Post on 03-Dec-2014
description
José Tribolet
Presidente do INESC – Instituto de Sistemas e Computadores
Professor Catedrático de Sistemas de Informação
Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa.
Rio de Janeiro, 14 Abril 2011
Panoramica do tema EE na Europa
As 4 “Escolas” de E. E. Na Europa
T.U. Delft – Jan Dietz , Jan HoogervorstOntologia Empresarial, Governação Empresarial
GSDM – Generic Systems Development Model
T.U. Lisbon – Jose Tribolet, Pedro Sousa
Organizational Self Awareness (OSA)
Arquitectura, Transformação e Controlo Empresarial
As 4 “Escolas” de E. E. Na Europa
Antwerp Univ. – Jan Verelst, H. Manaart
Controlo da Complexidade Empresarial
Software, Processos, Arquitecturas Normalizadas
St. Gallen Univ. – Robert Winter, A. Albani Method Engineering, Business Engineering
Design Science and Design Research
ENTREPRISE ONTOLOGY
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6
7
8
9
FIRST THINGS FIRST
EO&EA@SONAECOM CEPEI da Área Científica Sistemas de Informação – DEI, IST
The Enterprise Physics 101 Zachman Questions
What is an Organization “made of”?
What does an Organization “do”?
… Why? When? Where? How?
EO&EA@SONAECOM CEPEI da Área Científica Sistemas de Informação – DEI, IST
Usual Top-View Answer
EO&EA@SONAECOM CEPEI da Área Científica Sistemas de Informação – DEI, IST
EO&EA@SONAECOM CEPEI da Área Científica Sistemas de Informação – DEI, IST
The Bottom Line Truth
EO&EA@SONAECOM CEPEI da Área Científica Sistemas de Informação – DEI, IST
EO&EA@SONAECOM CEPEI da Área Científica Sistemas de Informação – DEI, IST
The usual Computer Engineering version:
An Organization is a System
This system is composed by
subsystems
These subsystems interact with each
other.
EO&EA@SONAECOM CEPEI da Área Científica Sistemas de Informação – DEI, IST
The “usual” Hard Science
Systems Approach:
An Organization is a complex and
dynamic network of computers,
intelligently interacting with each
other, while some of them are still
being operated by “users”!
EO&EA@SONAECOM CEPEI da Área Científica Sistemas de Informação – DEI, IST
The “usual” Soft Science Approach:
An Organization is a tribe of Humans
playing their cultural, social,
political games
under a variety of forms of
management by MBA trained
leaders.
EO&EA@SONAECOM CEPEI da Área Científica Sistemas de Informação – DEI, IST
Our T.U.Lisbon approach:
An Organization is a dynamic, time-
varying choreographic orchestration
played by humans, using whatever
tools, they have, namely computers, to
act on their environment.
O CONFRONTO
COM
A REALIDADE
Tautologias
O Ser Humano é um Nó activo
na Rede transacional de Agentes que mudam,
a cada instante, o estado do Mundo
Tautologias
Uma Empresa É o que os seus Agentes activos,
humanos e computadores, FAZEM,
num dado instante e local,
ao longo do todo o tempo e em todos os lugares.
Tautologias
A arquitectura do hardware
de todos os Seres Humanos
é idêntica!
Tautologias
Arquitectura do Ser Humano:
5 classes da canais de I/O, Memória Massiva Neuronal,
Elevado numero de Processadores, muitos dos quais dedicados
a Processamento Semântico de alta complexidade.
DEFINIÇÃO
Uma Empresa é uma web semântica de “servidores”,
uns de carbono outros de silício, que transacionam
contínuamente, alterando recursos, isto é,
o estado do Mundo
No século XX ...
... era adequado separar as redes de agentes activos:
-Agentes de carbono: ciencias sociais, organização e gestão
- Agentes de sílicio: ciencias e engenharias da computação,
da informática, das comunicações
No século XX ...
... era o tempo do software, das aplicações,
das interfaces pessoa/máquina
O humano era “ o utilizador” !
Neste inicio do século XXI ...
... muitos executivos, responsáveis por processos e pelos
sistemas informáticos ainda sonham com “utilizadores”
deterministicamente perfeitos, totalmente controlados
pelos workflows, e pelas aplicações !
“Bad news”, minha gente!
Esse “mundo orwelliano” não existe mesmo.
O “bicho humano” é muito resistente!
E muito melhor do que se pode pensar!
No século XXI ...
As duas redes estão hoje simbióticamente ligadas,
já não mais são separáveis!
É a emergencia da biónica organizacional!
No século XXI ...
Já há vida para além das aplicações e do software
O ser humano é actor, é sensor, é controlador,
É autonomo , é decisor, é responsável !
Como lidar com esta nova realidade?
Com Metodologias de ENGENHARIA,
Radicadas em sólida bases cientícas
Validadas experimentalmente
Que “nova” Engenharia é esta?
É a Engenharia Empresarial
O seu foco é o Objecto “Empresa”.
Uma realidade do nosso mundo!
EE MANIFESTO (2011)
Enterprises are essentially social
systems, of which the elements are
human beings in their role of social
individual with authority and
responsibility.
EE MANIFESTO (2011)
The operating principle of enterprises is that
social individuals enter into and comply with
commitments regarding the products or
services that they create and deliver. These
actions come in universal patterns, called
transactions.
As 4 “Escolas” de E. E. Na Europa
T.U. Delft - Jan Dietz , Jan Hoogervorst
Ontologia Empresarial, Governação
Empresarial
GSDM – Generic Systems Development Model
ENTREPRISE ONTOLOGY
Nesta ultima década surgiram as bases científicas
da EE,
a partir da obra seminal do Prof. Jan Dietz
( T.U.DELFY)
ENTREPRISE ONTOLOGY
THEORY AND METHODOLOGY
ENTREPRISE ONTOLOGY
ENTREPRISE ONTOLOGY
A Ontologia Empresarial é baseada em:
Teoria FI – Facts and Information
Teoria TAO – Technology, Arquitecture, Ontology
Teoria PSI – Performance in Social Interaction
ENTREPRISE ONTOLOGY
A Ontologia Empresarial tem as seguintes bases:
Axioma da Distinção
Axioma da Operação
Axioma da Transação
Data Systems
Engineering
Information Systems
Engineering
Organization
Sciences
Data
Information,Communicati
on
Collaboration,Cooperation Enterprise EngineeringIntention
Content
Form
Information Systems Sciences
The emerging discipline of Enterprise Engineering
What is Enterprise Ontology?
Conceptually
Enterprise Ontology is the understanding of an
enterprise’s construction and operation in a way that
is independent of realization and implementation.
What is Enterprise Ontology?
Practically
it is the highest-level constructional model
of an enterprise, the implementation model
being the lowest one.
What is Enterprise Ontology?
Compared to its implementation model, the ontological model offers a reduction of complexity of well over 90%.
Only by applying this notion of Enterprise Ontology can substantial strategic changes of enterprises be made intellectually manageable.
The distinction axiom
forma
uttering information (speaking, writing) perceiving information (listening, reading)
datalogical action (storing, transmitting,
copying, destroying, etc.)
COORDINATION PRODUCTIONHUMAN ABILITY
informa
infological action (reproducing, deducing,
reasoning, computing, etc.)
expressing thought (formulating) educing thought (interpreting)
performa
exposing commitment (as performer) evoking commitment (as addressee)
ontological action (deciding, judging)
COMMUNICATION
information
action
organization
communication is the thread of which organization is woven
What does the Y-theory accomplish?
The Operation AxiomThe people in an organization (subjects) perform two kinds
of acts: production acts or P-acts and coordination acts or
C-acts.
By performing P-acts, the subjects contribute to bringing
about the function of the organization.
By performing C-acts, the subjects enter into and comply
with commitments regarding P-acts. This is the way in
which cooperation between subjects is accomplished.
An (elementary) actor role is defined as the authority to
perform one particular type of P-act. A subject in his
fulfilling of an actor role is called an actor.
E-phase
O-phase
R-phasecustomer producer
Depiction of the Transaction Axiom
fact stated
fact accepted
fact promised
fact produced
request
desired new fact
fact requested
promise
stateaccept
An elementary actor role is defined as:
the institutional authority
that is necessary and sufficient to be
executor in a particular transaction type
An (elementary) actor is a subject, fulfilling an actor role
A subject may play a number of actor roles, and an actor role may be played by a number of
subjects, either consecutively or simultaneously or collectively.
Elementary actor role
Competence
Competence is (primarily) defined as
the collective knowledge, know-how and
experience
that is necessary and sufficient for a subject
to perform production acts of a particular kind.
Competence is related to profession.Examples:
plumberphysician
judge
Authority
Authority is defined as
the being authorized of a subject by an institution,
e.g., by a company (employee) or by a society (client),
to perform particular production acts and/or
coordination actsExamples:
plumber of company Xphysician in hospital Yjudge at court Z
Responsibility
Responsibility is defined as
the socially felt need by a subject to perform the
coordination acts for which it is authorized,
in an accountable way
Examples:
plumber of company X client of company Xphysician in hospital Y patient of hospital Yjudge at court Z defendant at court Z
Authorization
By authorization is understood the assignment of a complete actor role to a subject (person) or a
collectivity of subjects. It means that the subject (or the collectivity of subjects) is allowed to be executor of instances of the corresponding transaction type.
Note that the same actor role may also be assigned to one or more other subjects.
However, every instance of the corresponding transaction type will be carried through completely
by one of them.
Delegation
By delegation is understood the allowance by the authorized subject
to another subject to perform one or more steps in one or more instances
of the corresponding transaction type. However, the authorized subject
remains fully responsible for the acts of the delegate.
As a general rule, the subject who performs the state act in a transaction
is considered to also have performed the P-act (cf. action rules for “on
stated”).
Enterprise Ontology - practical definition
ontological
infological
datalogicalspeaking, hearingwriting, reading
formulatinginterpreting
entering intoand complying
with commitments
copyingstoring
transporting
computingreasoning
decidingjudgingcreating
coordination actors production
Enterprise Ontology
ontologicalrental R has been started
infologicalthe amount to be paidhas been calculated
datalogicalthe rental form has beenfilled out
PRODUCTION
ontologicalcustomer has
enteredinto a commitment
infologicalcustomer has
specifiedwhat he wants
Datalogicalcustomer has
expressed thisin an English
sentence
COORDINATION
< performer > < intention > < addressee > < proposition >
customer : request : employee : rental R has been started
B-organization
I-organization
D-organization
A0 A1T1
atomic process step
st
ac ac
st
pmpm
rqrq
basic transaction process
O-phase
E-phase
R-phaseact
or
role
The ontological aspect models
Construction Model
Process Model
Action Model
State ModelSMPM
AM
CM
The ontological aspect models
Construction Model
Process Model
Action Model
State ModelSMPM
AM
CM
SYSTEMdynamics
SYSTEMconstructio
n
C-WORLDstatics &kinematics
P-WORLDstatics &kinematics
The ontological aspect models
Construction Model : regards the construction of the enterprise system, specified by transaction types, actor roles (plus initiator and executor links), and information banks (plus information links).
Process Model : regards the state space and process space of the coordination world, specified by business events and (declarative) business rules.
State Model : regards the state space and process space of the production world, specified by business objects, business facts, and (declarative) business rules.
Action Model : regards the operation of the enterprise system, specified by imperative business rules.
T04rq
T04pm
T04ac
T04st
executorinitiator
T04
From Transaction Pattern to Process Model
transaction steps are theatoms
of business processes
st
ac ac
st
pmpm
rqrqO-phase
E-phase
R-phase
act
or
role
Ontological Process Model
T01
T01rq
T01pm
T01ac
T01st
T02
T02rq
T02pm
T02ac
T02st
A01CA01
membership payment
membership start
CA02
T01dc
x
Practical relevance of the Interaction Model
Its compactness allows for strategic discussions on the basis of the IAM (customers, suppliers, sourcing).
The wholeness of the transaction pattern facilitates attention for topics like responsibility, ownership, etc.
It shows the ontological units of competence, authorization and responsibility. This facilitates the analysis of the (traditional) organizational functions.
For an SME (Small or Medium sized Enterprise), the IAM fits on one sheet of paper (A4 or A3): the essential enterprise map fits in a manager’s briefcase!
A06
LIBRARY
CA02
CA04CA01
CA03
aspirantmember
board
publisher
member
A01
registrar
A09
A04
loan creator
loan terminator
stock controller
reduced fee approval
membership fee payment
book shipment
loan start
book return
return fine
payment
A10
annual fee controller
annual fee control
T03
T01
T02
membership
registration
T04
T05
loan end
T06
T07
T10
T08
stock control
T09
CPB11 CPB12 CPB14personal data library data
general data
CPB13book titles
library data
CPB12
Organization Construction Diagram
Who needs Enterprise Ontology?
Managers need to understand the ontological essence of their enterprise because they are held accountable.
Developers need to understand the organization, independent of its implementation.
Employees - only the ontology of an enterprise shows the roles they fulfill deeply.
Users - why should the operation of an enterprise be fully opaque to its users? Enterprise Ontology provides them the transparency they deserve!
THE GSDP
GSDP – Generic Systems Development Process
ENTREPRISE GOVERNANCE
ENTREPRISE GOVERNANCE AND EE
Investigação Conjunta orientada por J. Hoogervorst e J. Tribolet, tese de Ms. Sc. - 11/2011, de Miguel Henriques, IST/UTL
Caso Prático: DIAP – Departamente de Investigação e Acção Penal do Ministério Público de Portugal
Enterprise Governance
Enterprise Governance
As 4 “Escolas” de E. E. Na Europa
T.U. Lisbon – Jose Tribolet, Pedro Sousa
Organizational Self Awareness
Arquitectura Empresarial
Transformação e Controlo Empresarial
OSA – Organ. Self Awereness
The Bill of
Organizational Human Rights
Humans have the RIGHT
to “make sense” of what is going on in
the Organization they are an integral part
of!
OSA
An Organization is Self-Aware when all of
its servers maintain real-time
synchronization of their individual world
models
All servers - carbon and silicon based -
must maintain a shared view of
the common choreography being played!
OSA
To OSA enable and enterprise we need EE
to Tool the Organization with the means
to
ACTIVE SYNC
Carbon and Silicon Servers
In Real-Time
OSA and Collective Intelligence
A Self-Aware Organization empowers its
organizational servers with the best
decisional context its collective sensors
& processors are capable of, so as to
enable the “natural “ and “artificial”
intelligent algorithms the servers use to
take their own individual decisions.
OSA
LIVE MODELS
are the tools for Active Syncing !
OSA
Enterprise as a System
It has state variables!
Some are observable.
Some are controllable.
OSA and Dynamic Control
OSA
OSA
OSA
Am Entreprise is an Airplane
The “airplane” is in the air, travelling along space and time.
Change and the laws of “enterprise physics” are the ONLY
constants!
Entreprise “in flight” Control
Are the Carbon Servers needed as sensors and actuators at all?
Base Line for Discussion
1. Is there a need for Run Time Monitoring of what an Enterprise DOES, i.e, of the Enterprise Operations?
2. Is there a need for Run Time Monitoring of who an Enterprise IS, i.e, of the Enterprise Agents, people and computers?
3. Is there a need for Run Time Monitoring of WHAT an Enterprise is made of, and in what state it is?
Fundamental Questions
1. What is the role of Enterprise Design?
2. What is the role of Enterprise Architecture?
3. What is the role of Enterprise Governance?
4. What is the role of Entreprise Engineering?
Examples of Domains of Concern
1. The Global Financial System was never designed
for run-time observability and controllabillity.
2. The Portuguese Public Administration was never
designed for run-time observability and
controllabillity.
Puzzlement?
Why are we surprised when things get
out of “control”, if no run-time monitoring
and control mechanisms, were designed,
engineered, and implemented?
Assessment
Our complex, intensive, massive, fast network
of actors, transactions and organizations have
now autonomous behaviours, that are
presently truly uncontrollable!
Conclusion
It is the reality that counts, stupid!
If we want to live in a world controlled by
humans, we have to design it, engineer it, and
implement it, and learn from its operation to
continuously improve it!
ANSWERS 1. Is there a need for Run Time Monitoring of
what an Enterprise DOES, i.e, of the Enterprise Operations?
YES!
2. Is there a need for Run Time Monitoring of who an Enterprise IS, i.e, of the Enterprise Agents, people and computers?
YES!
3. Is there a need for Run Time Monitoring of WHAT an Enterprise is made of? YES!
From the GOSPEL
There are two known mistakes one can make
along the road to truth:
not going all the way and not starting.
BUHDA
From the GOSPEL
But our present mistake is even worst:
We are going all the way,
without ever having started!
JOSÉ BUHDA SALVADOR TRIBOLET
Tradução em PortuguÊs
Não te cuides não,
vais ver onde vais parar!
JOSÉ BUHDA SALVADOR TRIBOLET
As 4 “Escolas” de E. E. Na Europa
Antwerp Univ.
Jan Verelst, H. Manaart
Controlo da Complexidade Empresarial
Software, Processos, Arquitecturas
Normalizadas
Normalized Software
Normalized Software Software and
Systems are to actual Software
Systems
as electronic boards are to
micro electronics systems and devices
Trends : NS applied to BP, EA, EE
As 4 “Escolas” de E. E. Na Europa
St. Gallen Univ.
Robert Winter, A. Albani Method Engineering, Business
Engineering
Design Science and Design Research
PARA CONCLUIR:
FIRST THINGS FIRST
THE ENTERPRISE ENGINEERING MANIFESTO
José Tribolet
Presidente do INESC – Instituto de Sistemas e Computadores
Professor Catedrático de Sistemas de Informação
Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa.
Rio de Janeiro, 14 Abril 2011
Panoramica do tema EE na Europa