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Prof. Pier Luca Lanzi
A Short History of VideogamesVideogame Design and Programming
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Prof. Pier Luca Lanzi
Videogame Industry Today
Entertainment Software Association!
http://www.theesa.com!
http://www.theesa.com/facts/pdfs/ESA_EF_2011.pdf
Newzoohttp://www.newzoo.com/ENG/1591-2011_Revenue_Report.html
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Videogame Industry Today!
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Prof. Pier Luca Lanzi
Videogame Industry Today!
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Prof. Pier Luca Lanzi
Europe
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Prof. Pier Luca Lanzi
Books
The Rough Guide to Videogames by Kate Berens,Geoff Howard (Sep 8, 2008)
Vintage Games: An Insider Look at the History ofGrand Theft Auto, Super Mario, and the Most
Influential Games of All Time by Bill Loguidice
and Matt Barton (Mar 4, 2009)
The Ultimate History of Video Games: FromPong to PokemonThe Story Behind the Craze
That Touched Our Lives and Changed the World
by Steven L. Kent (Oct 2, 2001)
Replay: The History of Video Games by TristanDonovan (Apr 20, 2010)
Masters of Doom: How Two Guys Created an
Empire and Transformed Pop Culture David
Kushner (Amazon)
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Movies
Get Lamp!
King of Kong
Chasing Ghosts
High Score
Once Upon Atari
Intellivision Lives
Rise of the Video Games Video Game Revolution
Video Game Invasion The History Of A Global Obsession
History Of Video Games
Video Games The Story of Computer Games
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When Everything Started?How did we arrived here?
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1958
Brookhaven National Lab physicist WillyHiginbotham invents interactive table-tennis-like game on an oscilloscope to
keep visitors from getting bored.
Believing that he hasn't invented anything,
Higinbotham doesn't patent the device.
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bW-WAuhEn5E
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6PG2mdU_i8k
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1961
Spacewar. MIT student Steve Russell createsSpacewar, the first interactive computer game,on a Digital PDP-1
Spacewar used new teletype terminals withCRT screens to display the graphics. Program
is 9K bytes.
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http://youtube.com/watch?v=g56ptrkY3E0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7bzWnaH-0sg
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1971 The first coin-operated game
Galaxy Game, a clone of Spacewar!, atStanford University. The first coin-operatedgame, based on a PDP-11/20 (DEC).
Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney complete
Computer Space, a clone of Spacewar!
Nutting Associates, a coin-op manufacturer,
releases the first arcade video game
(Computer Space) but public finds it toodifficult to play.
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1969-1972 The first Console
The first prototypal was built by Ralph Baer in 1969 and thensold to Magnavox
In 1972 Magnavox place on the market the first console of thehistory, Magnavox Odissey
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Magnavox Odyssey
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7bzWnaH-0sg
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Atari Pong
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X53eJ8AWQ9Y
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1976
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1976
Fairchild Camera & Instrument releases its Video
Entertainment System (later renamed Channel
F), the first programmable home game console.
Cartridges are born.
Exidy Games releases Death Race 2000, a drivinggame based on a 1975 movie of the same name.
Public outcry against video game violence gains
national attention, and the game is taken off the
market.
Breakout, Atari Inc., 1976. Designed by Atari's40th employee Steve Jobs, aided by videogame
enthusiast Steve Wozniak. The two later wenton to found Apple Computer, using parts
"borrowed" from Atari to build their first
prototype.
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Prof. Pier Luca Lanzi
Fairchild Channel F
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KisYfjDJVqE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AORfkwIYKP8
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Prof. Pier Luca Lanzi
Dead Race
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sLI6AQUMElo
1978 The Golden Age
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Prof. Pier Luca Lanzi
1978 The Golden Age
Atari releases the arcade game Football.The game features a revolutionary newcontroller called the trackball.
Midway imports Space Invaders fromTaito. Space Invaders gives you a goal bydisplaying the current high score for you tobeat.
Atari begins selling its line of 400 and 800computers to compete against Apple. Thepublic, however, associates Atari withgames, and the computers are never takenseriously.
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Prof. Pier Luca Lanzi
Space Invaders
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QObneYZIdKI
1979 L L d & A id
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Prof. Pier Luca Lanzi
1979 Lunar Lander & Asteroid
Atari releases Lunar Lander, its firstvector graphics game.
Despite Lunar Lander's popularity,Atari halts production of the gameand begins releasing Asteroids in
the Lunar Lander cabinets.
Asteroids introduces a new featureto arcades: High scorers can entertheir three-character initials at the
end of the game.
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Lunar Lander
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IA00gtKia5s
Asteroid
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZfsnA7dAHI
1980
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Prof. Pier Luca Lanzi
1980
Several VCS programmers leave Atari in a dispute over game creditsand form Activision, the first "third -party developer" and now a rivalVCS software house.
While Atari doesn't give individual programmers credit for theirwork, Activision recognizes individual game developers by including
their names on the game packaging and in the marketing efforts.
Atari coin-op designer Ed Rottberg creates Battlezone, the first
three-dimensional first-person game. The US government latercommissions an enhanced version of Battlezone for military training
purposes.
Namco releases Pac-Man, the most popular arcade game of all time.Originally named Puck Man, the game is renamed after executivessee the potential for vandals Pac-Man becomes the first video game
to be popular with both males and females.
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Prof. Pier Luca Lanzi
Pac-Man
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jiJ0PkU8t3c
1980
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1980
Williams, a Chicago-based manufacturerof pinball machines, releases Defender,
its first video game.
Designed by Eugene Jarvis, Defenderis a side-scrolling shooter that features
the industry's first virtual world.
Because the monitor can only display a portion of the action, a"radar" at the top of the screen shows the overall picture of
events that are occurring outside the boundaries of the screen.
Defender becomes an immediate hit.
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Prof. Pier Luca Lanzi
Defender
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3pgh8pf5xzA
1981
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Prof. Pier Luca Lanzi
1981
Nintendo artist Shigeru Miyamoto createsDonkey Kong. The hero, originally calledJumpman, is a squat carpenter racing to save
his girlfriend Pauline from a crazed monkey.
Jumpman is later named Mario by Nintendoof America's staff, in honor of his
resemblance to their landlord Mario Segali.
Atari releases Tempest, a color-vector arcadegame based on still-unstable graphicstechnology that is prone to early failure. Themachine attracts crowds of devoted players.
A man dies of a heart attack while playingBerserk - video gaming's only known fatality.
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Donkey Kong
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EhFV5-qbbIw
Tempest
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_QjFPoGNvGI
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9fO-YuWPSk
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDn8oTannUU
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_f68Ho-0dQ
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Prof. Pier Luca Lanzi
TRON
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jp2gGqgn3Fw
1983
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1983
Cinematronics releases Rick Dyer's Dragon's Lair(animated by Don Bluth), the first arcade game to
feature laser-disc technology.
Commodore releases the Commodore 64, aninexpensive but powerful computer that
outperforms any video game console.
With too many products on the shelves from amultitude of publishers, many third-party
companies go out of business. The games fromthese companies are then discounted heavily.
Companies that are still in business cannot
compete against the cheap games, so they wind
up losing money because of unsold inventory.
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Dragons Lair
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uvk8E9RwT5g
1985
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Prof. Pier Luca Lanzi
Nintendo test-markets its NintendoEntertainment System (NES) in NewYork. Retailers are so skeptical aboutvideo games that Nintendo has toagree to buy back all unpurchasedinventory. Armed with a large numberof Nintendo-developed original titlesand arcade games, the NES is a hit in alimited market release.
Russian programmer Alex Pajitnovdesigns Tetris, a simple but addictingpuzzle game that can be played onPCs.
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1991
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Prof. Pier Luca Lanzi
1991
Nintendo releases the Super Famicom in America
and calls the $249 console the Super NES (SNES).Journalists begin to wonder aloud whether Mario
will be enough to convince NES-dedicated parents
to make the investment in a new machine.
Sega unveils Sonic the Hedgehog, which it hopes is aforce that will one day conquer the NES and SNES.
Charmed by the character, critics are quick to
support it but call the choice between Mario and
Sonic a toss-up. Most pick Super Mario World as
the better of the two.
Time Traveler, Sega, 1991. Time Traveler was thefirst of two "Hologram" games that Sega produced.
1993
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Prof. Pier Luca Lanzi
Incensed by the violence inMortal Kombat and Night
Trap, Senators Joseph
Lieberman (Connecticut) and
Herbert Kohl (Wisconsin)
launch a Senate "investigation"into video game violence,
threaten to somehow effect a
ban on "violent" games, and
eventually soften theirdemands and concede to anindustry-wide rating system.
1994
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The Sega Saturn and SonyPlayStation are launched in
Japan. By year's end, critics are
pointing to the PlayStation as
the superior machine.
1994
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1994
The Entertainment SoftwareRating Board (ESRB) isestablished to rate video
games.
Large letter icons appear ongame boxes to letconsumers know the
recommended age of
players for each game andwhether the game is violent
or risqu.
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Mortal Kombat
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bG3sjYA94G4
1996
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1996
The N64 is released in United States. More than 1.7 millionunits are sold in three months, and once-doubtful third-partydevelopers rush to embrace the cartridge medium they hadpreviously questioned, if only to cash in on the immense mediapopularity of the new machine.
Sony sales are said to top $12 million per day through theChristmas shopping season, and the PlayStation holds on to itsworldwide place as the number-one next-generation gameconsole. The video game industry has a highly profitable year,and software prices on 32-bit games begin to show exceptionalvolatility.
1997
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Prof. Pier Luca Lanzi
997
The PlayStation Is the Most Popular Gaming Console Sony releases figuresin April that prove the PlayStation is the most popular gaming system in the
world. The figures show that 5 million units have been sold in Japan, 4
million in the United States, and 2.2 million in Europe. These numbers
nearly double four months later, when the 20 millionth unit is sold. Analysts
believe the PlayStation's popularity will carry it through 1998.
In November 1996, Bandai released the Tamagotchi in Japan. Quicklybecame a national obsession in Japan, selling for hundreds of dollars, well
above its original $16 price tag.
October 4, 1997, Gumpei Yokoi, the inventor of the Game Boy, wasinvolved in a car accident. When the 56-year-old Yokoi stepped out of his
car to inspect the damage, he was hit by another car and was killed.
Although the Game Boy was Yokoi's most successful product, he was also
responsible for the Virtual Boy, and the cross-key directional pad that
eventually replaced the joystick as the controller of choice.
2000 PS2 Arrives 48
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Sony launches the PlayStation 2 in Japan on March 4.
In two days, the company sells 1 million consoles, a newrecord.
As is the case with all Japanese launches, gamers begin lining upoutside stores two days in advance.
Unfortunately, demand exceeds supply and not everybody getsa console, including those who preordered. Robberies ofPlayStation 2s are reported.
2005 49
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Xbox 360 - Release Nov 2005
PS3 - Original intended release Spring 2006- delayed to Nov2006
Nintendo Wii - Planned release Nov 2006
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Other Good Historical Links 52
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http://www.ralphbaer.com
http://www.atarihq.com
http://www.atari-history.com
http://www.gamespot.com/gamespot/features/video/hov/index.html http://www.classicgaming.com http://www.quarterarcade.com
http://www.greatgamedatabase.com
http://www.videotopia.com
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