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REMOTE SENS. ENVIRON. 45:95-106 (1993)

W a t e r Q u a li ty A s s e s s m e n t w ith S i m u l t an e o u sL a n d s a t - 5 T M D a t a a t G u a n a b a r a B a y , R i o d eJ a n e i r o , B r a z i lCldudia Zuccari Fernandes Braga and Alberto W. SetzerDivision o f Rem ote Sensing an d Space Meteorology, National Inst i tute o f Space Research, INPE /DSM ,S~to Josd dos Cam pos, Bra zilLuiz Drude de LacerdaGeochemistry Department, Federal Fluminense University, Niter6i, Brazil

T h i stud y aims at determ ining relat ionships be- also signif icant, were fou nd fo r the low t ide condi-twe en wate r quali ty parameters and digital data t ion. No correlation was fo un d with chlorophyU-afr om the Landsa t-5 Thematic M apper (TM). The concentrations. TM data wer e show n to be ade-stud y area was the G uanabara Bay, in Rio de quate to analyze temperature, Secchi depth, totalJaneiro, Brazil. W ate r samples w ere collected on susp end ed solids, and iron and manganese contentstw o dates, coincident with La ndsat passages, and in the total suspended solids fo r the polluted estu-wh en dif ferent t ide condit ions were present at the ary area studied.Bay. TM Bands 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6, band ratios 1 /3and 2 / 3 , and pr incipa l component analys is o f TMBa n d s 1 -4 were co mp a red wi th in situ measure- INTRODUCTIONme nts a nd labora tory analysis of w ate r samples.Some water qual i ty parameters were very wel l Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Fig. 1), iscorrelated with the digi tal remotely sensed data, a heavily polluted estuary. It has a surface areaespecially dur ing high tide: fo r instance, iron and of about 400 km2 and contains two large harborsmanganese concentrations in total suspended sol- (Rio de Janeiro and Niter6i) of intense traffic withids; sal ini ty and Secchi depth; temperature and nearly 3000 ships per year and 15 oil terminals.Secchi depth; tem perature and total suspended sol- It receives polluted effluents from 24 subbasinsids; total suspended solids and Bands 4 and 6; with about 6000 industries and 7,000,000 inhabit-Secchi depth and Bands 4 and 6; temperature and ants. About 75 % of the organic wastes originateBa nd 6. Lo w er correlation coegfflcients, although from urban sewage and 25% from industries.

Heavy metals and toxic compounds also aboundin the effluents (Lacerda, 1983; FEEMA, 1984).The quality of the water in the Bay is poorlyAddres s cor re spondence to Cktudia Z. F . Braga , Dept . Sens . understood. Due to its large spatial and temporal

R e m ot o M e t e o r o l . E s pac i al , I n s t i tu t o N a t i ona l d e Pe s qu i s a s E s pa c i - variability, caused by the circulation patterns anda is , IN PE /D SM , C . Pos ta l 515, 12201-S. J. Campos , Braz il .Received 19 July 1991; revised 18 O ctober 1992. differences between the waters of each subbasin,0034-4257 / 93 / $6.00Elsevier Science Publishing Co. Inc., 1993655 Avenue o f the Amer icas, New York , NY 10010 9 5

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a g r e a t n u m b e r o f s a m p l i n g p o i n t s i s n e c e s s a r y ( TSS) a n d w a t e r c i r c u l a t i o n p a t t e r n s . Sa i to h e t a l.f o r a d e q u a t e m o n i t o r i n g . H o w e v e r , t h is m o n i t o r - ( 19 7 9 ) a n d M u r a l i k r is h n a ( 19 8 3 ) a ls o u s e d t h ei n g h a s n o t b e e n a lw a y s p o s s i b l e , a n d fo r s o m e r a t io o f MSS B a n d s 4 a n d 5 t o e s t i m a t e t o t a ly e a r s t h e r e a r e n o d a t a . E x i s t i n g d a t a i n d i c a t e s u s p e n d e d s o li d s. T a s s a n (1 9 8 1 ), w o r k i n g w i t hc r it i ca l l e ve l s o f p o l l u ti o n . S e v er a l w a t e r q u a li t y C Z C S , u s e d t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n r a d i a n c e i np a r a m e t e r s m e a s u r e d i n t h e t r i b u t a r y r iv e r s, l ik e t h e 5 9 0 n m a n d 6 8 0 n m b a n d s t o d e t e r m i n ed i s s o lv e d o x y g e n , o r g a n i c n i t r o g e n , p h o s p h o r o u s , s e d i m e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , a n d t h e d i f fe r e n c e b e -a n d c o li f or m s , h a v e e x c e e d e d s t a n d a r d s o f c r it i ca l t w e e n t h e 5 2 0 n m a n d 5 5 0 n m b a n d s t o d e t e r m i n el e v e l s f o r u p to 1 0 0 % o f t h e c as e s i n m a n y s a m - t o t a l c h l o r o p h y l l c o n c e n t r a t i o n .p i i n g p o i n t s ( F E E M A , 1 9 84 ). T h e r e m o t e s e n s i n g l i t e r a t u r e a ls o s h o w s aSu c h a s i t u a ti o n , t h e r e f o r e , p r e s e n t s a p o t e n - s t r o n g d i s p a r i t y b e t w e e n te s t s t o i d e n t i f y t h e m o s tt i al f o r o r b i t a l r e m o t e s e n s i n g , w h i c h , a s a c o m p l e - a p p r o p r i a t e b a n d s o r c o m b i n a t i o n s o f b a n d s t om e n t a r y t o ol , c a n p r o v i d e s y n o p t i c m u l t i s p e c t r a l s t u d y t h e s a m e w a t e r q u a l it y p a r a m e t e r s f o ra n a l y si s a t r e l a t i v e l y l o w c o s t s a n d i n s h o r t t i m e d i f f e r e n t p l a c e s , a n d a t t h e s a m e p l a c e s w i t h( K l e m a s a n d H a r d i s k y , 1 9 8 3 ). S i n c e t h e l a u n c h i n g d i f f e r e n t s a t e ll i t e o v e r p a s s e s ( B r a g a, 1 9 9 0 ). T h i so f M S S / L a n d s a t a n d C Z C S / N I M B U S in t h e '7 0s , s u gg e st s th e n e e d t b r m o r e f i el d d a t a a c q u i r e dm a n y e m p i r i c a l st u d i e s h a v e r e l a t e d w a t e r q u a l it y s i m u l t a n e o u s l y w i t h s a te l li t e i m a g e r y t o a ss e ss t h ep a r a m e t e r s a n d r e m o t e s e n s i n g d a ta . F o r e x a m - a c t u a l p o t e n t i a l o f o r b it a l r e m o t e s e n s i n g i n w a t e rp l e , K l e m a s e t a l. (1 9 7 4 ) r e l a t e d s p e c t r a l r e - q u a l i t y s t u d i e s .s p o n se s o f MSS B a n d 5 w i t h t o ta l s u s p e n d e d s oli ds I n t h i s w o r k , t h e o b j e c t i v e w a s t o i d e n t i f y

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Water Quality Assessment at Guanabara Bay 97

p h y s i ca l , c h e m i c a l , a n d b i o l o g i c a l w a t e r q u a l i t y f r o m P R I N C O a p p l i e d t o r a w B a n d s T M 1 , T M 2 ,p a r a m e t e r s th a t c o u l d b e d e t e c t e d i n r e m o t e l y T M 3 , a n d T M 4 .s e n s e d L a n d s a t - 5 T M d i g i ta l i m a g e s f o r a p o l l u t e d T o m i n i m i z e g e o g r a p h i c a l l a c k o f p r e c i s i o n i nt r o p i c a l e s t u a ry , t o a s se s s i ts w a t e r q u a l i ty c o n d i - t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e s a m p l i n g p o i n t s i n t h e i m a g e st io n s, a n d t o o b t a in a m o r e h o m o g e n e o u s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n

o f t h e r e g i o n , t h e a v e r a g e o f 1 6 p ix e l s i n a s q u a r ew i n d o w ( 12 0 m 1 2 0 m ) c e n t e r e d o v e r t h e m o s tp r o b a b l e l o c a t i o n o f t h e s a m p l i n g p o i n t s w a s u s e d .M A T E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D S S i n ce B a n d 6 h a s a s p at ia l r e s o lu t i o n o f 1 2 0 m , t h isp r o c e d u r e w a s n o t a d o p t e d f o r t h is b a n d ; i n s t e a d ,W a t e r s a m p l e s w e r e o b t a i n e d f o r u p to 3 7 s t a ti o n s t h e n e a r e s t p i x e l t o t h e s a m p l i n g s i te o r t h e a ve r -

( F ig . 2 ) o n s i x d a te s c o i n c i d i n g w i t h L a n d s a t - 5 a g e o f t w o n e a r e s t n e i g h b o r p i x e ls w a s u s e d . T h eT M o v e r p a ss e s . L a n d s a t - 5 h a s a s u n - s y n c h r o n o u s s a m p l i n g p o i n t s w e r e l o c a t e d o n a 1 : 5 0 , 0 0 0 B r a -e q u a t o r i a l c r o s si n g a r o u n d 0 9 : 4 5 a . m . l o c al ti m e . z i li a n N a v y n a u t i c a l c h a r t , g u i d e d b y t h e g e o m e t r yD u e t o c l o u d c o v e r a n d s a t e l l it e r e c o r d i n g p r o b - o f v i su a l l a n d m a r k s o b s e r v e d d u r i n g s a m p l i n g c o l -l e m s , o n l y t w o d a t e s w e r e s e l e c t e d fo r a n a ly s is , l e c t i o n . T h e s a m e t e c h n i q u e w a s a ls o u s e d in t h ev iz ., 9 S e p t e m b e r 1 9 8 6 a n d 1 1 A u g u s t 1 9 8 7 . d i g it a l i m a g e s b y d r a w i n g t w o s t r ai g h t c r o s s i n gH e n c e f o r t h t h e s e d a t e s w i l l b e r e f e r r e d a s 9 Se p . l i n e s b e t w e e n r e f e r e n c e p o i n t s , w i t h t h e s a m p l i n ga n d 1 1 A u g. , r e s p e c t i v e l y . O n t h e f i rs t d a t e , 1 2 p o i n t s l o c a t e d a t t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e li n e s.s ta ti o ns w e r e s a m p l e d i n s i d e t h e B a y, a n d f or t h e W a t e r s a m p l e s w e r e o b t a i n e d s e q u e n t ia l l y a ts e c o n d d a t e, 2 1 s t at io n s w e r e s a m p l e d i n s i d e t h e d e p t h s u p t o 50 c m u s i n g a m o t o r b o a t d u r i n gB a y a n d 1 5 o u t s id e . T h e L a n d s a t T h e m a t i c M a p - a b o u t 5 h o f s a m p l i n g . T h e f o l lo w i n g t w o p a r a m e -p e r (T M ) d i gi ta l i m a g e s w e r e r e c o r d e d w i t h f ul l t e rs w e r e m e a s u r e d in situ: 1 ) s u r fa c e t e m p e r a t u r e3 0 m s p a t ia l r e s o l u t i o n b y t h e B r a z il ia n S p a c e (T ) i n a s h a d o w e d p l a c e u s i n g a m e r c u r y t h e r -R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e f o r p a t h 2 1 7 / r o w 7 6 , q u a d r a n t m o m e t e r w i t h 0 .1 C d i v is i o n s, a n d 2 ) S e c c h in o r t h , c e n t e r e d o n a b o u t 2 3 5 0 t l a t . S a n d 4 3 1 0 r d e p t h ( SC ) w i t h a 2 0 c m d i a m e t e r S e c c h i d is k .l o n g . W . T h e r e g i o n c o v e r e d c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h a t F o r l a bo r a to r y a na ly sis , sa m p l e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d a to f t h e G u a n a b a r a B a y a r e a , R i o d e J a n e i r o S t a te , e a c h s i te i n 0 . 5 -L p l a s t i c b o t t l e s , w h i c h w e r eB r a zi l ( F ig . 1 ), a n d t h e b a n d s r e c o r d e d w e r e 1 p r e v i o u s l y c l e a n e d w i t h d i l u t e d n i tr i c a c i d a n d( 4 5 0 - 5 2 0 nm ) , 2 ( 5 2 0 - 6 0 0 n m ) , 3 ( 6 3 0 - 6 9 0 n m ) , d e i o n i z e d w a t e r. I m m e d i a t e l y b e f o r e fi ll in g t h e4 (7 6 0 -9 0 0 n m ), 5 (1 5 5 0 -1 7 5 0 n m ), an d 6 b o tt le s, t h e y w e r e w a s h e d w i t h l o c a l w a t e r i n t h e( 1 0 , 4 5 0 - 1 2 , 5 0 0 n m , 1 2 0 m r e s o l u t io n ) . N o c l o u d s s a m p l i n g p o i n t ( S P). T w o b o t t l e s w e r e f i l le d a tw e r e d e t e c t e d o v e r t h e a r e a s w h e r e f i e ld d a ta e a c h si te , a n d a ll s a m p l e s w e r e t a k e n f o r l a b o ra -w e r e o b t a i n e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y w i t h t h e T M o v e r- t o r y a n a ly s is w i t h i n a f e w h o u r s a f t e r c o l l e c t io n .p a s se s , e x c e p t fo r t h r e e o f t h e s a m p l i n g p o i n t s o n A t t h e la b o r a to r y , s a li n it y (S A ) w a s m e a s u r e d w i t ht h e 9 S e p. i m a g e , a S h i b u i a 5 .1 M o d e l l i g h t r e f r a c t o m e t e r , a c c u r a t eT h e T M i m a g e s w e r e p r o c e s s e d i n s e c to r s o f t o 0 . 5 % . N e x t, t h e p a ir s o f b o t t l e s w e r e s t o r e d i n5 1 2 5 1 2 p i x e ls i n a G E I m a g e - 1 0 0 m u l t i s p e c t r a l a f r e e z e r f o r r e p l i c a t e an a ly s is o f t o t al s u s p e n d e dd i g i ta l a n a l y z e r ( G E , 1 9 7 5) . P r o g r a m s u s e d w e r e s o li d s (T S S) a n d i r o n a n d m a n g a n e s e c o n t e n t sR A T I O t o c a l c u l a te b a n d r a ti o s, a n d P R I N C O i n t h e T S S ( F e a n d M n , r e s p e c t i v e ly ) . T S S w a s( p r in c i p a l c o m p o n e n t a n a ly s is ) t o i m p r o v e s e p a ra - s e p a r a t e d u s in g a 0 . 4 5 / ~ m M i l li p o r e f i lt e r w e i g h e db i l it y b e t w e e n w a t e r s p e c t r a l c l as s es . A l s o u s e d b e f o r e a n d a f t e r f i lt r a ti o n a n d f o l l o w i n g 4 h o fi n a ll i m a g e s w e r e F I L T R A T I O N ( M D 5 F I L ) t o d r y i n g i n a n o v e n a t 7 0 C ( L a c er d a , 1 9 83 ). F o rr e d u c e n o i se , a n d C O N T R A S T S T R E T C H I N G t o F e a n d M n a n a ly si s, th e r e p l i c a t e d fi lt er s w e r ee n h a n c e i m a g e d i s pl a y o f t h e f i lt e r e d r a w i m a g e s d i g e s t e d w i t h 5 m L c o n c e n t r a t e d n i t ri c a c i da n d o f t h e r a t i o n e d a n d P R I N C O i m a g e s . T h e (H N O 3) i n T e f l o n " b o m b s " a t 1 0 0 C fo r 2 h . T h ed i g it a l p r o c e s s i n g a l g o r i t h m s a r e d e s c r i b e d i n e x t r a ct s w e r e f i l te r e d t h r o u g h 0 . 4 5 / ~ m M i l li p o r eI N P E ( 19 8 5) . T h e f o ll o w i n g p r o d u c t s w e r e u s e d f il te rs . F e a n d M n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w e r e a n a l y z e di n t h e a n a ly s is : T M B a n d s 1 (T M 1 ) , 2 (T M 2 ) , 3 i n a B a i r d 3 4 0 0 a t o m i c a b s o r p t i o n s p e c t r o p h o t o m -( T M 3) , 4 (T M 4) , 5 (T M 5 ) , a n d 6 ( TM 6) ; r a t i o s o f e t e r , a c c u ra t e to 0 .1 /~ g /g . D e ta i l s o f t he s t a n d a rdB a n d 1 / B a n d 3 ( T M 1 / 3 ) a n d B a n d 2 / B a n d 3 t e c h n i q u e s u s e d in th i s s t u d y a r e i n P e s t a n a( T M 2 / 3 ) ; r e s u l t i n g B a n d s 1 ( P C 1 ) a n d 2 ( P C 2 ) ( 1 98 9 ).

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Figure 2. Sampling s tat ions: (P) pollu ted r iver ; (D) domestic sewage; (1) industr ial sew-age; (O) o i l pollu t ion; (H) harbor ; (A) airpor t ; (C.C.) central channel; (S.O.) Ipanemasewag e o u t le t .T h e c h l o r o p h y l l c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( C H ) a n a l y si s T h e s t a t is t i ca l a n a l y s is o f t h e w a t e r q u a l i t yw a s m a d e o n l y f o r 11 A u g . w h e n t w o a d d i t io n a l p a r a m e t e r s a n d t h e d i g it a l i m a g e d a t a ( r e g re s s i o n

b o t t l e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d a t e a c h s i te f o r t h is p u r - a n al y si s, c o r r e l a ti o n ) w e r e p e r f o r m e d u s i n g B A -p o s e . A n a l y s i s w a s s t a r t e d a s s o o n a s t h e s a m p l e s S I S ( B u r r o u g h s , 1 9 7 6 ). T h e c o n f i d e n c e l e v e l c o n -a r r i v e d a t t h e l a b o ra t o ry , f o l lo w i n g t h e p r o c e d u r e s i d e r e d w a s 9 5 % , a n d , t h e r e f o r e , a c c o r d i n g t oo f S t r i c k la n d a n d P a r s o n s ( 19 7 2) . B o w k e r a n d L i e b e r m a n ( 1 95 9 ), t h e m i n i m u m o f

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W ater Qual i ty Assessment at Guanabara Bay 99

T a b l e I . Water Sampl ing Da ta Obta ined on 9 September 1986 aS C T S A F e M n T S SS P ( m ) ( o C) ( /o o) ( r a g g - 1 ) ( r a g g - i ) ( r a g L - 1 )

03 2.50 23.5 32.0 6.57 0.52 18.1004 2.30 23.6 32.0 7.40 0.67 17.5005 1.50 23.7 29.0 17.87 1.40 9.8007 1.60 23.8 28.0 5.82 1.06 16.6008 1.50 24.8 27.3 6.50 0.65 20.2011 0.80 26.6 17.5 10.82 1.28 19.5015 0.60 28.2 27.5 3.35 0.32 38.1016 0.80 26.6 25.5 11.16 0.98 26.1017 0.75 26.3 25.0 11.47 0.82 42.6019 2.00 24.3 27.5 5.77 0.82 21.0020 2.20 24.1 29.5 4.29 0.48 20.1021 2.00 24.3 30.5 4.88 0.50 17.40

MIN 0.60 23.5 17.5 3.35 0.32 9.80MAX 2.50 28.2 32.0 17.87 1.40 42.60AVG 1.55 24.98 27.61 7.99 0.79 22.25STD 0.67 1.54 3.89 4.12 0.34 9.29N 12 12 12 12 12 12

"SP ~ sa mpling point; SC ~ Secchi depth; T ~ temper ature; SA = salinity; Fe = ironconcentra tion in the TSS; Mn = mangan ese concentration in the TSS; TSS = total suspe ndedsolids.

t h e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e ff i c ie n t s ( r) f o r t h e n u m b e r o f f o u n d i n t h e s h a l lo w e s t r e g i o n o f t h e B a y , c h a r a c -o b s e r v a t i o n s a v a i l a b l e ( n) is : 0 . 5 8 f o r n = 1 2; 0 . 5 5 t e r i z e d b y p o o r t i d e c i r c u l a t i o n .f o r n = 1 3; 0 . 3 9 f o r n = 2 6 ; 0 . 3 8 f o r n =2 7 ; a n d Se c c h i d e p t h s , o n b o t h d a t e s , w e r e i n t h e0 . 3 2 f o r n = 3 6 a n d n = 3 7 . r a n g e f o u n d f o r e u t r o p h i c e s t u a r i n e w a t e r s , v a ry -

W h e n e v e r t h e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c ie n t ( r) b e - i n g a c c o r d i n g to t i d e h e i g h t a n d p r o x i m i t y t ot w e e n a n y o f t h e w a t e r q u a l i t y p a r a m e t e r s a n d o u t l e t s o f d o m e s t i c a n d i n d u s t r ia l s e w a g e a n d t oS C w a s s m a l l e r t h a n t h e m i n i m u m s ta t is t ic a ll y d r a i n a g e c h a n n e l s .s i g n i fi c a n t , b u t g r e a t e r t h a n 0 . 3 , a n o t h e r p a r a m e - Sa l i n i ty h a d v a l u e s i n t h e 15 -3 3 /0 0 r a n g e o nt e r c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o i ts r a t i o n i n g i n r e l a ti o n t o b o t h d a te s . W i t h i n t h e v i c i n it y o f t h e s e w a g e l i n eSC was a l so u s ed in the s ta t i s t i ca l ana lys is . Th is ou t le t , the sa l in i ty wa s 20 -30960 fo r 11 Aug . andp r o c e d u r e i s v a l i d s i n c e t h e Se c c h i d i s k m e a s u r e - a b o u t 350/00 o n 1 0 Se p t e m b e r 1 9 8 6 . T h e 1 0 Se p -m e n t s a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e d e p t h o f p e n e t r a t i o n o f t e m b e r 1 9 8 6 d a t e o f s a m p l i n g o n l y a t t h e s e w a g et h e l i g h t i n t h e w a t e r , a n d a s s et s a n i n d i r e c t o u t l e t d i d n o t c o i n c i d e w i t h t h e 9 S e p . i m a g ee v a l u a t i o n o f t u r b i d it y . T h e d e g r e e o f t u r b i d i t y i n b e c a u s e o f l o g is t ic p r o b l e m s . H o w e v e r , t id e c o n -t h e w a t e r i n t e r f e r e s w i t h l i g h t p e n e t r a t i o n a n d d i t i o n s ( T a b l e 3 ) w e r e s i m i l a r f o r t h e s e t w o d a y s ,d e t e r m i n e s d i f f e r en t la y e r s o f w a t e r i m a g e d a t a n d n o v~ aria tio ns i n t h e fl o w p a t t e r n w e r e o b -e a c h s a m p l i n g p o i n t . T h e r a t i o n i n g p r o c e d u r e s e r v e d . T h e s a l in i ty v a l u e s a r e w i t h i n r e s u lt s e x -n o r m a l i z e s t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s , m a k i n g t h e m re la - p e c t e d i n e s t u a r in e r e g io n s ( D u r u m , 1 97 1) .t i v e t o e q u a l d e p t h s i n t h e w a t e r . T o t a l s u s p e n d e d s o li d s (T SS ) c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

a l s o s h o w e d a s t r o n g r e l a t i o n t o t h e p r o x i m i t y o ff r e s h w a t e r d i s c h a r g e s i n t h e B a y . T h e m i n i m u m ,R E S U L T S A N D D I S C U S S I O N o f a b o u t 9 m g / L , o c c u r r e d a t S P 5 , w h i c h isl o c a t e d i n t h e m i d d l e o f t h e c e n t r a l c h a n n e l a n dW a t e r S a m p l e s f u r t h e r a w a y f r om d u m p i n g s it es t h a n t h e o t h e r

T h e w a t e r q u a l it y d a t a a n d s o m e d e sc r i p ti v e s ta - p o in t s. T h e m a x i m u m , a b o u t 4 0 m g / L , w a s m e a -t is t ic s f o r t h e i m a g e s a c q u i r e d o n 11 A u g . a n d 9 s u r e d a t S P 1 7, l o c a t e d in t h e s h a l lo w e s t r e g i o nS e p . a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e s i a n d 2 , r e s p e c t i v e ly , o f t h e B a y a n d n e a r a n a r e a o f e f f lu e n t d i s c h a rg e .f o r a l l s a m p l i n g p o i n t s. U s u a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t h e m e t a l s s t u d i e d i nT e m p e r a t u r e s w e r e i n t h e l o w 2 0s ( o c ) f o r s ea w a t e r a r e a b o ut 2 x 1 0 - r m g / g f o r m a n g a n e s e ,m o s t s a m p l e s , a s e x p e c t e d f o r t h is la t i t u d e a n d a n d a b o u t 2 x 1 0 -6 m g / g f o r i r o n ( H e n d e r s o n ,t i m e o f y e a r . H i g h e r v a l u e s ( u p t o 2 8 C ) w e r e 1 98 2) ; f o r s oi ls t h e s e v a l u e s a r e a b o u t 0 . 7 6 m g / g

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1 0 0 B r a g a e t a l.

Table 2. W a t e r S a m p l i n g D a t a O b t a i n e d o n 1 1 A u g u s t 1987SC T SA Fe Mn TSS CH"

SP (m) (oC) (/oo) (mg g- ' ) (mg g- ' ) (mg L -' ) (mg L ' 10 i)oo 4.20 22.2 32.5 8.23 0.48 11.2 6.,58Ol 3.50 22.2 32.5 4.30 0.48 14.7 8.1302 3.20 22.5 25.0 7.72 0.82 10.2 12.0003 2.60 22.3 31.0 17.71 2.29 11.3 13.340 4 2 . 3 0 2 2 . 3 2 5 . 0 , 5 .7 6 0 . 8 9 9 . 0 1 4 . 9 905 1.45 22.6 33.0 4.17 0.83 14.2 27.1806 0.50 23.0 30.0 10.99 1.10 18.7 39,0907 1.45 23.0 23.0 5.05 1.53 10.3 23.4408 1.30 23.2 22.5 7.86 2.53 15.609 0.55 24.2 23.0 7.27 1.27 17.7 44.2610 0.35 23.5 15.0 13.30 1.44 28.711 0.50 24.6 19.0 14.27 1,45 19.6 31,7612 1.00 25.1 17.5 6.30 1.44 14,013 0.90 24.8 28.0 4.39 1.92 13.1 9.9114 1.10 25 .2 30.0 9.69 0.83 16.815 1.05 24.9 25.0 2.57 0.51 19.416 0.25 24.8 24.0 2.56 0.65 31.7 90.0017 0.30 25.0 30.0 8.27 0.72 37.018 2.65 23.5 25.0 1.87 0.45 10.919 2.50 23.1 29.0 4.57 1.05 10.720 1.45 23.7 25.0 8.27 0.81 18.121 3.20 22.7 15.8522 22.0 26.0 2.97 0.13 17.723 22.0 26.0 1.10 0.07 5.324 22.0 26.0 0.58 0.10 7.725 22.0 20.0 1.63 0.05 13.926 22.0 21.0 0.89 0.06 13,527 6.00 21.5 32.5 4.73 0.06 11.728 4.00 21.5 20,0 1.64 0.07 5.929 5.00 21.5 30.0 1.49 0.04 14.030 6.00 22.0 18.0 0.55 0.08 17.231 7.00 22.0 22.5 0.67 0.03 8.132 21.5 20.0 2.03 0.06 11.833 21.5 27.5 0.47 0.04 13.;334 21.5 22.5 1.39 0.06 9.735 21.5 22.5 3.31 0.40 5,736 21.5 20.0 5.17 0.16 10.0

MIN 0.25 21.5 15.0 0.47 0.03 9.0 6.58MAX 7.00 25.2 33.0 17.71 2.53 37.0 90.00A V G 2.38 22.8 25.0 5.10 0.69 19.2 25.89S T D 1.94 1.24 4.76 4.23 0.68 7.22 22.69N 27 37 36 36 36 36 13" CH = T o t a l c h l o r o p h y l l c o n c e n t r a t io n ; f o r o t h e r a b b r e v i a t i on s , s e e f o o t n o t e t o T a b l e 4.

a n d 3 2 . 0 m g / g , r e s p e c t i v e l y ( U r e a n d B e n o w , m a j o r c o n t r i b u t i o n f r o m d r a i n a g e s y s t e m s i n t h e1 9 8 2 , c i t e d b y S a l o m o n s e t a l ., 1 9 8 8 ) . I n t h e r e g i o n c a r r y i n g e r o d e d s o i ls a n d r o c k s . A c c o r d -R h i n e r i ve r s u b r e c e n t s e d i m e n t s , m a n g a n e s e , a n d i n g ly , T a b l e s 1 a n d 2 a n d F i g u r e 2 s h o w t h a ti r on c o n c e n t r a t io n s w e r e a b o u t 0 . 9 6 m g / g a n d h i g h e r m a n g a n e s e a n d i ro n l e v el s w e r e f o u n d3 2 . 3 m g / g , r e s p e c t i v e l y ( F o r s t n e r a n d M u l l er , a l o n g t h e c e n t r a l w a t e r s o f t h e B a y c h a n n e l ( S P1 9 7 4 , c it e d b y S a l o m o n s e t a l. , 1 9 8 8 ) . T h e r a n g e s 5 , S P 1 1 , S P 15 , a n d S P 1 7) , w h e r e t h e o u t f l o wf o u n d f o r G u a n a b a r a B a y , 0 . 3 - 1 . 4 m g / g T S S o n o f d r a i n a g e w a t e r t a k e s p l a c e . T h e r a n g e o f c o n -9 S e p . a n d 0 . 0 3 - 2 . 5 m g / g T S S o n 1 1 A u g . f or c e n t r a ti o n s f or F e a n d M n w a s h i g h e r o n 1 1 A u g .m a n g a n e s e a n d 3 . 4 - 1 7 . 9 m g / g T S S o n 9 S e p . a n d C h l o r o p h y ll d a t a f or 1 1 A u g . ( re fe r t o T a b l e 2 )1 . 9 - 1 7 . 7 m g / g T S S o n 1 1 A u g . f o r i r o n , a r e c l o s e r v a r i e d f r o m 6 . 5 x 1 0 - 3 m g / L t o 4 4 x 1 0 - 3 m g / L .t o t y p i c a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n s o i ls . T h i s s u g g e s t s a A t S P 1 6 , w h e r e a n a l ga e b l o o m w a s v i s u a l l y

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W a t e r Q u a l it y A s s e s s m e n t a t G u a n a b a r a B a y 1 0 1

Table 3. T i d e V a r i a t i o n s a t R i o d e J a n e i r o , B r a z i lTime Height Time HeightDate (LST) (m) Date (LST) (m)

08 / Sep . / 86 05 :14 1 . 2 i0 / Aug . / 87 03 :00 1 . 312 :41 0 . 6 09 :56 0 . 017:16 1 . 0 15 . 46 1 . 22 1 : 4 6 0 . 5 2 1 : 5 0 0 . 4

09 / Sep . / 86 06 :05 1 .1 11 / Aug . / 87 03 :32 1 . 310 :21 0 . 8 10 :25 0 . 014:19 0 . 7 16 :09 1 . 217:51 0 . 9 22 :05 0 . 42 2 : 0 2 0 . 6

12 / Aug . / 87 04 :02 1 . 310 / Sep . / 86 00 :07 0 . 7 10 :52 0 . 2

02 :33 0 . 6 16 :29 1 .107:16 1 . 0 22 :18 0 . 412:01 0.922 :14 0 . 7

o b s e r v e d , c h l o r o p h y l l c o n c e n t r a t i o n r e a c h e d 9 0 T h e a v e r a g e d i g i t a l v a l u e s f o r t h e 1 6 - p ix e l1 0 - 3 m g / L . O n t w o o t h e r d a t e s i n t h e s a m e s q u a r e s a r o u n d t h e s a m p l i n g s it es i n B a n d s T M 1 ,y e a r ( B ra g a , 1 9 88 ) , c h l o r o p h y l l a ls o s h o w e d w i d e T M 2 , T M 3 , a n d T M 4 a n d i n t h e b a n d c o m b i n a -v a r i a t i o n s , m a k i n g it d i f fi c u l t t o c h a r a c t e r i z e t h is t i o n s , o r t h e n e a r e s t - n e i g h b o r p i x e l v a l u e i n B a n de u t r o p h i c e n v i r o n m e n t . S i m i l a r r e s u l ts i n e s t ua - T M 6 , a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e s 5 a n d 6.r i n e w a t e r s w e r e a l so r e p o r t e d e l s e w h e r e i n t h e T h e d i g it a l d a t a f r o m t h e 9 S e p . i m a g e ( r e f erw o r l d ( K e t c h u m , 1 9 6 7) i n a s s o c ia t io n w i t h n u t r i- t o T a b l e 5 ) p r e s e n t e d l o w e r s t a n d a r d d e v ia t i o n se n t a v a i l a b il i ty v a r i a t i o n s , i n a l l T M b a n d s a n d b a n d c o m b i n a t i o n s i n r e l a t i o n

t o t h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s o b t a i n e d o n 1 1 A u g .T M I m a g e s ( r e f e r t o T a b l e 6 ). O n 9 S e p . t h e m i n i m u m v a l u e sa r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h SPs 3 a n d 4 , i n t h e s o u t h p a r tT h e T M i m a g e s t h a t w e r e s p a ti a ll y f i l t e r e d a n d o f t h e B a y , w h e r e a s t h e m a x i m u m v a l u e s o c c u r r e de n h a n c e d w e r e t h e b e s t f o r v i su a l d e t e c t i o n o f a t S P s 1 1 a n d 1 5, i n t h e n o r t h p a r t o f t h e B ay .w a t e r c i r cu l a t io n p a tt e r n s. S i n c e t h es e i m a g e s T h e m i n i m u m a n d m a x i m u m v a lu e s o c c u r r e d i nw e r e f u r t h e r u s e d i n t h e m u l t i s p e c t r a l a n a ly s is , a t h e s a m e a r ea s o f t h e B a y , i n al l T M b a n d s . T h et e s t w a s m a d e t o c o m p a r e t h e r e l a ti o n s h i p b e - o n l y e x c e p t i o n o c c u r r e d f o r T M 1 w h e r e t h e s it et w e e n p i x el s i n t h e r a w a n d f i l t e r e d i m a g e s . T h e o f m i n i m u m r a d i a n c e ( S P 15 ) w a s f o u n d at t h er e s u l ts a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 4 . T h e v e r y h i g h m o s t n o r t h e r n p a r t o f t h e B a y . F o r t h e b a n dc o r r e l a t i o n c o e f fi c i en t s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h is p r o - c o m b i n a t i o n s , t h e m i n i m u m v a l u e s w e r e f o u n d a tc e s s i n g p r o d u c e d l i tt l e e ff e c t i n t e r m s o f p i x el t h e n o r t h e r n p a rt o f t h e B a y , w h e r e a s t h e m a x i -c r o s s - c h a r a c te r i z a t io n , m u m v a l u e s o c c u r r e d a t t h e s o u t h .T h e T M B a n d 4 i m a g e w a s t e s t e d t o d i st in - O n 1 1 A u g . ( T a b l e 6 ), o n l y t h e m a x i m u mg u i s h l a n d f e a t u r e s f r o m w a t e r , a ft e r t h e w o r k o f r a d i a n c e v a l u e s o f t h e T M b a n d s k e p t a r e g u l a rF r e d e n a n d G o r d o n ( 19 8 2) . T M B a n d 5 , h o w e v e r , p a t t e r n o f o c c u r r e n c e , a ll a t S P 1 7. T h i s s i tu a t i o np r e s e n t e d h i g h e r s e p a r a b i l it y f or th e s e c l a s se s , m a y b e e x p l a i n e d b y a r a n d o m p a t t e r n o f w a t e ra l l o w i n g t h e b e s t p o s s i b le l o c a t i o n o f t h e s a m p l i n gs i t e s i n r e l a t i o n t o l a n d m a r k s . T h i s r e s u l t e d f r o mt h e h o m o g e n e o u s c o u n t l e v e l o f a b o u t 1 in t h e Table 4. Correlation Coefficients (r ) between Raw and0 - 2 5 5 l e v e l s c a l e , f o u n d f o r a l l w a t e r s u r f a c e s . P r o c e s s e d I m a g e s o f 9 S e p t e m b e r 1 9 8 6 o n T M B a n d sFo r t h e s a m e r e a s o n , T M B a n d 5 d i d n o t p r o v i d e 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , a nd 6i n f o r m a t i o n r e l a t e d t o t h e w a t e r q u a l i t y p a r a m e - Band 1 2 3 4 6t e r s m e a s u r e d a n d w a s n o t u s e d i n t h e s t a t i s t i c a l r 0 . 98 0 . 97 0 . 99 0 . 97 0 . 99t e s t s .

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1 0 2 Braga e t a l.

Table 5. Digi ta l Da ta f rom the Lan dsa t / TM on 9 S ep tem ber 1986 aSP TM1 TM2 TM3 TM4 TM6 TM2/3 TM1/3 PCB1 PCB203 58.00 46.00 32.00 06.00 141.50 143.13 174.81 128.88 127.3004 58.00 43.00 31.75 06.00 143.00 141.25 132.21 129.63 127.8105 57.63 46.00 32.00 07.75 147.00 139.81 171.69 129.13 127.0007 56.00 46.00 35.00 09.50 143.00 136.50 163.13 128.63 126.0608 57.25 46.00 32.19 09.25 146.50 140.88 170.19 129.13 126.6911 70.88 60.50 51.00 13.00 150.25 112.81 115.81 118.81 127.1915 55.25 46.00 35.00 19.00 166.00 136.25 160.94 128.25 124.8816 63,81 48.00 39.88 13.75 150.75 123.63 147.25 125.19 126.6917 70.50 52.81 43.75 18.63 153.00 120.66 142.00 122.19 128.3819 58.38 46.00 33.06 09.00 143.50 139.81 170.88 128.31 127.3820 58.00 46.00 32.00 06.25 145.00 137.50 170.75 128.94 127.1921 57.88 46.13 35.00 10.38 147.00 135.00 163.44 128.25 126.44

MIN 55.25 43.00 31.75 06.00 141.50 112.81 115.81 118.81 124.88MAX 70.88 60.50 51.00 19.00 166.00 143.13 174.81 129.63 128.38AVG 60.13 47.70 36.05 10.71 148.04 133.94 156.93 127.11 126.92STD 5.11 4.62 5.97 4.53 6.66 9.58 18.62 3.36 0.89N 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

" SP = Samp ling point; TM1 = d ata on TM Band 1; TM2 = data on TM Band 2, TM3 =data on TM Band 3; TM4 = data on TM Band 4; TM6 = data on TM Band 6; TM1/3 = dataon TM band ratio 1/3; TM2/3 = data on TM band ratio 2/3; PCB1 = data on prin cipa l comp.Band 1; PCB2 = data on principal comp. Band 2.

q u a l i t y i n t h e B a y c a u s e d b y a d e e p l o w t i d e o n SC , T , a n d T SS , e x c e p t f o r t h e n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o nt h is d a t e , w h i c h w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d f u r t h e r , b e t w e e n S C a n d T S S . T h i s s i n g le c o r r e l a t i o n v a l u ec a n n o t c h a r a c t e r i z e a n y p a r t i c u l a r c o n d i t i o n ,

s i n c e i t i s e x p e c t e d t h a t g r e a t e r T S S c o n c e n t r a -S t a t i s ti c a l A n a l y s i s t i o n s w i l l p r o d u c e g r e a t e r t u r b i d i t y i n t h e w a t e r .W a t e r q u a l it y d a t a o b t a i n e d a t d i f f e re n t d a t e s I n s t e a d , F e a n d M n w e r e c o r r e l a t e d w i t h Tf r o m t h o s e o f t h e i m a g e s w e r e n o t u s e d i n t h e ( r = 0 .4 1 a n d r = 0 . 55 , r e s p e c t iv e l y ) . A g a i n, t h es t a ti s ti c a l a n a l y s is . C o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n w a t e r t i d e l e v e l s i n T a b l e 3 e x p l a i n t h e s e r e s u l t s, s h o w -q u a l it y p a r a m e t e r s w e r e i ni t ia l ly i n v e s t ig a t e d f o r i n g an e x t r e m e c o n d i t i o n o f t i d e l ev e l v a r ia t io n .t h e p a i rs o f v a r ia b l e s w i t h c o e f fi c ie n t s o f c o r r e la - F r e s h w a t e r s t r o n g ly p r e d o m i n a t e d i n t h e B a yt i o n s t a t is t i c a ll y s i g n if i c an t . T h e s e c o r r e l a t i o n s a r e c a u s i n g n o r e l a t io n s h i p s b e t w e e n T a n d T SS o rp r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 7 . S A , a s w o u l d b e e x p e c t e d i n s e a w a t e r . N o n e t h e -

T h e p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n SC a n d SA , l e ss , s i n c e s e a w a t e r i s d e n s e r a n d f l o w s b e l o wSC a n d T SS , a n d T a n d T SS , a n d t h e n e g a t i v e f r e s h w a t e r , t h e s a m p l i n g c o l l e c t i o n ( u p t o 5 0 c mc o r r e l a ti o n s b e t w e e n S C a n d T a n d b e t w e e n T d e p t h ) w a s d o n e i n t h e l a y e r o f h i g h e r f r e sh w a t e ra n d SA , f o r 9 S e p ., s u g g e s t t h a t m a r i n e c o n d i t i o n s c o n t e n t . T h e c o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n F e a n d T a n dw e r e p r e s e n t i n t h e B a y , b e c a u s e s e a w a t e r u s u a l ly b e t w e e n M n a n d T , a l t h o u g h s t a t is t ic a ll y si gn if i-p r e s e n t s h i g h c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e s e s a m e c a n t , a r e v e r y l o w , a n d a r e e x p l a i n e d a s a r e s u l tf o u r p a r a m e t e r s . I n f a c t, as s h o w n i n T a b l e 3 , o f t r a n s p o r t o f t h e s e e l e m e n t s b y f r e s h w a t e r .t h e t i d e l e v el s w e r e h i g h a n d h a d h a r d l y v a r i e d N e x t , c o r r e l a t io n s w e r e f o u n d b e t w e e n w a t e rb e t w e e n t h is a n d t h e p r e v i o u s d a t e , t h u s m a k i n g q u a l it y p a r a m e t e r s a n d T M d a t a, i n c l u d i n g t h ei t d i f fi c u lt f o r t h e f r e s h w a t e r t o d r a i n f r o m t h e d a t a r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e r a t i o n i n g p r o c e d u r e d e -t r i b u t ar y s u b b a si n s a n d o t h e r d i s c h a r g e s it es , s c r i b e d i n t h e m e t h o d o l o g y ( r e fe r t o T a b l e 8 f o rFe a n d Mn w e r e w e l l c o r r e l a t e d o n t h e t w o t h e st a t is t i c al l y s i g n i fi c a n t r e s u l ts ) .d a t e s ( T a b l e 7 ). B o t h e l e m e n t s a b o u n d i n n a t u r e , O n 9 S e p ., t h e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f ic i e n t b e t w e e nh a v in g s im i l ar g e o c h e m i c a l b e h a v i o r a n d c o m m o n S C a n d F e w a s - 0 . 3 3 a n d b e t w e e n F e a n d M n ,s o u r c e s i n r o c k s a n d s oi ls . 0 . 3 1. A c c o r d i n g t o t h e m e t h o d o l o g y a d o p t e d ,R e s u l t s i n T a b l e 7 f o r 11 A u g . c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e s e c o e f f ic i e n t s i n d i c a t e a p o s s i b l e r e l a t i o n b e -o p p o s i te c o n d i t i o n s i n th e B a y i n r e l a ti o n to t h e t w e e n S C a n d F e a n d M n . T h u s , r a ti o s o f F e / S Cf ir st d a t e . N o c o r r e l a t io n s w e r e f o u n d r e l a t i n g S A , a n d M n / S C w e r e c a l c u l a t e d a n d u s e d i n t h e

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1 0 4 B r a g a e t a l.

Table 8 . Signif icant Correlat ions r for Water Qual i ty Table 9 . Stepwise Regress ion Resul ts for 9 SeptemberData and TM Data 1986 Data09 / Sep. / 86 11 / Aug. / 8 7 De pen den t Var iables in Model in CoeJ~cient ofV ar iab le Or de r o f Inc lus ion De te r mina t ion ( reVar iables r Var iables r TM1 SC, Fe, TSS, Mn 0.74TSS and TM4 0.86 F3 and TM2 0.57 TM2 SC, Mn, TSS, Fe 0.69

SC and TM2 - 0.58 Fe and TM3 0.62 TM3 SC, Mn, TSS, Fe 0.77SC and TM3 - 0.69 Fe and TM4 0.48 TM4 SC, TSS 0.97SC and TM4 - 0.89 Fe and TM1 /3 - 0.57 TM1/3 SC, Mn, TSS, Fe 0.53SC and TM 2/3 0.72 Fe and TM2 /3 - 0.62 TM2/3 SC, Mn, TSS, Fe 0.79SC and PCB1 0.65 Fe and PCB2 -0.7 1 PCB1 SC, Mn, TSS, Fe 0.75T and TM6 0.91 Mn and TM2 0.51 PCB2 Fe, SC, TSS, Mn 0.86Fe/SC and TM1 0.79 M n and TM3 0.59Fe/SC and TM2 0.68 M n and TM4 0.42Fe/SC and TM3 0.74 Mn and TM1/3 - 0.39F3/SC and TM4 0.59 Mn and TM2/3 -0.7 3Fe/SC and TM2/3 - 0.79 Mn and PCB2 - 0.80F e/S C a nd P CB 1 - 0 .7 6 SC an d TM 2/3 0 . 4 6 u t m o s t c a s e r e a c h e d a l m o s t 6 h , c o u l d h a v e i n f l u -M n/SC a nd TM 1 0.79 SC an d P CB 2 0 . ,5 3 e n c e d t h e d e g r e e o f c o r r e l a t i o n s . H o w e v e r , t h eMn/SC and TM2 0.81 T and TM6 0.73M n/SC a nd TM 3 0 . 8 6 F e / S C n d P CB 2 - 0 .6 4 s a m p l i n g p o i n t s t h a t i n f l u e n c e d t h e c o r r e l a t i o n sMn/SC and TM 1/3 -0.65 M n / S C nd P C B 2 -0.64 m o s t w e r e n o t t h o s e o b t a i n e d t o o lo n g a f t e r th eMn/SC and TM2/3 -0 .8 7 s a t e l l it e o v e r p a s s . T h e l a s t s a m p l i n g s i t e s v i s i t e dMn/SC and PCB1 -0. 85 i n th e B a y w e r e S P 1 9 , S P 2 0 , a n d S P 2 1 b u t t h e

h i g h e s t v a r i a n c e s w e r e f o u n d a t SP 1 1 , S P 1 5 ,a n d S P 1 7 ( r e f e r t o F i g . 2 ), l o c a t e d i n t h e s h a l l o w -

t o S C , g o o d c o r r e l a t i o n s w e r e f o u n d b e t w e e n e s t a n d m o s t p o l l u t e d a r ea s o f t h e B a y .t h e s e p a r a m e t e r s a n d t h e T M d a ta , p a r t i c u la r l y T h e h i g h e s t c o e f f ic i e n t o f d e t e r m i n a t i o n , o nw i t h T M 2 / 3 ( r e fe r t o T a b l e 8 ). t h e t w o d a t e s , o c c u r r e d w i t h P C B 2 a s t h e i n d e -

D u e t o p r e v a i l i n g f r e s h w a t e r o n 1 1 A u g . , p e n d e n t v a r i a b le , a n d i n c l u d e d a ll t h e w a t e r q u a l -t h e r e w e r e n o s ig n i f i c an t c o r r e l a t io n s b e t w e e n i ty p a r a m e t e r s u s e d in t h e s t e p w i s e a n a l y si s ina n y t w o p a i r s o f t h e w a t e r q u a l i t y p a r a m e t e r s t h e f in a l m o d e l s . I t m e a n s t h a t t h is b a n d w a sT S S , C H , a n d SC . H o w e v e r , a s s h o w n in T a b l e t h e m o s t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e s e w a t e r q u a l i t y8 , t h e r e w e r e g o o d c o r r e la t i o n s a m o n g F e , M n , p a r a m e t e r s t o g e t h e r , i f c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e o t h e ra n d T M d a t a a n d b e t w e e n T a n d T M 6 . T h e ra - b a n d s u s e d i n t h i s r e s e a r c h .t io n i ng p r o c e d u r e p r o d u c e d l it tl e c h a n g e s i n t h e T h e w a t e r q u a l i ty p a r a m e t e r s ( i n d e p e n d e n td e g r e e o f c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e v a r ia b l es , a n d v a r ia b le s ) i n c l u d e d i n t h e fi n al m o d e l s s e l e c t e de v e n r e d u c e d t h e c o r r e l a t i o n i n d i c e s i n s o m e f o r e a c h T M b a n d ( d e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le s ) a r e l i s t edc a se s . C h l o r o p h y l l d a t a a t t h i s d a t e w e r e n o t a c c o r d i n g to t h e s t ep t h e y w e r e i n c l u d e d in t h es i g n i fi c a n t ly c o r r e l a t e d w i t h T M d a t a. m o d e l ( r e f e r t o T a b l e s 9 a n d 1 0 ). I t is n o t i c e a b l e

F i n a l l y , a s t e p w i s e m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n a n a ly - t h a t t h e s t e p w i s e r e s u l t s fo r 9 S ep . s h o w t h es is w a s c a r r i e d o u t t o i d e n t i f y h o w m u c h t h e i n c l u s i o n o f S C i n t h e f ir s t s t e p f o r a ll T M b a n d s ,m e a s u r e d w a t e r q u a l i ty v a ri a b le s c o u l d e x p l a int h e T M d a t a v a r ia b i l i ty . T h e d e f a u l t v a l u e s w e r et h o s e o f t h e B A S I S s o f t w a r e ( B u r r o u g h s , 1 9 7 6 ). Table 10. Stepwise Regress ion Resul ts for 11 August

R e s u l t s f r o m t h e s t e p w i s e a n a l y s is ( T a b l e s 9 1 987 D a taa n d 1 0 ) i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e w a t e r q u a l i ty p a r a m e - Depe nden t V ar iab le s in M ode l in Coe j~ c ien t o ft e r s m e a s u r e d i n t h is r e s e a r c h , a l t h o u g h s ig n if i- V ar iab le Or de r o f Inc lus ion De te r mina t ion ( re )c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t i n t h e t w o c a s e s e x a m i n e d , e x p l a i n TM1 Fe, TSS, CH, SC, Mn 0.63m o s t o f t h e v a r i a b i l i t y i n T M i m a g e s . T h e r e s i d u a l TM 2 M n, F e, SO , T SS , C H 0 .76v a r i a b i l i t y o f t h e T M i m a g e s c o u l d b e d u e t o o t h e r TM 3 M n, C U, F e, TSS 0.71TM4 Fe, SC, TSS, CH 0.59f a c t o r s n o t c o n s i d e r e d , s u c h a s d i s s o l v e d o r g a n i c "rM 1/3 F e, M n, SC , C H , T SS 0 .65m a t t e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( y e l l o w s u b s t a n c e s ) a n d a t - TM 2/3 SC , M n, T SS , C H, F e 0 .84m o s p h e r i c v a r ia b i li t y . E v e n t h e t i m e l a g b e t w e e n PCB1 Fe, Mn, CH, TSS, SC 0.61T M i m a g i n g a n d s a m p l e c o l l e c t i o n , w h i c h i n t h e e c B 2 s o , F e, T SS , M n 0 .89

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W a t e r Q u a l i ty A s s e s s m e n t a t G u a n a b a r a B a y 1 0 5

e x c e p t P C B 2 . A n d t h e r e s u l t s fo r 11 A u g . s h o w n i f ic a n t b u t l o w c o r r e l a t i o n s w i t h T M da t a . T a n dt h e i n c l u s i o n o f F e o r M n i n t h e f ir s t s t e p f o r a ll T M 6 w e r e w e l l c o r r e l a t e d . S C w a s n o t s ig n if i-T M b a n d s , e x c e p t T M 2 / 3 a n d P C B 2 . c a n t l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h a n y T M d a t a. T h e r a t i o n i n g

C o n c e r n i n g t h e r e g r e s s io n b e t w e e n T SS a n d p r o c e d u r e a p p l i e d t o F e a n d M n d a t a d i d n o tT M 4 , i t is i m p o r t a n t t o n o t i c e t h a t t h is l in e a r i n c r e a s e t h e c o r r e la t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e s e p a r a m e -a s s o c i a t i o n d if fe r s f r o m p r e v i o u s r e s u l t s i n t h e t e r s a n d T M d a ta . T h i s c a n b e e x p l a i n e d b y t h el i t e r a t u r e . A c c o r d i n g t o H o l i e r ( 1 9 7 8 ) a n d R im - r a n d o m d i s t r i b u t i o n o f f r e s h w a t e r s o r i g i n a ti n gm e t e t al. (1 9 8 7 ), t h e r e l a t io n s b e t w e e n T S S a n d f r o m d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f s o u r c e s , w i t h o u t a r e g u l a ro r b i t a l r e m o t e l y s e n s e d d a t a s h o u l d f it a l o g a r it h - p a t t e r n b e t w e e n t o t a l s u s p e n d e d s o li d s, S e c c h im i c c u r v e , w h i c h d e p e n d s m a i n l y o n s e d i m e n t d e p t h , s a li ni ty , a n d t e m p e r a t u r e s i m u l ta n e o u s ly .p a r t i c l e s i ze , m i n e r a l o g y , a n d c o l o r. T h e a b o v e T h e r e s u l ts o f t h e s t e p w i s e r e g r e s s i o n s e e mr e s u l ts , t h e r e f o r e , i n d i c a t e t h e h i g h u n c e r t a i n t y t o h a v e b e e n i n f l u e n c e d b y t h e d i f f e r e n t c h a r a c -r e v e a l e d i n r e m o t e s e n s i n g s t u d i e s o f w a t e r q u al - t e r i st i c s o f t h e t w o d a t e s a n a ly z e d . O n 9 S ep ., SCi ty . O t h e r r e s u l t s o f B r a g a ( 1 9 9 0 ) c o n f i r m e d t h is s h o w e d t o b e t h e w a t e r q u a l i t y p a r a m e t e r a l o n eu n c e r t a i n t y . T h e a u t h o r a n a l y z e d w a t e r q u a l i t y t h a t e x p l a i n e d b e t t e r t h e v a ri a b i li t y o f a ll T Mp a r a m e t e r s a n d T M d a ta s i m u l t a n e o u s l y c o l l e c t e d b a n d s c o n s i d e r e d , e x c e p t P C B 2 ; t h e m a r i n e c o n -a t T u c u r u i R e s e r v o i r , P ard i S t a te , B r a zi l, f r o m t w o d i t i o n s o n t h is d a t e w e r e e x p r e s s e d b y si g n if ic a n td i f f e r e n t d a t e s 1 6 d a y s a p a r t i n J u l y a n d A u g u s t a n d h i g h c o r re l a t i o n s b e t w e e n S C , T S S, SA , a n d1 9 8 9 . O n t h e f ir s t d a t e , s i li c a te w a s t h e o n l y T . O n 11 A u g ., F e a n d M n w e r e t h e w a t e r q u a l i typ a r a m e t e r s i g n i fi c a n t ly c o r r e l a t e d w i t h T M d a t a, p a r a m e t e r s t h a t e x p l a i n e d b e t t e r t h e v a r ia b i li t yb u t , o n t h e s e c o n d d a t e , m a n y l i m n o l o g ic a l p a r am - o f al l T M b a n d s c o n s i d e r e d , e x c e p t T M 2 / 3 a n de t e r s w e r e c o r r e l a t e d . P C B 2 ; t h e m i x t u r e o f d i f f e r e n t f r e s h w a t e r s o n t h i s

d a t e w a s e x p r e s s e d b y t h e a b s e n c e o f c o r r el a ti o n sbe tw e e n a l l S C , T S S , S A , a n d T .C O N C L U S I O N S P C B 2 c o n c e n t r a t e d t h e g r e a te s t a m o u n t o f

s p e c t r a l i n f o r m a t i o n r e l a t e d t o t h e w a t e r q u a l i t yT h e f o r e m o s t C o n c lu s i o n i s t h a t T M / L a n d s a t i m - c o n d i t i o n s a t G u a n a b a r a B a y, a s e x p r e s s e d b y t h ea g e s d e t e c t e d t h e v a ri a b il it y o f w a t e r q u a l it y p a t- h i g h c o e f fi c ie n t o f d e t e r m i n a t i o n b e t w e e n t h ist e r n s d e t e r m i n e d fr o m e b b a n d fl ow c o n d i t io n s b a n d a n d t h e w a t e r q u a l it y p a r a m e t e r s m o d e l e d .i n t h e e s t u a r y o f G u a n a b a r a B ay . T h e s o f tw a r e o f p r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t a n al y si s,

H i g h c o r r e l a ti o n c o e ff ic i e n ts w e r e o b s e r v e d t h e r e f o r e , is r e c o m m e n d e d i n o t h e r s tu d i es o fb e t w e e n w a t e r q u a l it y p a r a m e t e r s a n d T M d i gi ta l w a t e r q u a li t y t o v e r if y i ts p o t e n t i a l u n d e r d if fe r e n td a t a . W i t h h i g h t i d e (9 S e p t e m b e r 1 9 8 6 ), s e a c l i m a t o l o g i c a l a n d / o r g e o g r a p h i c a l c o n d i t i o n s .w a t e r p r e d o m i n a t e d in t h e B ay a n d s ig n if ic a n t O r b i ta l r e m o t e s e n s i n g c a n b e u s e d t o a ss es sc o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n S e c c h i d e p t h (S C ), t o ta l s u s- w a t e r q u a l i t y p a r a m e t e r s i n p o l l u t e d e s t u a r ie s .p e n d e d s o l id s (T S S), t e m p e r a t u r e ( T ), a n d s a li n it y L o c a l c o n d i t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g t i d e s, f r e s h w a t e r d i s-(S A ) w e r e f o u n d . S C , T S S, a n d T w e r e w e l l c o r r e - c h a r g e s , a n d s h a l l o w a r e a s w i t h s e d i m e n t a t i o n ,l a t e d w i t h T M d a ta , t o o. I r o n a n d m a n g a n e s e h a v e t o b e c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e a n al ys is o f t h e d a ta .c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n t h e T S S o n l y c o r r e l a t e d s ig n if i- S i g n i fi c a n t v a r i a ti o n s b e t w e e n d i f f e r e n t im a g e sc a n t l y w i t h T M d a t a a f t e r t h e i r r a t i o n i n g i n r e la - a r e a l so e x p e c t e d . N o t w i t h s t a n d i n g s u c h li m i t a -t i o n t o S C . T h i s r e s u l t i s p r o b a b l y r e l a t e d t o t h e t i on s , o r b i t a l r e m o t e l y s e n s e d d a t a c a n a n d s h o u l dd e p e n d e n c e b e t w e e n t h e d e p t h o f p e n e t r a ti o n of b e u s e d as a c o m p l e m e n t a r y t oo l w h e n f ie ld d a tat h e l i g h t i n th e w a t e r a n d t h e or b it a l r e m o t e de - a r e s c a r c e , t o o b t a in s y n o p t i c v i e w s o f p o l l u t i o nt e c t i o n o f t h e s e t w o p a r a m e t e r s , p a t t e r n s .

F o r t h e l o w t i d e c o n d i t i o n ( 1 1 A u g u s t 1 9 8 7 ) , The supp ort o f the follow ing Brazilian institutions f or differentf r e sh w a t e r p r e d o m i n a t e d i n t h e B a y a n d s ig n if i- parts of th is w ork is acknowledged: Coordenadoria de Aperfei-c a n t c o r r e l at i o n s b e t w e e n F e , M n , a n d T w e r e 9oamento de eessoal (CAP ES), Com panhia d e ~guas e Esgotosf o u n d . S C a n d TS S w e r e s ig n i f i c a n t l y c o r r e l a t e d , do Rio de Janeiro (CEDAE), Conselho Nacional para o Desen-t o o . F e a n d M n s h o w e d s i g n if i c a n t c o r r e l a t io n s volvimento Cientifico e Tecnol6gico (CNPq), Diretoria d e Hi-drografia e Navega~ao do M inist~rio da Marinha (DHN ), Fun-w i t h T M d a t a , e s p e c i a l ly w i t h a p r i n c i p a l c o m p o - d a g a o d eA mp a r o t l P es q u i s a d o E s t a d o d eS a o P a u l o (F A P E S P ) ,n e n t r e s u l t a n t B a n d 2 ( P C B 2 ) . S C p r e s e n t e d s i g - E u n d a ~ a o e Engenharia e Meio Ambiente do R io de Janeiro

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(FEEMA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE) , Ho l i e r , R . J . (1 978) , T o wa rd s u n ive r sa l su sp e n d e d se d im e n tand Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF). The authors a l s o a lg o r i t hm s , Remote Sens. Environ. 7(4 ) :32 3-338 .acknowledge the thorough text and statistical revision of Dr. INPE (1 985 ) , User Manuals, S p a c e R e s e a r c h I n s t i tu t e , C o m -Thelma Krug, from INPE. p u ta t i o n Div i s io n , Dig it a l Im a g e An a lys i s L a bo ra to r y-D P I - L T I D ( i n P o r t u g u e s e ) .

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