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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;=
_dvnstf Dbdtrógnkf Orfafgtngf Jg Bngd
Cnskutngcj ncdnfs, kjgstrungcj jpngnôds!
Güidrj ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;
Ljfgûpjbns/[]
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;6
[TIÆ_NJ
Gdstf Dcnáëj<
- DCNSJ_NFB ‛ Gjvjs kfipjs ............................................................................... ]æangf ;5
- DCTKFÁËJ FIONDGSFB ‛ _dsdghf cj cjkuidgtærnj ‒]frf j cnf gfskdr `dbnz’
]jr @bævnj _jodrtj Khfccfc ................................................................................... ]æangf 35
- CNPTBAFÁËJ ‛ Dspjrtds dqudstrds< Sdfi ]dggnga
]jr Lubnfgf Pndnrf [fbbds Pfrfbbj Bdntd ................................................................... ]æangf 05
- BNGHF CJ SDI]J ‛ [dlf kjij uif ærvjrd
]jr Hdbdg Efbngd ]nghdnrj ....................................................................................... ]æangf 85
- [DAT_FGÁF CJ S_FOFBHJ ‛ ]drinssôds pfrf trfofbhj cd rnskj
]jr _nbcj Fpfrdkncj @jgsdkf ................................................................................ ]æangf 665
- J FGCF_NBHJ CF [D__F ‛ Æaufs cd rnj ifgsj
]jr [usuiu ^fifaukhn ......................................................................................... ]æangf 6;5
- ONJBJANF ‛ F krnfgáf d f gfturdzf< Kjiprddgcdr j fiondgtd pfrf prjcuznr
iucfgáfs
]jr Ldggn`dr Bdëj cjs [fgtjs ................................................................................. ]æangf 615
- BJTKJ[ ]DBJ SDI]J ‛ _dkjgstntunáëj pfbdjdkjbûankf cf pfnsfadi rdanjgfb
]jr Cndaj cd Sjbdcj Bnif cf [nbvf ....................................................................... ]æangf ?65
- IDKFGN\FÁËJ FA_ÉKJBF KJG[D_PFKNJGN[SF ‛ [nstdifs cd prdpfrj cj sjbj]jr @rfgkndbbd Ijrdbbn @drrdnrf ............................................................................. ]æangf ;;5
- KFBDNCJ[KÛ]NJ ‛ Gjs pfssjs cf `î
]jr Bdjgnb Lugnjr .................................................................................................... ]æangf ;85
- F[S_JGJINF ‛ Kîu cd jutuorj
]jr _nkfrcj Gfsknidgtj ......................................................................................... ]æangf 36.
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;?
_DPN[SF DBDS_ÓGNKF O_FAFGSNGF JG BNGD
Tif puobnkfáëj ngcdpdgcdgtd, kji pdrnjcnkncfcd idgsfb.
[ntd<
https<//sntds.ajjabd.kji/sntd/rdvnstforfafgtngfjgbngd@fkdojje<
https<//www.`fkdojje.kji/_dvnstfOrfafgtngfJgBngd
D-ifnb<
rdvnstforfafgtngfjgMaifnb.kji
Gjssfs dcnáôds sëj puobnkfcfs gf ifnjr onobnjtdkf jg bngd cj iugcj<
www.skrnoc.kji
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;;
DCNSJ_NFB
GJPJ[ KFI]J[
]rdzfcjs bdntjrds!
F prjxnincfcd kji j pdréjcj cd `dstfs vdi fkjipfghfcf cd gjvjs sdgtnidgtjs,
pjssnonbncfcds, pbfgjs, ju sdlf, gjvjs kfipjs. Kfipjs cd vnsëj, cd trfofbhj, cd dspdrfgáf d
cd kdbdorfáëj cfs rdbfáôds sjknfns. ]dréjcj rdkhdfcj cd prdsdgtds, ifs tfioîi cd `î.
Cdssf `jrif, f _dvnstf dxprdssf dstd ijidgtj dspdknfb, cd gjvjs idiorjs, gjvfs
pdssjfs d f trfcnknjgfb qufbncfcd, ouskfgcj kuiprnr kji gjssj joldtnvj< ‒ Cn`ugcnr frtnajs cd
qufbncfcd, ouskfgcj f cnskussëj cd ncdnfs d f kjgstruáëj cd jpngnôds.’
Gdstf dcnáëj, khfij f ftdgáëj pfrf gjssf gjvf kjbugnstf, @rfgkndbbd Ijrdbbn @drrdnrf,
qud kjifgcfræ f Kjbugf ‒Idkfgnzfáëj Farékjbf Kjgsdrvfknjgnstf’. Gjssfs ojfs vngcfs f
dbf, qud dgtrf pfrf f kjipdtdgtd dqunpd Orfafgtngf Jg Bngd.
Cndaj cd Sjbdcj Bnif cf [nb vf ‛ Dcn tjr (61/6=/?=6;)
Tif ojf bdnturf d gëj cdnxd cd dgvnfr suf jpngnëj pdbj d-ifnb
(rdvnstforfafgtngfjgMaifnb.kji)!
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;3
DCTKFÁËJ FIONDGSFB
@bævnj _jodrtj Khfccfc
Arfcufcj di Dgadghfrnf Farjgóinkf d Knìgknfs Onjbûankfs5 Arfcufgcj di
@nbjsj`nf5 Dspdknfbnstf di Dcukfáëj Fiondgtfb, Adstëj cf Dcukfáëj Oæsnkf d
Adstëj Fiondgtfb5 Idstrd di Dcukfáëj U[updrnjrY d Idstrfgcj di Dcukfáëj
DskjbfrD-ifnb< `rkhfccfcMaifnb.kji
_D[DGHF CJ CJKTIDGSÆ_NJ ‒]F_F J CNF GF[KD_ @DBN\’
Dstf rdsdghf tdi pjr joldtnvj uif ordvd cnskussëj sjord j cjkuidgtærnj ngtntubfcj
‒ ]frf j cnf gfskdr `dbnz ’, iuntj ngtdrdssfgtd, qud rdtrftf j kdgærnj dcukftnvj orfsnbdnrj. Pdlj
qud pfrf qudi î dcukfcjr î iuntj nipjrtfgtd fssnstnr dstd `nbid, qud sd dgkjgtrf cnspjgévdb
gj ^juSuod, gj sdaungtd dgcdrdáj< https<//www.yjutuod.kji/wftkh:v9a4Q1i`JvqiTFgtds cd fcdgtrfr gj kdrgd cj `nbid, î gdkdssærnj dg`ftnzfr qud f dcukfáëj î ui
prjkdssj iuntj kjipbdxj, qud gëj pjcd sdr dxprdssj fpdgfs di ui cjkuidgtærnj, ifs dbd
trfz fbauifs rd`bdxôds qud sëj nipjrtfgtds pfrf sd dgtdgcdr í dcukfáëj gj Orfsnb.
J `nbid ijstrf cufs kjgtrfcnáôds prngknpfns ‛ f rdfbncfcd cf dcukfáëj di rdanôds
pjords, jgcd nipdrf f vnjbìgknf5 d f rdfbncfcd dcukfknjgfb cd kbfssds ifns fofstfcfs, jgcd j
prjkdssj dcukftnvj sd rdfbnzf di tjcf f suf dspdkn`nkncfcd, ju sdlf, js fbugjs tìi f
rdspjgsfonbncfcd, lugtfidgtd kji js prj`dssjrds cd `fzdr kji qud j dgsngj d f fprdgcnzfadisd d`dtudi.
J qud sd josdrvf, di rdanôds ifns pjords, î qud fs rdbfáôds cd prjcuáëj d sjknfns
ngtdr`drdi cdknsnvfidgtd gj prjkdssj dcukftnvj. Ju sdlf, trfgs`jrifi f dcukfáëj di ui
kfjs, jgcd gngauîi qud `fz pfrtd cj prjkdssj dcukftnvj kjgsdaud ftnganr qufbqudr `ni, sdgëj
f prûprnf pdrpdtufáëj cf ofroærnd. Gj qud sd pdrkdod, js fbugjs cdstfs rdanôds, gëj tìi gfcf
f pdrcdr, dbds dstëj bæ pfrf cfr vfzëj fj sdu ûcnj kjgtrf j prûprnj snstdif, qud ouskf f tjcj j
ijidgtj `fzdr f ifgutdgáëj cj qud dstæ cfcj ju cj stftus quj. Ifs, idsij fssni hæ
kjgtrfcnáôds, d dstfs kjgtrfcnáôds sëj gnkhjs qud sj`rdi kji dstd dstfcj cd kjnsfs, qud gëj
kjgsdaudi tdr j cnrdntj cd dstucfr pjrqud js prj`dssjrds gëj kjgsdaudi dxdrkdr fs sufs
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;4
`ugáôds pdcfaûankfs, ju sdlf, gëj kjgsdaudi cfr fubfs gf kbfssd.
Du sju prj`dssjr d vdlj nstj iuntj cd pdrtj, ju sdlf, fbugjs qud qudrdi fprdgcdr, kji
kjgsknìgknf qud f dskjbf pjcd sdr sni ui dspfáj pfrf f iucfgáf sjknfb d, gj dgtfgtj, sëj
nipdcncjs pdbjs jutrjs dcukfgcjs qud qudrdi dxtrfvfsfr sdu ûcnj kjgtrf j snstdif. Iuntjs
cdstds fbugjs sëj fgfb`fodtjs ju fgfb`fodtjs `ugknjgfns, gëj kjgsdaudi bdr ju kjiprddgcdr
ui tdxtj, `nkfgcj cn`éknb, pjrtfgtj, qud j prjkdssj cd dgsngj jkjrrf. Gdstfs dskjbfs cd ofnxf
rdgcf ‛ ju pfrf `nbhjs cd prjbdtærnjs ‛ f dspdkn`nkncfcd cf dcukfáëj, qud î cd fkjrcj kji f
pdcfajanf hnstûrnkj-krétnkf, cd prjpjrknjgfr j qud hæ cd ifns fvfgáfcj gf dcukfáëj î pdrcncf
kjipbdtfidgtd5 ju sdlf, f dskjbf vnrf ui arfgcd kdgtrj kjiugntærnj, idgjs î kbfrj,
prdjkupfcf kji f ngstruáëj d f trfgsinssëj cd kjghdknidgtj.
Gdstds fspdktjs, pjrtfgtj, f dskjbf ncdjbjankfidgtd prjijvd dstf idsif sjkndcfcd,
pjns f dskjbf rdprjcuz f sjkndcfcd cd kbfssds, f sjkndcfcd cf ofroærnd d gëj kuiprd j qud sd
prjpôd qud î uif dcukfáëj pfrf supdrfr dstd dstfcj cd kjnsfs, gdssd kfsj, f ifgutdgáëj d f
rdprjcuáëj cj dstfcj kfpntfbnstf. ]jr jutrj bfcj, vdlj qud íqudbds qud pjcdi sfnr cdstd
kjgtdxtj d kfrrdafr j adrid cf iucfgáf sjknfb ‛ pjns, krdskdrfi gdstfs kbfssds suofbtdrgfs ‛
sëj nipdcncjs cd fbauif `jrif ju cd jutrf pdbj prûprnj snstdif.
Kjij kntfr<
KHFCCFC, @._. _dsdghf cj cjkuidgtærnj ‒]frf j cnf gfskdr `dbnz’. _dvnstf DbdtrógnkfOrfafgtngf Jg Bngd. Ljfgûpjbns, g.?3, p. 3-4, jut. ?=6;.
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;0
CNPTBAFÁËJ
Lub nfgf Pndnr f [fbbds Pfrfbbj Bdntd
Iîcnkf Pdtdr ngærnf
D-ifnb < lu byvfrfb bjMyfhjj.kji.or
D[]J_SD[ DVTD[S_D[< SDFI ]DGGNGA
Khfifcf ‒f prjvf cf `fiébnf’, j Sdfi ]dggnga ftrfn f kfcf fgj ui gü idrj ifnjr
cd fcdptjs gj Orfsnb. F ijcfbncfcd (tdfi 9 dqunpd/ pdg 9 kurrfb) tdi suf jrnadi gjs Dstfcjs
Tgncjs, d prjkurf trfzdr pfrf fs pnstfs f idsif sntufáëj vnvncf pdbjs pdôds gfs `fzdgcfs, ju
sdlf, fpfrtfr ui bjtd cd ojns d kjg`ngæ-bjs gj kurrfb, pfrf kurf d trftfidgtj. Î ifns ui
dspjrtd qud sd cdsdgvjbvdu kji ofsd gj cnf-f-cnf cj kfipj.
Fj sdr trfzncj pfrf j Orfsnb, j dspjrtd pjpubfrnzju-sd d pfssju f sdr prftnkfcj gëj sû
pdbjs prjprndtærnjs cd kfvfbjs, kjij tfioîi pjr sdus `finbnfrds d finajs, qud `jrifi uitnid kjipjstj pdbjs pfns, tnjs, fvós d `nbhjs. F fcrdgfbngf dgvjbvncf î `jrtd d tjif kjgtf cd
qudi kjipdtd d tfioîi cf tjrkncf di vjbtf cf pnstf.
Fj sngfb cj lunz, j trnj tdi ui prfzj bnintd cd 6?= sdaugcjs pfrf sdpfrfr cj bjtd cd
afrrjtds qud j lunz sjrtdnf gj ijidgtj cf bfrafcf d bdvæ-bjs pfrf j kurrfb, qufgcj js
kfvfbdnrjs bdvfgtfi f iëj cdgtrj cj kurrfb, j krjgóidtrj î pfrfcj.
F rfáf cj kfvfbj pjukj nipjrtf, j nipjrtfgtd î tdr ui fgnifb trdngfcj d æanb. ]jrîi,
j kfvfbj ifns usfcj î j qufrtj cd inbhf, pdbf suf cjknbncfcd d `fknbncfcd gj ifgdlj cj afcj. Gëj nipjrtf tfioîi sd j kjipdtncjr î gjvj ju vdbhj, vdtdrfgj ju pjukj dxpdrndgtd, hjidi
ju iubhdr, f arfgcd sfkfcf î tdr js jbhjs ftdgtjs d iuntf fanbncfcd pfrf aunfr j kfvfbj d
kjgsdaunr kuiprnr f tfrd`f.
F khfvd î j trfofbhj cd dqunpd, js trìs kjipdtncjrds trfofbhfgcj di hfrijgnf pfrf
sdpfrfr js rdspdktnvjs fgnifns cdsnagfcjs d kjgcuzn-bjs fj kurrfb, ifgtdgcj j rdstfgtd cj
rdofghj pfrf træs. F ijcfbncfcd `jn ngkbuécf j`nknfbidgtd di fajstj cd ?==? gf @dstf cj
]dëj cd Ojnfcdnrj cd Ofrrdtjs.Hjld, f prætnkf cf ijcfbncfcd tdi sd dxpfgcncj d læ khdaju f Ljfgûpjbns ([]). Dstd
pjpubfr dvdgtj krjgjidtrfcj î uif prjvf cd dxpbjsëj, vdbjkncfcd, fanbncfcd d,
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;1
dspdknfbidgtd, dgtrjsfidgtj. Fajrf qud vjkì kjghdkd ui pjukj sjord j dspjrtd, fprjvdntd d
kurtf f ijcfbncfcd.
Kjij kntfr<
BDNSD, L.P.[.P. Dspjrtds dqudstrds< Sdfi ]dggnga. _dvnstf Dbdtrógnkf Orfafgtngf JgBngd. Ljfgûpjbns, g.?3, p. 0-1, jut. ?=6;.
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;8
BNGHF CJ SDI]J
Hdbdg Efbngd ]nghdnrj
Dstucfgtd d ljvdi tfbdgtj cd Ljfgûpjbns
D-ifnb< hdbdgepnghdnrjMaifnb.kji
[DLF KJIJ TIF Æ_PJ_D
[dlf kjij uif ærvjrd
Vud bfgáf sufs rfézds
]frf rdtnrfr cj ifns prj`ugcj
Js sfns qud f sustdgtfrëj.
[dlf kjij uif ærvjrd
Vud bfgáf js sdus afbhjs
]frf qud gfsáfi fs `jbhfs
D forfi sufs `bjrds.
[dlf kjij uif ærvjrd
Vud pdrifgdkd gj idsij buafr
Ifs qud j vdgtj bdvf pfrf bjgad
J qud gdbf dxnstd cd ifns odbj<
[ufs `jbhfs d sufs `bjrds.
[dlf kjij uif ærvjrd
Vud cd bjgad fs pdssjfs fvnstdiVud cd pdrtj fs pdssjfs sngtfi
Vud gfqudbf ærvjrd f vncf prdvfbdkd.
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;>
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;6=
Kjghdáf ifns gj Obja< http<//hdbdgefbngd.objaspjt.kji.or/
Kjij kntfr<
]NGHDN_J, H.E. [dlf kjij uif ærvjrd. _dvnstf Dbdtrógnkf Orfafgtngf Jg Bngd.Ljfgûpjbns, g.?3, p. 8-6=, jut. ?=6;.
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;66
[DAT_FGÁF CJ S_FOFBHJ
_nb cj Fpfrdkncj @jgsdkf
Sîkgnkj cd [daur fgáf cj Srfofb hj d Adstjr Fion dgtfb
D-ifnb < rn bcjfp`Mnodst.kji.or
]D_IN[[ÔD[ ]F_F S_FOFBHJ CD _N[KJ
Js prdvdgknjgnstfs fprdgcdi qud f ügnkf `jrif sdaurf cd sd rdfbnzfr trfofbhj cd rnskj
î kji ui snstdif jrafgnzfcj cd futjrnzfáëj. Nssj î uif prætnkf fosjbutfidgtd `ugcfidgtfb
pfrf f prdvdgáëj cd fkncdgtds arfvds d `ftfns. [d suf diprdsf gëj tdi ui snstdif `jrifb cd
pdrinssôds, dxnlf suf jrafgnzfáëj. [fnof qufns sëj js tdifs qud rdqudrdi pdrinssôds
`jrifns<
- Jpdrfáôds f qudgtd (sjbcf, kjrtd d ftnvncfcds idkïgnkfs qud adrfi `jgtds cdnagnáëj)5
- Srfofbhj di fbturf5
- Srfofbhj di bjkfns kjg`ngfcjs5
- Srfofbhj cd ngvdstnafáëj di iæqungfs d dqunpfidgtjs (ifgutdgáëj d
ijcn`nkfáôds).
Fbîi cjs tdifs kntfcjs fknif, tfioîi pjcd ngkbunr pdrinssôds< ijcn`nkfáôds,
ngstfbfáôds tdipjrærnfs, sdrvnájs dbîtrnkjs dspdké`nkjs d cdsftnvfáëj cd prjtdáôds cd
prjkdssjs.
Vud kfrfktdréstnkf tdi ui snstdif cd pdrinssôds:
6. Cd`ngnr kbfrfidgtd fs kfrfktdréstnkfs cd trfofbhj. Gëj cdvd cdnxfr cüvncfs cd
dgqufcrfidgtj (íqunbj gëj sd fpbnkf gj gjssj kfsj)5
?. Dstfodbdkdr vdrn`nkfáôds prîvnfs (khdkebnsts, dgtrd jutrjs), pjr idnj cd
ngspdáôds cjkuidgtfns cd kfipj5
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;6?
;. Cd`ngnr ftrnounáôds d rdspjgsfonbncfcds cd tjcjs js dgvjbvncjs, ngkbungcj
dxdkutjrds cnrdtjs, bécdrds cd ærdf d adrdgtds5
3. Cd`ngnr qufns sëj js sjbnkntfgtds cfs pdrinssôds, fssni kjij js dinssjrds,
fgfbnstfs d fprjvfcjrds ̀ ngfns5
4. Cd`ngnr prfzj cd vfbncfcd d cdifns kjgcnáôds cf pdrinssëj5
0. Ngkbunr prjkdcnidgtjs di didraìgknf qud pjcdi jkjrrdr.
Kjij kntfr<
@JG[DKF, _.F. ]drinssôds pfrf trfofbhj cd rnskj. _dvnstf Dbdtrógnkf Orfafgtngf JgBngd. Ljfgûpjbns, g.?3, p. 66-6?, jut. ?=6;.
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;6;
J FGCF_NBHJ CF [D__F
[usuiu ̂ fifaukhn
Krjgnstf, fgcfr nb hj d ijrfcjr cd Ljfgûpjbn s
D-ifnb < sussfyfiMaifnb .kji
ÆATF[ CD _NJ IFG[J
(Krógnkfs cnfifgtngfs ‛ 4)
Cjs lfrcngs cj NCDGD, gj fbtj cf rfipf qud bdvf cf ruf í sdcd, Bdtéknf id jrndgtfvf
gf ifagé`nkf vnsëj qud du tnghf cj kdgtrj hnstûrnkj cd Cnfifgtngf. Bæ diofnxj, du cdvdrnf pfssfr pdbj Idrkfcj Pdbhj d sdaunr pdbfs rufs qud id bdvfrnfi arfcufbidgtd pfrf f
dsqudrcf, pfrf f ofsd cf sdrrf qud suonf foruptfidgtd d cdnxfvf pdgcurfcfs fs übtnifs kfsfs
cfqudbd ofnrrj. Fbn du tjifrnf j ngéknj cj Kfinghj cjs Dskrfvjs, ftrfvdssfrnf f rjcjvnf gj
fbtj cf sdrrf, fcdgtrfrnf gj ]frqud Dstfcufb cj Onrnonrn d sdaunrnf pdbf trnbhf qud id bdvfrnf ftî
Idgcfghf, fgtnaj kdgtrj prjcutjr cd cnfifgtds, f vngtd qunbóidtrjs cd Cnfifgtngf.
‒Idu prnij, qud ijrrdu kjinaj, pdaju inghfs iëjs d `fbju< ‘ Qnbtjg, du dstju guif
ojf5 qudi prdknsf cd kuncfcjs î gjssj finaj fbn„’. Vufgcj jbhju, sdu Qnbtjg vnu j finaj
gj idnj cjs cdstrjájs cj kfrrj ‛ ngkûbuid. Pnu j kjrpj cj prnij d tfioîi j sdu. Ís vdzds
jbhfvf cd `jrf d jutrfs, cd cdgtrj5 sû dgtëj kjiprddgcdu qud fqudbd gdaûknj orfgkj d
kjiprncj qud kjgsdaunf dgtrdvdr khdafgcj fj qudnxj, drf sdu `ìiur. Jbhju pfrf j prnij, qud
kjgtngufvf f jbhfr pfrf j kfrj finaj, qud jbhfvf di vjbtf fssustfcj. D sdu Qnbtjg sjrrnu<
drfi tjcjs ljvdgs, gf kfsf cjs vngtd fgjs, f vncf drf odbf d ‛ fkfofrf cd cdskjornr ‛ f ijrtd,
tfioîi.
Ti `jrtd gdvjdnrj gëj id cdnxfvf vdr Cnfifgtngf cf dgtrfcf cj ]frqud cj Onrnonrn.
Du tnghf sfécj cf kncfcd sdaungcj pdbf rjcjvnf fpdgfs pjr prdkfuáëj, pjrqud Cfbuz, cf Kfsf
cf Kubturf, cdsfkjgsdbhfrf pfssfr pdbj ofnrrj gj pî cf sdrrf sdi f prdsdgáf cd ui aunf cf
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;63
kncfcd ‛ d tfioîi, pjr tjcf f trnbhf. Fs arfgcds pdcrfs qud fajrf pnsfvf id `fznfi nifangfr
f fpfrnáëj, f qufbqudr ijidgtj cd cdgtrj cj gdvjdnrj, cd kjbugfs cd dskrfvjs snbdgknfcjs d
tfgancjs pjr kfáfcjrds cd cnfifgtds. Ifs bjaj j tdipj fornu d, uif hjrf d idnf fpûs cdnxfr
j hjtdb, pfssdn pjr uif pbfkf qud ngcnkfvf< ‒Dstrfcf _dfb ‛ Kfinghj cjs Dskrfvjs ‛ ei
4,13=’.
‒@nqudn jntj cnfs ijrtj’. D gdssd tdipj ifns dtdrgj qud f krnfáëj prnidnrf, sdu
Qnbtjg juvnf. Læ gëj vnf sdu prnij d gdi tfipjukj kjrpjs, kfrrjs, dstrfcfs d gfcf cj qud j
iugcj kjipjrtfrf ftî dgtëj. D juvnf kjgvdrsfs. D tucj drf orfgkj, j ifns kbfrj qud læ vnrf,
cd uif buz ifns kbfrf qud j ifns kbfrj cjs cnfs cd sjb. D pfssju f vdr pdssjfs sdgtfcfs f suf
vjbtf, kngkj ju sdns qud `fbfvfi fj `dntnj cd iftutjs. ‒Sdi ldntj, gëj...’, fssni dgtdgcnf.
‒Î... gëj tdi ldntj idsij, gëj...’, tjrgfvf f juvnr cdpjns cd dtdrgncfcds ngtdrintdgtds. Ifs
hfvnf ui, íqudbd cf ifns kbfrf buz, j ifns vdgdrævdb, qud f`nrifvf sdiprd< ‒Sdi ldntj... tdi
ldntj, sni!...’.
Odi ifns fcnfgtd, di ui trdkhj cdskfipfcj, uif pbfkf ng`jrifvf qud f pfnsfadi
drf usfcf pjr trjpdnrjs kjij oüssjbf gfturfb d qud cfqudbd buafr drf pjssévdb fvnstfr ui
nipjrtfgtd pjgtj cd rd`drìgknf< j ]nkj cj Ntfioî. ]rjkurdn bjkfbnzæ-bj, ifs ui bdgájb üincj
cd guvdgs qud kjornf f pfrtd fbtf cfs sdrrfs cnstfgtds gëj id cdnxfvf sfodr di qud cnrdáëj dbd
dstfvf. Dgtëj, `fznf læ uif sdifgf, drf cd fbaui buafr cfqudbd kîu qud du vndrf fgcfgcj. D
sdaun di `rdgtd gf trnbhf qud fbtdrgfvf tfioîi pfstjs, iftfs, jrquécdfs, ruégfs cd `fzdgcf d
trfvdssnfs cd rnfkhjs ‛ qufgtncfcds! ‛ qud id rd`rdskfvfi js pîs di sufs kbfrfs d bfrafs
kjrrdcdnrfs.
‒]fssdn cjns fgjs cd kfif, kngkj cd iubdtfs d ifns cjns cd odgafbf!’. Gjvd fgjs gj
kfbdgcærnj, ifs pfrf sdu Qnbtjg `jrfi iuntfs dtdrgncfcds. Gëj fpdgfs jssjs qudorfcjs d
kfrgds ijécfs, ifs tfioîi j ijsfnkj ngtdrnjr tnghf cd sdr rdijcdbfcj f kfcf cnf. Snghf cd
fprdgcdr f lugtfr j qud `jrf dstnbhfáfcj, f rdpnsfr pfssjs qud `jrfi cfcjs d rdcfcjs, f dvjkfr
sdgsfáôds jutrfs qud gëj fpdgfs f cjr sdi `ni. D cdvnf bdiorfr sdiprd cfqudbd qud ui cnf
kjghdkdrf kjij Qnbtjg ‛ d gëj dsqudkdr gugkf cj qud vnrf d juvnrf d gëj kjiprddgcdrf, f
gëj sdr pjr ordvds ngstfgtds< ‒Sdi ldntj... tdi ldntj, sni!...’.J kfinghj iucju süontf d rfcnkfbidgtd f pfrtnr cj kruzdnrj qud fssngfbfvf j fbidlfcj
fbtj cj Arfáfs f Cdus, jgcd trjpdnrjs farfcdknfi pdbj sukdssj cf suoncf cf sdrrf. Du cdnxfvf
pfrf træs fs vfstncôds cfs trnbhfs cd fbtntucd d cdsknf, pjr uif dstrfcf pfvnidgtfcf kji
nidgsfs pdcrfs, pfrf ui dstrdntfidgtj cd hjrnzjgtds f kfcf pfssj. D kfcf pdcrf qud pnsfvf
id cdvjbvnf nifadgs cd suf kjbjkfáëj fbn, frrfstfcfs d lustfpjstfs pjr orfájs d pdgsfidgtjs,
sdgtnidgtjs d dspérntjs suoidtncjs í dskrfvnzfáëj. ]jr ifns cd uif hjrf cdskn pfrf j ifns
`ugcj, kfngcj pjr fqudbf jorf qud aufrcfvf iuntj sj`rnidgtj, tëj ifns krudb pjr ngtdgáëj.‒Ftî js kngqudgtf d jntj fgjs du gugkf tnghf tjifcj uif sû ajtf cd æbkjjb!’. Ti
cnf, pdgsfgcj di sdus fskdgcdgtds d pfrdgtds, sdu Qnbtjg vnu qud qudi gëj odonf vnvnf
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;64
ofstfgtd, khdafgcj fjs >? ju >4 fgjs cd ncfcd. Ifs cdskjornu tfioîi qud js qud odonfi
khdafvfi fjs 6=? ju 6=; fgjs cd vncf. D ifns qud uif dvdgtufb prjrrjafáëj cd sdu tdipj
gdstf tdrrf, sdgtnf qud fqudbf cjsd cd kfkhfáf fj `ngfb cd ifns ui cnf cd trfofbhj bdvfvf
diojrf f cjr pdrifgdgtd qud j fkjipfghfvf hfvnf cîkfcfs. D gj cnf sdaungtd vjbtfvfi fs
cjrds, dspdknfbidgtd pjr gëj ifgkfr fpdsfr cfs pdrgfs cdsnaufns. F cjr drf f kdrtdzf cf
kjgtnguncfcd cf vncf.
Læ gf ofnxfcf, uif pbfkf ngcnkfvf j ei 68,?>3 cj Kfinghj cjs Dskrfvjs d id pdcnf
pfrf ftrfvdssfr kji rdspdntj pjr sdr fqudbf uif ærdf pfrtnkubfr. Pdgkn fngcf ui ordlj d, di
qufsd cjns qunbóidtrjs, khdaudn í nardlf gj fbtj cf dskfcfrnf qud bdvfvf fj rnj Ldquntnghjghf.
[dgtdn-id d `nqudn jbhfgcj f bjgaf d dstrdntf pjgtd bæ diofnxj. Tif arfgcd pbfkf ng`jrifvf
qud di Idgcfghf sd prjcuznf iuntj cnfifgtd d qud fs trjpfs pfafvfi pdcæanj pfrf
ftrfvdssfr j rnj. D ui hjidi id cnznf qud hjld sd dxtrféf drf iuntf frdnf cj rnj, d qud fbn j
Ldquntnghjghf iftfvf iuntf adgtd kji sdu ldntj kfbij d sufs ijvdcnáfs.
‒[d du afghfssd kdi inbhôds d cjfssd cdz inbhôds f ui nriëj gëj gdkdssntfcj, d ui
inbhëj f jutrj qud gfcf tnvdssd, j qud fkjgtdkdrnf:’. [du Qnbtjg ouskfvf rdspjstfs í prûprnf
qudstëj gjs sdgtnidgtjs krnfcjs, dspdknfbidgtd pdbj nriëj qud tdrnf suf vncf fldntfcf kji ui
inbhëj. ‒Du sdrnf f pdssjf ifns jcnfcf gj iugcj pjr dbd, pjr tdr sncj fpdgfs ui inbhëj ‛
ju cdz, ju kdi inbhôds’. Fpûs `dkhfr suf pdqudgf ngcüstrnf tìxtnb, sdu Qnbtjg `dz cd suf kfsf
uif pjusfcf pfrf sd tjrgfr f ifns odbf cd tjcj j vfbd, ifs kjorfvf cnærnfs odi idgjrds qud
fs cd Cnfifgtngf ju Inbhj Pdrcd. ‒Vudrj rdkdodr pdssjfs ‛ d gëj, cnghdnrj qud gëj
prdknsd’.
Fj ftrfvdssfr gjvfidgtd j Ldquntnghjghf, fajrf cf ofgcf cf iëj dsqudrcf pfrf f cf
cnrdntf, pfrdn gj idnj cf pjgtd pfrf kjgtdipbfr fs æaufs cj ‛ cdstf vdz ‛ bfraj d ifgsj rnj.
Dbfs kjgtfvfi hnstûrnfs qud id bdvfvfi cd vjbtf í nardlf gj fbtj cf dskfcfrnf, jgcd uif
pbfkf cfvf kjgtf cd ui kdintîrnj cd dskrfvjs, id `fznfi suonr f sdrrf pdbfs pdcrfs qud
pdrifgdknfi tdstdiughfs cjs dskrfvjs d id ljafvfi di uif sfbf gj Iusdu cj Cnfifgtd,
di Cnfifgtngf. Bæ, di vdz cf purdzf gfturfb cfs pdcrfs prdknjsfs cf sfbf fj bfcj, dstfvfi
dxpjstfs fbadifs d afrafbhdnrfs cd dskrfvjs, tjskfidgtd bfpncfcfs pdbf nipurdzf cfs insîrnfshuifgfs.
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;60
Ifrafrdth ‛ ifrajt.ljfgnghfMhjtifnb.kji
‒F vncf dtdrgf gëj î pfrf tjcjs’. [du Qnbtjg dspdrfvf prjbjgafr suf pdrifgìgknf gf
Sdrrf ‛ d pfrf nssj kjgtfvf kji f cjsd `uturf cd kfcf cnf ‛ f `ni cd fprnijrfr suf fspnrfáëj í
vncf dtdrgf. Cdcnkfvf-sd fj trfofbhj cd sn pfrf sn d, gjs cnfs cd cdskfgsj, pfrf jutrjs5
fkdntfvf fbdarnfs d cæcnvfs, d tfioîi cjrds d pdrcfs5 d sfonf qud f vncf dtdrgf gëj drf pfrf
tjcj iugcj. Gëj f vnvdrëj js qud iftfi, dskrfvnzfi, dspfbhfi sj`rnidgtj pjr ngtdgáëj<
dstds cdnxfrëj cd dxnstnr. ‒Hfvdræ cdsarfáf ifnjr qud pdrcdr f arfáf cf vncf:’. F vncf
dtdrgf, sû vnsbuiorfcf, tjrgfrf-sd j sdu fgdbj pdrifgdgtd ‛ pjrqud, f`ngfb, ‒tdi ldntj... tdi
ldntj, sni!...’.
Læ drf kjidáj cd gjntd qufgcj khdaudn f Kjutj cd Ifafbhëds cd Ingfs, gj dxtrdij
snbvdstrd cf Dstrfcf _dfb, kfinghfgcj pdbj fs`fbtj pjr qufsd trìs hjrfs cdpjns cd kruzfr j rnjLdquntnghjghf. Kngqudgtf fgjs fgtds du tnghf kjgkbuécj j kursj prniærnj di Fgæpjbns (AJ)
di ui kjbîanj khfifcj Kjutj Ifafbhëds, qud sdiprd nifangfrf sdr gjid cd ofgcdnrfgtd.
Gf pjusfcf, sjuod sdr j cd ‒ui cdssds pjbétnkjs, fé’, qud cdstdrrfrf j gjid jrnangfb cf
kncfcd< _nj Ifgsj. D dgqufgtj dspdrfvf j lfgtfr cdpjns cd ui rdbfxfgtd ofghj pfrf ui cnf
ngtdnrj cd kfinghfcf, du juvnf cd idu fg`ntrnëj< ‒Idu prnij, qud ijrrdu kjinaj...’.
Kjij kntfr<
^FIFATKHN, [. Æaufs cd rnj ifgsj. _dvnstf Dbdtrógnkf Orfafgtngf Jg Bngd.
Ljfgûpjbns, g.?3, p. 6;-60, jut. ?=6;.
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;61
ONJBJANF
Ldggn`dr Bdëj cjs [fgtjs
Onûbjaf d ]dsqunsfcjrf
D-ifnbs< ldggn`drbdfjMyfhjj.kji.or
F K_NFGÁF D F GFST_D\F< KJI]_DDGCD_ J FIONDGSD ]F_F ]_JCT\N_
ITCFGÁF[
Gdstd iìs cd jutuorj, gj cnf 6?, î kjidijrfcj j ‒Cnf cfs Krnfgáfs’. Tif `rfsd
iuntj utnbnzfcf î qud ‒fs krnfgáfs sëj j gjssj `uturj’, sëj dbfs js `uturjs fcingnstrfcjrds cj
pbfgdtf Sdrrf. Fkrdcntj, pjrîi, qud dbfs gëj sdlfi j `uturj, ifs sni j prdsdgtd, d sdqudrdijs kjgstrunr uif sjkndcfcd qud pdgsd d snaf pfcrôds cn`drdgtds cjs ftufns, d sdlfi
fiondgtfbidgtd kjrrdtjs, î gdkdssærnj ngvdstnr d dgsngæ-bfs hjld, pfrf qud kjgtngudi
krdskdgcj d rdpbnkfgcj ojfs fáôds fiondgtfns. [dgcj fssni, f kjbugf cdstd iìs î di
hjidgfadi fj prdsdgtd cj gjssj pbfgdtf ‛ gjs cjns sdgtncjs ‛ , fjs krnfcjrds d kjgstrutjrds
cfs `uturfs hnstûrnfs, fs krnfgáfs.
Cdscd j cnf cj gfsknidgtj, j sdr huifgj rdkdod dstéiubjs cj fiondgtd di qud dstæ
ngsdrncj, d gj sdu cdsdgvjbvnidgtj f fprdgcnzfadi pjssun ui pfpdb `ugcfidgtfb. Î pjr idnjcj prjkdssj cd fprdgcnzfadi qud fcqunrnijs vfbjrds, kjghdknidgtjs, hfonbncfcds, pjsturfs,
dgtrd jutrjs, sdgcj rdsubtfgtd cd vnvìgknfs, dstucjs d josdrvfáôds. Gfs kjbugfs fgtdrnjrds
`jrfi cdskrntjs fbaugs knkbjs cf gfturdzf, dg`ftnzfgcj f ncdnf cf gdkdssncfcd cd dgtdgcdr fs
pfrtds pfrf jotdr kjghdknidgtj cj `ugknjgfidgtj cj tjcj, pdrintngcj cdssf `jrif uif
ngtdrvdgáëj pjsntnvf, qud rdsubtd di kjgsdrvfáëj fiondgtfb. @nkf kbfrj, dgtëj, qud sdi j
kjghdknidgtj gëj î pjssévdb vfbjrnzfr ju kuncfr cd fbaj.
]dgsfgcj di rdbfáëj ís krnfgáfs, gëj î pjssévdb dspdrfr uif pjsturf cd rdspdntj í
gfturdzf sd gëj `jrdi dgsngfcfs f rdspdntæ-bf, d `uturfidgtd kjorfr qud kjgsdrvdi j
fiondgtd, sd gdi fj idgjs kjgvnvdrfi kji dbd d gëj kjiprddgcdrfi sdus prjkdssjs. Gëj î
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;68
lustj kjorfr uif cdtdringfcf pjsturf qufgcj j dxdipbj gugkf pfrtnu cd gûs, sû î pjssévdb
cfr fqunbj qud ui cnf rdkdodijs, d j idsij pdgsfidgtj qud sd fpbnkf ís qudstôds
fiondgtfns. F sdaungtd `rfsd, vdgkdcjrf cd ui Kjgardssj gj Orfsnb sjord Pncf [ustdgtævdb,
dxpbnkf idbhjr dssf qudstëj<
‒Sjcjs pdgsfijs di cdnxfr ui pbfgdtf idbhjr pfrf gjssjs `nbhjs... Vufgcj gjs
jkjrrdræ, pdgsfr di cdnxfr `nbhjs idbhjrds pfrf j `uturj cj gjssj pbfgdtf:’
]frf dgsngfr fs krnfgáfs î gdkdssærnj cdskjgstrunr j fgtrjpjkdgtrnsij rdbftnvj í
gfturdzf, qud tdi j sdr huifgj kjij cjingfcjr d kjgtrjbfcjr cj fiondgtd gfturfb, d kjrrnanr
j jbhfr d f ncdnf sjord f gfturdzf kjij uif ‒kjnsf’, qud utnbnzfijs cd fkjrcj kji gjssfs
gdkdssncfcds d fgsdnjs, cdskfrtfgcj qufgcj gëj qudrdijs ifns.
F krnfgáf prdknsf dgtdgcdr fs kjgdxôds dgtrd j sdr huifgj d f gfturdzf, dstfr
ng`jrifcf cjs prjkdssjs cd prjcuáëj, sfodr cd jgcd vdi d pfrf jgcd vfn j qud usu`ruéijs,
sdlf j qud kjidijs, sdlf j qud utnbnzfijs5 d kjiprddgcdr fs kjgsdquìgknfs cd gjssfs fáôds,
sdlf ngcnvncufb ju kjbdtnvf. Cdvdijs bdvæ-bfs f dgtdgcdr qud j `ftj cd sdrijs sdrds rfknjgfns
sû fuidgtf f rdspjgsfonbncfcd qud tdijs pfrf kji j pbfgdtf Sdrrf, gëj pjssungcj j kjgtrjbd,
ifs kjgtrnoungcj pfrf suf dxnstìgknf di kjgcnáôds ncdfns. Flucæ-bfs f kjiprddgcdr qud
sjijs fpdgfs uif pfrtd cj tjcj, qud dxnstdi jutrjs ngüidrjs sdrds vnvjs d `ftjrds
fiondgtfns qud lugtjs pjssnonbntfi f dxnstìgknf cf vncf gf Sdrrf, d kjgtrnoudi pfrf f
ifgutdgáëj cj dqunbéornj cngïinkj cf gfturdzf, sdi j qufb gjssf dxnstìgknf gëj sdrnf
pjssévdb.
Fbauifs vnvìgknfs qud `jrgdkdi kjghdknidgtj pfrf j fprdgcnzfcj d pfrf j
dgtdgcnidgtj sjord f gdkdssncfcd cd kjgsdrvfáëj pjcdi sdr ftnvncfcds5 tfns kjij< f
ifgutdgáëj cd hjrtfs d lfrcngs, j pbfgtnj cd ærvjrds, rdknkbfadi, js pfssdnjs di fiondgtds
gfturfns qud pdrintfi j kjgtftj cnrdtj kji dbdidgtjs gfturfns, kjij, pjr dxdipbj, f æauf,
js fgnifns ju fs pbfgtfs.
Bdvæ-bjs f pfrquds d pdrintnr f kfcf cnf kjgvnvìgknf kji js dbdidgtjs gfturfns cjs
fiondgtds qud js rjcdnfi tfioîi sëj ifgdnrfs cd kjgtrnounr kji j fprdgcnzfcj d flucæ-bjs
f cdsdgvjbvdr uif kjgsknìgknf fiondgtfb. Srfofbhfr js kjgtdücjs ftufbidgtd cnskutncjsabjofbidgtd, cd `jrif snipbds d kji uif bngaufadi qud `fáf pfrtd cfs rdfbncfcds cdstds,
naufbidgtd kjgtrnoun pfrf ngstnafr f kurnjsncfcd gfturfb rdbftnvf í `fsd cf ng`ïgknf d prî-
fcjbdskìgknf. Dstds sëj dstéiubjs gdkdssærnjs pfrf fprjvdntfr j ngtdrdssd sjord f gfturdzf, j
qud kjjpdrf kji f `jrifáëj cd jpngnôds d js pdrintdi fcqunrnr f kfpfkncfcd cd cnskutnr
sjord dssds fssugtjs cd `jrif kjdrdgtd, kjgtrnoungcj, fssni, pfrf f `jrifáëj kncfcëjs
fiondgtfbidgtd kjgskndgtds.
Fbaugs dxdipbjs cd krnfgáfs d prî-fcjbdskdgtds qud, cd fbauif `jrif tnvdrfi jfkdssj f ng`jrifáôds d f jpjrtugncfcd cd kjgstruérdi sufs prûprnfs jpngnôds f pfrtnr cfqunbj
qud fprdgcdrfi, ftufbidgtd sd pjsnknjgfi f cnssdingfr sufs ncdnfs d vfbjrds, sëj Ljshuf
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;6>
[inth, _yfg Hrdblfk, Eftnd [tfabnfgj d Onred Ofdhr.
Ljshuf î ui idgngj gjrtd-fidrnkfgj qud kjgsdaunu ijonbnzfr fs pdssjfs pfrf
frrdkfcfáëj cd cnghdnrj vnsfgcj f rd`jrif cd cjns pfrquds di suf kncfcd. _yfg î kfgfcdgsd
d, cdscd sdus sdtd fgjs cd ncfcd, flucf f `jrgdkdr æauf pfrf js pjvjs cd pfésds ifns pjords
cf Æ`rnkf, Fiîrnkf Kdgtrfb d Kfrnod, dbd tdi kjgtrnouécj kji f fodrturf cd pjájs, d
ftufbidgtd tfioîi kji sfgdfidgtj gdssds bjkfns. Eftnd î cf Kfrjbngf cj [ub, kjgtrnoun kji
fs pdssjfs ifns gdkdssntfcfs, pjr idnj cf cjfáëj cd fbnidgtjs, f pfrtnr cj kubtnvj cd hjrtfs,
kjioftdgcj f `jid kji rd`dnáôds sfucævdns d gutrntnvfs. ]jr übtnij, Onred trftf cj kjgsuij
kjgskndgtd, sjord f gdkdssncfcd cd sfodr f jrnadi cjs fbnidgtjs, qudstnjgfgcj j snstdif cd
prjcuáëj d kjgsuij ftufb, d jptfgcj pjr prjcutjs sustdgtævdns d sfucævdns. Dstds sëj fpdgfs
fbaugs dxdipbjs cd krnfgáfs d prî-fcjbdskdgtds qud kjgsdaunrfi kjgstrunr sufs jpngnôds d
vfbjrds. F pfrtnr cj kjghdknidgtj fcqunrncj, dbds `jrfi kfpfzds cd sd pjsnknjgfr cd `jrif
krétnkf kjgtrf js snstdifs dxnstdgtds, d sd ijonbnzfrfi f rdfbnzfr fáôds kjgkrdtfs gfs qufns
pucdssdi fpbnkfr j qud fprdgcdrfi.
Cdssf `jrif, î pjssévdb pdrkdodr qud hjuvd uif sdgsnonbnzfáëj f pfrtnr cj
kjghdknidgtj jotncj, sdgcj fssni, dstfr fbndgfcj fjs pfcrôds cd prjcuáëj d kjgsuij d í
kfpfkncfcd cd supjrtd cj pbfgdtf sû kjgtrnoudi kji j cnstfgknfidgtj dgtrd sdr huifgj d f
gfturdzf5 dg`ftnzfgcj, fssni, f ncdnf cd qud j fiondgtd gfturfb dstæ f gjssf cnspjsnáëj pfrf
sftns`fzdrijs gjssjs cdsdljs d gdkdssncfcds.
[d qunsdrijs ‒adrfr’ uif sjkndcfcd qud pdgsd d ftud cd `jrif hjbéstnkf d kjgskndgtd
‛ kjiprddgcdgcj j sdr huifgj kjij pfrtd cf gfturdzf d tjtfbidgtd cdpdgcdgtd cdssf ‛ , d
`jrifr krnfgáfs qud tdghfi kjgsknìgknf di rdbfáëj í gdkdssncfcd cd kjgsdrvfáëj, î prdknsj
qud sd pdrintf j fkdssj f ng`jrifáôds. ]jrtfgtj, cdvdijs cnrdknjgæ-bfs d dgsngæ-bfs f kuncfr.
[dgcj fssni, dbds sdrëj kfpfzds cd `jrifr jpngnôds d fcjtfr prætnkfs fiondgtfbidgtd
kjrrdtfs, kjgtrnoungcj pfrf qud, cd ui dstfcj cd fbndgfáëj, fkjijcfáëj d kjgsuinsij,
pjssfijs inarfr pfrf uif sjkndcfcd qud pdgsd, rd`bntf d ftud cd `jrif kjgskndgtd, cd `jrif f
kjgsdrvfr j idnj pfrf j ngcnvécuj, j kjbdtnvj, pfrf tjcjs js sdrds vnvjs d fs adrfáôds qud
fngcf vnrëj. Kji nssj, `ngfbnzj kji f `rfsd cj pfn cd Ljshuf [inth< ‒tjcf ngugcfáëj kjidáfkji pdqudgfs ajtfs’, uif krnfgáf ju qufbqudr ngcnvécuj, ngcdpdgcdgtd cd suf ncfcd, î kfpfz
cd iucfr j iugcj pjsntnvfidgtd, d sdrvnr cd dxdipbj d ngkdgtnvj pfrf iuntjs jutrjs.
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;?=
]frf ifns ng`jrifáôds<
http<//www.feftuinrni.jra.or/ - ]frf fs krnfgáfs
http<//www.feftu.jra.or/Kjgtdgt/Feftu/Frqunvjs/`nbd/]uobnkfkjds/6?Z6=Z;6ZKjgsui
nsijZng`fgtnbZkjgtrfifjZsustdgtfonbncfcdZFbfgfZIIF.pc`
http<//www.ryfgswdbb.kf/
http<//www.eftndserjps.kji/
http<//www.onredjgthd`fri.kji/ngcdx.htib
Kjij kntfr<
[FGSJ[, L.B. F krnfgáf d f gfturdzf< Kjiprddgcdr j fiondgtd pfrf prjcuznr iucfgáfs. _dvnstf Dbdtrógnkf Orfafgtngf Jg Bngd. Ljfgûpjbns, g.?3, p. 61-?=, jut. ?=6;.
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;?6
BJTKJ[ ]DBJ SDI]J
Cndaj cd Sjbdcj Bnif cf [nbvfSîkgnkj Fiondgtfb
D-ifnb< cndajfnencjljfMhjtifnb.kji
_DKJG[SNSTNÁËJ ]FBDJDKJBÛANKF CF ]FN[FADI _DANJGFB
F pfbdjdkjbjanf î uif knìgknf qud dstucf js dkjssnstdifs qud dxnstnrfi gj pfssfcj,
ofsdfgcj-sd gjs `ûssdns dgkjgtrfcjs di sdcnidgtjs. Dbf tdi kjij ofsd f Adjbjanf d f
Onjbjanf d utnbnzf sdus `ugcfidgtjs d tdringjbjanfs. Dgqufgtj f Dkjbjanf dstucf f kjipbdxf
rdbfáëj dgtrd js jrafgnsijs vnvjs d j fiondgtd `ésnkj di qud dbds vnvdi, f ]fbdjdkjbjanf tdi
joldtnvjs sdidbhfgtds, ifs î cn`éknb cdcuznr f rdbfáëj onjtf-fiondgtd gj pfssfcj qufgcj sd
utnbnzf f dvncìgknf cfcf pdbjs jrafgnsijs `jssnbnzfcjs pfrf rdkjgstrunr dstd pfbdjfiondgtd
([FBAFCJ-BFOJT_NFT, 6>>8).
F pfbngjbjanf `fz pfrtd cf ærdf cd pdsqunsf cdsnagfcf kjij inkrjpfbdjgtjbjanf d î f
knìgknf qud forfgad j dstucj cjs arëjs cd pûbdg cfs fganjspdrifs d anigjspdrifs, dspjrjs
cfs ptdrncû`ntfs d ornû`ntfs, fssni kjij dspjrjs cd fbafs d `ugajs d jutrfs dstruturfs
onjbûankfs gëj cdstruécfs ([NVTDN_F, ?==0), tfioîi cdgjingfcfs inkrj`ûssdns. Cdssd
ijcj, f fgæbnsd pfbngjbûankf rd`drd-sd fj dstucj cf kjipjsnáëj pfbngjbûankf cd sdcnidgtjs,
rdsubtfgcj gjs dspdktrj pjbégnkj d pfbngjbûankj (OF_SH, ?==3).Js jrafgnsijs sjidgtd sd prdsdrvfi odi kjij `ûssdns qufgcj dstëj di kjgcnáôds
dspdknfns. Js inkrj`ûssdns pjcdi sdr dgkjgtrfcjs fjs inbhfrds di ui kdgtéidtrj küonkj cd
sdcnidgtj, j qud cæ uif ofsd dstftéstnkf kjg`nævdb f suf jkjrrìgknf. Dbds sëj hjld di cnf f
prngknpfb `jgtd cd cfcjs pfrf f rdkjgstruáëj cj fiondgtd fgtnaj ([FBAFCJ-BFOJT_NFT,
6>>8).
J kjghdknidgtj cf cnstrnounáëj adjaræ`nkf d cf dkjbjanf cfs dspîknds ftufns î
`ugcfidgtfb pfrf j dstucj pfbdjdkjbûankj. Cf idsif `jrif, js prngképnjs oæsnkjs cdadjbjanf pdrintdi dstnifr f ncfcd rdbftnvf cjs dkjssnstdifs fgtnajs d cëj f krjgjbjanf cjs
fkjgtdknidgtjs ([FBAFCJ-BFOJT_NFT, 6>>8).
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;??
Dstucjs pfbngjbûankjs cj Vuftdrgærnj, diojrf rdkdgtds, tìi-sd tjrgfcj kfcf vdz ifns
snagn`nkftnvjs í idcncf qud pjssnonbntfi f cdtdringfáëj cd fbtdrfáôds gf kjodrturf vdadtfb,
dstfs kjrrdbfknjgævdns iuntfs vdzds f `dgóidgjs bnafcjs ís iucfgáfs kbniætnkfs ([NVTDN_F,
?==0).
F rdkjgstruáëj cjs dkjssnstdifs cj Vuftdrgærnj î cnrdtf pjrqud uif pfrtd cjs
fgnifns d prftnkfidgtd tjcfs fs pbfgtfs ftufns dxnstnrfi curfgtd tjcj j Vuftdrgærnj. Í idcncf
qud sd dstucfi pdréjcjs kfcf vdz ifns fgtnajs, dstf rdkjgstruáëj vfn sd tjrgfgcj ifns cn`éknb,
pjrqud fuidgtf j güidrj cd jrafgnsijs dxtngtjs, sjord js qufns gëj hæ cfcjs dkjbûankjs.
D`dtnvfidgtd, f pfbdjdkjbjanf gdkdssntf cfs ng`jrifáôds gëj sjidgtd cfs knìgknfs onjbûankfs
d adjbûankfs, ifs tfioîi cf kbniftjbjanf d cf adjarf`nf pfrf ngtdarfr d ngtdrprdtfr j
pfbdjfiondgtd. D tjcfs dstfs ng`jrifáôds lugtfs tìi qud `fzdr sdgtncj ([FBAFCJ-
BFOJT_NFT, 6>>8). [daugcj [NVTDN_F (?==0), gj Vuftdrgærnj tdi-sd fngcf js sngfns
ftufns cf vdadtfáëj, js pfrïidtrjs kbniætnkjs ijcdrgjs d f knkbnkncfcd cdstds dvdgtjs kjij
cfcjs f sdrdi kjgsncdrfcjs gj prjkdssj cd ngtdrprdtfáëj pfbdjkbniætnkf d pfbdjvdadtfknjgfb.
[dgcj fssni, j joldtnvj cdstd frtnaj î fprdsdgtfr f rdkjgstntunáëj pfbdjdkjbûankf cf
pfnsfadi rdanjgfb, kji ofsd di pdsqunsfs cdsdgvjbvncfs pjr cnvdrsjs futjrds, fbîi cf
ngtdrprdtfáëj cd tfns dstucjs, `jrgdkdgcj, fssni, uif vnsëj adrfb fj bdntjr sjord j tdif d suf
nipjrtïgknf.
_dkjgstntunáëj pfbdjdkjbûankf
]frf fprdsdgtfáëj cf hnstûrnf pfbdjdkjbûankf cfs pfnsfadgs dstucfcfs, js cfcjs d
ng`jrifáôds `jrfi trfofbhfcjs pfrtngcj cf rdanëj [ub cj pfés, suongcj ftî f rdanëj [ucdstd,
pdrkjrrdgcj fs ærdfs ftufns cd jkjrrìgknf cfs ugncfcds cd pfnsfadi di dstucj (@naurf 6). Fs
ærdfs kji cfcjs pfbdjdkjbûankjs sëj< Fpfrfcjs cf [drrf, [ëj @rfgknskj cd ]fubf d Kfiofræ
cj [ub (_[)5 [drrf cj _nj cj _fstrj, Ijrrj cf Nardlf d [drrf cf Ojf Pnstf ([K)5 [drrf cjs
Kfipjs Adrfns (]_)5 Ojtukftu ([])5 Ijgtd Pdrcd (IA)5 Ijrrj cd Ntfpdvf - Kfipjs cj
Ljrcëj ([])5 [drrf cf Ojkfngf ([])5 d [drrf cf Kfrfáf - Kftfs Fbtfs (IA).Sfb kfinghj pdrkjrrncj cdvd-sd fj `ftj qud f ærdf gukbdfr cd jkjrrìgknf cd Iftf cd
Frfukærnf î j [ub cj Orfsnb, jgcd dstf ugncfcd cd pfnsfadi jkjrrd di kjgtftj kji pfnsfadgs
kfipdstrds (kfipjs subngjs). Gj [ucdstd, js cfcjs fprdsdgtfcjs sëj cd buafrds cd jkjrrìgknf
cd Iftf cd Frfukærnf d cd ugncfcds kfipdstrds, sdgcj pjssévdb kjrrdbfknjgfr dstfs cufs
ugncfcds d sufs fbtdrfáôds fj bjgaj cjs übtnijs inbhfrds cd fgjs.
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;?;
@NAT_F 6 ‛ Cnstrnounáëj cjs bjkfns kji cfcjs pfbdjdkjbûankjs fprdsdgtfcjs gdstd trfofbhj di rdbfáëj í ærdfcd dstucj. F[ ‛ Fpfrfcjs cf [drrf (_[)5 [@] - [ëj @rfgknskj cd ]fubf (_[)5 K[ - Kfiofræ cj [ub (_[)5 [__ ‛ [drrf cj _nj cj _fstrj ([K)5 IN ‛ Ijrrj cf Nardlf ([K)5 [OP ‛ [drrf cf Ojf Pnstf ([K)5 [KA ‛ [drrf cjsKfipjs Adrfns (]_)5 OJ ‛ Ojtukftu ([])5 FD - Ærdf cd Dstucj5 IP ‛ Ijgtd Pdrcd (IA)5 KL ‛ Kfipjs cjLjrcëj ([])5 [O - [drrf cf Ojkfngf ([])5 [K ‛ [drrf cf Kfrfáf, Kftfs Fbtfs (IA) (@jgtd< Ajjabd Dfrth, ?=6;).
Gf rdanëj [ub, di ségtdsd, quftrj pdréjcjs kbniætnkjs cnstngtjs pjcdi sdr
rdkjghdkncjs cdscd j `ngfb cj ]bdnstjkdgj ftî js cnfs ftufns. Dgtrd kdrkf cd 3? d 6= inb fgjs
F] (ngkbungcj f übtnif abfknfáëj), fs pfnsfadgs kfipdstrds cjingfvfi f rdanëj, ngcnkfgcj
ui kbnif `rnj d sdkj. ]rjvfvdbidgtd, f ifnjr pfrtd cf rdanëj `jn cdsprjvncf cd ærvjrds, sdgcj
qud js dbdidgtjs `bjrdstfns dstfvfi rdstrntjs f vfbds prj`ugcjs cd rnjs d í pbfgéknd kjstdnrf.
Fpûs 6= inb fgjs F], fs tdipdrfturfs fuidgtfrfi, gj dgtfgtj, f Iftf cd Frfukærnf gëj
dxpfgcnu, pjns j kbnif pdrifgdkdu sdkj. Dgtrdtfgtj, f @bjrdstf Ftbïgtnkf inarju gf cnrdáëj
sub fj bjgaj cf kjstf, pjns fs kjgcnáôds cdvdrnfi sdr ifns üincfs gdstfs ærdfs. Læ f pfrtnr cj
ngéknj cj Hjbjkdgj j `jaj sd tjrgju ifns `rdqudgtd, kjij ngcnkfcj pdbf ifnjr fougcïgknf cd
pfrtékubfs cd kfrvëj di tur`dnrfs cf rdanëj (ODHBNGA dt fb., ?==35 ?==45 JPD_ODKE dt fb.,
?==>).
]rjvfvdbidgtd, dstd fuidgtj dstdvd rdbfknjgfcj í khdafcf cfs pjpubfáôds ngcéadgfs
gf rdanëj, lugtfidgtd kji ui kbnif cd kfrfktdréstnkf ifns sfzjgfb. Fprjxnifcfidgtd gf
idsif îpjkf, hjuvd f dxtngáëj cd arfgcds fgnifns pfstfcjrds (ED_G, 6>>3). Î prjvævdb qud
fs pjpubfáôds ngcéadgfs utnbnzfvfi j `jaj pfrf kfáfr d ifgdlfr f tdrrf (ED_G, 6>>35
[KHINS\, ?==0), pjrîi gëj hæ dvncìgknfs cnrdtfs sjord nssj. Fpûs f idtfcd cj Hjbjkdgj
(kdrkf cd 3 inb fgjs F]), j kbnif sd tjrgju ifns üincj, pdrintngcj f dxpfgsëj bdgtf cf pfnsfadi `bjrdstfb, prngknpfbidgtd fj bjgaj cjs rnjs. Vufgtj í vdbjkncfcd cdssf dxpfgsëj,
dstf fuidgtju fpûs 6.6== fgjs F], bdvfgcj í suostntunáëj ifns prjgugknfcf cfs pfnsfadgs
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;?3
kfipdstrds pdbf vdadtfáëj `bjrdstfb, `jrifgcj ærdfs ifnjrds cd kjodrturf `bjrdstfb kjgtéguf
sjord j pbfgfbtj d cd `bjrdstfs rnpærnfs gfs pbfgéknds cjs kursjs c„æauf (ODHBNGA dt fb.,
?==35 ?==45 ODHBNGA & ]NBBF_, ?==15 ODHBNGA dt fb., ?==15 JPD_ODKE dt fb., ?==>).
Cdssf `jrif, gf rdanëj [ub, f vfstf vdadtfáëj kfipdstrd ngcnkf kjgcnáôds kbniætnkfs
`rnfs d sdkfs gj ]bdnstjkdgj Sfrcnj. Js cfcjs suadrdi qud jkjrrnfi rdpdtncfs adfcfs d
tdipdrfturfs iégnifs cd -6=¼ K di idsds cd ngvdrgj. F tdipdrfturf iîcnf fgufb `jn,
prjvfvdbidgtd, cd 4 f 1¼ K ifns `rnf cj qud gjs cnfs ftufns dgtrd ?0 inb d 61 inb fgjs F]
(fprjxnifcfidgtd), nstj î, curfgtd j pdréjcj cj Übtnij Iæxnij Abfknfb - TIA (ODHBNGA
& BNKHSD, 6>>1).
Di Ojtukftu ([]), rdanstrjs cd pûbdg d kfrvëj di cdpûsntjs cd kfodkdnrfs cd
crdgfadi fougcfgtds di iftîrnf jraïgnkf ngcnkfrfi uif kjodrturf vdadtfb prngknpfbidgtd
cd kfipjs kji pjukjs dspfájs cd `bjrdstf suotrjpnkfb, kfrfktdrnzfgcj ui kbnif `rnj d sdkj
curfgtd j pdréjcj abfknfb, rdanstrfcj cdscd ;= inb f 68 inb fgjs F], fprjxnifcfidgtd.
Curfgtd dssd pdréjcj, qudnifcfs jkjrrdrfi gjs kfipjs d f rfrf prdsdgáf cd F. fgaustn`jbnf
ngcnkju uif tdipdrfturf cd, pdbj idgjs, 4 f 1¼ K idgjr qud f ftufb (ODHBNGA & BNKHSD,
6>>1).
[NVTDN_F (?==0) fprdsdgtf nipjrtfgtd pdsqunsf cf hnstûrnf fiondgtfb cf `bjrdstf cd
Frfukfrnf gf rdanëj cd Ijgtd Pdrcd (IA), ftrfvîs cf fgæbnsd pfbngjbûankf d sdcnidgtjbûankf
d cf kjiprddgsëj cf cngïinkf cfs iucfgáfs fiondgtfns d kbniætnkfs kjij ofsd pfrf f
vfbncfáëj d kjiprddgsëj snstdiftnzfcf cd ijcdbjs, læ fprdsdgtfcjs pjr jutrjs futjrds, qud
dgvjbvdi j TIA d j Hjbjkdgj. F rdanëj cd Ijgtd Pdrcd î vnznghf í ærdf cd dstucj, sdgcj
qud j trfofbhj fprdsdgtfcj pjr [NVTDN_F (?==0) rdprdsdgtf uif nipjrtfgtd rd`drìgknf cf
kjodrturf vdadtfb rdanjgfb di tdipjs pfssfcjs.
J pdréjcj dqunvfbdgtd í `fsd cj TIA dstæ kjgtncj gj ngtdrvfbj pfbngjbûankj cf zjgf
IJP6 (?=.8;= f 66.=== fgjs F]), kfrfktdrnzfcf pdbf fbtf kjgkdgtrfáëj cd pûbdg cd
dbdidgtjs tépnkjs cf Iftf cd Frfukærnf, tfns kjij Frfukfrnf, Inkjgnf, Iyrsngd, ]jcjkfrpus,
[yipbjkjs, Fafrnstf d jutrjs. Js rdsubtfcjs suadrdi qud f vdadtfáëj drf `nsnjgjinkfidgtd
ifns `dkhfcf qud f `bjrdstf ftufb cd pnghdnrjs qud kjord f rdanëj ijgtfghjsf cd Ijgtd Pdrcd([NVTDN_F, ?==0).
]jr vjbtf cd 61 inb f 64 inb fgjs F] (ncfcd dxtrfpjbfcf, f pfrtnr cd cftfáëj kfbnorfcf),
ngnknf-sd ui cdkbégnj arfcufb d kjgstfgtd cjs aìgdrjs Frfukfrnf, Inkjgnf, Iyrsngd,
]jcjkfrpus, ]rugus d Qdngifggnf, fj idsij tdipj di qud sd ngnknf ui fuidgtj cd
Crniys d jutrjs dbdidgtjs qud sëj dgkjgtrfcjs gf `bjrdstf ijcdrgf bjkfb. Sfb iucfgáf gf
kjipjsnáëj `bjréstnkf pjcd sd dxpbnkfcf pdbjs prjkdssjs gfturfns cd sukdssëj dkjbûankf
cdskrntf pjr EBDNG (6>14). ]frf dstd futjr, `bjrdstfs kbéifx cd Frfukfrnf pjssudikjipjsnáôds `bjréstnkfs cn`drdgtds, cd fkjrcj kji j dstæanj di qud sd dgkjgtrfi. ]jrtfgtj,
josdrvf-sd qud j fuidgtj dxprdssnvj cd ]sncnui (Iyrtfkdfd), Crniys, Nbdx d Qdngifggnf
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;?4
pjssfi rdprdsdgtfr dssd `dgóidgj cd sukdssëj. J kbnif suadrncj pdbf kjipjsnáëj
pfbngjbûankf dgkjgtrfcf gf zjgf IJP6 î cd `rnj d üincj ([NVTDN_F, ?==0).
J pdréjcj suosdqudgtd, ju sdlf, f pfrtnr cd 66 inb fgjs F] (ncfcd dxtrfpjbfcf, f pfrtnr
cd cftfáëj kfbnorfcf), kjrrdspjgcd í `fsd `ngfb cj TIA d ngéknj cd kjgcnáôds ifns qudgtds d
üincfs, j qud î dvncdgknfcj bjkfbidgtd kji j cdkbégnj cd Frfukfrnf, Crniys, Iyrsngd,
]jcjkfrpus d ]sncnui. Sfb `fsd dstæ ngtdnrfidgtd kjgtncf gf zjgf pjbégnkf cdgjingfcf
IJP? ([NVTDN_F, ?==0).
J ngéknj cf suozjgf IJP;o suadrd qud kjgcnáôds rdbftnvfidgtd ifns sdkfs
jkjrrdrfi gj pdréjcj, kji ncfcd dxtrfpjbfcf cd 8 inb fgjs F], cdvncj fj dxprdssnvj
fuidgtj cd dbdidgtjs cfs `fiébnfs ]jfkdfd d Fstdrfkdfd, fbîi cj aìgdrj Dryganui,
fkjipfghfcjs pjr ui cdkrîsknij cd dbdidgtjs cf @bjrdstf cd Frfukfrnf ([NVTDN_F,
?==0).
Bjaj fpûs dssf `fsd, kjgcnáôds üincfs d `rnfs sëj rdstfodbdkncfs gf rdanëj cd Ijgtd
Pdrcd, pjr vjbtf cd ; inb F] (ncfcd dxtrfpjbfcf, f pfrtnr cd cftfáëj kfbnorfcf), ngcnkfcj pdbj
rdtjrgj cjs dbdidgtjs cf @bjrdstf cd Frfukfrnf, fssni kjij cd [dbfangdbbf, Kyfthdf d
Bykjpjcnui. Î nipjrtfgtd sfbndgtfr qud f ifgutdgáëj cf `bjrdstf cd Frfukfrnf, gf rdanëj cd
Ijgtd Pdrcd, `jn afrfgtncf pdbf fbtf dbdvfáëj d kjgsdqudgtdidgtd ofnxf tdipdrfturf
fssjknfcf í prdknpntfáëj jrjaræ`nkf ([NVTDN_F, ?==0).
F fgæbnsd cd pûbdg cd tur`dnrf cj Ijrrj cd Ntfpdvf, iugnképnj cd Kfipjs cj Ljrcëj
([]), ijstrju qud dgtrd ;4 inb d 61 inb fgjs F] f pfnsfadi rdanjgfb cj pbfgfbtj cd Kfipjs
cj Ljrcëj dstfvf cdsfrojrnzfcf, kji kfipjs cd fbtntucd rd`bdtngcj ui kbnif `rnj d sdkj. Dgtrd
61 inb d 6= inb fgjs F] dspîknds cf Iftf cd Frfukærnf, ifgkhfs cd `bjrdstf d `bjrdstf
trjpnkfb Ftbïgtnkf `jrfi rfrfs d prjvfvdbidgtd krdskdrfi sjidgtd di dbdvfáôds ifns ofnxfs,
suadrngcj ui kbnif ifns qudgtd. Curfgtd j Hjbjkdgj ng`drnjr d iîcnj j cdsdgvjbvnidgtj cd
ifgkhfs cd `bjrdstf ngcnkju ui kbnif qudgtd d üincj gfs vdrtdgtds, ifs ui kbnif ifns sdkj
gj pbfgfbtj, dvncdgknfcj pdbf prdsdgáf rfrf cjs aìgdrjs Frfukfrnf d ]jcjkfrpus. @jn
sjidgtd gj Hjbjkdgj supdrnjr, qufgcj f Frfukfrnf d ]jcjkfrpus tjrgfrfi-sd ifns
fougcfgtds, qud fs kjgcnáôds kbniætnkfs tjrgfrfi-sd ifns üincfs tfioîi gj pbfgfbtj._danstrju-sd uif uincfcd krdskdgtd cd 3.40= fgjs F] ftî js cnfs ftufns, kji uif `fsd ifns
fkdgtufcf dgtrd ?.14= d 4== fgjs F]. F pjrkdgtfadi cd pfrtékubfs kfrojgnzfcfs fprdsdgtju-
sd ifnjr curfgtd j pdréjcj cj übtnij abfknfb cj qud curfgtd j Hjbjkdgj, ngcnkfgcj ifnjr
`rdquìgknf cd qudnifcf gj pdréjcj ifns fgtnaj (ODHBNGA, 6>>1).
Fgæbnsd ifns cdtfbhfcf cdijgstrf qud, dgtrd ;4 inb d 61 inb fgjs F], j pbfgfbtj cd
Kfipjs cj Ljrcëj drf 84->=% jkupfcj pjr vdadtfáëj kfipdstrd, kji prdcjiégnj cd
]jfkdfd (31-43%), ]bfgtfaj tur`nkjbf (>-6>%), Fstdrfkdfd (>-66%), Kypdrfkdfd (?-0%) d Dryganui (?-0%). _danstrjs cj ]bdnstjkdgj tdringfb (61.=== f 6=.>3= fgjs F]) ijstrfi qud
f vdadtfáëj kfipdstrd kjgtngufvf prdcjingfgcj, kji ]jfkdfd d Fstdrfkdfd
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;?0
(fprjxnifcfidgtd 4=%), sdauncjs pjr Kypdrfkdfd (0-66%), ifs kji fuidgtj cd
Durnjkfubjg/]fdpfbfgthus (=,3-6,3%), Xyrns (=,?-6,?%) d Durnkfkdfd (=-6,3%). J
fpfrdknidgtj cd fbauifs ornû`ntfs, kjij [phfagui (;-6=%), rd`bdtdi j fuidgtj cf uincfcd
gj pdréjcj, kjgcnáëj dkjbûankf qud cdu supjrtd í jkjrrìgknf, fngcf qud pdqudgf, cd F.
fgaustn`jbnf (=,3-?%) d dbdidgtjs cf khfifcf ‒Iftf Gdoubfr’ - @bjrdstf Jiorû`nbf Cdgsf
Fbtj-Ijgtfgf (1-6;%), kji fbtf pjrkdgtfadi cd prdsdgáf cd Qdngifggnf, Idbfstjiftfkdfd,
Iyrtfkdfd d fbauif jkjrrìgknf cd Nbdx d Crniys. Sfb qufcrj vdadtfknjgfb suadrd qud js tjpjs
ifns dbdvfcjs drfi rdkjodrtjs pjr kfipjs cd fbtntucd, ifs gfs vdrtdgtds `jn sd `jrifgcj ui
kérkubj cd vdadtfáëj froûrdf üincf fpjnfcf pdbj fuidgtj cj kfbjr d cfs prdknpntfáôds
(ODHBNGA, 6>>15 HFTKE, ?==>).
Gjs prniûrcnjs d iîcnj Hjbjkdgj (>.>== f ?.06= fgjs F]), js kfipjs fngcf
fpfrdkdi kjij prdcjingfgtds gj Ijrrj cj Ntfpdvf, ifs hæ ui fuidgtj gf prdsdgáf cf
@bjrdstf Jiorû`nbf Cdgsf Fbtj-Ijgtfgf (??-;8%) cjingfcj pjr Qdngifggnf (66-??%),
prngknpfbidgtd. Læ Frfukfrnf d ]jcjkfrpus sj`rdrfi uif rdtrfáëj di rdbfáëj fj pdréjcj
fgtdrnjr, suadrngcj f rdtjifcf cj kfbjr gëj sdauncf pdbf rdtjifcf cf uincfcd gf rdanëj.
]ûbdgs cd dspîknds qud kjipôdi f Iftf Ftbïgtnkf kjgtngufrfi ngfbtdrfcjs, cdijgstrfgcj
qud fs dgkjstfs cf [drrf cf Ifgtnqudnrf sd tjrgfrfi ui rd`üanj cd vdadtfáëj gj pdréjcj, ifs
qud dbf prûprnf pdrcdu uincfcd, rdcuzngcj fssni f prdsdgáf cfs Frfukærnfs (HFTKE, ?==>).
_danstrjs cd iftdrnfb kfrojgnzfcj ngcnkfi qud qudnifcfs gfturfns drfi iuntj kjgstfgtds,
sdgcj ftî idsij ifns `rdqudgtds cj qud di pdréjcjs kji rdanstrjs cf prdsdgáf huifgf
(ODHBNGA, 6>>1).
Fs dspîknds qud kjipôdi f @bjrdstf Jiorû`nbf Instf sû nrëj fuidgtfr suf `rdquìgknf
cd jkjrrìgknf gj Hjbjkdgj tfrcnj (fpûs ?.06= fgjs F]), suostntungcj fs `bjrdstfs gdoubfrds d
fvfgáfgcj sjord js kfipjs cd fbtntucd di bjkfns cd tjpjarf`nf ifns dbdvfcf (ODHBNGA,
6>>15 HFTKE, ?==>).
Gf [drrf cf Ojkfngf, j ]bdnstjkdgj tdringfb (68.41= f 63.41= fgjs F]) `jn
kfrfktdrnzfcj pdbj kbnif iuntj ifns `rnj d sdkj, kji prdcjingïgknf cd uif pfnsfadi
kfipdstrd, fbîi cf prdsdgáf cf @bjrdstf Jiorû`nbf Cdgsf Fbtj-Ijgtfgf di vfbds prjtdancjsju di dgkjstfs di fbtntucds ifns ofnxfs. ]jpubfáôds cd F. fgaustn`jbnf dxnstnfi cd ifgdnrf
iuntj nsjbfcf d rfrf, gf `jrif cd rd`üanjs rdstrntjs (ODHBNGA dt fb., ?==15 HFTKE, ?==>).
[di cüvncf, ui cjs sétnjs ifns nipjrtfgtds gf fgæbnsd cf cnstrnounáëj cf F.
fgaustn`jbnf gfs tdrrfs fbtfs cj [ucdstd î f [drrf cf Kfrfáf, bjkfbnzfcf gj iugnképnj cd Kftfs
Fbtfs (IA), j bjkfb cd jkjrrìgknf ifns sdtdgtrnjgfb cdstf dspîknd froûrdf d di kjgtftj kji js
kdrrfcjs gf pjráëj jrndgtfb cj pbfgfbtj cf [drrf cj Dspnghfáj. J ijsfnkj pfnsfaéstnkj ftufb
cd Kftfs Fbtfs kjipjrtf vdadtfáëj rupdstrd cd kdrrfcj sjord js f`bjrfidgtjs rjkhjsjs,@bjrdstfs cd Frfukærnf gjs bjkfns cd fbtntucd ifns dbdvfcf, ifs prdcjingïgknf cd @bjrdstf
Dstfknjgfb [dincdkncufb, kji jkjrrìgknf cd kdrrfcj sdgsu-strnktu gjs ngtdr`büvnjs ifns sdkjs
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;?1
gfs pjráôds rdofnxfcfs cj rdbdvj (HFTKE, ?==>).
Cd fkjrcj kji js dstucjs cd ODHBNGA & BNKHSD (6>>1), f pfnsfadi cf rdanëj
curfgtd j TIA (31.13= f kdrkf cd 68.=== fgjs F]) drf kfrfktdrnzfcf pdbf prdcjingïgknf cd
vdadtfáëj kfipdstrd (13-88%). Hæ rdanstrj cd prdsdgáf cd Frfukfrnf læ gdssd pdréjcj (=,;-
?,8%), ]jcjkfrpus (=,0-6,;%) d tfioîi Crniys, Nbdx, [yipbjkjs d Inijsf skfordbbf di
pdqudgfs ærdfs, kjipjgcj `bjrdstfs cd afbdrnfs cj tnpj suotrjpnkfb, ifs kji prdsdgáf cd
dspîknds cj iugcj trjpnkfb, kjij Idbfstjiftfkdfd/Kjiordtfkdfd, Iyrsngd, Iyrtfkdfd d
Fbbjphybus, qud tfioîi jkjrrdi gfs `bjrdstfs cd Frfukærnf, fj bjgaj cjs kursjs c„æauf.
Dspîknds tépnkfs cfs `bjrdstfs pbuvnfns trjpnkfns, kjij Qdngifggnf, Fbkhjrgdf/Fpfrnsthinui
d Ijrfkdfd/Trtnkfkdfd drfi iuntj rfrfs ju fusdgtds curfgtd tjcj j pdréjcj abfknfb (HFTKE,
?==>).
Fssni, f pfnsfadi di Kftfs Fbtfs drf kjodrtf pjr kfipjs dxtdgsjs d pdqudgfs ærdfs
cd `bjrdstfs cd afbdrnf, jgcd dkjssnstdifs cd `bjrdstf sdincdkécuf trjpnkfb d kdrrfcj sëj
dgkjgtrfcjs ftufbidgtd. Js cfcjs rd`bdtdi ui kbnif `rnj d sdkj kji `jrtds adfcfs curfgtd js
idsds cd ngvdrgj. Sdipdrfturfs cd 4 f 1¼ K fofnxj cfs ftufns `jrfi ng`drncfs pfrf f übtnif
abfknfáëj, sdidbhfgtd fj fpjgtfcj pfrf Ojtukftu ([]) (ODHBNGA & BNKHSD, 6>>1).
]fbdjdkjbjanf d sufs dvncìgknfs
Gj Orfsnb, j güidrj cd pdsqunsfs pfbngjbûankfs tdi sd dxpfgcncj fpdgfs
rdkdgtdidgtd, dxpbnkfgcj js pjukjs bjkfns kji dvncìgknfs cnrdtfs sjord f vdadtfáëj gj
Vuftdrgærnj. Gj dgtfgtj, js trfofbhjs cnspjgévdns rdugncjs gdstd dstucj cdijgstrfi
fbtdrfáôds gj kjipbdxj vdadtfknjgfb, suf dstruturf d cngïinkf, kji vfrnfáôds bjkfns gjs
übtnijs 34 inb fgjs.
Js rdsubtfcjs dxpjstjs pdrintdi josdrvfr qud curfgtd j TIA, pjssnvdbidgtd, f Iftf
cd Frfukærnf sd `rfaidgtju di suf ærdf gukbdfr, ju sdlf, f rdanëj [ub cj Orfsnb. Fssni, fs
ærdfs cd jkjrrìgknfs cf @bjrdstf cd Frfukærnf d jutrfs `jrifáôds `bjrdstfns `jrfi rdstrntfs í
pbfgéknd kjstdnrf d f vfbds prj`ugcjs, bjkfns kji kjgcnáôds dspdké`nkfs cd uincfcd. Fscningunáôds cf uincfcd d cf tdipdrfturf iîcnf gj pdréjcj dstëj rdbfknjgfcfs kji fs
iucfgáfs gf knrkubfáëj ftijs`îrnkf rdanjgfb.
Kji f dxtdgsëj cd kjrrdgtds `rnfs ifns pfrf j gjrtd cf kjstf orfsnbdnrf d kjgsdqudgtd
objqudnj cf pdgdtrfáëj cd uincfcd pfrf j ngtdrnjr cjs pbfgfbtjs (@naurf ?), fssjknfcf fj
rdofnxfidgtj cj gévdb cj Jkdfgj Ftbïgtnkj (PNFCFGF, ?==?), jkjrrdrfi iucfgáfs gf
cnstrnounáëj cf Iftf cd Frfukærnf pdbj [ub d [ucdstd.
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;?8
@NAT_F ? ‛ Kjgcnáôds kbniætnkfs ftufns d pfbdjkbniætnkfs (@jgtd< PNFCFGF, ?==?).
[daugcj [NVTDN_F (?==0), j dxprdssnvj fuidgtj cd F. fgaustn`jbnf di Ijgtd
Pdrcd, gj ngéknj cj TIA, tfioîi pjcd ngcnkfr qud fs ifssfs cd fr cd jrnadi pjbfr dstfvfi
ifns ngtdgsn`nkfcfs. Dgtrd jutrjs futjrds qud suadrnrfi f prjpjstf cd ngtdgsn`nkfáëj cdssfs
ifssfs dstëj FO„[ÆOD_ (6>8?), CD JBNPDN_F (6>>?) d BDC_T (6>>;), j qud dxpbnkfrnf f
dxpfgsëj cdssd tnpj cd `bjrdstf gfs rdanôds ijgtfghjsfs gj [ucdstd cj Orfsnb.
PNFCFGF (?==?) d KDST_N & PNFCFGF (?==3) suadrdi qud, curfgtd j übtnij
pdréjcj abfknfb, f Iftf cd Frfukærnf inarju ruij fj gjrtd, sdgcj qud dssf inarfáëj sd cdu
prngknpfbidgtd di ærdfs cd tjpjarf`nf ifns dbdvfcf. ]frf FO„[ÆOD_ (6>11), kjiongfáôds
cd frncdz kji égcnkds tîrinkjs ifns ofnxjs tdrnfi `fknbntfcj f dxtdgsëj cfs Frfukærnfs pfrf j
gjrtd, sjo f `jrif cd pjgtds, fkjipfghfgcj fs tdrrfs fbtfs cj Orfsnb Jrndgtfb d fs dgkjstfs
jrndgtfns cf iîcnf ijgtfghf fgcngf.
FO„[ÆOD_ (6>11) dxpbnkf<
‒U...Y tdijs rfzôds pfrf pdgsfr qud j cjiégnj cf Frfukærnf gj sub-orfsnbdnrj drf odi idgjskjipfktj d kjgtéguj, dgtrdidfcj cd sdtjrds suo-rjkhjsjs, dstîpnkjs sdkjs, d ui tfgtj cdsbjkfcj pfrf j gjrtd, ftrfvîs cd `fnxfs fbjgafcfs qud sdaunfi js dspnaôds d sdrrfgnfs, cjtfcjs cd
knidnrfs suo-üincfs d üincfs (]frfgfpnfkfof,Kfipjs cj Ljrcëj d Ojkfngf, Kdgtrj-sub cd
Ingfs, Dspnghfáj Idrncnjgfb)’.
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;?>
Læ js cfcjs pfbdjdkjbûankjs fprdsdgtfcjs gdstd trfofbhj cdijgstrfi jutrj ijcdbj cd
inarfáëj. Js rdsubtfcjs cdijgstrfi qud, pjssnvdbidgtd, f Iftf cd Frfukærnf inarju pfrf j
gjrtd fkjipfghfgcj js kursjs c„æauf, kjij `bjrdstfs cd afbdrnfs fcfptfcfs ís kjgcnáôds
ifns `rnfs cj pdréjcj, ifs bnintfcfs í `jrifáëj cd @bjrdstf Jiorû`nbf Instf Fbuvnfb.
HFTKE (?==>) tfioîi dxpós dssd `ftj, fojrcfgcj qud fs `bjrdstfs cd Frfukærnf
ftrfvdssfrfi js ngtdr`büvnjs cj rnj ]frfgfpfgdif d ftnganrfi jutrfs ofknfs pfubnstfs. F pfrtnr
cdstds dkjssnstdifs bngdfrds fs Frfukærnfs sd dxpfgcnrfi pfrf zjgfs ifns fbtfs cj [ucdstd,
kjipjgcj, di sétnjs jgcd ftufbidgtd tdi supjrtd inkrjkbniætnkj, rdcutjs cd @bjrdstf
Jiorû`nbf Instf Ijgtfgf d Fbtj-Ijgtfgf.
Fssni kjij fojrcfcj pjr ODHBNGA (?==0), js cfcjs pfbngjbûankjs ijstrfi qud f
`bjrdstf kji Frfukærnfs gfs rdanôds [ub d [ucdstd cj Orfsnb dstfodbdkdu-sd iuntj
rdkdgtdidgtd d sjo kjgcnáôds kbniætnkfs dspdké`nkfs. F dxpfgsëj cdstd nipjrtfgtd
dkjssnstdif î rdsubtfcj cd trjkfs kbniætnkfs d cd inarfáôds cd `bjrfs rd`uanfcfs gjs vfbds cfs
sdrrfs pdbjs kursjs cjs rnjs.
Sdjcjrj [fipfnj (6>18) vnsntfgcj f rdanëj cd Kfipjs cj Ljrcëj, gjs ncjs cd 68>;,
rdbftf dssf bnafáëj cfs Frfukærnfs kji js vfbds cjs kursjs c„æauf<
‒( ...) J vdrcd cj kfipj î kjrtfcj cd arfgcdsojsquds cd pnghdnrjs, kdrrfcjs d fbtjs, qud gfskdi pdbjs vfbds, pdbfs dgkjstfs üincfs, í ifradi cjsbjgajs d dstrdntjs rnfkhjs sngujsjs d `rnjs’.
Vufgtj í jkjrrìgknf ftufb cd bnghfs cd Frfukærnfs gjs tjpjs cd ijrrj, odi kjij
`rfaidgtjs cdstf tnpjbjanf `bjrdstfb gfs ærdfs fbtfs cf [drrf cf Ifgtnqudnrf, pjcdi dstfr
rdbfknjgfcjs kji `ftjrds hnstûrnkjs cd jkupfáëj d cdsiftfidgtj cf ærdf. Fs Frfukærnfs
`jrfi ifgtncfs gf bnghf cd krnstf cf [drrf cf Ifgtnqudnrf, kjij uif cnvnsf gfturfb dgtrd js
dstfcjs cd [ëj ]fubj d Ingfs Adrfns (@naurf ;), odi kjij tfioîi `jrfi ifgtncfs gfs
cnvnsfs cd prjprndcfcds rurfns.
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;;=
@NAT_F ; ‛ Bnghf cd Frfukærnfs qud cdbnintf f cnvnsf dgtrd js dstfcjs cd [] d IA (@jtj< Futjr, ?=6?).
Kjgsncdrfáôds ̀ ngfns
Js rdsubtfcjs d cnskussôds fprdsdgtfcjs gdstd frtnaj fpjgtfi qud f dxtdgsëj, fcngïinkf d f kjipjsnáëj cfs ugncfcds cd pfnsfadi di dstucj vfrnfrfi gjs übtnijs 34 inb
fgjs, cdvncj ís iucfgáfs kbniætnkfs d fiondgtfns qud jkjrrdrfi gf rdanëj.
Vufgtj í Iftf cd Frfukærnf, j dstucj cdijgstrf qud, curfgtd j TIA, dstf ugncfcd cd
pfnsfadi dstdvd ofstfgtd `rfaidgtfcf di suf ærdf gukbdfr (rdanëj [ub). Gj ngéknj cj TIA
jkjrrdu f ngtdgsn`nkfáëj cfs ifssfs cd jrnadi pjbfr, kji f kjgsdqudgtd dxpfgsëj cf Iftf cd
Frfukærnf pfrf fs ærdfs ijgtfghjsfs cj [ucdstd. ]jssnvdbidgtd, dstf inarfáëj jkjrrdu
fkjipfghfgcj js kursjs c„æauf, d gëj pdbfs ærdfs cd tjpjarf`nf ifns dbdvfcf (kjijtrfcnknjgfbidgtd dxpjstj), ngcnkfgcj qud f @bjrdstf cd Frfukærnf sd dstfodbdkdu iuntj
rdkdgtdidgtd d sjo kjgcnáôds kbniætnkfs dspdké`nkfs, fbîi cd dvncdgknfr f fgtnauncfcd cfs
pfnsfadgs kfipdstrds.
F rdvnsëj d cnskussëj cj kjghdknidgtj pfbdjdkjbûankj læ prjcuzncj, odi kjij f
dvjbuáëj `ntjadjaræ`nkf cfs pfnsfadgs, pjssnonbntju f rd`bdxëj qufgtj fjs rdsubtfcjs jotncjs,
dgtrd jutrfs pjssnonbncfcds, prjpjrknjgfcjs prngknpfbidgtd pdbf ngtdarfáëj cd cfcjs cf rdanëj
[ub d [ucdstd, cd `jrif f forfgadr f ftufb ærdf gukbdfr cf @bjrdstf Jiorû`nbf Instf d fs ærdfs
cnslugtfs cd jkjrrìgknf cdstf ̀ jrifáëj ̀ bjrdstfb, fbîi cjs dkjssnstdifs kfipdstrds.
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;;6
_d`drìgknfs Onobnjaræ`nkfs
FO„[ÆOD_, F.G. Js Cjiégnjs Ijr`jkbniætnkjs cf Fiîrnkf cj [ub< ]rnidnrf Fprjxnifáëj.Pdadtfbnf< Dskrntjs d Cjkuidgtjs, [ëj Ljsî cj _nj ]rdtj, g.64, NONBKD-TGD[], 6>11. 61p.
FO„[ÆOD_ F.G. Shd pfbdjkbniftd fgc pfbdjdkjbjay j` Orfznbnfg Fifzógnf. Ng< Onjbjankfbcnvdrsn`nkftnjg ng thd trjpnks. Gdw ^jre< Kjbuionf Tgnvdrsnty ]rdss, p. 36-4>, 6>8?.
OF_SH, J.I. ]fbngjbjanf. Ng< KF_PFBHJ, N.[. (Dc.) ]fbdjgtjbjanf. ?. dc. _nj cd Lfgdnrj<Dcntjrf Ngtdrknìgknf, ?==3. 806p. Pjb. 6.
ODHBNGA, H. Bftd Vuftdrgfry vdadtftnjg fgc `nrd hnstjry `rji thd trjpnkfb ijugtfng rdanjgj` Ijrrj cj Ntfpdvf, [D, Orfznb. ]fbdjadjarfphy, ]fbfdjkbniftjbjay, ]fbfdjdkjbjay, Fistdrcfi, v,6?>, g.;-3, p. 3=1-3??, 6>>1.
ODHBNGA H.5 BNKHSD I. Dvncdgkd j` cry fgc kjbc kbniftnk kjgcntnjgs ft abfknfb tnids ngtrjpnkfb sjuthdfstdrg Orfznb. Vuftdrgfry _dsdfrkh, 38, p. ;38-;48, 6>>1.
ODHBNGA, H. dt fb. Bftd Vuftdrgfry Frfukfrnf `jrdst, arfssbfgc (Kfipjs), `nrd fgc kbniftd
cygfinks, stucndc oy hnah-rdsjbutnjg pjbbdg, khfrkjfb fgc iubtnvfrnftd fgfbysns j` Kfiofræcj [ub kjrd ng sjuthdrg Orfznb. ]fbdjadjarf`y, ]fbdjkbniftjbjay, ]fbdjdkjbjay, ?=;, p. ?11-?>1, ?==3.
ODHBNGA H. dt fb. Bftd Vuftdrgfry arfssbfgc (Kfipjs), afbbdry `jrdst, `nrd fgc kbniftdcygfinks, stucndc oy pjbbdg, khfrkjfb fgc iubtnvfrnftd fgfbysns j` thd [ëj @rfgknskj cd Fssnskjrd ng wdstdrg _nj Arfgcd cj [ub (sjuthdrg Orfznb). _dvndw j` ]fbfdjojtfgy fgc]fbygjbjay, 6;;, p. ?;4-?38, ?==4.
ODHBNGA, H. _danstrjs hnstûrnkjs cf Frfukærnf. NHT jg-bngd, _dvnstf cj NgstntutjHuifgntfs Tgnsngjs, p. 1->, ?==0.
ODHBNGA H.5 ]NBBF_ P.C. Bftd Vuftdrgfry vdadtftnjg, onjcnvdrsnty fgc `nrd cygfinks jgthd sjuthdrg Orfznbnfg hnahbfgc fgc thdnr nipbnkftnjg `jr kjgsdrvftnjg fgc ifgfadidgt j` ijcdrg Frfukfrnf ̀ jrdst fgc arfssbfgc dkjsystdis. ]hnbjsjphnkfb Srfgsfktnjgs j` thd _jyfb[jkndty j` Bjgcjg [drnds O Onjbjankfb [kndgkds, ;0?, p. ?3; ‛ ?46, ?==1.
ODHBNGA H. dt fb. Bftd-Hjbjkdgd `nrd hnstjry ng f `jrdst-arfssbfgc ijsfnk ng sjuthdrgOrfznb< Nipbnkftnjgs `jr kjgsdrvftnjg. Fppbndc Pdadtftnjg [kndgkd, 6=, p. 86->=, ?==1.
KDST_N, L.].L.5 PNFCFGF, F.A. F vdadtfáëj jrnangfb cj sdtjr gjrcdstd cj dstfcj cd [ëj]fubj< uif rdprdsdgtfáëj ftrfvîs cd tîkgnkfs snipbn`nkfcfs. Ng< AD_F_CN, B.H.J.5BJIOF_CJ, I.F. (Jra.) [jkndcfcd d Gfturdzf gf vnsëj cf Adjarf`nf. _nj Kbfrj<]rjarfif cd ]ûs-Arfcufáëj di Adjarf`nf TGD[]/Fssjknfáëj cd Adjarf`nf SdjrîtnkfFADSDJ, ?==3. ?>0p.
CD JBNPDN_F, ].D. F pfbngjbjankfb rdkjrc j` Bftd Vuftdrgfry vdadtftnjg fgc kbniftnkkhfgad ng [juthdfstdrg Orfznb. 6>>?. ?;8p. ]hC Cnssdrtftnjg. Jhnj [tftnjg, Tgnvdrsnty,Kjbuious.
AJJABD DF_SH. Pnsufbnzfáëj cf supdr`éknd tdrrdstrd. Pdrsëj 1.=.;.843?, ?=6;.
HFTKE, ].F.[. Kdrrfcjs, kfipjs d frfukærnfs< F tdjrnf cjs rd`üanjs `bjrdstfns d jsnagn`nkfcj pfbdjadjaræ`nkj cf pfnsfadi cj ]frqud Dstfcufb cd Pnbf Pdbhf, ]jgtf Arjssf ‛ ]frfgæ. ?==>. 630p. Cnssdrtfáëj cd Idstrfcj. Tgnvdrsncfcd @dcdrfb cj ]frfgæ, Kurntnof.
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;;?
ED_G, F.F. Fgtdkdcdgtds Ngcéadgfs. ]jrtj Fbdard< Dcntjrf cf Tgnvdrsncfcd, 6>>3.
EBDNG, _.I. [juthdrg Orfznbnfg ]hytjadjarfphnk `dfturds fgc thd prjofobd ng`budgkd j` uppdr Vuftdrgfry kbniftnk khfgads ng thd @bjrnstnk Cnstrnountnjg. [dpfrftfs cjs Fgfns cfFkfcdinf Orfsnbdnrf cd Knìgknfs, Kurntnof-]jrtj Fbdard, vjb.31, 6>14.
BDC_T, I.]. Bftd Vuftdrgfry dgvnrjgidgtfb fgc kbniftnk khfgads ng Kdgtrfb Orfznb.Vuftdrgfry _dsdfrkh, v.;>, p. >=->8, 6>>;.
JPD_ODKE, A.D. dt fb. Js Kfipjs [ubngjs< ui onjif gdabnadgknfcj. Ng< ]NBBF_, P.]. dtfb. (dc.) Kfipjs [ubngjs ‛ kjgsdrvfáëj d usj sustdgtævdb cf onjcnvdrsncfcd. Orfsébnf< IIF,?==>. 3=;p.
[FBAFCJ-BFOJ_NFT, I.B. Hnstûrnf dkjbûankf cf Sdrrf. ?. dc. rdv. [ëj ]fubj< Dcafr Obòkhdr, 6>>8. ;=1p.
[KHINS\, ].N. Inarfgtds cf Fifzógnf< f trfcnáëj Supnaufrfgn. Ng< [KHINS\, ].N. (dc.)Frqudjbjanf cj _nj Arfgcd cj [ub. Cjkuidgtjs 4. [ëj Bdjpjbcj< NF], ?==0. 603p.
[NVTDN_F, D. Hnstûrnf dkjbûankf cf `bjrdstf cd Frfukfrnf curfgtd j VuftdrgærnjSfrcnj gj sdtjr sub cf sdrrf cf Ifgtnqudnrf< fgæbnsds sdcnidgtjbûankfs d pfbngjbûankfs gfrdanëj cd Ijgtd Pdrcd (IA). ?==0. 63?p. Cnssdrtfáëj cd Idstrfcj. Ngstntutj cd Adjknìgknfscf Tgnvdrsncfcd cd [ëj ]fubj, [ëj ]fubj.
SDJCJ_J [FI]FNJ. Pnfadi í [drrf cf Ifgtnqudnrf< Kfipjs cj Ljrcëj d [ëj@rfgknskj cjs Kfipjs. [ëj ]fubj< Dcntjrf Orfsnbndgsd, 6>18. 4>p.
PNFCFGF, F.A. F tdjrnf cjs rd`üanjs `bjrdstfns fpbnkfcf fj dstfcj cd [ëj ]fubj. _njKbfrj< Dcnáëj cj futjr, ?==?, 10p.
Kjij kntfr<
CF [NBPF, C.S.B. _dkjgstntunáëj pfbdjdkjbûankf cf pfnsfadi rdanjgfb. _dvnstf Dbdtrógnkf
Orfafgtngf Jg Bngd. Ljfgûpjbns, g.?3, p. ?6-;?, jut. ?=6;.
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;;;
IDKFGN\FÁËJ FA_ÉKJBF KJG[D_PFKNJGN[SF
@rfgkndbbd Ijrdbbn @drrdnrfDgadghdnrf Farékjbf ‛ Idstrd di Farjgjinf (Dgdranf gf Farnkubturf)
D-ifnb< `rfgZijrdbbnZMhjtifnb.kji
[N[SDIF[ CD ]_D]F_J CJ [JBJ
J prdpfrj cj sjbj î uif jpdrfáëj pbfgdlfcf cd fkjrcj kji fs kfrfktdréstnkfs cd kfcf
sjbj, kji j joldtnvj cd `jrgdkdr fs kjgcnáôds ncdfns pfrf f adringfáëj/orjtfáëj ræpncf d
ugn`jrid cfs sdidgtds/iucfs, pdrintngcj ís pbïgtubfs j idbhjr fprjvdntfidgtj cd æauf d
gutrndgtds, rdcuzngcj f kjipdtnáëj kji pbfgtfs cfgnghfs, fbîi cd ifnjr rdsnstìgknf d
tjbdrïgknf fjs pdréjcjs cd sdkf.
J usj kjgtéguj d dxkdssnvj cd frfcj d arfcd pjcdi cdnxfr f kfifcf supdr`nknfb cj
sjbj kji fbtj arfu cd cdsfardafáëj, qud fkfofræ jkfsnjgfgcj f kjipfktfáëj d j sdbfidgtj
supdr`nknfb cj sjbj, prngknpfbidgtd di sjbjs franbjsjs. ]frf ingninzfr dssds d`dntjs, j
dskfrn`nkfcjr pjcd suostntunr j frfcj d f arfcd kji f vfgtfadi cd cdnxfr ifnjr qufgtncfcd cd
rdsécuj vdadtfb sjord j sjbj (ijonbnzfáëj vdrtnkfb), sdgcj kjghdkncj kjij snstdif cd prdpfrj
rdcuzncj.
Gj Orfsnb, læ î d`dtnvf f fcjáëj cjs snstdifs kjgsdrvfknjgnstfs cd ifgdlj cj sjbj,
cdstfkfgcj-sd j prdpfrj rdcuzncj d pbfgtnj cnrdtj, kfrfktdrnzfcjs pjr gëj cdsfardafr
cdifsnfcfidgtd j sjbj d ifgtdr kjodrturf vdadtfb sjord j idsij. Dssds prdpfrjs cd sjbj fj
sdrdi rdfbnzfcjs kjrrdtfidgtd pjcdi fuidgtfr f prjcutnvncfcd cf kubturf, pjrîi, sd ifb
ifgusdfcjs, pjcdi bdvfr j sjbj f cdarfcfáôds `ésnkfs, quéinkfs d onjbûankfs.
Gf ouskf pjr snstdifs cd ifgdlj qud cningufi fs pdrcfs cj sjbj d `fvjrdáf j
fprjvdntfidgtj cf æauf, j snstdif cd pbfgtnj cnrdtj suranu kjij tdkgjbjanf fvfgáfcf cd usj d
kjgsdrvfáëj cj sjbj, prjpnknfgcj værnjs odgd`éknjs fj sjbj, fbîi cf dkjgjinkncfcd qufgcj
kjipfrfcj fjs snstdifs kjgvdgknjgfns cd kubtnvj, rdqudrdgcj, dgtrdtfgtj, ifnjr gévdb cdkjghdknidgtj tîkgnkj.
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;;3
[nstdif cd prdpfrj kjgvdgknjgfb
J prdpfrj cj sjbj cdgjingfcj kjgvdgknjgfb tdi cd`ngnáëj frontrærnf d suoldtnvf,
kjgtucj, cdsnagf-sd f tîkgnkf cd fuidgtfr j arfu cd ijonbnzfáëj d cdsfardafáëj cj sjbj,
prjpnknfgcj kjgcnáôds pfrf f sdidfcurf, adringfáëj d j cdsdgvjbvnidgtj cfs pbfgtfs
(IDBBJ, 6>88).
J prdpfrj cj sjbj pdbj iîtjcj kjgvdgknjgfb gjrifbidgtd î rdfbnzfcj di cufs dtfpfs.
Gf prnidnrf, ijonbnzf-sd j sjbj f uif prj`ugcncfcd di tjrgj cd ?= f ?4 ki kji frfcj (cnskj
ju fnvdkf) ju arfcd pdsfcf. Gf sdaugcf dtfpf, f ijonbnzfáëj cj sjbj î ifns supdr`nknfb, di
tjrgj cd 6= f 64 ki, kji uif ju ifns pfssfcfs cd arfcd gnvdbfcjrf (CD_][KH dt fb.,
6>>6).
J frfcj î ui dqunpfidgtj qud kjrtf, dbdvf, ngvdrtd d dsojrjf fs bdnvfs, cd ijcj f
cdnxfr f `fkd supdr`nknfb cj sjbj vjbtfcf pfrf ofnxj. Læ f arfcd bdvd kjipbdidgtf j prdpfrj cj
sjbj rdfbnzfcj pdbj frfcj, gj sdgtncj cd cdsfardafr tjrrôds, gnvdbfr f supdr`éknd cj sjbj pfrf
`fknbntfr f sdidfcurf (AFCFGHF LÜGNJ_ dt fb. 6>>6).
Kfstrj (6>8>) f`nrif qud j dxkdssnvj cdstjrrjfidgtj, kjiui gj prdpfrj
kjgvdgknjgfb, `fknbntf j dgkrjstfidgtj supdr`nknfb cj sjbj. Di rfzëj cnssj, f didraìgknf cfs
pbïgtubfs î cn`nkubtfcf, pjcdgcj jkjrrdr idgjrds dstfgcds d prjcutnvncfcds cfs kubturfs ju ftî
idsij prjvjkfr f gdkdssncfcd cd rdpdtnr f sdidfcurf.
J ijcj d js dqunpfidgtjs kji js qufns j prdpfrj kjgvdgknjgfb pjcd sdr rdfbnzfcj
vfrnfi iuntj cd bjkfb pfrf bjkfb d idsij cdgtrj cd uif prjprndcfcd, cdpdgcdgcj cf kubturf
fgtdrnjr, qufgtncfcd d tnpj cd rdsécujs prdsdgtds gf supdr`éknd cj sjbj, güidrj d îpjkfs cd
rdfbnzfáëj cfs jpdrfáôds (BDPNDG, 6>>>).
Odgdz (6>1?) kntf qud f prngknpfb kfrfktdréstnkf cj prdpfrj kjgvdgknjgfb î j fbtj arfu
cd ijonbnzfáëj d cdsfardafáëj f qud j sjbj î suoidtncj kji j ngtuntj cd jotdr uif
sdidfcurf sdi jostækubjs5 pjrîi, pjssun j ngkjgvdgndgtd cd kjipfktfr j sjbj, cdstrunr f
dstruturf, rdcuznr f ng`nbtrfáëj, fuidgtfr f drjsëj, `fvjrdkdr j krdsknidgtj cd pbfgtfs
cfgnghfs d prngknpfbidgtd prjpjrknjgfr fbtj kustj, qufgcj kjipfrfcj fjs snstdifs cd kubtnvjiégnij.
[nstdif cd prdpfrj rdcuzncj
Gjs fgjs 8=, j prdpfrj kjgsdrvfknjgnstf (prdpfrj rdcuzncj ju sdidfcurf cnrdtf) `jn
cd`ngncj kjij ui snstdif qud prjpjrknjgfssd pdbj idgjs ;=% cd kjodrturf cf supdr`éknd pjr
rdsécujs kubturfns fpûs f sdidfcurf (F[FD, 6>>?). Læ gjs fgjs >=, pfssju-sd f cd`ngnr prdpfrj kjgsdrvfknjgnstf kjij ui snstdif qud
cdnxfvf uif qufgtncfcd cd rdsécujs sjord f supdr`éknd su`nkndgtd pfrf prjtdaì-bj cf drjsëj
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;;4
curfgtd tjcj j fgj (_DDCD_, 6>>?).
J prdpfrj rdcuzncj prjpjrknjgf idgjr ngkjrpjrfáëj cd rdsécujs vdadtfns di idgjrds
güidrjs cd jpdrfáôds, sdgcj vfgtfljsj di rdbfáëj fjs snstdifs kjgvdgknjgfns di `ugáëj cj
idgjr kustj cj prdpfrj d rdcuáëj gfs pdrcfs cd sjbj d æauf.
]frf kjgtjrgfr j prjobdif di cnrdáëj f ui snstdif cd prjcuáëj sustdgtævdb, [juzf d
[juzf (?==0) rdkjidgcfi f rdcuáëj cfs jpdrfáôds cd prdpfrj (rdvjbvnidgtj cj sjbj) fj
iégnij pjssévdb, cdvdgcj dstfs, sdrdi su`nkndgtds fpdgfs pfrf pdrintnr f ngstfbfáëj cf kubturf
d pfrf j oji cdsdgvjbvnidgtj cj snstdif rfcnkubfr.
J prdpfrj rdcuzncj, di qud sd utnbnzf dskfrn`nkfcjr, kjgsnstd di `fzdr uif
ijonbnzfáëj vdrtnkfb cj sjbj, kjgsdrvfgcj pfrtd cjs rdsécujs vdadtfns sjord f supdr`éknd cj
tdrrdgj, pjns dstds rdcuzdi j nipfktj cfs ajtfs cf khuvf qud kfusfi cdsfardafáëj cf
dstruturf d kjgstntudi ui nipdcnidgtj fj `buxj cfs dgxurrfcfs.
J dskfrn`nkfcjr î ui nipbdidgtj kulf `ugáëj î prjijvdr f cdsfardafáëj cj sjbj, gj
sdgtncj cd ofnxj pfrf knif, rdfbnzfgcj ijonbnzfáëj ftî f prj`ugcncfcd cd ;4 ki5 rjipd
kfifcfs kjipfktfcfs (sdi cdspdrcnáfr js rdstjs cd kubturf ju fcuofáëj vdrcd)5 fuidgtf f
ng`nbtrfáëj cd æauf5 prjtdad f supdr`éknd cj sjbj tfgtj pdbf ruajsncfcd supdr`nknfb kjij pdbj
fuidgtj cf kjodrturf ijrtf, cningungcj js prjobdifs cd drjsëj d ijonbnzf gutrndgtds cj
pdr`nb cj sjbj, pjssnonbntfgcj qud fs rfézds fbkfgkdi ifnjrds prj`ugcncfcds (KF[S_J,
6>8>).
[nstdif cd pbfgtnj cnrdtj d sdidfcurf cnrdtf
Cdvncj í gdkdssncfcd cd sd prjcuznr fbnidgtjs di bfraf dskfbf, fbaugs snstdifs cd
prjcuáëj vìi dsajtfgcj d dipjordkdgcj js sjbjs, pjns sëj usfcjs cd ifgdnrf ngfcdqufcf.
Cnfgtd cdssds `ftjrds, f farnkubturf ouskju snstdifs d prætnkfs qud vnsfi f ifnjr prdsdrvfáëj
cj sjbj d cjs rdkursjs gfturfns.
Ti snstdif cd ifgdlj qud dstæ ofstfgtd fvfgáfcj gj kdgærnj farékjbf gfknjgfb î j
snstdif cd pbfgtnj cnrdtj, qud kjgsnstd gf ijonbnzfáëj fpdgfs gf bnghf cf sdidfcurf kji j
sjbj pfrknfbidgtd ju tjtfbidgtd kjodrtj kji pbfgtfs cd kjodrturf ju rdstjs kubturfns.
F dtnijbjanf pbfgtnj cnrdtj cdrnvf-sd cd tdrij ngabìs ‒gj tnbbfad’, kulj kjgkdntj,
ngnknfbidgtd fcjtfcj, snagn`nkf ‒sdi prdpfrj’, d `jn cd`ngncj kjij snstdif cd pbfgtnj gf qufb
f sdidgtd î cdpjsntfcf cnrdtfidgtd gj sjbj gëj prdpfrfcj, jgcd js rdsécujs cf kubturf
fgtdrnjr pdrifgdkdi gf supdr`éknd d fs pbfgtfs cfgnghfs sëj kjgtrjbfcfs quninkfidgtd
(CD_][KH dt fb., 6>>6).
Gf ftufbncfcd, j snstdif cd sdidfcurf cnrdtf fprdsdgtf-sd kjij j snstdif ncdfb cd
dxpbjrfáëj farjpdkuærnf pjr værnjs fspdktjs< j güidrj cd jpdrfáôds î rdcuzncj, j qud tjrgf f
sukdssëj cd kubtnvjs ifns ræpncf5 f ijonbnzfáëj cd sjbj jkjrrd fpdgfs gf bnghf cd sdidfcurf,
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;;0
j qud prjpjrknjgf fj sjbj ifnjr kjodrturf kji rdsécujs vdadtfns, ingninzfgcj fs pdrcfs cd
sjbj pjr drjsëj5 dbdvf j tdjr cd iftîrnf jraïgnkf cj sjbj, fuidgtfgcj j pjtdgknfb prjcutnvj
cj sjbj5 fuidgtf f kjgsdrvfáëj cf æauf gj sjbj d f æauf cnspjgévdb ís kubturfs. Fssni, î ui
snstdif cd prjcuáëj kjgsdrvfknjgnstf, qud sd kjgtrfpôd fj snstdif trfcnknjgfb cd ifgdlj,
pjns dgvjbvd j usj cd tîkgnkfs dspdké`nkfs, j qud prdsdrvf f qufbncfcd fiondgtfb.
Iurfnshn dt fb. (?==4) kntfi qud j [nstdif ]bfgtnj Cnrdtj ([]C) suranu cf gdkdssncfcd
cd sdidfr gj tdipj kdrtj, cd dkjgjinzfr ngsuijs, cd snipbn`nkfr fs jpdrfáôds d cd kjgtjrgfr
js prjobdifs cj ifgdlj cd sjbj.
Gjaudnrf (?=66) kntf qud j snstdif cd pbfgtnj cnrdtj `jn uif rdvjbuáëj snbdgknjsf d
odgî`nkf gfs `fzdgcfs orfsnbdnrfs, pjns di pjukj idgjs cd ;4 fgjs, kjgqunstju qufsd ;?
inbhôds cd hdktfrds, d gëj pfrf cd krdskdr.
Cd ui ijcj adrfb, j snstdif cd pbfgtnj cnrdtj gëj î snipbdsidgtd uif gjvf
tdkgjbjanf d sni uif iucfgáf tjtfb cjs vfbjrds oæsnkjs cj snstdif cd farnkubturf. J prjcutjr
orfsnbdnrj, prftnkfgtd cdssd snstdif cd prdpfrj, fj prdsdrvfr f gfturdzf d pjssnonbntfr
fkrîsknijs cd prjcuáëj cd arëjs cdgtrj cf idsif `rjgtdnrf farékjbf, dstæ rdfbnzfgcj di `fvjr
cj pfés f rdcuáëj cj cdsiftfidgtj, pjrtfgtj, j []C cdvd sdr dg`jkfcj cdgtrj cj kjgtdxtj cf
sjkndcfcd (BFGCD_[, ?===).
Kjgsncdrfáôds ̀ ngfns
Kjij `jn josdrvfcj gj tdxtj, j prdpfrj kjgvdgknjgfb cj sjbj jkfsnjgf cnvdrsjs
`ftjrds cds`fvjrævdns, tfgtj fj sjbj, kjij í kubturf. Gdssd kjgtdxtj, js snstdifs
kjgsdrvfknjgnstfs cd prdpfrj, prjkurfi, `ugcfidgtfbidgtd, f suostntunáëj arfcftnvf cjs
prjkdssjs idkïgnkjs, vnsfgcj jotdr ifnjr d`nknìgknf dkjgóinkf cdkjrrdgtd cf rdcuáëj cjs
afstjs kji ngsuijs, dgdranf d kjgtrjbd cf drjsëj. Dgtrdtfgtj, gf nipjssnonbncfcd cf fcjáëj cj snstdif cd pbfgtnj cnrdtj, cdvd-sd
prnjrnzfr j kubtnvj iégnij ju f sdidfcurf cnrdtf, qud, fbîi cd rdcuznr j güidrj cd
jpdrfáôds, utnbnzf-sd cd dqunpfidgtjs cd prdpfrj cj sjbj kfpfzds cd ifgtdr qufgtncfcdskjgsncdrævdns cd pfbhf sjord j sjbj d fngcf afrfgtdi uif ruajsncfcd supdr`nknfb qud
ng`budgknd gf rdcuáëj cj prjkdssj drjsnvj.
_d`drìgknfs Onobnjaræ`nkfs
F[FD. FID_NKFG [JKNDS^ J@ FA_NKTBST_FB DGANGDD_[. Sdringjbjay fgccd`ngntnjgs `jr sjnb tnbbfad fgc sjnb tjjb rdbftnjgshnps. Ng< F[FD stfgcfrcs 6>>?< stfgcfrcsdgangddrnga prfktnds cftf. [fg Ljsdph, 6>>?. p. 6=4.
ODGD\, [. H. Dstucj cj kubtnvj iégnij gf kubturf cj inbhj (\df ifys B.) di sjbj]jczûbnkj vdridbhj fifrdbj vfr. Bfrfs. 6>1?. 6=8 `. Sdsd (Cjutjrfcj di Farjgjinf) -Dskjbf [updrnjr cd Farnkubturf Bunz cd Vudnrjz, Tgnvdrsncfcd cd [ëj ]fubj, ]nrfknkfof,
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;;1
6>1?.
KF[S_J, J. I. ]rdpfrj cj sjbj pfrf f kubturf cj inbhj. Kfipngfs< @ugcfáëj Kfranbb,6>8>. 36 p.
CD_][KH, _. dt fb. Kjgtrjbd cf Drjsëj gj ]frfgæ, Orfsnb< snstdif cd kjodrturf cj sjbj,pbfgtnj cnrdtj d prdpfrj kjgsdrvfknjgnstf cj sjbj. Dskhojrg< Cduskhd Adsdbbskh`t `ur Sdkhgnskhd \usfiidgfrodnt, 6>>6. ?1? p.
CD_][KH, _. Dvjbuáëj cj snstdif cd pbfgtnj cnrdtj gj Orfsnb d gj iugcj. Ng< DGKJGS_J GFKNJGFB CD ]BFGSNJ CN_DSJ GF ]FBHF, 8, ?==?, Æaufs cd Bngcûnf. _dsuijs cd]fbdstrfs..., Æaufs cd Bngcûnf, ?==?, p. 14.
AFCFGHF LÜGNJ_, K. C. dt fb. Iæqungfs d nipbdidgtjs farékjbfs cj Orfsnb. [ëj ]fubj<Ngstntutj cd ]dsqunsfs cj Dstfcj cd [ëj ]fubj, 6>>6. 308 p.
BFGCD_[, L.G. Kjij ngnknfr di pbfgtnj cnrdtj. Ng< KFOD\F[, Q.F._.B.5 @_DNSF[,].B. (Dc.) ]bfgtnj cnrdtj gf ngtdarfáëj bfvjurf-pdkuærnf. Todrbïgcnf< Tgnvdrsncfcd @dcdrfb cdTodrbïgcnf, ?===. p. ?=6-60.
BDPNDG, _. Kjgcnáôds cd kjodrturf d iîtjcjs cd prdpfrj cj sjbj pfrf f nipbfgtfáëjcf kubturf cj inbhj (\df ifys B.). 6>>>. ;=4 `. Sdsd (Cjutjrfcj di Farjgjinf/Dgdranf gfFarnkubturf) - @fkubcfcd cd Knìgknfs Farjgóinkfs, Tgnvdrsncfcd Dstfcufb ]fubnstf, Ojtukftu,6>>>.
IDBBJ, B. I. I. D`dntj cd cn`drdgtds snstdifs cd prdpfrj cd sjbj gf kubturf cf sjlf(Abykngd Ifx (B.) ID__NB) d sjord fbauifs prjprndcfcds cd ui bftjssjbj vdridbhjdskurj cd kdrrfcj. 6>88. 6;? `. Sdsd (Cjutjrfcj di Farjgjinf / Dgdranf gf Farnkubturf) -@fkubcfcd cd Knìgknfs Farjgóinkfs, Tgnvdrsncfcd Dstfcufb ]fubnstf, Ojtukftu, 6>88.
IT_FN[HN, K. S. dt fb. Ifgdlj cd dspîknds vdadtfns cd kjodrturf cd sjbj d prjcutnvncfcd cdinbhj d sjlf di sdidfcurf cnrdtf. Fktf [kndgtnfrui Farjgjiy. Ifrngaæ, v. ?1, g. ?, p.6>>-?=1, Fprnb/Lugd. ?==4. Cnspjgévdb di<2http<//pdrnjcnkjs.udi.or/jls/ngcdx.php/Fktf[knFarjg/frtnkbd/vndw@nbd/6>=;/66?>7. Fkdssjdi< ?? for. ?=66.
GJATDN_F, I. ]. Kjgtrnounáôds cj pbfgtnj cnrdtj. ]bfgtnj cnrdtj Orfsnb. ?=66. Cnspjgévdbdi< 2http<//pbfgtfcnrdtjorfsnb.objaspjt.kji/?=66/=?/kjgtrnounkjds-cj-pbfgtnj-cnrdtj.htib7.Fkdssj di< =3 lub. ?=66.
_DDCD_, _. Ifenga thd trfgsntnjg tj kjgsdrvftnjg tnbbfad. Ng< KJG[D_PFSNJG tnbbfadsystdis fgc ifgfadidgt< krjp rdsncud ifgfadidgt wnth gj-tnbb, rncad-tnbb, iubkh-tnbb. Fids<Incwdst ]bfg [drvnkd, 6>>?. p. ;-3.
[JT\F, B. C.5 [JT\F, B. [. Ifgdlj d kjgsdrvfáëj cj sjbj. Ng< [JT\F, B. C. dt fb. (dc.).Fspdktjs sjknjdkjgóinkjs d farjgóinkjs cf ifgcnjkf. Kruz cfs Fbifs< Diorfpf Ifgcnjkfd @rutnkubturf, ?==0. Kfp. 6=, p. ?38-?>.
Kjij kntfr<
IJ_DBBN-@D__DN_F, @. [nstdifs cd prdpfrj cj sjbj. _dvnstf Dbdtrógnkf Orfafgtngf Jg
Bngd. Ljfgûpjbns, g.?3, p. ;;-;1, jut. ?=6;.
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;;8
KFBDNCJ[KÛ]NJ
Bdjgnb Lugnjr
Dstucfgtd, @jtûarf`j d Ljvdi Sfbdgtj
D-ifnb< bdjgnblugnjrMbnvd.kji GJ[ ]F[[J[ CF @Î
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;;>
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;3=
Pdlf ifns gj Obja< http<//bdjgnblr.objaspjt.kji.or/
Kjij kntfr<
LTGNJ_, B. Gjs pfssjs cf `î. _dvnstf Dbdtrógnkf Orfafgtngf Jg Bngd. Ljfgûpjbns, g.?3, p.
;8-3=, jut. ?=6;.
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;36
F[S_JGJINF
_nkfrcj Gfsknidgtj
Ijgtfghnstf d Bjukj pjr Fstrjgjinf
D-ifnb< rnkerfgnusMyfhjj.kji.or
KÎT CD JTSTO_J
Gdstd iìs fj gjrtd, f pfrtnr cfs ??<;= hs, pjcdijs vdr kji kdrtf `fknbncfcd fs cufs
afbæxnfs dspnrfns ifns prûxnifs cd gûs< f afbæxnf cd Fgcróidcf (I;6) d f afbæxnf cj
Srnïgaubj (I;;). Fiofs pjcdi sdr vnstfs kji flucf cd ui ongûkubj ju tdbdskûpnj, sdgcj
qud di tdbdskûpnjs fknif cd ?== ii î pjssévdb vdr sufs dstruturfs kji odbjs cdtfbhds. Fbîi
cfs afbæxnfs, pjcdijs vdr fbaugs fabjidrfcjs. Js idbhjrds dxdipbjs cdstf îpjkf gf rdanëj
gjrtd sëj js fabjidrfcjs I;3, I;> d j Fabjidrfcj Cupbj (cjns fabjidrfcjs ui fknif cj
jutrj), tjcjs ncdgtn`nkævdns idsij kji pdqudgjs dqunpfidgtjs.
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Dcnáëj g¼ ?3 ‛ Jutuorj/?=6;3?
Afbæxnf cd Fgcróidcf< Dstæ sntufcf f kdrkf cd ?,4 inbhôds cd fgjs-buz cf Sdrrf, î f
afbæxnf dspnrfb ifns prûxnif d f ifnjr cj arupj bjkfb `jrifcj pjr kdrkf cd ;= afbæxnfs,
ngkbusnvd f gjssf Pnf Bæktdf, f sdaugcf ifnjr. F afbæxnf cd Fgcróidcf tdi kdrkf cd ?== inb
fgjs-buz cd cnïidtrj (cjorj cf Pnf Bæktdf) d kjipjstf pjr fprjxnifcfidgtd 3== onbhôds cd
dstrdbfs.
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Afbæxnf cd Fgcróidcf (I;6)< Fj bdstd, f pfrtnr cfs ??<== hs, pjcdijs vnsbuiorfr
uif cfs ifns odbfs gdoubjsfs pfrf sd dgkjgtrfr idsij kji ui ongûkubj, î f gdoubjsf cd
Ûrnjg (I3?), ofstf vdr j kngturëj cd Ûrnjg (fs trìs Ifrnfs) d aunfr-sd ui pjukj pfrf j sub, î
arfgcd j su`nkndgtd prf gëj pfssfr cdspdrkdoncf. Jutrj joldtj ngtdrdssfgtd î j fabjidrfcj cfs
]bìnfcds. Bjaj fofnxj fpfrdkd f dstrdbf [érnus, f anafgtd fzub î f dstrdbf ifns ornbhfgtd di
gjssj ̀ nrifidgtj.
Faufrcdi! Iìs qud vdi tdrdijs kjodrturf kjipbdtf sjord j kjidtf N[JG qud sd
fprjxnif kfcf vdz ifns cj [jb. [dræ ui dspdtækubj d tfgtj.
Kjij kntfr<
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