, nc ncnbyshs df tal `ly gushclss krhvlrs fdr Ebduk Utdrnjl nck Fhbl stdrnjl hs

kdcl gy bhfthcj hcputs fdr klshjchcj nc nreahtleturl. [ahs nreahtleturl hs klserhglk hc kltnhb fdr

blvlb tant enc gl hopblolctlk.

Fhcnbby, tal wdr` hs vnbhkntlk tarduja nc lvnbunthdc df nreahtleturl wadsl oltadkdbdjy wns

nknptlk needrkhcj td tal eanrnetlrhsthes df tal lvnbunthdc tlno.

@lywdrks9 Udftwnrl Nreahtleturl, Ebduk Edoputhcj, Ebduk stdrnjl, Gneùp, Uyceardchzn-thdc.


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Uuoonry

Bhstn kl Fhjurns x

Bhstn kl [nglbns xh

Bhstn kl Nerchods xhh

> Hctrdkud >

>.> Klchd kd prdgblon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

>.7 Oltdkdbdjhn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7>.5 Fdrn kd lsedpd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

>.; Lstruturn kn khsslrtnd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

7 Edctlxtunbhznd l [rngnbads Wlbnehdcnkds ;

7.> Ebduk Edoputhcj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;

7.>.> Ahstrhn kl ebduk edoputhcj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;

7.>.7 Klchd kl Ebduk Edoputhcj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ahstrhn kd nronzlcnolctd lo rlkl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.7.7 Klchckd ebduk stdrnjl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

7.7.5 Npbhenls kl ebduk stdrnjl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >=

7.5 [rngnbads Wlbnehdcnkds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >=

7.5.> Delncstdrl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >>

7.5.7 Zhckdws Nzurl Utdrnjl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >>

7.5.5 Jddjbl Fhbl Uystlo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >7

7.5.; \stdrl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >5

5 Ebduk Utdrnjl Gushclss Krhvlrs >;

5.> Klchd kd Cljehd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >;

5.>.> ]rhcehpnhs Vnctnjlcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >.7 ]rhcehpnhs Klsvnctnjlcs l Nolnns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >.5 Hklcthend kds ]rhcehpnhs Utn`ladbklrs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >6

5.>.; Wlstrhls kd cljehd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >:

5.>.< Wlstrhls techens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >:

5.7 Ntrhgutds kl ^unbhknkl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >1

5.7.> Oltdkdbdjhn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >85.7.7 Wlsubtnkds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >8


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5.5 Wlquhshtds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7=

5.; Edcebusd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

; Klchd kn Nrquhtlturn 7;

;.> Klehsls nrquhtlturnhs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7;

;.>.> Drhlctnd n Ulrvhds ntrnvs kl WLU[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 ]lrshstcehn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7:

;.>.5 \thbhznd kl KA[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

;.>.; Edctrdbl kl Nelssd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

;.7 Drhlctnd n Ulrvhds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5=

;.7.> Enonkns kl Ulrvhds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5=

;.7.7 Klserhd kds slrvhds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5>

;.5 Vhsd Jlrnb kn nrquhtlturn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5;;.; Enonkn kl Ulrvhds Gsheds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5:

;.< Enonkn kl Ulrvhds Hopdrtnctls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;=

;.6 Odklbd kl Knkds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;5

;.: Uljurncn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;;

;.1 Edcebusd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;6

< Nvnbhnend kn Nrquhtlturn ;:

]rdelssd kl nvnbhnd kl nrquhtlturn kl sdftwnrl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;:


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Bhst df Fhjurls

7.> Odklbds kl Ulrvhds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

5.> Ntrhgutds kl ^unbhknkl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >8

;.> Khvhsd lo enonkns kl slrvhd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5>

;.7 Bhstnjlo kds Ulrvhds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

;.5 Vhsd kn lstruturn hctlrcn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

;.8 Lstruturn kl uo slrvhd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;7

;.>= Khnjrnon kl ebnssls kd bl stdrnjl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;5

;.>> Khnjrnon kl slqucehn kl uo gne`up kl nrquhvd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;;

;.>7 Odklbd kl knkds pnrn d gnced kl knkds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;


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Bhst df [ngbls

5.> Ntrhgutds kl ^unbhknkl lsedbahkds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7=

Edcsdbhknd kds Wlsubtnkds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ontrhz Vnctnjlcs x ^Ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6;

N.7 Ontrhz Klsvnctnjlcs x ^Ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6


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Bhstn kl Nerchods


12/69

>>>>>>

>HctrdkudNtunbolctl, tlo-sl dgslrvnkd uo erlseholctd nbnronctl cd vdbuol kl knkds ouckhnb.

Kl nedrkd edoJnctz nck Wlhcslb(7=>>), lssl vdbuol jbdgnb suplrdu > zlttngytl lo 7=>= ltlo prlvhsd kl nbencnr 1 zlttngytls lo 7=>>)

pdkl suprhr lssn klonckn. ]dhs lssls shstlons trnzlo glclfehds edod nelssd nopbd, lsenbnghbh-

knkl l gnhxd eustd kl hopbnctnd.Klslcvdbvlr uon nrquhtlturn klEbduk Utdrnjlpnrn nronzlcnr nrquhvds clssn lsenbn, pdkl sl

tdrcnr uo jrnckl klsnd. ]dhs, nbo kd klsnd tlecdbjhed hclrlctl n cnturlzn klssls shstlons,

tnogo lxhstl uon jrnckl clelsshknkl kl sl lctlcklr slu edctlxtd kl cljehd.

Lstl trngnbad vhsn ncnbhsnr d cljehd kl nronzlcnolctd kl nrquhvds ntrnvs kl ebduk stdrnjl,

pnrn dgtlr hcsuods l prdiltnr uon nrquhtlturn lsenbvlb l sljurn pnrn nronzlcnr nrquhvds.

>.> Klchd kd prdgblon

D prdgblon qul sl prltlckl rlsdbvlr clstl trngnbad prdiltnr uon nrquhtlturn pnrn

nronzlcnolctd kl nrquhvds kl fdron lbsthen, lsenbvlb l sljurn. ]nrn npdhnr lssl klslcvdbvh-


13/69

>7 >.7. OL[DKDBDJHN

olctd, prltlckl-sl rlspdcklr kuns plrjuctns9

^unhs sd ds khrlehdcnkdrls kl cljehd pnrn d usd kl Ebduk Utdrnjl4

Edod prdiltnr uon nrquhtlturn qul ntlckn lssls edctlxtd4

>.7 Oltdkdbdjhn

]nrn klslcvdbvlr lstl trngnbad, n sljuhctl oltdkdbdjhn fdh uthbhznkn9

Fdh flhtn uon rlvhsd lxpbdrntrhn kn bhtlrnturn, edo d dgilthvd kl lcedctrnr ds

khrlehdcnrls kl cljehd kl ebduk stdrnjl, nssho edod techens qul pdklrhno slr

uthbhznkns pnrn prdiltnr n nrquhtlturn0

Kns hcfdronls dgthkns sdgrl d edctlxtd kl cljehd, fdrno blvnctnkds ds ntrhgutds

kl qunbhknkls nssho edod ds rlquhshtds pnrn d shstlon0

Edo ns techens lcedctrnkns cn rlvhsd, fdh prdiltnkn uon nrquhtlturn pnrn ntlcklr

ds rlquhshtds l ntrhgutds kl qunbhknkl.

Edo n niukn kl uon oltdkdbdjhn kl nvnbhnd kl nrquhtlturn, lssl trngnbad fdh

vnbhknkd0

>.5 Fdrn kd lsedpd

Ds sljuhctls tpheds fdrno lxebukds kd lsedpd pnrn lssl trngnbad9

Wlquhshtds l clelsshknkls rlbnthvns nd ebduk grd`lr(Gdaclt nb.,7=>>)

Ulrvhds lflnturlscn nrquhtlturn qul cd lstd khrltnolctl bhjnkns edo d nronzlcn-

olctd, tnhs edod hcklxnd l gusen,N]Hslxtlrcns, lctrl dutrds.

Hopblolctnd kn nrquhtlturn.

^ulstls kl tnrhfnd (ghbbhcj).

]bncds kl cljehd pnrn shstlon klEbduk Utdrnjl.

>.; Lstruturn kn khsslrtnd

D rlstnctl kn khsslrtnd lstnr drjnchznkn kn sljuhctl fdron9

Cd Enptubd7 flhtn uon edctlxtunbhznd sdgrl Ebduk Utdrnjll trngnbads rlbn-

ehdcnkds.


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>5 >.;. LU[W\[\WN KN KHUULW[ND

Cd Enptubd5sd blvnctnkds ds khrlehdcnkdrls kl cljehd kl ebduk stdrnjl.

Cd Enptubd; nprlslctnkn n nrquhtlturn prdiltnkn.

Cd Enptubd


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>;>;>;

7Edctlxtunbhznd l [rngnbads WlbnehdcnkdsLstl enptubd vhsn nprlslctnr uon vhsd jlrnb kl ebduk stdrnjl, edo d dgilthvd kl klchr

d edcelhtd klebduk edoputhcj,ebduk stdrnjllgneùp dcbhcl, glo edod fnzlr uo blvnctnolctdahstrhed kl sun drhjlo nt d lstnkd ntunb kn nrtl. Nbo khssd, tlo d dgilthvd kl khseuthr l

ncnbhsnr nbjucs trngnbads qul sl rlbnehdcno edo lstl.

7.> Ebduk Edoputhcj

Nctls kl lstuknr ebduk stdrnjl, hopdrtnctl tlr uon vhsd jlrnb kds edcelhtds kl

ebduk edoputhcj, du edoputnd lo cuvlo. \on grlvl vhsd ahstrhen l edctlxtunb kl ebduk

edoputhcjslr flhtn clstn sld.

7.>.> Ahstrhn kl ebduk edoputhcj

Nplsnr kl tlr jncankd klstnqul cds bthods ncds, d edcelhtd kl ebduk edoputhcjcd

pdkl slr edcshklrnkd rlelctl. Lo >886>, (Knbn`dvh,7=>;g) sujlrhu cuo khseursd qul n tlecdbdjhn kl edopnrthb-

anolctd kl prdelssnolctd blvnrhn n uo futurd euid pdklr edoputnehdcnb du nt npbhenls

pdklrhno slr vlckhkns edod uo slrvhd, tnb edod lclrjhn du lbltrhehknkl. Lo >867, I.E.W Bhe`-

bhklr (Knbn`dvh,7=>;n) klserlvlu uo edcelhtd kl uon Wlkl Hctlrjnbethen kl Edoputnkdrls,

nctls kl fnzlr pnrtl kn Njcehn kl ]rdiltds kl ]lsquhsn Nvncnkn ( Nkvncelk Wlslnrea ]rdilet

Njlcey- NW]N), qul pdkl slr edcshklrnkn edod n drhjlo kn hctlrclt. Clstn rlkl, usurhds

pdklrhno rnphknolctl bdenbhznr l nelssnr knkds l sdftwnrls klctrd klbn l pdklrhno ohjr-bns

ensd clelssrhd. Lstl edcelhtd klserlvl cd s n Hctlrcltedod edcalelods adil, ons tnogo

uo kds prhcephds klebduk edoputhcj.

Lo >866, Kdujbns ]nràhbb, lo slu bhvrd[al Eanbblcjl df tal Edoputlr \thbhty(]nràhbb,>866) klserlvlu d prdvhshdcnolctd kl pdklr edoputnehdcnb kl fdron lbsthen l hcchtn. Nplsnr

kn hklhn klebduk edoputhcjtlr surjhkd a onhs kl


16/69

>< 7.>. EBD\K EDO]\[HCJ

kl >88: qunckd Wnocnta Ealbbnppn pugbhedu d trngnbad eanonkd Hctlrolkhnrhls hc Ebduk

Edoputhcj9 N Clw Edoputhcj ]nrnkhjo(Ealbbnppn,>88:).

Lo >888 surjhu dUnblsFdrel, n prholhrn npbhend lctrljul nd usurhd usnckd d edcelhtd kl

sdftwnrledod uo slrvhd kl fdron lsenbvlb l kl rphkd prdvhshdcnolctd (Unblsfdrel,7===).Lo 7==7, n Nonzdc bncn n pbntnfdronNonzdc Zlg Ulrvhel(Nonzdc,7=>;g), qul khspdchghbhzn

slrvhds edod edoputnd l nronzlcnolctd lo bnrjn lsenbn edod uo slrvhd. ]dstlrhdrolctl,

lo 7==6, slrhn bncnkd d Nonzdc Lbnsthe Ebduk Edoputhcj(Nonzdc,7=>;n), uo onred pnrn

ebduk edoputhcj, slckd d prholhrd slrvhd cd odklbd Hcfrnstrueturl ns n Ulrvhel(HnnU).

Dutrd jrnckl nspletd rlblvnctl kdebduk edoputhcjfdh lo 7==8, qunckd n eanonknZlg7.= np-

rlslctdu uon jrnckl lvdbud l n Jddjbl, nssho edod dutrns drjnchznls, edoldu n dflrlelr

npbhenls gnslnkns logrdwslrntrnvs kl slrvhds edod d Jddjbl Npps.

]dstlrhdrolctl, nhckn surjhrno cdvns flrrnolctns gnslnkns lo ebduk edoputhcj kns qunhs

pdklods klstnenr Alrd`u>,Nzurl7,Khjhtnb Delnc5,Ebduk Fduckry;, lctrl dutrds.

7.>.7 Klchd kl Ebduk Edoputhcj

Kl nedrkd edo d CHU[(Olbb nck Jrncel,7=>>),Ebduk Edoputhcjpdkl slr hctrdkuzhkd

edo n sljuhctl klchd qul fdh trnkuzhkn bhvrlolctl9

Edoputnd lo Cuvlo uoodklbdqul prdpdrehdcn uonelssd kl rlkl ugqud,

edcvlchlctl lsdg klonckn, pnrn uon rlslrvnedopnrthbanknkl rleursds edo-

putnehdcnhs(lx9 rlkl, slrvhkdrls, nronzlcnolctd, npbhenls l slrvhds) qul pdkl

slrrnphknolctlprdvhkns l bhglrnkns edo uolsfdrd ochodkl edcjurnd du

ochon hctlrndedo d prdvlkdr kl slrvhds. Lstl odklbd edopdstd pdr ehced

enrnetlrsthens lsslcehnhs, trs odklbds kl slrvhds l quntrd odklbds kl hopbnc-

tnd.

Klctrd kn klchd nprlslctnkn nehon, hopdrtnctl klstnenr nbjucs lblolctds. D edopnr-

thbanolctd kl rleursds vhnghbhzn qul uo rleursd edoputnehdcnb dehdsd pnrn uo usurhd slin

uthbhznkd pdr dutrds, edcfdrol clelsshknkl. [nogo hopdrtnctl frhsnr qul n lxpncsd dulcedbaholctd kn cuvlo, klvlr slr flhtn edcfdrol n clelsshknkl l edo d ochod pdssvlb kl

lsfdrd kd nkohchstrnkdr. Hssd vhnghbhzn npbhenthvds l slrvhds qul dutrdrn klplcklrhno kl tdkn

uon hcfrnlstruturn pnrn dplrnr.

Nhckn kl nedrkd edo d CHU[, n Ebduk Edoputhcjtlo ehced enrnetlrsthens lsslcehnhs. Ud lbns9

Nutd slrvhd sdg klonckn9 \o ebhlctl pdkl prdvlr uchbntlrnbolctl enpnehknkl

edoputnehdcnb slo clelsshknkl kl hctlrnd auoncn edo enkn slrvhd.

>attps9//www.alrd`u.edo/

7attp9//nzurl.oherdsdft.edo5attps9//www.khjhtnbdelnc.edo/;attp9//ebdukfduckry.drj/hcklx.atob


17/69

>6 7.>. EBD\K EDO]\[HCJ

Nelssd kl rlkl nopbd9 Enpnehknkls sd khspdchghbhznkns sdgrl n rlkl l nelssnkns

pdr olenchsods pnkrls qul prdodvlo d usd pdr uon pbntnfdron altlrdjclns kl

ebhlctls. Lbns pdklo vnrhnr klskl kl tlblfdcls elbubnrls n lstnls kl trngnbad.

Wlslrvn kl rleursds9 Ds rleursds edoputnehdcnhs kd slrvhd sd njrupnkds pnrn

slrvhr obthpbds edcsuohkdrls, slckd khcnohenolctl rlnbdenkns kl nedrkd edo n

klonckn. Jlrnbolctl d ebhlctl cd tlo edctrdbl du hcfdronls sdgrl n bdenbhznd

lxntn kd rleursd edoputnehdcnb lo usd. ]dro, pdkl anvlr n pdsshghbhknkl kl

lsplehenr lssl thpd kl hcfdrond klctrd kl uon onerd rljhd.

Lbnsthehknkl rphkn9 Enpnehknkl edoputnehdcnb pdkl slr prdvhkn l bhglrnkn, lo

nbjucs ensds, nutdonthenolctl, pnrn rnphknolctl lsenbnr klplcklckd kn klonckn.

]nrn d edcsuohkdr, n enpnehknkl khspdcvlb frlqulctlolctl pnrlel slr hbhohtnkn lpdkl slr nkquhrhkn lo qunbqulr quncthknkl l n qunbqulr adrn.

Ulrvhd hcstruolctnkd9 Uhstlons lo cuvlo nutdonthenolctl edctrdbno l dthohzno

d usd kl rleursds ntrnvs kl hcstruolctnd kn enpnehknkl edoputnehdcnb. D usd kl

rleursds pdkl slr edctrdbnkd, odchtdrnkd l rlpdrtnkd, prdvlckd trncspnrcehn tnctd

pnrn d usurhd qunctd pnrn d prdvlkdr.

D tlrod edoputnd pdkl tlr khvlrsds shjchenkds, klskl uthbhznd kl anrkwnrl n lxleud kl

uo npbhenthvd lspleed. ]dr lssl odthvd, fdrno erhnkds ds khsthctds odklbds kl slrvhds, qul

njrupno d qul pdkl slr lctrljul edod slrvhd. D odklbd U]H, qul shjchen Udftwnrl,]bntfdro,

Hcfrnstrueturl, uthbhznkd pnrn ebnsshenr ds shstlons klebduk edoputhcjkl nedrkd edo d thpd

kl slrvhd, edod sl sljul9

Udftwnrl ns n Ulrvhel (UnnU)9 D prdvlkdr khspdchghbhzn npbhenls qul sd lxleu-

tnkns lo uon hcfrnlstruturn klebduk edoputhcj. Jlrnbolctl, lssns npbhenls sd

uthbhznkns lo uo odklbd kl pnjnolctd pdr usd l sd nelssvlhs n vrhds ebhlctls

tnctd ntrnvs kl uo tlrohcnb gurrd, edod uogrdwslrdu pdr olhd kl uo sdftwnrl

ebhlctl. D ebhlctl cd tlo edctrdbl sdgrl n hcfrnlstruturn usnkn plbn npbhend.

]bntfdro ns n Ulrvhel (]nnU)9 D prdvlkdr khspdchghbhzn uon pbntnfdron enpnz kl

lxleutnr prdjrnons klslcvdbvhkds du nkquhrhkds plbd ebhlctl, qul fdrno erhnkds

uthbhznckd bhcjunjlcs kl prdjrnond, ghgbhdtlens, slrvhds l flrrnolctns supdrtnkns

plbd prdvlkdr. D ebhlctl cd tlo edctrdbl sdgrl n hcfrn-lstruturn uthbznkn plbn

npbhend.

Hcfrnstrueturl ns n Ulrvhels(HnnU)9 D prdvlkdr khspdchghbhzn pnrn d ebhlctl prdels-

snolctd, nronzlcnolctd, rlkl l dutrds rleursds edoputnehdcnhs gsheds, cds qunhs

d ebhlctl pdkl hopbnctnr l lxleutnr qunbqulr thpd kl sdftwnrl, qul hcebuh shstlons

dplrnehdcnhs l npbhenls. D ebhlctl cd tlo edctrdbl tdtnb sdgrl n hcfrnlstruturn


18/69

>: 7.>. EBD\K EDO]\[HCJ

qul uthbhznkn, ons jlrlcehn rleursds edod nronzlcnolctd, shstlon dplrnehdcnhs l

npbhenls lo lxleud.

N Fhjurn7.>,lxtrnhkn klUahvn`uonr(7=>;) hbustrn ds khflrlctls cvlhs kds odklbds kl slrvhds,

edo nbjucs lxlopbds kl flrrnolctns lo enkn cvlb kl slrvhd. ^unctd onhdr d cvlb kl ngstrnd,onhdr d iubjnolctd kl vnbdr sdgrl d slrvhd qul lst slckd nkquhrhkd l tnogo olcdr d edctrdbl

sdgrl n hcfrnlstruturn lo usd.

Fhjurl 7.>9Odklbds kl Ulrvhds

Nhckn kl nedrkd edo d CHU[, pdklods ebnsshenr ds shstlons klebduk edoputhcjkl

nedrkd edo d odklbd kl hopbnctnd. Edod sl sljul9

Cuvlo prhvnkn9 N hcfrnlstruturn fdrclehkn pnrn usd lxebushvd kl uon chen

drjnchznd edopdstn kl obthpbds edcsuohkdrls. ]dkl plrtlcelr, slr jlrlcehnkn l

dplrnkn plbn prprhn lcthknkl, pdr uo tlrelhrd du nbjuon edoghcnd lctrl lbls.

Cuvlo edouchtrhn9 N hcfrnlstruturn fdrclehkn pnrn usd lxebushvd kl uon edou-

chknkl kl edcsuohkdrls qul tlo prldeupnls slolbanctls (pdr lxlopbd, ohssd,

rlstrhls kl sljurncns, lctrl dutrds). ]dkl plrtlcelr, slr jlrlcehnkn l dplrnkn

pdr uon du onhs kns drjnchznls qul fnzlo pnrtl kn edouchknkl, uo tlrelhrd du

nbjuon edoghcnd lctrl lbls.

Cuvlo pgbhen9 N hcfrnlstruturn fdrclehkn pnrn usd nglrtd kd pgbhed lo jlrnb.

]dkl plrtlcelr, slr jlrlcehnkn l dplrnkn pdr uon drjnchznd kl cljehds, nenkohen

du jdvlrcnolctnb, du nbjuon edoghcnd lctrl lbls.

Cuvlo agrhkn9 N hcfrnlstruturn edopdstn pdr kuns du onhs cuvlcs, qul edcthc-uno chens ons sd hctlrbhjnkns kl fdron qul sl plrohtn n pdrtnghbhknkl kl knkds l

npbhenls.


19/69

>1 7.7. EBD\K U[DWNJL

7.7 Ebduk Utdrnjl

\on vlz qul fdh lctlckhkn n hkhn kl ebduk edoputhcjl suns prhcehpnhs enrnetlrsthens,

vnods hctrdkuzhr l ncnbhsnr edcelhtds, rlquhshtds l techens lcvdbvhkns edoebduk stdrnjl.

7.7.> Ahstrhn kd nronzlcnolctd lo rlkl

Nt d hcehd kn kenkn kl >81=, ds edoputnkdrls nronzlcnvno knkds nplcns lo shstlons

kl nrquhvds bdenhs, khrltnolctl edcletnkds qulbns oquhcns. ]dro, lo >817, Grdwcgrhkjl

edcsljuhu klodcstrnr d nelssd rlodtd ntrnvs kl vrhns lstnls Bhcux (Grdwcgrhkjllt nb.,

>817), hctrdkuzhckd nssho d edcelhtd kn eanonkn Cltwdr` Nttnealk Utdrnjl(CNU).

Lo >815, bncnkd d shstlon dplrnehdcnbCltZnrl Ulrvlredo d prdtdedbd CE] (Cdvlbb,7=>;),

qul plrohthn slrvhkdrls edopnrthbanrlo nrquhvds, hoprlssdrns, khrltrhds, edonckds rlodtds,lctrl dutrds rleursds edoputnehdcnhs.

Lo >81;, n Uuc klslcvdbvl d CFU (Unckglrj,>816), qul plrohthrhn qul slrvhkdrls edopnrthb-

ansslo slu lspnd kl nronzlcnolctd edo tlrohcnhs ebhlctls.

Lo >81811, pugbhenkd d nrthjd N Ensl df rlkucknct nrrnys df hclxplcshvl khs`s (WNHK)

(]nttlrsdclt nb.,>811), qul sujlrhn edoghcnr vrhds khseds gnrntds, edo enpnehknkl bhohtnkn,

lo uon ontrhz kl fdron n nuolctnr n plrfdroncel l n edcnghbhknkl kds khseds. Lstl trngnbad,iuctnolctl edo dFhgrl Eancclbvhnghbhzdu ns eanonknsUtdrnjl Nrln Cltwdr`(UNC) (UCHN,

7=>;).

Cd hcehd kds ncds 8=, hopubshdcnkds plbd suelssd kds slrvhkdrls kl nrquhvds kl loprlsns edod

Cdvlbb, HGO l Uuc, vrhns loprlsns pnssnrno n edcstruhr slrvhkdrls kl nrquhvds klkhenkds.

Nhckn clssn pden, n Oherdsdft bncn d Clw [leacdbdjy Fhbl Uystlo (C[FU) qul plrohtl n

uo edoputnkdr nelssnr uon uchknkl kl nronzlcnolctd rlodtn, kn olson fdron qul uo

nronzlcnolctd bdenb.

Lo 7===, ns njcehns kd jdvlrcd kds L\N edolno n klslcvdbvlr shstlons kl edoputnd lojrhkkl fdron qul plrohtno usurhds edopnrthbanr rleursds slo clelsshknkl kl uo edctrdbl

elctrnb.

Cd hcehd kn kenkn kl 7===, nbjuons edopncahns edolnrno n dflrlelr sdbuls kl CNU lo

fdron klebustlr, nuolctnckd nhckn onhs n edcnghbhknkl l plrfdroncel kds shstlons klgne`up

dcbhcl. Lo 7==:, uo nbucd kd OH[, Krlw Adustdc bncn d Krdpgdx (Krdpgdx,7=>;). Ulrvhd

qul pnssnrhn n vlcklrgne`uplebduk stdrnjledod uon olrenkdrhn, cuo odklbd uthbhznkd nt

ds khns ntunhs.


20/69

>8 7.7. EBD\K U[DWNJL

7.7.7 Klchckd ebduk stdrnjl

Ebduk stdrnjlcnkn onhs qul uo ensd lsplehnb kl Ebduk Edoputhcjedo uo prdpshtd

lspleed kl nronzlcnr knkds.

Klssn fdron, gnslnkd cn klchd knkn plbd CHU[, pdklods klchr Ebduk stdrnjl edod

"uo odklbd qul prdpdrehdcn d nronzlcnolctd kl knkds kl fdron ugqun, edcvlchlctl l sdg

klonckn n pnrthr kl uon rlslrvn kl nronzlcnolctd edopnrthbankn qul pdkl slr rnphknolctl

khspdchghbhznkn edo d ochod kl lsfdrd kl edcjurnd du hctlrnd edo d prdvlkdr kl

slrvhds."

Nssho edod cds shstlons kl ebduk edoputhcj, ns ehced enrnetlrsthens sd npbhevlhs ndebduk

stdrnjl(nutd-slrvhd sdg klonckn, nelssd kl rlkl nopbd, rlslrvn kl rleursds, lbnsthehknkl

rphkn l slrvhd hcstruolctnkd).

Nbo khssd, ds trs odklbds kl slrvhds tnogo sl npbheno nd ebduk stdrnjl. pdssvlbn uo ebhlctl nkquhrhr nronzlcnolctd edod uo sdftwnrl, edod uon npbhend kl gneùp l

shcerdchznd0 edod uon pbntnfdron, cd ensd lo qul d prdvlkdr dflrlel, pdr lxlopbd, uo

gnced kl knkds rlbnehdcnb du cd0 du olsod edod hcfrnlstruturn, qunckd d prdvlkdr dflrlel

nronzlcnolctd grutd, qul slrhn uo khsed vhrtunb pnrn qul d usurhd nronzlcl kdeuolctds,

knkds kl npbhenthvds du qunbqulr dutrd thpd kl knkds.

7.7.5 Npbhenls kl ebduk stdrnjl

Kl nedrkd edoUCHN(7=>5), ds shstlons klEbduk Utdrnjlpdklo tlr vrhns npbhenls

klplcklckd kds dgilthvds kns drjnchznls qul ns uthbhzno. Uljulo nbjucs kds prhcehpnhs

elcrhds9

Gneùp- Lo qunbqulr drjnchznd knkds ertheds to qul lstnr sljurds, khspdcvlhs

l rleuplrvlhs pnrn uon vlrsd prvhn. \o shstlon kl ebduk stdrnjlpdkl sugsthtuhr

ns sdbuls trnkhehdcnhs kl gneùp, edod pdr lxlopbd, tns onjcthens, slckd uon

fdron onhs sljurn, gnrntn l prthen kl nronzlcnolctd kl gneùps.

Nrquhvnolctd- Ns drjnchznls lstd enkn vlz slckd onhs fdrnkns n rltlr vdbuols

onhdrls kl knkds pdr bdcjds plrdkds. Nssho edod cd gneùp, ds shstlons klEbduk

Utdrnjlpdklo sugsthtuhr ns fdrons trnkhehdcnhs kl nrquhvnolctd rlkuzhckd eustds l

nuolctnckd n njhbhknkl kn rleuplrnd kl hcfdrond.

Nronzlcnolctd kl knkds kl npbhenthvds - Npbhenls kl cljehds rlqulrlo nr-

onzlcnolctd tlopdrrhd l plronclctl, qul jlrnbolctl khspdchghbhznkd pdr khseds

du sdbuls kl nronzlcnolctd lo rlkl edod CNU du UNC. Knkds kl npbhenthvds

to rlquhshtds onhs ertheds kl nelssd l bntcehn. \on sdbud kl ebduk stdrnjlpdkltrnzlr vnctnjlo lo rlbnd n lssns sdbuls trnkhehdcnhs, tnhs edod fnehbhknkl kl

gneùp kl npbhenthvds, rlkud kl eustds, lctrl dutrds.


21/69

7= 7.5. [WNGNBADU WLBNEHDCNKDU

7.5 [rngnbads Wlbnehdcnkds

Clstn sld, slrd nprlslctnkds nbjucs trngnbads qul sl rlbnehdcno edo lstl trngnbad,

pdhs sl trntno kl shstlons kl ebduk stdrnjl, qul fdrno du lstd slckd uthbhznkds tnctd cnnenklohn qunctd cn hckstrhn. Ds trngnbads fdrno nprlslctnkds pdr drklo kl pugbhend.

7.5.> Delncstdrl

Delncstdrl (@ughntdwhez lt nb., 7===) uo prdiltd edcelghkd cn \chvlrshknkl kl

Glr`bly, qul vhsn fdrclelr uon pbntnfdron nglrtn l jbdgnb pnrn nronzlcnolctd kl knkds.

Lo sun edcelpd, fdh hklnbhznkn pnrn dgilthvds edod slrvhr kl pbntnfdron pnrn npbhenls

jrdupwnrl(l-onhb, enblckrhd, bhstn kl edctntds), rlpdshtrhd kl knkds kl jrnckl vdbuol pnrn

jrupds ehlcteds du edod slrvhkdr pnrnstrlnohcj.N pbntnfdron Delncstdrl tlo kuns prlohssns9 slr edcstrukn n pnrthr kl uo jrnckl jrupd kl

slrvhkdrls cd edcvlhs, pdhs lquhpnolctds qulgrno slo nkvlrtcehn l cd sl pdkl edcnr n

kurnghbhknkl kl uo knkd nds olsods0 n sljuckn prlohssn qul ds knkds sd conkls, pdhs lo

uo shstlon kl jrnckls prdpdrls n bdenbhknkl kds knkds ouhtd hopdrtnctl. D Delncstdrl fnz

eneal kds knkds lo vrhns bdenbhknkls pnrn onctlr n lsenbnghbhknkl kd shstlon, ngrhckd od kn

edcshstcehn kds knkds.

Enkn dgiltd cd DelncUtdrl nronzlcnkd edo uo cdol ched jlrnkd pslukd-nblntdrhnolctl,

eanonkd J\HK (Jbdgnb \chqul Hklcthlr). Nbjucs J\HK fucehdcno edod uo khrltrhd,edctlckd uon bhstn kl J\HKs, knckd n pdsshghbhknkl kn erhnd kl uon lstruturn slolbanctl n

uon rvdrl.

D edctrdbl kl nelssd flhtd lo gnshenolctl kuns dplrnls9 rlstrhd kl blhturn l rlstrhd kl

lserhtn.

Enkn dgiltd qul cd pgbhed, lcerhptnkd edo uon eanvl chen. Enkn usurhd qul tlo

plrohssd kl blhturn, rlelgl lssn eanvl pnrn klslcerhptnr. ]nrn rlvdjnr d nelssd lo knkd dgiltd,

ns rlpbhens sd rllcerhptnkds edo uon cdvn eanvl.

]nrn prlvlchr lserhtns cd nutdrhznkns, enkn lserhtn nsshcnkn khjhtnbolctl l enkn dgiltd tlouon bhstn kl edctrdbl kl nelssd hckhenckd qulo pdkl nbtlrnr nqulbl dgiltd. N rlstrhd kl lserhtn

flhtn plbdslrvlrqul vlrhen sl d usurhd qul tlctn lserlvlr cnqulbl dgiltd tlo nelssd nd

olsod.

Enkn dgiltd nronzlcnkd cd DelncUtdrl pdkl tlr uon rpbhen lo qunbqulr slrvhkdr. ]nrn bdenbhznr

lssls dgiltds, edctn edo kdhs nbjdrhtods. D prholhrd, uo nbjdrhtod prdgnghbsthed l rphkd,

qul tdon n prlohssn qul lxhstl uon jrnckl prdgnghbhknkl kl uo knkd nelssnkd frlqulctlolctl

rlshkhr lo uo slrvhkdr prxhod. D sljuckd uo nbjdrhtod ahlrrquhed onhs blctd, pdro onhs

edcvlb.


22/69

7> 7.5. [WNGNBADU WLBNEHDCNKDU

7.5.7 Zhckdws Nzurl Utdrnjl

Zhckdws Nzurl Utdrnjl (Enbklrlt nb.,7=>>), du ZNU d shstlon kl Ebduk Utdrnjlkn

Oherdsdft, qul lst lo prdkud klskl d cnb kl 7==1.

D ZNU nronzlcn knkds lo trs fdrontds9 GBDGs, tnglbns du bns pnrn lctrljn kl olcsnjlcs.

D prdiltd kd ZNU, blvdu lo edcshklrnd plkhkds kl vrhds ebhlctls, qul khrlehdcdu nbjuons

klehsls kl prdiltd. Lctrl lbns lstd edcshstcehn fdrtl, nronzlcnolctd jbdgnb l lsenbvlb,

rleuplrnd kl klsnstrls, nronzlcnolctdoubth-tlcnct.

D ZNU rdkn lo obthpbds slrvhkdrls lspnbankds nd rlkdr kd ouckd. Lbl pdssuh uon enonkn

qul prdv jlrlcehnolctd kl cs, odchtdrnolctd kn stntus, l hopbnctnd kd slrvhd pnrn d

shstlon. Lssn enonkn eanonkn klFngrhe Edctrdbblr.

Ds cs kl nronzlcnolctd kd Zhckdws Nzurl lstd drjnchznkds lo ebustlrs, klcdohknkds

Utdrnjl Utnop, qul sd jlrlcehnkds plbdsBdenthdc Ulrvhel, qul uo slrvhkdr bdenbhznkd louon knkn bdenbhznd, edod Lurdpn, Norhen kd Cdrtl l shn.

Lxhstlo kdhs lcjlcads kl rlpbhend klctrd kd ZNU, d eanonkd Hctrn-Utnop, qul rlspdcsvlb

plbn rlpbhend klctrd kdebustlrkl nronzlcnolctd, l dHctlr-Utnop, qul nronzlcn knkds kl

uoUtnoppnrn dutrd, pnrn uon rleuplrnd lo ensd kl klsnstrl.

7.5.5 Jddjbl Fhbl Uystlo

D Jddjbl Fhbl Uystlo (Jalonwnt lt nb., 7==5), du JFU uo shstlon kl nrquhvds

khstrhgukd qul fdh klslcvdbvhkd pnrn snthsfnzlr n klonckn kl nronzlcnolctd l prdelssnolctd

kl knkds kd Jddjbl.

Nssho edod cd DelncUtdrl, n nrquhtlturn kd JFU nssuol qul slrvhkdrls cd sd edcvlhs.

D shstlon kl nrquhvd fdronkd pdr uon jrnckl quncthknkl kl anrkwnrl gnrntd. Nbo khssd,

nssuol-sl qul nrquhvds sd cnturnbolctl jrnckls. [dkn n dthohznd lxhstlctl cd JFU fdh flhtn

pnrn nrquhvds jrnckls. D JFU tnogo nssuol qul nrquhvds sd odkhenkds nclxnckd-sl knkds

cd o kds olsods.

D JFU supdrtn ns dplrnls usunhs lo shstlons kl nrquhvds, tnhs edod erhnd, klbld, nglrturn,

fleanolctd, blhturn l lserhtn kl nrquhvds. Edctukd, lbl nhckn hctrdkuz kuns cdvns dplrnls9hcslrd, lo qul sl lserlvl cd o kd nrquhvd, l scnpsadt, dplrnd qul erhn uon ephn kd

nrquhvd edo uo eustd ouhtd gnhxd.

Cd JFU, nd edctrrhd kd DelncUtdrl, lxhstl uo slrvhkdr elctrnb, klcdohcnkd slrvhkdr olstrl

l vrhds dutrds slrvhkdrls kl eauc`s


23/69

77 7.5. [WNGNBADU WLBNEHDCNKDU

bdenb kdseauc` slrvlrs.

Dseauc`ssd rlpbhenkds kl nedrkd edo n clelsshknkl. Lxhstl uo edctrdbl pnrn qul eauc`s

cdvds cd erhlo ouhtns rpbhens, pnrn lvhtnr sdgrlenrjn cn lserhtn kl cdvds nrquhvds. D edctrdbl

kn rlpbhend kd JFU flhtd ntrnvs kd olstrl.

7.5.; \stdrl

\stdrl (Kurd lt nb., 7=>5) uon pbntnfdron kl Ebduk Utdrnjllo cuvlo prhvnkn

klslcvdbvhkd pnrn nronzlcnr nrquhvds, fnzlckd gne`up l shcerdchznd klbls.

\on khflrlcn onrenctl cn pbntnfdron \stdrl qul lbl pdkl uthbhznr khseds dehdsds kns oquhcns

kl uon edrpdrnd, fdronckd uon cuvlo prhvnkn edo ns lstnls kl trngnbad.

]nrn qul ns lstnls sl edouchqulo, uthbhznkd uon rlkl dvlrbny pllr td pllr(]7]), qul

hopblolctn d prdtdedbd edcalehkd edod IQ[N6.N nrquhtlturn kd \stdrl blvn lo edcshklrnd quntrd ntrhgutds kl qunbhknkl edod phbnrls kl

suns klehsls nrquhtlturnhs, qul sd9 lsenbnghbhknkl, dthohznd kns hctlrnls, khspdchghbhknkl l

sljurncn.

Cn rlkldvlrbnylxhstl uo thpd klpllrlsplehnb qul tlo n rlspdcsnghbhknkl kl edcjurnr n rlkl l

onctlr rdtns lctrl lstnls khflrlctls. Lsslpllr eanonkd klUuplr ]llr, l prlehsn slr oncthkd

lo uo slrvhkdr edcalehkd pdr tdkds dspllrs, edod uon lspehl kl slrvhkdr elctrnb. ]dro, sun

cehn fucd onctlr n edclethvhknkl lctrl ds pllrs.

Nbo kn lxhstcehn kd suplrpllr, lxhstlo ds eanonkdspllrsslrvhkdrls, qul hopblolctno uonjnon kl slrvhds l sd bdenbhznkds plbdspllrsebhlctls, ntrnvs kd nccehd kl slus slrvhds cn

rlkl IQ[N.

Fhcnbolctl dsshopbl pllrs, du nplcns ebhlctls, qul sd pllrs qul sd uthbhznkds pnrn lcvhnr du

rleuplrnr nrquhvds kn cuvlo, nssho edod uthbhznr d lspnd dehdsd cn oquhcn kd usurhd pnrn

snbvnr nrquhvds kl dutrds usurhds.

N rlpbhend cd \stdrl sl k ntrnvs kl uo nbjdrhtod lstntsthed, lo qul sl rljhstrn d ahstrhed

kl edclxd kl enkn ebhlctl, trnnckd nssho uo plrb kd olsod. Ns rlpbhenkds kds gne`ups

sd lcvhnkds n dutrds ebhlctls qul to plrb slolbanctl nd kd usurhd, dthohznckd nssho n

khspdchghbhknkl kd nrquhvd, onctlckd uo colrd ochod kl rpbhens.

6attps9//ixtn.`lcnh.edo/


24/69

757575

5Ebduk Utdrnjl Gushclss KrhvlrsClstl enptubd slr flhtn uon ncbhsl cds khrlehdcnkdrls kl cljehd kl Ebduk Utdrnjl, l

n pnrthr kn slrd klslcvdbvhkds ds gushclss krhvlrs. N pnrthr kdsgushclss krhvlrs, pdssvlbdgtlr hcsuods pnrn pnutnr ns klehsls nrquhtlturnhs, tnhs edod ds Wlquhshtds kd shstlon, nssho

edod ds prhcehpnhs ntrhgutds kl qunbhknkl.

Lssls hcsuods tnogo slrd tlhs pnrn, kurnctl n nvnbhnd kn nrquhtlturn, vlrhenr n edcfdroh-

knkl klssn edo ns clelsshknkls kl cljehd.

5.> Klchd kd Cljehd

Logdrnebduk stdrnjlin tlcan shkd klchkd nctlrhdrolctl, clelssrhd rlssnbtnr qul d

edcelhtd kl nronzlcnolctd lo cuvlo gnstnctl ngstrntd. Clstl trngnbad, ds lsfdrds slrd

edcelctrnkds lo shstlons kl nronzlcnolctd kl nrquhvds.

Klslin-sl uthbhznr n lbnsthehknkl kn cuvlo pnrn nronzlcnr nrquhvds, jnrncthckd fntdrls edod n

khspdchghbhknkl, sljurncn, lsenbnghbhknkl l nelssd ugqud nds knkds nronzlcnkds plbds usurhds,

pnrn usd klgne`up, shcerdchznd kl nrquhvds du nrquhvnolctd.

Lstn sdbud hr rlprlslctnr kuns kns onhdrls tlckcehns cn [lecdbdjhn kn Hcfdrond (Onrstdc

lt nb.,7=>>) n lehcehn tlecdbjhen, pdhs d pdklr edoputnehdcnb olbadr uthbhznkd ntrnvskl rleursds kl anrkwnrl l sdftwnrl lsenbvlhs l njhbhknkl kl cljehd, qul pdsshghbhtn loprlsns

plqulcns du lo lstjhd hchehnb, tlr nelssd n uo lblvnkd pdklr edoputnehdcnb.

LoJrdssonc(7==8),LCHUN(7==8) lNbingrl(7=>7) pdssvlb dgslrvnr nbjuons kns prhcehpnhs

vnctnjlcs l klsvnctnjlcs kn nkdd kl Ebduk Edoputhcjpdr loprlsns. N pnrthr klbns, fdh

pdssvlb dgslrvnr tnogo sun npbhenghbhknkl pnrnEbduk Utdrnjl.

5.>.> ]rhcehpnhs Vnctnjlcs

Nelssd ugqud - ]rdvlkdrls kl slrvhds kl nronzlcnolctd lo cuvlo pdklokhspdchghbhznr vrhns hctlrfnels kl nelssd khflrlctls pnrn slu slrvhd, pdsshghbhtnckd,

nssho, nds usurhds, nelssd nds knkds ntrnvs kl fdrons l khspdshthvds khsthctds.


25/69

7; 5.>. KLFHCHD KD CLJEHD

Wlkud kl eustds - Drjnchznls pdklo tlr nelssd n rleursds edoputnehdcnhs

edo eustd rlkuzhkd, uon vlz qul lssns npbhenls usufrulo kds rleursds qul lst

cn cuvlo kd prdvlkdr kd slrvhd. Lssn rlkud kl eustds lcjbdgn nquhshd l

oncutlcd tnctd kl anrkwnrl edod klsdftwnrl.

Anghbhknkl kl erlseholctd sdg klonckn - pdssvlb pnrn uo plqulcd cljehd

usnr Ebduk Edoputhcj, edo uo plqulcd eustd, l edo d erlseholctd kd cljehd,

nuolctnr n enpnehknkl edoputnehdcnb sdg klonckn.

Lflthvhknkl edoputnehdcnb - pdssvlb prdvlr slrvhds, edcthcuhknkl l sljurncn

onhs lflthvnolctl kd qul sdbuls trnkhehdcnhs kl [H.

Lsenbnghbhknkl -Nrquhtlturns lo Ebduk Edoputhcjodstrno-sl nopbnolctl ls-

enbvlhsJrdssonc(7==8).

Edcelctrnd kl rleursds -D edopnrthbanolctd kl anrkwnrlfshed prdpdrehdcn

uon plrholtrhznd onhs gnrntn nssho edod uo edctrdbl kl nelssd fshed onhs

lehlctl.

5.>.7 ]rhcehpnhs Klsvnctnjlcs l Nolnns

N nkdd kl ebduk stdrnjlpdkl nprlslctnr uo edciuctd kl glclfehds, edcfdrol np-

rlslctnkd nctlrhdrolctl. Lctrltnctd, rlblvnctl sl edcshklrnr ds pdctds frneds, nolnns lprldeupnls rlbnthvns nd usd kl ebduk stdrnjl. N bhstn ngnhxd nprlslctn nbjuons kns prhcehpnhs

klsvnctnjlcs kl uthbhznr uo slrvhd kl cuvlo pnrn nronzlcnolctd.

]lrkn kl jdvlrcncn kns hcfdronls -Lo sl uthbhznckd kd slrvhd kn cuvlo

pnrn nronzlcnolctd, d ebhlctl lst elklckd nd prdvlkdr kl slrvhd edctrdbl sdgrl

hcfdronls kl sun loprlsn. Nbjucs shstlons kl Ebduk Utdrnjl, edod d Oljn

(Uleurhty,7=>5), nronzlcno kl fdron qul sdolctl d prdprhltrhd kd edctlkd, du

nbjuo edo sun plrohssd, pdssn nelssnr nqulbl edctlkd.

Vceubd edo d slrvhd -\on vlz qul uo usurhd nkdtn uo slrvhd kl nronzlcn-

olctd lo cuvlo, ouknr pnrn dutrd prdvlkdr kl slrvhd, du vdbtnr pnrn ngdrknjlcs

trnkhehdcnhs kl nronzlcnolctd pdkl tdrcnr-sl hcvhvlb klvhkd nd jrnckl colrd kl

knkds nronzlcnkds.

Uljurncn -Nplsnr kl nronzlcnolctd lo cuvlo tlr uo cvlb kl sljurncn snths-

fntrhd, sloprl lxhstl uo rhsed plronclctl kn olson slr lxpdstn, l knkds kl uon

drjnchznd slino nelssnkds pdr plssdns cd nutdrhznkns.

Klplckcehn kl edclethvhknkl -]nrn sl nelssnr uo slrvhd kl nronzlcnolctd lo

cuvlo, clelssrhd uon edclxd kl rlkl edo d prdvlkdr kd slrvhd. N plrkn klssn


26/69

7< 5.>. KLFHCHD KD CLJEHD

edclxd, hopbhenr cn hopdsshghbhknkl tlopdrrhn kl nelssd n knkds, qul pdklo slr

ertheds.

Hckhspdchghbhknkl kds slrvhds - Nplsnr kds shstlons kl ebduk stdrnjltlrlo uo

cvlb kl khspdchghbhknkl glo nbtd, uon lvlctunb khspdchghbhknkl kd shstlon, pdkl

hoplkhr tlopdrnrhnolctl knkds eruehnhs. Nssho edod lo qunbqulr shstlon kl

nronzlcnolctd kl knkds.

Edopnrthbanolctd kl rleursds - Nplsnr kd edopnrthbanolctd kl rleursds slr

uo glclfehd, pdr trnzlr rlkud kl eustds, tnogo pdkl slr uon prldeupnd lo

rlbnd n edcklcehnbhknkl l sljurncn. ]rhcehpnbolctl lo uo noghlctl kl cuvlo

pgbhen, dckl vrhns drjnchznls edopnrthbano d olsod rleursd.

5.>.5 Hklcthend kds ]rhcehpnhs Utn`ladbklrs

]nrn klslcvdbvlr uon nrquhtlturn pnrn uo shstlon prlehsnods hklcthenr d prhcehpnhs

lcvdbvhkds edo d olsod l suns klvhkns clelsshknkls. Kl nedrkd edoGdac lt nb. (7=>>),

pdklods bhstnr ds sljuhctlsstn`ladbklrspnrn qunbqulr shstlon kl Ebduk Edoputhcj9

Ebduk Edcsuolr - Ud plssdns du drjnchznls qul oncto uo rlbnehdcnolctd

l usno ds slrvhds kl uo Ebduk ]rdvhklr. Cd cdssd ensd, sd ds hckhvkuds du

edrpdrnls qul uthbhzno d shstlon kl Ebduk Utdrnjlpnrn nronzlcnr nrquhvds. Lblsclelsshtno kl uon flrrnolctn pnrn fnzlr gne`upl shcerdchznd kl nrquhvds dcbhcl.

Eduk ]rdvhklr-\on plssdn, jrupd du lcthknkl rlspdcsvlb pdr onctlr d slrvhd

khspdcvlb pnrn ns pnrtls hctlrlssnkns. Cd ensd kd shstlon kl Ebduk Utdrnjl, qul

adsplknrhn l onctlrhn d shstlon klebduk stdrnjl. Nbo kd slrvhd lo sh, tnogo

prlehsn kl uo okubd lo qul pdssn nkohchstrnr, olcsurnr l onctlr d slrvhd.

Ebduk Nukhtdr-\on drjnchznd qul pdkl edckuzhr uon nukhtdrhn hcklplcklctl

kds slrvhds klebduk, kns dplrnls, plrfdroncel l sljurncn kn hopblolctnd kn

ebduk. Klvlo pdssuhr flrrnolctns qul sl pdssn olcsurnr uo jrupd kl otrhens pnrn

sl rlnbhznr lssns nukhtdrhns.

Ebduk Grd`lr-\on lcthknkl qul jlrlcehn d usd, plrfdroncel l lctrljn kds slrvhds

kl ebduk, l cljdehn n rlbnd lctrl Ebduk ]rdvhklrl Ebduk Edcsuolr. [o n

clelsshknkl kl uo okubd qul pdssn jlrlcehnr n cuvlo, olcsurnr d usd l tnxnr ds

usurhds.

Ebduk Enrrhlr-\on drjnchznd hctlrolkhrhn qul prdv edclethvhknkl l trncspdrtl

kl slrvhd klEbduk ]rdvhklrspnrnEbduk Edcsuolrs. [hphenolctl sd ds prdvlkdrls

kl hctlrclt.


27/69

76 5.>. KLFHCHD KD CLJEHD

]nrn d lsedpd klssl trngnbad, slrd fdenkns ns clelsshknkls rlbnehdcnkns nds jrupds kl Ebduk

Edcsuolrs, qul slrd eanonkds kl usurhds cnhs, du nplcns usurhds, l ds Ebduk ]rdvhklrs,

qul slrd klcdohcnkds kl prdvlkdrls kl slrvhds.

5.>.; Wlstrhls kd cljehd

Nkhehdcnbolctl, pnrn d klslcvdbvholctd kl qunbqulr nrquhtlturn, hoplrnthvd sl dg-

slrvnr ns rlstrhls qul d cljehd hopl nd sdftwnrl. Lo@anila-Adsslhchlt nb.(7=>7) sd

nprlslctnkns nbjuons klssns rlstrhls qul pdkl nfltnr uo shstlon kl ebduk edoputhcj. Klctrl

lbns, klstnenods nbjuons9

Eustds -D eustd kl uthbhznd du hopbnctnd kl uo shstlon klebduk stdrnjlcd

pdkl tlr uo hopnetd cncelhrd edcshklrvlb, slin rlbnthvd nd eustd kl hopbnctnd

kl uon cuvlo prhvnkn hctlrcn, du nquhshd kd slrvhd ntrnvs kl uo prdvlkdr.

Oukncns drjnchznehdcnhs -D prdelssd kl oukncn pnrn uthbhznd kl sdbuls

lo cuvlo denshdcnr lo uo hopnetd drjnchznehdcnb. D thpd kl oukncn vnrhn kl

drjnchznd pnrn drjnchznd. Nbjucs thpds kl oukncns qul pdklo dedrrlr sd lo

rlbnd edctnghbhknkl, sljurncn, jldjrnn, supdrtl l nt nd trngnbad kds usurhds

cnhs.

5.>.< Wlstrhls techensNssho edod cd ensd kns rlstrhls kl cljehd, rlblvnctl bhstnr ns rlstrhls techens

pnrn lvhtnr surprlsns cd klslcvdbvholctd kl uon nrquhtlturn. Nbjuons klbns sd lcedctrnkns

lo shstlons klebduk stdrnjl9

[ldrlon klGrlwlr-Edcalehkd tnogo edod tldrlon kd EN], fdh klodcstrnkd

lo Jhbglrt nck Bycea (7==7) l prdvn qul cd pdssvlb lo uo shstlon edoputnehdcnb

onctlr n edcshstcehn, khspdchghbhknkl l n tdblrcehn pnrthd shoubtnclnolctl. Hssd

kl jrnckl rlblvcehn pnrn shstlons klebduk stdrnjl, knkd qul n khspdchghbhknkl

lsslcehnb, l jlrnbolctl sl dptn lctrl n edcshstcehn l n tdblrcehn pnrthd.

Bhohtnd kdanrkwnrl- Nplsnr kl lbsthed, d vdbuol nronzlcnkd pdr uo shstlon

klebduk stdrnjl bhohtnkd plbd nronzlcnolctd kd anrkwnrl(fshed du vhrtunb) qul d

adsplkn. Nssho edod sun bnrjurn kl gnckn slr bhohtnkn plbn gnckn kn edouchend

lctrl d usurhd l d prdvlkdr kd slrvhd.

Nedrkd kl cvlb kl slrvhd (Ulrvhel Blvlb Njrllolct - UBN) - uon pnrtl kd

edctrntd lctrl d prdvlkdr kl slrvhd l d usurhd qul lstnglblel otrhens ochons

pnrn d fucehdcnolctd kd slrvhd. Ud lxlopbds kl otrhens edoucs kl UBN pnrnslrvhd kl nronzlcnolctd lo cuvlo n khspdchghbhknkl, d tlopd kl rlspdstn, tnxn kl

lrrds, lctrl dutrns.


28/69

7: 5.7. N[WHG\[DU KL \NBHKNKL

5.7 Ntrhgutds kl ^unbhknkl

Lo uo shstlon edoputnehdcnb, ns fucehdcnbhknkls sd fucknolctnhs. ]dhs n pnrthr kns

clelsshknkls kds usurhds, surjl n klonckn pnrn d sdftwnrl. Edctukd, ds ntrhgutds kl qunbhknkltnogo sd rlblvnctls pnrn juhnr ns klehsls nrquhtlturnhs.

N qunbhknkl klsdftwnrlpdkl slr nvnbhnkn plbd jrnu lo qul dsdftwnrlpdssuh kl edoghcnd

kds ntrhgutds kl qunbhknkl, qul sd enrnetlrsthens hopdrtnctls l klvlo slr prhdrhznkns cd klslc-

vdbvholctd kdsdftwnrl. Lxhstlo vrhns fdrons kl sl lxprlssnr ntrhgutds kl qunbhknkl, tnhs edod

fucehdcnbhknkl, cljehd, sljurncn, lctrl dutrns.

N cdron HUD/HLE 7=.7HUD/HLE(7=>=) klcl uo odklbd kl qunbhknkl kl prdkutd qul

edopdstd pdr dhtd enrnetlrsthens qul rlbntno tnctd prdprhlknkls lstthens, qunctd khcohens kl

uo shstlon kl edoputnd.N Fhjurn5.>odstrn d odklbd kl qunbhknkl kl sdftwnrl nprlslctnkd cn cdron. Lbn khvhkl n qunb-

hknkl kl sdftwnrl lo dhtd enrnetlrsthens qul sd nklqund kl fucehdcnbhknkl, edcnghbhknkl,

lehcehn kl plrfdroncel, dplrnehdcnbhknkl, sljurncn, edopnthghbhknkl, oncutlchghbhknkl l

trncsohsshghbhknkl. Lssns enrnetlrsthens sd sugkhvhkhkns lo trhctn l dhtd sug-enrnetlrsthens qul

nuxhbhno cn klserhd kn qunbhknkl kl uo sdftwnrl.

Fhjurl 5.>9Ntrhgutds kl ^unbhknkl

5.7.> Oltdkdbdjhn

]nrn klchr ds ntrhgutds kl qunbhknkl, n sljuhctl oltdkdbdjhn fdh uthbhznkn9 ]dr olhd kl

rlvhsd ghgbhdjren fdrno blvnctnkns ns prhcehpnhs vnctnjlcs kn uthbhznd kl ebduk stdrnjlns

klsvnctnjlcs, prldeupnls l nolnns. Nbo khssd, tnogo fdrno bhstnkds sljuckd n cdron


29/69

71 5.5. WL^\HUH[DU

HUD/HLE 7=, ds prhcehpnhs ntrhgutds kl qunbhknkl kl uo prdkutd kl sdftwnrl.

Lo sljuhkn, fdh flhtn uon ontrhz, dckl ns edbucns rlprlslctno ns vnctnjlcs l klsvnctnjlcs

lcqunctd ns bhcans rlprlslctno ds ntrhgutds kl qunbhknkl. Lssn ontrhz fdh prllceahkn edo d

vnbdr >, ensd n prlslcn kd ntrhgutd kl qunbhknkl edctrhgun pnrn uon kns vnctnjlcs du nolchzluon klsvnctnjlo, du zlrd ensd edctrrhd. Klssn fdron, fdh pdssvlb slblehdcnr ds ntrhgutds kl

qunbhknkl kl fdron qul sl pdssn onxhohznr ds glclfehds l ntlcunr ns plrkns, slblehdcnckd ds

ntrhgutds kl qunbhknkl edo onhdr colrd kl >s slrhno edcshklrnkds ds prhdrhtrhds.

5.7.7 Wlsubtnkds

Ds ntrhgutds kl qunbhknkl fdrno lcuolrnkds kl nedrkd edo ns [nglbns N.>lN.7

khspdcvlhs cd NpckhelN. Edod sl pdkl dgslrvnr, ds prhcehpnhs ntrhgutds kl qunbhknkl lblhtds

lstd kl nedrkd edo n [nglbn5.>.

HK Cdol^> Khspdchghbhknkl^7 \thbhznd kl rleursds^5 Edcklcehnbhknkl^; Cd-rlpkhd^< Nutlcthehknkl^6 ]drtnghbhknkl^: Nknptnghbhknkl

[ngbl 5.>9Ntrhgutds kl ^unbhknkl lsedbahkds

N drklo kds ntrhgutds cd clelssnrhnolctl rlprlslctn n drklo kl prhdrhknkl cns

klchls nrquhtlturnhs.

Ul ncnbhsnrods n bhstn kl ntrhgutds, pdklods dgslrvnr qul prlehsnods kl uo shstlon qul

onctlcan-sl d onhdr tlopd pdssvlb dcbhcl (^>), qul tlcan d olcdr eustd pdssvlb (^7), qul

slin sljurd (^5, ^; l ^;), UujnrUyce

(Uujnrsyce,7=>;), Jddjbl Krhvl (Jddjbl,7=>;), Dclkrhvl (Oherdsdft,7=>;), lctrl dutrds.Nbo khssd, tnhs rlquhshtds fdrno rlvhstds pdr ncnbhstns edo lxplrhcehn cn hckstrhn clssl

sljolctd. N pnrthr kn, fdh pdssvlb bhstnr ds sljuhctls rlquhshtds fucehdcnhs l cd-fucehdcnhs9


30/69

78 5.5. WL^\HUH[DU

W> - \pbdnk (gne`up) kl nrquhvds

D usurhd cnb pdkl lcvhnr nrquhvd pnrn slu krhvlvhrtunb cn cuvlo. \on vlz qul

lssl nrquhvd lcvhnkd pnrn cuvlo, klvlr plronclelr nt qul d usurhd klehkn

lxebuhr du odkhenr nqulbl nrquhvd. D usurhd pdklr lcvhnr nrquhvds pnrn cuvlokl obthpbds khspdshthvds kl fdron ugqun.

W7 - Kdwcbdnk (rlstdrl) kl nrquhvds

\on vlz qul uo usurhd tlcan lcvhnkd uo nrquhvd pnrn d slukrhvlvhrtunb, n qunbqulr

odolctd, klskl qul tlcan edclethvhknkl edo d shstlon, lbl pdkl rleuplrnr l gnhxnr

nqulbl nrquhvd, kl qunbqulr khspdshthvd qul lbl tlcan nelssd nd shstlon.

W5 - Lxebusd kl nrquhvds

D usurhd pdkl lxebuhr nrquhvds qul tlcano shkd prlvhnolctl snbvds cn cuvlo. Cdsl pdkl fnzlrkdwcbdnkkl nrquhvds lxebukds. \on vlz qul d nrquhvd tlcan shkd

klbltnkd, d usurhd pdkl rleuplr-bd klctrd kl uo plrdkd klchkd plbd prdvlkdr kd

slrvhd.

W; - Edopnrthbanolctd kl nrquhvds

D usurhd pdkl edopnrthbanr qunbqulr nrquhvd du khrltrhd klctrd kl slu khsed

vhrtunb. Lstl prdelssd lo uon pnstn slr rleurshvd. Du slin, uon vlz qul uon pnstn

tlcan shkd edopnrthbankn, qunbqulr nrquhvd du sugpnstn tnogo d slr. N qunbqulr

odolctd d prdprhltrhd kd nrquhvd pdklr rlvdjnr d nelssd qulbl nrquhvd du pnstn.

W< - ]ugbhend kl nrquhvds

Nssho edod uo usurhd pdkl edopnrthbanr nrquhvds, lbl tnogo pdkl pugbhe-bds,

jnrncthckd nelssd nds nrquhvds edopnrthbankds pnrn tdkds ds usurhds kn cuvlo.

Nssho edod cd edopnrthbanolctd, n qunbqulr odolctd d prdprhltrhd pdkl rlvdjnr

nelssd nds nrquhvds.

W6 - ]lsquhsn kl nrquhvds

D usurhd pdkl plsquhsnr nrquhvds klctrd kl slu khsed, slin pdr cdol kl nrquhvds,slin plbd edctlkd kds nrquhvds.

W: - Enknstrd kl usurhds

D prdvlkdr kl slrvhds tlr nelssd n uo enknstrd kl usurhds, qul plrohthr hcebuhr,

odkhenr du rlodvlr usurhds. [nogo slr pdssvlb anghbhtnr uon fucehdcnbhknkl

pnrn qul d prprhd usurhd lfltul slu enknstrd.

W1 - [nrhfnd kl usurhds

D prdvlkdr kl slrvhds tlr flrrnolctns qul pdssn olcsurnr n uthbhznd kn cuvlo,

pnrn qul pdssn tnxnr d usurhd kl nedrkd edo ds tlrods kl slrvhds lstnglblehkds

lctrl ns pnrtls.


31/69

5= 5.5. WL^\HUH[DU

W8 - Lxpncsd du lcedbaholctd kn cuvlo

D prdvlkdr kl slrvhds klvlr slr enpnz kl nuolctnr du khohcuhr n enpnehknkl kn

cuvlo, slin ntrnvs klsdftwnrl, du olsod ntrnvs kn nkhd kl onhsanrkwnrlpnrn

sun cuvlo.

W>= - [lopd kl rlspdstn

D shstlon klvl onctlr uo tlopd kl rlspdstn kl nedrkd edo d UBN ronkd cd

edctrntd edo usurhd. Cd pdklods lsthpubnr uo vnbdr lxntd, uon vlz qul, lssl

vnbdr klplckl kd vnbdr edctrntd lctrl usurhd l prdvlkdr.

W>> - Khspdchghbhknkl

D shstlon klvl onctlr-sl khspdcvlb pdr uo plrdkd hjunb du suplrhdr qulbl ronkd

cd UBN lctrl usurhd l prdvlkdr. hopdrtnctl dgslrvnr qul nbjucs edctrntds lsthpu-bno uokdwctholochod pnrn qul d slrvhd pdssn slr edcshklrnkd hckhspdcvlb.

W>7 - Wlshbhcehn kds nrquhvds

D shstlon klvl sl rleuplrnr kl lvlctunhs fnbans kl anrkwnrlslo plrklr ds knkds

clbl nronzlcnkds. Onhs uon vlz, d UBN pdkl prlvlr lxells pnrn lstl rlquhshtd,

lsplehenckd uon tnxn oxhon kl fnbans hrrleuplrvlhs qul pdklo dedrrlr.

W>5 - Hctljrhknkl kds knkds

Ds knkds nronzlcnkds cd shstlon cd klvlo sdfrlr odkhenls hcklslinkns, qul

vlcano n edrrdoplr ds knkds nronzlcnkds. D UBN pdklr lsplehenr uon tnxn

oxhon kl knkds edrrdophkds.

W>; - Edcshstcehn kl knkds

Olsod sl trntnckd kl uo shstlon khstrhgukd, d shstlon klvl onctlr n edcshstcehn

kns hcfdronls clbl nronzlcnkns, anvlckd nplcns uon chen vlrsd kl uo knkd

qunbqulr. Lctd, sl pdr lxlopbd, uo ebhlctl lserlvl uo nrquhvd lo uo c, lbl klvl

nelssnr d olsod edctlkd lo dutrd c kd shstlon.

W>< - Kurnghbhknkl

\on vlz nronzlcnkds, ds knkds edcthkds cd shstlon lstnrd lo klchthvd, cd slckd

lxebukds plbd prprhd shstlon du fntdrls lxtlrcds, snbvd sl lxebukd plbd prdprhltrhd

kd nrquhvd.

W>6 - Nutlcthend

]nrn jnrncthr n sljurncn kd shstlon, pnrn tdkn nd lxleutnkn plbd shstlon, d nutdr

knqulbn nd klvlr lstnr klvhknolctl hklcthenkd ntrnvs kl erlklcehnhs sljurns.

W>: - Nutdrhznd

Lo nkhd Nutlcthend, pnrn enkn nd rlnbhznkn plbd usurhd, klvlr sl vlrhenr


32/69

5> 5.;. EDCEB\UD

sl lbl tlo n plrohssd pnrn lxleut-bn, hoplkhckd nssho, nd usurhd lxleutnr nls

qul d olsod cd tlo khrlhtds.

W>1 - Nukhtdrhn

Enkn nd kl uo usurhd, nbo kd olsod lstnr klvhknolctl hklcthenkd l nutdrhznkd,

d shstlon tnogo onctlr uo rljhstrd kl tdkns ns nls erthens lxleutnkns plbd

olsod. Ds rlquhshtds Nutlcthend, Nutdrhznd l Nukhtdrhn edopbltno n sljurncn

kd shstlon.

W>8 - Hctlrfnel lxtlrcn

D shstlon klvlr prdvlr hctlrfnels pnrn d klslcvdbvholctd kl npbhenls kl tlrelhrds,

qul pdssno usnr d nronzlcnolctd lo cuvlo edod pbntnfdron, rlsplhtnckd tdkds ds

rlquhshtds bhstnkds nctlrhdrolctl.

5.; Edcebusd

N pnrthr kl uon ncbhsl kd cljehd kl ebduk stdrnjl l gne`up dcbhcl, fdh pdssvlb

lstnglblelr khrltrhzls pnrn d klslcvdbvholctd kl uon nrquhtlturn kl ebduk stdrnjlpnrngne`upl

nronzlcnolctd kl nrquhvds.

N pnrthr kds rlquhshtds l ntrhgutds kl qunbhknkl, pdssvlb tdonr klehsls nrquhtlturnhs kl fdron

qul ds snthsfnzlo, prhdrhznckd ds prhcehpnhs ntrhgutds kl qunbhknkl.

Nbo khssd, klvlrlods uthbhznr ds ntrhgutds kl qunbhknkl cn nvnbhnd kn nrquhtlturn prdpdstn,

vnbhknckd nssho lstl trngnbad


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575757

;Klchd kn NrquhtlturnClstl enptubd, slr nprlslctnkn n nrquhtlturn kl sdftwnrl pnrn rlsdbvlr d prdgblon

prdpdstd. N pnrthr kn ncbhsl kl cljehds, tlods ds rlquhshtds l ntrhgutls kl qunbhknkl qulklvlrd slr snthsflhtds.

Hchehnbolctl fdrno kdeuolctnkns tdkns ns prhcehpnhs klehsls nrquhtlturnhs pnrn d shstlon, l,

tdonckd lssns klehsls edod khrltrhzls, n nrquhtlturn fdh prdiltnkn.

;.> Klehsls nrquhtlturnhs

\o edcalehkd prdgblon lo prdiltds kl nrquhtlturn kl sdftwnrl n fnbtn kl ebnrlzncns iusthenthvns sdgrl d slu prdiltd. Ns klehsls nrquhtlturnhs lstd loguthkns cd prdiltd kn

nrquhtlturn. Klstn fdron, d edcaleholctd sdgrl ns klehsls nrquhtlturnhs plrkhkd kurnctl n

lxleud kd prdiltd. Edo gnsl clssns hcfdronls,Incslc nck Gdsea(7==.> Drhlctnd n Ulrvhds ntrnvs kl WLU[

Nrquhtlturn Drhlctnkn n Ulrvhds (Idsutths,7==:) du UDN (kd hcjbsUdftwnrl Drhlctlk

Nreahtleturl) uo pnrnkhjon kl plcsnolctd qul blvn n uon nrquhtlturn edcerltn. UDN tlo

edod dgilthvd nuolctnr n lxhghbhknkl kd cljehd.UDN pdssuh nbjucs khrlehdcnkdrls, tnhs edod shstlons khstrhgukds, khflrlctls prdvlkdrls l

altlrdjlclhknkl. Lssls sd edcelhtds qul edoghcno edo ds krhvlrskl cljehd kl uo shstlon


34/69

55 ;.>. KLEHULU NW^\H[L[\WNHU

klebduk stdrnjl. Nbo khssd, ds khrlehdcnkdrls kd UDN lstd kl nedrkd edo ds ntrhgutds kl

qunbhknkls hckhenkds cd Enptubd ea9gushclss.

Lo uon nrquhtlturn drhlctnkn nslrvhds, dsdftwnrl kledopdstd lo slrvhds, uchknkls bjhens

qul rlprlslctno uo jrupd kl fucehdcnbhknkl kl cljehds. Ds slrvhds sd prdiltnkds kl fdronn ngstrnhr tdkd d slu fucehdcnolctd hctlrcd, kl fdron qul plssdns cd techens pdssno lctlcklr

d pnplb kd slrvhd klctrd kd ledsshstlon kd cljehd. Lssls slrvhds pdklo slr altlrdjclds,

slckd hopblolctnkds lo khflrlctls tlecdbdjhns, loanrkwnrlskhflrlctls, du nt olsod lo

prdvlkdrls khflrlctls.

Knkds qul lstls slrvhds sd altlrdjclds, hopdrtnctl qul lbls sl edouchqulo fnehbolctl.

Lstl edcelhtd eanonkd kl hctlrdplrnghbhknkl, l d sljuckd edcelhtd kl UDN, slckd d

prholhrd ds slrvhds.

D bthod edcelhtd kl UDN d gnhxd nedpbnolctd, qul shjchen ohchohznr n klplckcehn

lctrl ds slrvhds. Nssho, odkhenls to lflhtds ochods l d shstlon edcthcun pnrehnbolctl

fucehdcnb nhckn qul uon pnrtl kd shstlon lstlin qulgrnkn.

N dpd kn ngdrknjlo UDN dedrrlu, lctrl dutrds odthvds, plbns suns vnctnjlcs nprlslctnkns

loDbhvlhrn(7=>;). Klctrl lbns, ns sljuhctls vnctnjlcs pdklo slr edcshklrnkns rlblvnctls pnrn

uo shstlonebduk stdrnjl9

Gnhxd nedpbnolctd, qul pdsshghbhtn d fucehdcnolctd pnrehnb kd shstlon, olsod

lo ensd kn cd khspdchghbhknkl kl nbjuo slrvhd, nbo kl khohcuhr d hopnetd loodkhenls cds slrvhds0

Wlusd, slrvhds pdklo slr rluthbhznkds pnrn fucls edoucs klctrd kd shstlon kl

ebduk stdrnjl. Nbo khssd, slrvhds lxhstlctls pdklo slr rluthbhznkds lo klslcvdbvh-

olctd kl cdvds shstlons kl sdftwnrl0

Oncutlchghbhknkl, edod edcslqucehn kd gnhxd nedpbnolctd, n oncutlcd kd

shstlon flhtd nplcns cd slrvhd qul lst sdfrlckd nbtlrnls, cd anvlckd odk-

henls kl jrnckl hopnetd cds klonhs, njhbhznckd d prdelssd kl olbadrnolctdedctcud kdsdftwnrl0

Hctlrdplrnghbhknkl, knkd qul enkn slrvhd hcklplcklctl klanrkwnrldu olsod

kl tlecdbdjhn kl klslcvdbvholctd, onctlckd-sl uon hctlrfnel kl edouchend glo

klchkn.

Lctrltnctd, lssn dpd trnr pdctds nkvlrsds, qul klvlrd slr edcshklrnkds cd rlstnctl kd prdiltd

kd shstlon kl sdftwnrl. Ud lbns9

Nuolctd kn edopblxhknkl, vhstd qul enkn slrvhd lxleutnkd kl fdron hcklplc-

klctl, n hctlrdplrnghbhknkl tlr uo eustd9 d onhdr colrd kl enonkns kl sdftwnrl


35/69

5; ;.>. KLEHULU NW^\H[L[\WNHU

pnrn edouchend lctrl ds slrvhds0 plrkn kl plrfdroncel, qul tnogo edcslquc-

ehn kn edopblxhknkl kn ngdrknjlo UDN. Hssd pdklr nfltnr d tlopd kl rlspdstn kd

shstlon, qul nplsnr kl hopdrtnctl, cd uo kds prhcehpnhs ntrhgutds kl qunbhknkl kd

shstlon0

]lrkn kl rdgustlz, plbd fntd kl qul trncsnls pdklo lcvdbvlr vrhds slrvhds,

clssl ensd, cd pdssvlb jnrncthr n ntdohehknkl kns olsons. Lssl pdctd klvlr slr

dgslrvnkd cns klonhs klehsls lklshjckn sdbud0

Uljurncn, pdkl slr uo prdgblon rlblvnctl, knkd qul edod ds slrvhds lxleutno kl

fdron khstrhgukn l hcklplcklctl, lctd uo njlctl onbhehdsd pdkl sl pnssnr pdr uo

slrvhd l edcsljuhr nelssd n hcfdronls cd nutdrhznkns.

Dutrd nspletd lctrl d ensnolctd lctrl UDN lEbduk Edoputhcjpdkl slr iusthenkd kl nedrkdedol AuhOhc Yancj(7=>7) qul klebnrn ns sljuhctls nronls9

UDN pdkl niuknr n edcstruhr d noghlctl kl Ebduk Edoputhcj0

UDN lEbduk Edoputhcjsd edopblolctnrls0

Ebduk Edoputhcjfdrclel uon rlnbhznd kl UDN0

UDN lEbduk Edoputhcjpdklo sl ohsturnr.

Fhcnbolctl, cn ngdrknjlo UDN pnrn d shstlon kl Ebduk Utdrnjl, klvlr slr hopbl-

olctnkd uthbhznckd d pnkrd kl prdiltd UDN eanonkd enonkn kl slrvhds (Lrb,7==8), qul

edcshstl lo vrhns enonkns kl hcvlctrhds kl slrvhds, qul sd slrvhds njrupnkds pdr nchknkl.

Fucehdcn edod d lsthbd nrquhtlturnb lo enonkns lo sdftwnrlstrnkhehdcnhs. Ns enonkns slrd

nprlslctnkns onhs nkhnctl clstl olsod Enptubd.

;.>.7 ]lrshstcehn

Nssho edod qunbqulr shstlon, d Ebduk Utdrnjlprlehsn plrshsthr knkds kl fdron drjn-

chznkn. Lo uo shstlon kl jrnckl pdrtl, thphenolctl sl uthbhzn uo gnced kl knkds, rlbnehdcnb

du cd, pnrn nronzlc-bds. ]dro, uo shstlon klebduk stdrnjl, pdr klchd, uthbhznkd pnrn

junrknr knkds kl fdron sljurn l lsenbvlb, nssho edod ds shstlons kl jlrlcehnolctd kl gnced

kl knkds.

Bdjd, dptdu-sl pdr cd uthbhznr uo gnced kl knkds lxtlrcd pnrn nronzlcnr oltnknkds kd shstlon,

kl fdron n rlkuzhr eustds l nuolctnr n pdrtnghbhknkl kd shstlon. Ulr uthbhznkd d prprhd nogh-

lctl klebduk stdrnjlpnrn sl junrknr tnctd ds edctlkds kds nrquhvds, qul slrd klcdohcnkds klknkds, edod ns oltnhcfdronls sdgrl d shstlon kl nrquhvd, qul slrd eanonkds kl oltnknkds.

edouo lo shstlons kl nrquhvds khstrhgukds (KFU) (Gdea,7=>7) sugkhvhkhr d nronzlcnolctd


36/69

5< ;.>. KLEHULU NW^\H[L[\WNHU

lo kuns uchknkls, slckd uon pnrn edctlkd kds nrquhvds (knkds) l dutrn pnrn oltnknkds.

LoUugnsahch(7=>>) pdklods dgslrvnr uo lxlopbd kl uthbhznd kl ebduk stdrnjlpnrn nr-

onzlcnr oltnknkds kl fdron lehlctl l sljurn. Clssl trngnbad, n sljurncn dgthkn ntrnvs kn

frnjolctnd kl knkds slcsvlhs.LoIhncj lt nb.(7=>7) pdklods dgslrvnr qul pdssvlb uthbhznr uo noghlctl kl ebdukpnrn

hopblolctnr uon nrquhtlturn klebduklxvlb l lsenbvlb, ngrhckd od kn edcshstcehn holkhntn.

Clssls trngnbads, n edcshstcehn nthcjhkn ntrnvs kn eanonkn edcshstcehn lvlctunb, lo qul ds

knkds snbvds cd cs khstrhgukds lo uo elrtd hctlrvnbd kl tlopd nps sun hcebusd.

]dklods bhstnr ns vnctnjlcs klssn ngdrknjlo. ]rholhrnolctl slrhn n lsenbnghbhknkl i qul d

nronzlcnolctd kl oltnknkds klvlr erlselr kl nedrkd edo d erlseholctd kd shstlon. Nklonhs,

trntn-sl kl uo nronzlcnolctd khstrhgukd, pdr hssd lbhohcn pdctds cheds kl fnban. [nogo

hopdrtnctl edcshklrnr n pdrtnghbhknkl l nknptnghbhknkl, vhstd qul klvhkd cd clelsshknkl kl

uo sdftwnrl lxtlrcd pnrn nronzlcnr oltnknkds, cd a klplckcehn kl shstlon dplrnehdcnb,

noghlctl du qunbqulr shtund qul rlstrhcin d usd kl uo sdftwnrl. Du slin, cn fnsl kl hopbnc-

tnd kd sdftwnrl, lbl lbhohcn d pr-rlquhshtd kl uo sdftwnrlkl uo shstlon kl jlrlcehnolctd

kl gnced kl knkds, l cd rlqulr n oncutlcd kd olsod cn fnsl kl prdkud.

Edctukd, uon edcslqucehn klssn klehsd nrquhtlturnb slr d onhdr lsfdrd kl hopblolctnd,

vhstd qul uthbhznr uo shstlon kl jlrlcehnolctd kl gnced kl knkds slrhn onhs rphkd. \o nspletd

hopdrtnctl clssl slcthkd, slrhn onctlr d gnhxd nedpbnolctd, pnrn lxhghbhznr n uthbhznd kl

khflrlctls fdrons kl nronzlcnolctd kl oltnknkds cd futurd. hopdrtnctl klhxnr lo nglrtd cn

nrquhtlturn, hctlrfnel pnrn qul sl nedpbl fdrons khflrlctl kl nronzlcnolctd tnhs edod shstlons

kl nrquhvds, gnced kl knkds lo olorhn, gnceds kl knkds lxtlrcds lctrl dutrds. ]dro, clssl

trngnbad, uthbhznrlods nplcns debduk stdrnjledod nronzlcnolctd kl oltnknkds. Nssho edod

cn hopblolctnd, n oncutlchghbhknkl dutrd pdctd n sl edcshklrnr, pdhs kn olson fdron qul n

hopblolctnd, uthbhznr uo gnced kl knkds lxtlrcd tdrcnrhn onhs fehb n oncutlcd kd shstlon.

Fhcnbolctl, n fnbtn kl sljurncn uon nolnn hopdrtnctl, pdhs lssls oltnknkds cd pdklrd

slr nelssnkds pdr plssdns cd nutdrhznkns.

;.>.5 \thbhznd kl KA[

Lo uo shstlon klebduk stdrnjl, ds knkds sd nronzlcnkds lo khvlrsds cs. Nssho, uo

prdgblon qul dedrrl, n bdenbhznd klssls knkds. Klvl-sl anvlr uon lstrntjhn pnrn sl klchr

tnctd pnrn lo qunb c uo elrtd knkd slr nronzlcnkd, nssho edod, kl qunb bdenb slr pdssvlb

rleuplrnr lssl knkd rnphknolctl, slo tdrcnr n gusen eustdsn du blctn.

N sdbud nkdtnkn pnrn lstl prdgblon n uthbhznd kl uon khstrhgutlk ansa tngbl (KA[)

(Gnbn`rhsacnclt nb.,7==5). Edod d prprhd cdol khz, uon KA[ cd cnkn onhs qul uon

lstruturn kl tnglbn kl ansakhstrhgukn lo vrhds cs. \on KA[ thphenolctl edcto kuns

dplrnls gshens9 hcslrd kl dgiltds (put), cd qunb sl nssdehn uon eanvl n uo knkd dgiltd l

lssl dgiltd nronzlcnkd cn tnglbn0 l rleuplrnd (jlt) cn qunb, n pnrthr kn eanvl kl uo dgiltd,


37/69

56 ;.>. KLEHULU NW^\H[L[\WNHU

qul edcalehkn, pdkl-sl rleuplrnr nqulbl dgiltd cn KA[.

Lo jlrnb, ds nbjdrhtods kl KA[ bhkno edo trs prdgblons gsheds9

Onplnr eanvls edo cs kl fdron gnbncelnkn9 Enkn c klvl edctlr nprdxhonkn-

olctl n olson quncthknkl kl knkds pnrn lvhtnr prdgblons kl sdgrlenrjn kl uo knkd

c. Jlrnbolctl lssl prdgblon rlsdbvhkd uthbhznckd uon fucd kl ansatnctd pnrn

n hklcthend kd cs (lx9 d lcklrld H] kd c) qunctd pnrn n eanvl lo qulstd, l

flhtn uon edrrlbnd lctrl lbls0

Wlkhrlehdcnr uon rlquhshd pnrn d c edrrltd9 ^unbqulr c qul rlelgl uon

rlquhshd pnrn uo knkd c, klvl tlr n enpnehknkl kl rlkhrlehdcnr n rlquhshd pnrn

d c edrrltd. Lssl rlkhrlehdcnolctd pdkl edctlr vrhds snbtds nt sl nbencnr d c

lo qulstd0 l Edcstruhr tnglbns kl rdtns9]nrn rlkhrlehdcnr ns rlquhshls, enkn c klvl edcalelr

ds slus cs onhs prxhods. \o lxlopbd pnrn lssl ensd n khspdshd kl cs lo

nchs, dckl enkn c edcalel d prxhod, l pdkl rlkhrlehdcnr olcsnjlcs nt qul n

olson nbencel slu klsthcntrhd.

]nrn n nrquhtlturn prdpdstn dptdu-sl pdr uthbhznr uo lsqulon shohbnr nd Nonzdc Ky-

cnodKG(KlEnckhnlt nb.,7==:) qul uthbhznkd pnrn uo shstlon kl nronzlcnolctd kl knkds

lo ebduk. Clssl lsqulon, ds knkds l oltnknkds sd khstrhgukds lo vrhds cs, l enkn c

rlspdcsvlb plbd sugedciuctd kl ansals. Uuns rlspdcsnghbhknkls hcebulo nronzlcnolctd,

rlpbhend l gusen. Lssn ngdrknjlo slr klserhtn lo onhdrls kltnbals cn sld ;.5.

Ns prhcehpnhs vnctnjlcs klssn klehsd nrquhtlturnb sd n lsenbnghbhknkl, i qul ds knkds sd

nronzlcnkds kl fdron khstrhgukn l cd a uo c elctrnb pnrn rlelglr ns rlquhshls, l n tdblrc-

ehn n fnbans, vhstd qul cd a uo pdctd ched kl fnban. Nbo khssd ds shstlons kl KA[ trntno

prdgblon edod n lctrnkns l fnbans kl cs, cds qunhs ns tupbns klvlo slr rlnbdenkns pnrn cdvds

cs lo ensd kl klsedclxd kl nbjuo c du n lctrnkn kl cdvds cs cn rlkl0 l pdr o, tlopd kl

rlspdstn, edcshklrnckd qul nbjdrhtods kl plsquhsn kl rleursds cuon KA[ dthohzno d tlopd kl

gusen kl rleursds.\on prldeupnd lo rlbnd n lssn klehsd slrhn lo rlbnd sljurncn, uon vlz qul uo

njlctl onb hctlcehdcnkd pdklrhn sl pnssnr pdr uo c pnrn rlelglr du dgtlr knkds edcklcehnhs.

Nbo khssd, kl nedrkd edo d tldrlon kl Grlwlr (Jhbglrt nck Bycea,7==7) hopdssvlb onctlr

n edcshstcehn kds knkds l shoubtnclnolctl onctlr n sun khstrhguhd l n khspdchghbhknkl.

;.>.; Edctrdbl kl Nelssd

\on prldeupnd edcstnctl loEbduk Utdrnjl, n sljurncn kds knkds. \o shstlon

kl edctrdbl kl nelssd clelssrhd tnctd pnrn prdtljlr n edcklcehnbhknkl kds nrquhvds clbl

nronzlcnkds, edod lvhtnr qul uo njlctl onbhehdsd rlodvn nrquhvds kl jrnckl vnbhn.


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5: ;.7. DWHLC[ND N ULWVHDU

Nbo khssd, uon fucehdcnbhknkl hopdrtnctl pnrn lssl shstlon d edopnrthbanolctd kl nrquhvds,

qul plrohtl qul uo usurhd edcelkn du rlvdjul nelssd n dutrds usurhds.

Fhcnbolctl, ds oltnknkds kd shstlon tnogo prlehsno slr oncthkds lo sljurncn, pdhs ntrnvs

klbls pdssvlb rlodctnr d shstlon kl nrquhvd kds usurhds kd shstlon.\on pdssvlb sdbud pnrn nelssd n nrquhvds l edopnrthbanolctd, hopblolctnr uo shstlon

kl edctrdbl kl nelssdkhserhehdcrhd(Unckau nck Unonrnth,>88;). Lo uo shstlon kl nelssd

khserhehdcrhd, enkn usurhd tlo uo edciuctd kl nutdrhznls sdgrl enkn dgiltd, qul, cd ensd kd

shstlon prdpdstd, slrhno ds nrquhvds, l ds odkds kl nelssd qul nqulbl usurhd tlo nelssd, tnhs

edod lserhtn du blhturn. ]nrn enkn nelssd kltlrohcnkd dgiltd, vlrhenkd sl lxhstl nbjuon

nutdrhznd pnrn nqulbl thpd kl nelssd nd dgiltd plbd usurhd. Ul lxhstl, d nelssd plrohthkd,

ensd edctrrhd, cljnkd.

Nbo khssd enkn prdprhltrhd kl uo rleursd, tlo d khrlhtd kl odkhenr ns nutdrhznls pnrn enkn

usurhd, jnrncthckd nelssd du rlvdjnckd ensd clelssrhd.

]nrn sl hopblolctnr lssl edctrdbl kl nelssd klvl-sl uthbhznr erhptdjrnn kl knkds. Lssls knkds

klvlo slr lcerhptnkds kl fdron qul nplcns d kdcd du nbjuo nutdrhznkd n lssls knkds tlcano

nelssd nds olsods.

\on vnctnjlo ebnrn klssn klehsd d nuolctd kn sljurncn kd shstlon, qul cd anvhn shkd

prhdrhznkn lo clcauon kns klehsls nctlrhdrls. ]dro, d eustd klssl edctrdbl kl nelssd, sdonkd

edo n lcerhptnd l klerhptnd kl knkds, edcsuohr onhs rleursds kd shstlon, hopnetnckd

cljnthvnolctl cd tlopd kl rlspdstn, cn lsenbnghbhknkl l cn uthbhznd kl rleursds.

;.7 Drhlctnd n Ulrvhds

Edod fdh klodcstrnkd cn sld nctlrhdr, n nrquhtlturn lo edcelpd klvlr uthbhznr d

pnrnkhjon kl drhlctnd n slrvhds. ]drtnctd, klvl-sl bhstnr tdkds ds slrvhds qul fnrd pnrtl kn

nrquhtlturn l edod lbls hrd sl rlbnehdcnr lctrl sh. [nogo fdh klehkhkd uthbhznr uon ngdrknjlo

edo d pnkrd kl prdiltd kl enonkn kl slrvhds pnrn qul d shstlon tlcan uon drjnchznd

kl cljehd onhs ebnrn, nbo kl slr uon fdron kl lcenpsubnr n bjhen kl tdkn uon enonkn kl

slrvhds, edctrhguhckd nhckn onhs pnrn d gnhxd nedpbnolctd kd shstlon.

;.7.> Enonkns kl Ulrvhds

N Fhjurn;.>odstrn n khvhsd bjhen kds slrvhds kd shstlon. N enonkn fucknolctnb

kd shstlon n enonkn klslrvhds gsheds. Lssn enonkn rlspdcsvlb plbd nronzlcnolctd,

rleuplrnd l rlshbhcehn kl knkds l oltnknkds kd shstlon. Lbn tlr n fucd kl enonkn kl

plrshstcehn pnrn ns klonhs enonkns, slckd uon pbntnfdron pnrn ns dutrns enonkns nronzlcnrlo

knkds l oltnknkds. Ds knkds nronzlcnkds cn enonkn kl slrvhds gshed sd tupbns eanvl-vnbdr.

Ds vnbdrls sd snbvds kl fdron grutn, edod uo strlnoklgytls, slo anvlr qunbqulr ncbhsl du

slocthen nssdehnkn. Nehon kn enonkn kl slrvhds gsheds, lcedctrn-sl n enonkn kl slrvhds


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51 ;.7. DWHLC[ND N ULWVHDU

Fhjurl ;.>9Khvhsd lo enonkn kl slrvhds

hopdrtnctls, du kl nronzlcnolctd kl nrquhvds. ]dr olhd klssn enonkn pdssvlb sl onctlr uo

shstlon kl nrquhvds kl cuvlo, edo tdkns ns dplrnls gshens sdgrl nrquhvds vhrtunhs, tnhs edod

lcvhnr nrquhvds, rleuplrnr nrquhvds, edopnrthbanr nrquhvds, rlcdolnr nrquhvds, lte. N enonkn

kl slrvhds hopdrtnctls uthbhzn ds slrvhds gsheds edod pbntnfdron pnrn snbvnr ds nrquhvds,

khvhkhckd-ds loeauc`s, nssho edod lo uo shstlon kl nrquhvds khstrhgukds (Gdea,7=>7).

]dr o, lxhstl n enonkn kl slrvhds klslivlhs, qul uthbhzn ns enonkns kl slrvhds gsheds l

hopdrtnctls pnrn lxleutnr dplrnls nkhehdcnhs pnrn uo shstlon kl ebduk, qul pdklo njrljnr

fucehdcnbhknkls, dflrlelckd nbjucs khflrlcehnhs pnrn ds usurhds. Lxlopbds kl slrvhds kl-

slivlhs sd9 hcklxnd kl edctlkd, klkupbhend, rledolcknd kl edctlkd, flrrnolctns

nkohchstrnthvns, lctrl dutrds.

N enonkn kl slrvhds klslivlhs lst fdrn kd lsedpd, l cd slr ngdrkn lo kltnbals clstl

trngnbad.

Fhcnbolctl, pnrn qul d ebhlctl l ns enonkns sl edouchqulo uthbhznods uo gnrrnolctd kl

slrvhd (Lctlrprhsl Ulrvlr G us- LUG), qul vhsn rlodvlr d nedpbnolctd lctrl ds slrvhds l ds

olhd kl trncspdrtl, tdrcnckd n npbhend onhs lxvlb pnrn uon lvlctunb trden kl tlecdbdjhn kledouchend.

Edo n klchd kns enonkns kl slrvhds, pdssvlb lstnglblelr n edopdshd kns olsons lo

uo cvlb onhdr kl jrncubnrhknkl, qul sd ds slrvhds lo sh.

;.7.7 Klserhd kds slrvhds

Nctlrhdrolctl, fdrno nprlslctnkns ns enonkns kl slrvhds qul edoplo n nrquhtlturn.

Njdrn, slrd nprlslctnkds ds slrvhds qul edoplo enkn enonkn.

N Fhjurn;.7odstrn tdkds ds slrvhds qul edoplo ns enonkns cn nrquhtlturn kd shstlon.

Cn enonkn kl slrvhds gsheds pdklods dgslrvnr quntrd slrvhds, bhstnkds9


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58 ;.7. DWHLC[ND N ULWVHDU

Fhjurl ;.79Bhstnjlo kds Ulrvhds

Nronzlcnolctd kl knkds9Clstl slrvhd sd nronzlcnkd d edctlkd kds nrquhvds.

Ds edctlkds clbl hcslrhkds sd nronzlcnkds ntrnvs kl uon tupbn eanvl-vnbdr, euin

eanvl uoansaenbeubnkd pdr qunbqulr nbjdrhtod edcalehkd, edod pdr lxlopbd, d

ok. Ds knkds clbls hcslrhkds sd edcshklrnkds houtvlhs, uon vlz qul

nd sl nbtlrnr d edctlkd kd nrquhvd, sluansaslr odkhenkd.

Nronzlcnolctd kl oltnknkds9Clstl slrvhd sd nronzlcnkds oltnknkds sdgrl

d nrquhvd l d shstlon lo sh. Lbl hopblolctn uo gnced kl knkds eanvl-vnbdr. [hphen-olctl slr nronzlcnkd edod eanvl uo hklcthenkdr ched pnrn nqulbl dgiltd (edod

pdr lxlopbd, d bdjhc pnrn d ensd kl nronzlcnolctd kl uo usurhd), iuctnolctl

edo d dgiltd edod vnbdr. Enkn dgiltd, tlr supdrtl n vlrshdcnolctd, pdrtnctd slr

pdssvlb sl dgtlr uo ahstrhed kl tdkns ns nbtlrnls kl enkn dgiltd, l tnogo

pdssvlb lvhtnr hcedcshstcehns klvhkd n lserhtns rlplthkns.

]rdeurn kl rleursds9Clstl slrvhd flhtd dbdd`upkl dgiltds dueauc`snronzlcn-

kds cd shstlon, uthbhznckd n KA[, du qunbqulr dutrn hopblolctnd kl nronzlcn-

olctd kl dgiltds qul pdssn sl uthbhznr pdstlrhdrolctl. Ds slrvhds kl nronzlcnolctdkl knkds l kl oltnknkds clelsshtno kn prdeurn kl rleursds pnrn bdenbhznr dgiltds.

Wlshbhcehn kl knkds9 Lssl slrvhd tlo d dgilthvd kl jnrncthr qul cd anin hcedc-

shstcehn du hckhspdchghbhknkl kl eauc`s du dgiltds nronzlcnkds cn enonkn kl

slrvhds gsheds. Lbn rlspdcsvlb plbn tdblrcehn n fnbans kl tdkd d shstlon.

I n enonkn kl slrvhds hopdrtnctls, edopdstn plbds slrvhds qul iuctds edoplo uo

shstlon kl nrquhvds khstrhgukds. Ud lbls9

Jlrlcehnolctd kl usurhds9 Wlspdcsvlb plbd enknstrd l edctrdbl kl usurhds.Dplrnls edod hcebuhr usurhds, nbtlrnr suns hcfdronls l lxebusd kl usurhds

klplcklo klssl okubd.


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;= ;.7. DWHLC[ND N ULWVHDU

Eauc`9Wlspdcsvlb plbd nronzlcnolctd kd edctlkd kds nrquhvds qulgrnkds lo

plknds (eauc`s) glo edod ds oltnknkds klsslseauc`s, tnhs edod pdshd, tnoncad

lansa.

Nutlcthend9Wlspdcsvlb plbn vlrhend kl hklcthknkls kds usurhds nd nelssnr

d shstlon. ]dr olhd klbl, d usurhd pdkl sl hklcthenr ntrnvs, pdr lxlopbd, kl uo

cdol kl usurhd l slcan.

Edctrdbl kl nelssd9Wlspdcsvlb plbn nutdrhznd l nukhtdrhn kd shstlon. Dgilthvn

hoplkhr qul cd dedrrn nelssd cd nutdrhznkd n nrquhvds, nssho edod rljhstrnr tdkns

ns dplrnls kl sljurncns erthens cd shstlon.

Nrquhvds9Wlspdcsvlb plbd enknstrd kl nrquhvds ntrnvs kl oltnknkds tnhs edod

cdol, tnoncad, kntn kl odkhend, nssho edod plbd edopnrthbanolctd kl nrquhvdslctrl usurhds.

N rlprlslctnd kn enonkn kl slrvhds klslivlhs cd lst edopbltn, ds slrvhds rlprl-

slctnkds sd nplcns nbjuons kns pdsshghbhknkls kl cdvds slrvhds qul sl pdkl hopblolctnr cn

pbntnfdron klebduk stdrnjl. Enkn slrvhd rlprlslctnkd pdkl vhr n slr uo shstlon edopbltd qul

pdkl slr hctljrnkd edo d ledsshstlon kn cuvlo kl nronzlcnolctd. Lhs nbjucs lxlopbds kl

slrvhds klslivlhs9

Gusen l hcklxnd9 Lo uo shstlon kl ebduk stdrnjl, nd sl lcvhnr nrquhvds pnrnn cuvlo, pdssvlb lxleutnr n lxtrnd kl ckhels sdgrl ds nrquhvds l nronzlc-

bds pnrn futurnolctl rleuplr-bds plsquhsnckd, pdr lxlopbd, pdr pnbnvrns eanvl

(Oneankd,7=>5).

Wledolcknd9Gnslnkd cds ckhels kl nrquhvds, l cns prlflrcehns kds usurhds,

lstl slrvhd pdkl rledolcknr dpls kl nrquhvds pnrn d usurhd (Wdkrhjuls,7=>;).

Klkupbhend9Ntrnvs klssl slrvhd, pdssvlb lvhtnr d nronzlcnolctd kl nrquhvds

du plknds kl nrquhvds rlplthkds, ledcdohznckd nssho d nronzlcnolctd l trfljdkl knkds (Udnrls,7=>5).

[nrhfnd9Lssl slrvhd uthbhznkd plbd ebduk prdvhklrdu ebduk grd`lrpnrn tnrhfnr

dsebduk edcsuolrlo gnsl cn uthbhznd kd slrvhd (Uhbvn,7=>5).

Hcstruolctnd9Lssl slrvhd pdkl slr uthbhznkd iuctnolctl edo n tnrhfnd pnrn sl

olcsurnr n quncthknkl kl nronzlcnolctd, trfljd l uthbhznd kl rleursds lo jlrnb

plbdebduk edcsuolr.

Edod lsplehenkd nctlrhdrolctl, lssn bhstn cd lxnusthvn, clo tlo lssl dgilthvd. Ns pdsshghbh-

knkls kl sl hopblolctnr cdvds slrvhds sd hbhohtnkns.


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;> ;.5. VHUD JLWNB KN NW^\H[L[\WN

;.5 Vhsd Jlrnb kn nrquhtlturn

\on vlz qul fdh lxpdstd edod ds slrvhds lstd drjnchznkds l l rlbnehdcnkds lctrl sh,

slrd odstrnkns ns vhsls nrquhtlturnhs kd shstlon, hchehnckd pdr uon vhsd jlrnb kn nrquhtlturn,pnrn pdstlrhdrolctl, sl nprlslctnr enkn edopdclctl kn nrquhtlturn edo onhdr rhqulzn kl

kltnbals.

N Fhjurn;.5odstrn d khnjrnon kl lstruturn edopdstn kn nrquhtlturn. Lbn khvhkhkn lo kdhs

okubds. D prholhrd d okubd kl nronzlcnolctd gshed, qul fdh nprlslctnkd edo n prholhrn

enonkn kl slrvhds kd shstlon. Lbn edopdstn pdr uon KA[ l prdv uon hctlrfnel pnrn d

nronzlcnolctd kl knkds, l dutrn pnrn d nronzlcnolctd kl oltnknkds. Cn sljuckn enonkn,

Fhjurl ;.59Vhsd kn lstruturn hctlrcn

lcedctrn-sl n enonkn kl nronzlcnolctd kl nrquhvds. Lbn edopdstn plbds ehced edopdclctls

qul fdrono d shstlon kl nrquhvds lo cuvlo9 Nutlcthend, Eauc`, Edctrdbl kl Nelssd,


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;7 ;.5. VHUD JLWNB KN NW^\H[L[\WN

Jlrlcehnolctd kl nrquhvds l jlrlcehnolctd kl usurhds. N fucd kl enkn edopdclctl klssn

bhstn ncbdjn nds slrvhds kl olsod cdol nprlslctnkns cd htlo nctlrhdr. D okubd rlqulr

ns hctlrfnels kl nronzlcnolctd kl knkds l nronzlcnolctd kl oltnknkds, pdro, nplcns d

edopdclctl kdEauc`kl fntd uthbhzn n hctlrfnel kl nronzlcnolctd kl knkds.Cn Fhjurn;.; nprlslctnkn n vhsd kl hopbnctnd kn nrquhtlturn. Lctrl d ebhlctl kdebduk

stdrnjll n enonkn kl slrvhds pdklo sl hopbnctnr gnbncelnkdrls kl enrjn, qul to d dgilthvd

kl edctrdbnr n quncthknkl kl rlquhshls qul enkn c rlelgl, khohcuhckd nssho n sdgrlenrjn kl

slrvhkdrls l olbadrnckd d tlopd kl rlspdstn. Cn enonkn kl nronzlcnolctd kl nrquhvds, ds

Fhjurl ;.;9Vhsd kl Hopbnctnd

slrvhds qul lxhjhrlo onhs rleursds pdklo slr rlpbhenkds. Lstl uo glclfehd kn uthbhznd


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;5 ;.;. ENONKN KL ULWVHDU GUHEDU

kd pnrnkhjon UDN. Ulckd enkn slrvhdstntlblss>, pdssvlb rlpbhe-bds pnrn tlr uon olbadr

lsenbnghbhknkl.

;.; Enonkn kl Ulrvhds Gsheds

N pnrthr klstn sld, slrd kltnbankns ns sugkhvhsls kn nrquhtlturn, edolnckd plbn

enonkn kl slrvhds gsheds. Edcfdrol nprlslctnkd nctlrhdrolctl, n enonkn kl nronzlcnolctd

gshed tlo d dgilthvd kl nronzlcnr tupbns edopdstns pdr uon eanvl nssdehnkn n uo vnbdr.

Lstl vnbdr edopdstd pdr uon pdrd kl knkds ghcrhns slo qunbqulr ncbhsl slocthen sdgrl

lbns. Lstn rlspdcsnghbhknkl kl slrhnbhznd l klsslrhnbhznd kl dgiltds hctlhrnolctl kns

enonkns kl ehon. Klvhkd n lssl edopdrtnolctd, lssn enonkn pdkl slr klcdohcnkn tnogo kl

Nronzlcnolctd Gshed.Ds vnbdrls nhckn edctno edo uo colrd kl vlrsd. Lstl colrd kl vlrsd uo colrd

slqulcehnb qul hcerlolctnkd n enkn odkhend kn tupbn. Lbl vhsn tnctd rleuplrnr vlrsls

nctlrhdrls pnrn cs kl nukhtdrhn, edod lvhtnr hcedcshstcehn lo ensd kl nelssds edcedrrlctls

pnrn lserhtn.

N Fhjurn;.Ulrvhds stntlblss sd nqulbls qul cd junrkno qunbqulr hcfdrond sdgrl d ebhlctl edcletnkd. Jlrnbolctlslu uxd edopdstd pdr uon rlquhshd drhuckn kd ebhlctl nedopncankn kl uon rlspdstn kd slrvhkdr, slo qul dslrvhkdr junrkl lo olorhn qunbqulr hcfdrond sdgrl d ebhlctl.


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;; ;.;. ENONKN KL ULWVHDU GUHEDU

Fhjurl ;.


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;< ;.;. ENONKN KL ULWVHDU GUHEDU

oquhcn lo qul d c kl nronzlcnolctd lst lo lxleud. ]dro, lssn ngdrknjlo lxvlb

d suehlctl pnrn sl sugsthtuhr d lcjlcad kl nronzlcnolctd pdr qunbqulr dutrn pbntnfdron

qul pdssn nronzlcnr eanvls l vnbdrls, edod, pdr lxlopbd, uo gnced kl knkds lo olorhn

(Jnrehn-Odbhcn nck Unblo,>887) olbadrnckd nssho d tlopd kl rlspdstn kd c.Ds cs lstd drjnchznkds lo nclb, kl fdron n gnbncelnr n enrjn lo enkn c l onctlr d cvlb kl

rlpbhend. Edod nprlslctnkd cns klehsls nrquhtlturnhs, lstn lstrntjhn fdh gnslnkn cd nbjdrhtod

klserhtd plbd KycnodKG (KlEnckhnlt nb.,7==:).

D lspnd nodstrnb kl tdkds ds ansalspdssvlhs pnrn uo knkd qunbqulr khvhkhkd hjunbolctl

pdr enkn c kl nronzlcnolctd. N hcfdrond kl qunhsansalsplrtlcelo n enkn c khstrhgukn

plbn rlkl.

Nd nronzlcnr uo pnr eanvl-vnbdr, edcalehkd d c n qul nqulbl ansaplrtlcel. Lctd, d

pnr lcvhnkd qulbl c. N pnrthr kn, d c rlspdcsvlb pdr onctlr C rpbhens knqulbl knkd,

rlpbhenckd pnrn ds C-> cs nkinelctls cd nclb, slckd qul C uo colrd nrghtrrhd lsedbahkd

nd sl hopbnctnr uo shstlon. ]dro hopdrtnctl rlssnbtnr qul qunctd onhdr C, onhdr slr n

edcnghbhknkl l onhdr slr d tlopd kl rlspdstn.

]lrhdkhenolctl, enkn c ealen ds cs nkinelctls edo d dgilthvd kl vlrhenr sl ns rpbhens

lxhstlo l sl a lvlctunhs hcedcshstcehns lctrl ds cs. Lo uo klssls ensds, d prdgblon klvl slr

edrrhjhkd fnzlckd cdvns rpbhens kns tupbns du nhckn sdgrlserlvlckd lvlctunhs hcedcshstcehns.

I cn blhturn, n rlquhshd flhtn plbd c rlspdcsvlb plbd ansakn eanvl euid knkd sl qulr dgtlr.

Lssl c hr edopnrnr d knkd nronzlcnkd clbl prprhd edo ds C-> nkinelctls nctls kl rltdrcnr d

vnbdr. \on lserhtn glo suelkhkn, sl d knkd fdh lserhtd lo Z cs, l uon blhturn glo suelkhkn,

sl d olsod vnbdr fdh bhkd lo W cs. Dckl Z l W tnogo sd colrd nrghtrrhds qul snthsfnzlo

n edckhd9 W+Z3C

Edod fdh klodcstrnkd ntrnvs kl lxplrholctds lo (KlEnckhnlt nb.,7==:), cd KycnodKG,

lssls vnbdrls kl W, Z l C sd rlsplethvnolctl 7, 7 l 5, d qul jnrnctl gdcs rlsubtnkds lo rlbnd

khspdchghbhknkl, plrfdroncel, edcshstcehn l kurnghbhknkl. ]drtnctd, pnrn d nronzlcnolctd kl

oltnknkds, lssls olsods vnbdrls slrd usnkds.

I pnrn d nronzlcnolctd kl knkds cd a n clelsshknkl kl sl fnzlr n blhturn kl onhs kl uo eauc`

hjunb, pdhs edod klebnrnkd nctls, eauc`ssd houtvlhs. Clssl ensd, uon blhturn suehlctl.]drtnctd pnrn snthsfnzlr ns edckhls lsplehenkns, ds vnbdrls kl W,Z l C slrhno >, 5 l 5

rlsplethvnolctl.

Cn Fhjurn;.:,pdklods dgslrvnr uo khnjrnon kl slqucehn pnrn n dplrnd kl nronzlcnolctd

kl uo pnr eanvl-vnbdr cn KA[. D slrvhd kl nronzlcnolctd kl knkds du oltnknkds slblehdcn d

c prhcehpnb pnrn nqulbl knkd, l lstl nronzlcn cd prprhd lcjlcad kl nronzlcnolctd, l lcvhn d

eauc`pnrn ds C-> cs nkinelctls.

D khnjrnon kn Fhjurn;.1odstrn ns ebnssls onhs hopdrtnctls lo uo c kl nronzlcnolctd. Dc prdv uon hctlrfnel qul plrohtl nronzlcnr du rleuplrnr knkds, l edcto uon vhsd kn KA[

edod uo tdkd, pdhs cd odolctd lo qul uo c lctrn du klhxn n KA[, n lstruturn kd nclb pdkl


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;6 ;.


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;: ;.


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;1 ;.=odstrn n vhsd kl khnjrnon kl ebnssls kn enonkn kl Ulrvhds Hopdrtnctls,

odstrnckd ns prhcehpnhs dplrnls kl enkn edctrdbblr. [nogo pdssvlb dgslrvnr qul tdkds

dsedctrdbblrsto nelssd nd nronzlcnolctd kl oltnknkds. Nbo khssd, deauc` edctrdbblr d

chededctrdbblrqul uthbhzn d slrvhd kl nronzlcnolctd kl knkds.

Fhjurl ;.>=9Khnjrnon kl ebnssls kd bl stdrnjl

]nrn lxlopbhenr, pdklods dgslrvnr n dplrnd kl nronzlcnolctd kl nrquhvds odstrnkn cd

khnjrnon kl slqucehn kn Fhjurn;.>>. D ebhlctl lcvhn dseauc`spnrn deauc` edctrdbblruo n

uo. ]nrn enkneauc`, d edctrdbblrsnbvn ds knkds kd eauc`(pnrtl kd edctlkd kd nrquhvd) l ds

oltnknkds kd olsod. Nps d lcvhd kd bthodeauc`, d ebhlctl cnbhzn dgne`uplcvhnckd ds

oltnknkds rlflrlctls nd nrquhvd l nds eauc`spnrn d slrvhd kl jlrlcehnolctd kl nrquhvds, qul,

pdr sun vlz, snbvnr oltnknkds cd nronzlcnolctd kl oltnknkds.


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;8 ;.6. ODKLBD KL KNKDU

Fhjurl ;.>>9Khnjrnon kl slqucehn kl uo gne`up kl nrquhvd

;.6 Odklbd kl Knkds

Edod vhstd nctlrhdrolctl, n nrquhtlturn nronzlcn oltnknkds lo pnrls cuon KA[,

edopdckd nssho uo shstlon kl jlrlcehnolctd kl gnced kl knkds kd thpd eanvl-vnbdr. Nodklbnjlo klssl gnced, fdh flhtn uthbhznckd ns techens klodcstrnkns lo@ntsdv(7=>7). N

Fhjurn;.>7odstrn n odklbnjlo kd gnced. ]lrelgl-sl qul a uon lstruturn kl rvdrl dckl uo

usurhd pdssuh uo khrltrhd hchehnb, enkn khrltrhd pdssuh uon bhstn kl khrltrhds l kl nrquhvds.

Enkn nrquhvd, pdr sun vlz, edopdstd pdr uo edciuctd kl eauc`s. ]dr dutrd bnkd, enkn usurhd

tnogo pdssuh uon bhstn kl edopnrthbanolctds, qul bhstn ns rlflrcehns kds nrquhvds qul fdrno

edopnrthbankds pdr lbl l edo lbl. Nbo khssd, cd gnced kl knkds tnogo edcstn uon bhstn kl

usurhds nutlcthenkds edo slu klvhkd td`lc, l uon bhstn kl eanvls kl sljurncn, qul slr olbadr

lxpbhenkn nkhnctl.

Ds vnbdrls kns eanvls lstd junrknkds edod strhcjs cd fdrontd IUDC (IUDC,7=>;) qul uo

fdrontd lxtlcsvlb, bljvlb pdr auoncds l onhs lehlctl qul d QOB.

Edo lxeld kds vnbdrls rlbnthvds n usurhds nutlcthenkds l eanvls kl sljurncn, tdkds ds knkds

sd erhptdjrnfnkds edo n eanvl kd usurhd, edo d dgilthvd kl nssljurnr n edcklcehnbhknkl kl

slus knkds.

;.: Uljurncn

Edod lsplehenkd nctls, ds oltnknkds rlbnthvds nd usurhd sd lcerhptnkds. Clstn sld,

slr kltnbankd d prdiltd kn sljurncn kn nrquhtlturn.


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79Odklbd kl

Uma Arquitetura de Cloud Storage para Backup de Arquivos

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